Replacing Cotton Seed Cake by Dried Acacia saligna, Sesbania Sesban and Cowpea on Productivity of Begait Sheep in North Ethiopia

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1 Amerin-Eursin Journl of Sientifi Reserh 12 (1): 29-36, 2017 ISSN IDOSI Pulitions, 2017 DOI: /iosi.ejsr Repling Cotton See Cke y Drie Ai slign, Sesni Sesn n Cowpe on Proutivity of Begit Sheep in North Ethiopi Mihele Yirw, Ashenfi Mengistu, Berihn Tmir n Gereyohnnes Berhne 1 Deprtment of Animl Siene, College of Agriulture, Aksum University, Aksum, Ethiopi 2 Deprtment of Animl Proution Stuies, College of Veterinry Meiine n Agriulture, Ais A University, Bishoftu, Ethiopi Astrt: The experiment ws rrie out t Humer Begit ttle n Smll Ruminnts Breeing n Multiplition Rnh of Tigry Regionl Government. This stuy ws esigne to ssess the effets of supplementing otton see ke, Drie Ai Slign, Sesni Sesn n Cowpe (Vign unguiult) on fee intke n oy weight gin of Begit sheep fe grss hy s sl iet n whet rn s energy soure. Twenty four yerlings Begit mle sheep with n verge initil oy weight of 25 ± 1.39 kg (men ± SD) were use in rnomize omplete lok esign (RCBD) tht lste for 90 ys. Tretments onsiste of liitum feeing of nturl psture grss hy plus 200g DM whet rn n itionlly supplementing with100g, 250g, 140g n 180g DM per he per y of otton see ke, Ai Slign, Sesni Sesn n Cowpe (Vign unguiult) for T1, T2, T3 n T4 respetively, eh lulte to give 67g CP on isonitrogenous sis. Lms were tegorize into six loks of four lms se on their initil oy weight n the four fee tretments were rnomly ssigne to eh niml in lok, giving six nimls per tretment. The hy DM intke ws lower (P < 0.05) for T2 s ompre to the other three tretments. Totl DM n OM intkes ppere to e highly impte y the supplementl DM intke. T1 n T3 resulte in higher (P<0.05) finl oy weights thn T4; However, the results of BWC, ADG n FCE in T1, T2 n T3 were not signifintly ifferent (P > 0.05) from eh other. There were lso similrities mong T2 n T4 in BWC, ADG n FCE, whih reflete tht the supplements were omprle in their potentil to supply nutrients to improve the weight gins of sheep. Therefore rie A.slign n S. sesn foliges n e use to reple protein soures ommeril onentrte. Key wors: Boy Weight Dry Mtter Fee Intke Supplementtion INTRODUCTION Ethiopi hs the lrgest livestok popultion in Afri, with n estimte popultion of out 50.8 million ttle, 25.9 million sheep, 21.9 million got, 0.8 million mels, 42 million poultry, 1.9 million horses, 0.3 million mules n 5.7 million onkeys [1,2]. Poor utiliztion of lolly ville fee resoures les to low performne of nimls in generl n high impt on overll livestok proution n reues the inome of frmers n ereses the profitility of the setor. This is euse niml proution is result of utilizing the right fee in terms of essiility, profitility n niml preferene. Utiliztion of onentrte fees in eveloping ountries like Ethiopi is iffiult s they re very expensive n not esily essile. In ition to this the popultion pressure hrms the potentil fee soures like psture ln, grzing ln n the other resoures. Tesfy [3] note tht with the stey inrese in humn popultion muh of the grzing n rowsing res re put uner rle frming for foo rop proution, whih further ggrvtes the srity of fee resoures. Sheep proution in Est Afri n prtiulrly in Ethiopi is hrterize y low proutivity levels in terms of growth rte, met proution n reproutive performne [4]. In generl, livestok proutivity in Ethiopi is one of the lowest in the worl, with verge Corresponing Author: Mihel Yirw, Deprtment of Animl Siene, College of Agriulture, Aksum University, Aksum, Ethiopi. 29

2 Am-Eurs. J. Si. Res., 12 (1): 29-36, 2017 rss weights of 108, 10, 8.5 n 0.8 Kg/he for ttle, Government. The rnh ws estlishe on 2000 h of sheep, gots n hiken respetively; n with n ln n it is lote in western zone of Tigry ntionl verge milk yiel of 210 kg/yer/ow, ll of whih re regionl stte, 570 km northwest of Mekelle. Its elow the verge proutivity of ll lest evelope 0 geogrphil lotion lies within the o-orintes of 13 ountries[5,6] north ltitue n est Shortge of fee supply uring the ry seson n longitues. The men nnul rinfll n men minimum very poor qulity of the ville fees re the prime n mximum limiting ftors for inresing proution n proutivity Tempertures re 448.8mm, 25o n 32o, of smll ruminnt in most of the gro-eologil zones in respetively [10]. Ethiopi [4, 7, 8]. Espeilly, energy n proteins re the mjor ftors ffeting proutivity of sheep [4, 9]. The Fees n Feeing Mngement: Nturl psture hy lowest energy ensity t whih sheep oes not loss n the forge legume owpe (Vign unguiult) weight is etween 8 n 10 MJ ME/kg DM n the hrveste from the Rnh ws use. The hy ws minimum protein level require for mintenne is hoppe to length of pproximtely 4-5 m, weighe n out 8% CP in DM [9]. Provision of pproprite n offere to the sheep liitum s sl iet omplementry supplementry feestuffs woul e the throughout the experimentl perio. Whet rn n est lterntive strtegies to llevite nutritionl prolems otton see ke ws purhse from Omon whet flour n enhne the proutivity of sheep uner smllholer milling ftory n shire ity mrket respetively. They frmers in Ethiopi. In orer to mitigte the prolems were mixe in the proportion of 65 % whet rn to 35 % ssoite with the lk of protein supplements ue to otton see ke. The leves of A. slign n S. sesn resons of vilility n high ost, there is nee were ollete y hn stripping from re enlosures n to look for lterntive protein soures suh s iniviul frm ounries. The leves were sujete to supplementtion with forge legumes tht frmers n ir rying for out four - five ys till the stge tht proue t their own frms. Among the forges, owpe leves re rushe y twisting esily. The ily mount of (Vign unguiult), Sesni sesn, A. slign, ll nturl psture grss hy, forge fees n onentrte (Ll purpureus) n lflf oul e esily grown t mixture were offere in seprte troughs. The lms h frmers levels n ply n importnt role in supplementing free ess to len n fresh wter n ommon slt t ll iets of growing lms s lterntive to onentrte the time. mixture supplements. These forges n improve the growth performne of young ruminnt nimls on Animls n Their Mngement: Twenty four yerling firous iets through the provision of more nutrients n Begit mle sheep with n verge initil oy weight of optimiztion of fermenttive igestion in the rumen. This 25 ± 1.39 kg (Men ± SD) were use for this experiment. implies tht mong other things, it is importnt to The ge of sheep ws etermine se on irth te supplement growing ruminnts not only with energy reor. The sheep were qurntine for 2 weeks in the soures, ut lso with protein soures in orer to experimentl re. During the qurntine perio, sheep inrese the effiieny of growth to the esire mrket were e-worme n sprye ginst internl n externl weight so tht the eonomi enefit of sheep proution prsites, respetively. They were lso vinte ginst oul e enhne. Therefore, this stuy ws esigne to the ommon iseses previling in the re (Anthrx, ssess the effets of supplementing onentrte mixture, Blkleg n Ovine Psteurellosis). Then ll sheep were rie Ai Slign, Sesni Sesn n Cowpe trnsferre to iniviul pens. (Vign unguiult) on fee intke, oy weight gin n fee onversion effiieny of Begit sheep fe grss Tretments n Experimentl Design: The experiment hy s sl iet n whet rn s energy soure. ws onute using rnomize omplete lok esign (RCBD) with four tretments n six replitions (Tle 1). MATERIALS AND METHODS The experimentl sheep were loke se on their initil weight in to six loks of four nimls eh. Tretment Desription of the Stuy Are: The experiment ws iets were rnomly ssigne to eh niml in suh rrie out t Humer Begit ttle n Smll Ruminnts wy tht eh niml hve equl hne of reeiving one Breeing n Multiplition Rnh of Tigry Regionl of the tretment iets. 30

3 Am-Eurs. J. Si. Res., 12 (1): 29-36, 2017 Tle 1: Arrngement of experimentl tretments Type of fee Tretments Bsl fee Supplement fee on DM ses (gm) T1 * Grss hy 200 WB+ 100 CSC T2 * Grss hy 200 WB ASL T3 * Grss hy 200 WB SSL T4 * Grss hy 200 WB COPL ASL = Ai slign leves, CSC= otton see ke, COPL= owpe leves, DM = Dry mter SSL= Sesni Sesn leves, T= Tretment, WB= whet rn, *= Aliitum. Mesurements n Lortory Anlysis Fee Chemil Anlysis: Dry mtter (DM), sh, rue protein (CP), neutrl etergent fier (NDF), i etergent fier (ADF) n i etergent lignin (ADL) of experimentl fees offere were nlyze using stnr proeures of AOAC [11]. Fee n Nutrient Intke: The ily mount of fees offere n the refusl were weighe for eh niml n reore to etermine the mount of fee onsume s ifferene etween the fee offere n refuse. Intke vlues for ry mtter (DM), orgni mtter (OM), CP, neutrl etergent fier (NDF), i etergent fier (ADF) n i etergent lignin (ADL) were lulte y multiplying fee intke y the orresponing perentge of eh proximte omponent. Boy Weight Gin n Fee Conversion Effiieny (FCE): Boy weight of the nimls ws tken t the eginning of the tril n every 10 ys uring the 90 ys of feeing tril perio. All nimls were weighe in the morning hours fter overnight fsting using suspene weighing sle with sensitivity of 100 g. Dily oy weight gin (ABDG) ws lulte s the ifferene etween finl oy weight n initil oy weight ivie y the numer of feeing ys. Fee onversion effiieny (FCE) ws lulte y iviing verge ily gin (ADG) y ily totl DM intke. Dt Anlysis: All t relte to fee intke, oy weight hnge n fee onversion effiieny were nlyze using Sttistil Pkge for Soil Sienes (SPSS 20.0 for winows, 2004). Signifine ifferenes mong tretments mens were seprte using Tukey HSD t P<0.05. The moel use for the nlysis of prmeters fee intke, weight gin n fee onversion effiieny of the experiment ws: Y= + + j + ij i ij Where: Y i = response vrile = overll men th i = i tretment effet j = lok effet th ij = i rnom error RESULTS Chemil Composition of Experimentl Fees: The DM, CP, sh, NDF, ADF n ADL of the ifferent experimentl ingreients n grss hy re given in Tle 2.Hy h lower CP n higher NDF n ADF ontent thn the supplementl fees. Although A. slign ws slightly lower n otton see ke ws higher in CP ontent, the four supplementl iets re generlly rih soures of CP. However, the NDF n ADF levels in S. sesn were lower thn the other supplementl iets n the ADL ontent ws lower for otton see ke. Fee n Nutrient Intke: The ily DM n nutrient intkes of Begit lms fe nturl psture grss hy n supplements re presente in Tle 3. There ws higher DM intke in T2 followe y T4 thn in T1 n T3. Eh tretment fees lulte to give 67 g CP on isonitrogenous sis n the intke were 100% of the supplement offer for ll tretments. The hy DM intke ws lower (P < 0.05) for T2 s ompre to the other three tretments. Totl DM n OM intkes ppere to e highly impte y the supplementl DM intke. As suh totl DM n OM intkes were the lowest for T1, intermeite for T3 n T4 n highest for T2 (P < 0.05). Totl NDF n ADF intke ws in the orer of T2 > T4 > T3 > T1. Although T3 h slightly higher CP intke s ompre to the other three tretments the numeril ifferene is not s suh too ig. Boy Weight Chnge n Fee Conversion Effiieny: The men initil (IBW) n finl oy weight (FBW), oy weight hnge (BWC), verge ily oy weight gin (ADG) n fee onversion effiieny (FCE) of Begit sheep ws presente in Tle 4. The initil oy weight (IBW) ws similr (P > 0.05) mong tretments. However, tretments iffer in FBW, BWC, ADG n FCE (P < 0.05). Sheep tht reeive ommeril onentrte mixture (T1) n WB + S. ssn (T3) h higher FBW, FCE, BWC n ADG (P < 0.05) thn those supplemente with WB + A. slign lefs (T2) n WB + owpe lefs (T4), ut ifferenes in BWC, ADG n FCE mong T1, T2 n T3 were not signifint (P > 0.05). 31

4 Am-Eurs. J. Si. Res., 12 (1): 29-36, 2017 Tle 2: Chemil omposition of the experimentl fees on DM sis Chemil omposition (DM %) Fees DM OM Ash CP NDF ADF ADL G hy whet rn otton seeke Ai slign Sesny ssn Cowpe ADF=Ai etergent fier; ADL=Ai etergent lignin; CP=Crue protein; DM=Dry mtter; NDF=Neutrl etergent fier n OM= orgni mtter. Tle 3: Dily fee n nutrients intke of Begit rms fe on sl iet of grss hy n supplemente with ifferent forges Tretments SEM Intke (g/) T1 T2 T3 T4 SL DM(g/) Hy DM * 0.89 Suppl DM *** 1.19 Totl DM ** 1.4 Nutrnt intke (g/) OM gh ** 0.82 OM w ns 0.00 OM ps *** 0.95 Totl OM *** 1.20 CP gh * 0.04 CP w ns 0.00 CP ps ns 0.00 Totl CP * 0.04 NDF gh *** 0.68 NDF w ns 0.00 NDF ps *** 0.65 Totl NDF ** 0.86 ADF gh ** 0.45 ADF w ns 0.00 ADF ps *** 0.43 Totl ADF ** 0.58 ADL gh ** 0.09 ADL w ns 0.00 ADL ps *** 0.18 Totl ADL *** 0.20,,, = mens within row not ering ommon supersript letter signifintly iffer, ns = not signifint; DMI= ry mtter intke; SEM= stnr error of men; OMI= orgni mtter intke; CPI= rue protein intke; ADL= i etergent lignin; SL= signifint level, gh= grss hy, ps= protein supplement, w= whet rn. Tle 4: The effet of experimentl iets on oy weight hnge Prmeter T1 T2 T3 T4 S.L SEM IBW (kg) ns 0.00 FBW (kg) * 0.37 BWC(kg) ** 0.22 ADG (g/) * 2.28 FCE ** 0.73,,, Mens with ifferent supersripts in the sme row iffer signifintly; (***) = P<0.05; ADG=verge ily gin; BWC=oy weight hnge; FBW=finl oy weight; FCE = fee onversion effiieny; IBW=initil oy weight; S.L =signifine level; SEM= stnr error of men 32

5 Am-Eurs. J. Si. Res., 12 (1): 29-36, 2017 DISCUSSIONS higher (53.7 %) NDF, omprle (33.9%) ADF n lower (7.56%) sh ontents otine in owpe. All the ove Chemil Composition of Experimentl Fees: The DM ifferenes in nutritionl omposition of Ai slign, ontent of the sl iet ws omprle to the DM S.sesn n owpe my e ttriute to ifferenes in ontents of 94.3% reporte y Hgos [12] n 94.71% ession, stge of plnt growth, utting frequeny n Gereslssie [13] for nturl grss hy. On the other hn, hrvesting regimen, soil type n fertility sttus n prts the DM ontent of the sl iet ws higher thn 89% of the plnt (Lefs, twigs, whole forge n green pos DM reporte y Nigussie [14]. The CP ontent of the hy et.) inlue uring feeing n hemil nlysis. use in this stuy ws to e omprle with 6.55 % Gereslssie [13] n higher CP vlues 7.56% Hgos [12] Fee n Nutrient Intke: Totl DM n OM intkes n 7.78% Hunegnw n Birhn [15]. In this stuy CP ppere to e highly impte y the supplementl DM ontent of grss hy use s sl fee ws elow the intke in the urrent stuy. As suh totl DM n OM requirement for mintenne,. The hy ws generlly rih intkes were the lowest for T1, intermeite for T3 n T4 in NDF, ADF n ADL ontent, whih might e ue to the n highest for the T2 (P < 0.05). Totl NDF intke ws in over mturity of hy t hrvest. The CP ontent of whet the orer of T2 > T4 > T3 > T1 n tht of ADF intke ws rn in this stuy ws omprle to the vlues of 15.7 %, in the orer of T2 > T4 > T3 > T1, oth of whih ppere 16.41%, 16.82% reporte y Mihele [16], Awet [17] n to e ssoite with the level of NDF n ADF in the Gereslssie [13] respetively, ut lowers thn the vlues supplementl iets. Fee intke in ll tretments inrese of 21.23% n 20.1% reporte y Genet [18] n Simret steily with vne in the experimentl perio. [19] respetively. The vrition might e ue to the effet Generlly the verge totl DM intke of sheep in our of proessing in milling inustries n the qulity of the stuy ws out g/y, whih ws omprle originl grin use in the milling inustries. with results of mny stuies of Hgos [12], Mihele n The CP ontent of the otton see ke in our stuy Yyeneshet [16] n Gezu [31] with ifferent Ethiopin ws higher thn the CP ontent of CSC reporte y sheep rees. Conversely, lower totl DM intke [32, 33] MDonl et l. [20] whih ws 23.9 n lowers thn the n high totl DM intke [34, 35] y sheep s ompre result reporte y Bhuyne et l. [21] n Temesgen [22] to this stuy hs een reporte. Of ourse, vritions in with vlues of n 44.5%, respetively. This the type n mount of the sl iet s well s the ifferene oul e ue to the sene of ehulling supplement, ree of sheep, growth stge of the niml uring the proess of oil extrtion. n other similr ftors my ontriute to ifferenes in The CP ontent of Ai slign ws higher thn DM intke oserve mong the stuies. Although T3 h %, reporte y Shumye [23] n omprle to tht slightly higher CP intke s ompre to the other three of 13.11% n 14.34% reporte y Ahme [24] n tretments the numeril ifferene is not s suh too ig Gereslssie [13]. NDF, ADF n ADL ontent of Ai n this slight vrition in CP intke is ssoite with slign use in the urrent stuy were 44.29%, 32.02% ifferenes in the sl iet DM intke. n 9.25%. This NDF ontent is omprle to 45.2% n 46.2 % reporte y Gethew [25] n Moujhe et l. Boy Weight Chnge n Fee Conversion Effiieny: [26] respetively. The ADF ontent of this stuy is similr Among the supplemente fees, T1 n T3 resulte in to the 29.48% reporte y Shumuye [23]. But, higher thn higher (P<0.05) finl oy weights thn T4. The higher 25.9% n 24.7% reporte y Ahme [24] n Gethew performnes (FBW, BWC, ADG n FCE) of sheep in T1 [25] respetively n less thn 34.9 % reporte y n T3 s ompre to sheep in T4 might e ue to the Moujhe et l. [26]. The CP ontent of S.sesn lef in lower ell wll fier ontents n higher nutrient the present stuy is within the rnge of % igestiility in the onentrte mixture n S.ssn thn inite y Mekoy [5]. The vlue ws lso omprle the owpe ontining iet. However, the results of BWC, with 24.8% note y Tieu [27]. The NDF n ADF ADG n FCE in T1, T2 n T3 were not signifintly vlue of S.sesn lef in our stuy re lower thn 39.9% ifferent (P > 0.05) from eh other. There were lso n 29.9% reporte y Deel et l. [28]. On the other similrities mong T2 n T4 in BWC, ADG n FCE, hn, our ADL ontent of S. sesn ws higher thn 4% whih reflete tht the supplements were omprle in n % inite y Mekoy [5] n Deel et l. their potentil to supply nutrients to improve the weight [28] respetively; ut lower thn the % reporte gins of sheep. The tren in live weight hnge of sheep y Solomon et l. [29]. Aoring to Ajeu et l. [30] over the experimentl perio shows onsistent inrese in 33

6 Am-Eurs. J. Si. Res., 12 (1): 29-36, 2017 live weight gin throughout the feeing perio. A numer gin ws reore in lms supplemente with T1, of stuies on smll ruminnts in Ethiopi showe T2 n T3. It ws onlue tht supplementtion of signifint hnge in oy weight gin when sheep with 250 g A. slign with 200 g whet rn n 140g poor qulity roughges re supplemente with iets rih Sesni sesn with 200 g whet rn per y n in protein [16, 12, 33, 36]. The results of this stuy gree per he n serve s n eonomil n lolly with the fining of Nigussie [14], Hunegnw n Birhn ville replement to expensive onentrtes. [15] n Aee et l. [37]. The ADG of sheep in T1 ws Alterntively, supplementtion of 180 g owpe with omprle with 62.8 g/y gin inite y Mihele 200 g whet rn per y n per he oul e n Yyeneshet [16] for Tigry highln sheep fe with reommene for Begit lms fe grss hy for improve onentrte mixture. In greement to the urrent stuy in fee n nutrient intke, oy weight gin n fee T2, Gereslssie [13] lso reporte g/y gin onversion effiieny. for Tigry highln sheep fe grss hy n supplemente with whet rn n ifferent levels of REFERENCES A.slign leves. The men ily gin (66.17 g/y) of sheep in T3 in the present stuy is higher thn the 1. CSA (Centrl Sttistis Ageny of Ethiopi), finings of Solomon et l. [29] who reporte Agriulturl Smple Survey., Report on g/y gin for Menz sheep fe teff strw n Livestok n Livestok Chrteristis (Privte supplemente with sole S. sesn; ut Tieu [27] Pesnt Holings). Vol. II, pp. 94. reporte higher ADG ( g/y) for lol sheep fe 2. IGAD LPI (Inter-Governmentl Authority on mixtures of 70-90% Npier grss n % S.sesn. In Development s Livestok Poliy Inititive), The summry, results of fee intke n oy weight in the Contriution of Livestok to the Eonomies of IGAD urrent fining outline tht, multipurpose trees Memer Sttes. Stuy Finings, Applition of the (A.slign) lef s sole supplement oul e omprle Methoology in Ethiopi n Reommentions for to the supplementry vlue of improve multipurpose Further Work. Roy Behnke Oess Centre Gret trees (S. sesn) n ommeril onentrte fees to Wolfor, Unite Kingom. IGAD LPI Working Pper improve sheep performne. Therefore, it oul e si No , Otoer tht A.slign lef n sustitute the feeing vlue of 3. Tesfy Hgos, Supplementtion of Afr rms other improve tree legumes n protein rih non- with gre levels of mixtures of protein n energy onventionl fees. Similrly, improve rowse foliges soures: effets on fee intke, igestiility n live like A.slign n S. sesn n lso reple the highly weight n rss prmeters. An MS Thesis vlue ommeril onentrte fees euse of their Presente to the Shool of Grute Stuies of similr performne effets on Begit sheep in this Alemy University of Agriulture, Ethiopi. experiment. 4. Augn Toler, Tilhun Shlu, Tegene Negesse, CONCLUSION R.C Merkel n A.L. Goetsh, Nutritionl onstrints n Future prospets for got proution in Est Afri. Lngston University Extension The CP ontent of grss hy use s sl fee Servie, 20p. ws elow the requirement for mintenne, initing 5. Mekoy, A.K., Multipurpose foer trees in the nee for supplementtion of grss hy se Ethiopi; Frmers pereption, onstrints to iets with protein rihe fees. Forges suh s owpe option n effets of long-term supplementtion (Vign unguiult), S. sesn n A. slign hve on sheep performne. PhD thesis Deserttion, optimum nutrient profile. Replement of otton see ke Wgeningen University, Wgeningen, The (100g) y Sesni sesn (140g), A. slign (250g) n Netherlns, pp: 220. owpe (180g) hs improve intke n resulte in 6. Asfw Negss, Shhiur Rshi n Berhnu inrese oy weight gin n fee onversion Geremehin, Livestok Proution n effiieny of Begit sheep. Totl DM n OM intkes mrketing. Development strtegy n governne ppere to e highly impte y the supplementl ivision, Interntionl Foo Poliy Reserh DM intke. Totl DM n OM intkes were the lowest Institute. Ethiopi Strtegy Support Progrm II (ESSP for T1, intermeite for T3 n T4 n highest for II) Working Pper 26, August 2011, Ais A, the T2 (P < 0.05). However, superior ily oy weight Ethiopi, pp:

7 Am-Eurs. J. Si. Res., 12 (1): 29-36, ESAP (Ethiopin Soiety of Animl Proution), 17. Awet Estifnos, Fee utiliztion, oy weight Livestok in Foo Seurity Roles n hnge n rss hrteristis of intt n Contriutions. Proeeings of 9th nnul onferene strte Afr sheep fe ure trete teff strw of the Ethiopin Soiety of Animl Proution supplemente with gre levels of whet rn. MS (ESAP) hel in Ais A, Ethiopi, August 30-31, Thesis Presente to the Shool of Grute Stuies ESAP (Ethiopin Soiety of Animl of Alemy University of Agriulture, Ethiopi. Proution), pp: Genet Leelo, Effet of onentrte 8. Yyneshet Tesfye, Fee resoures vilility supplementtion on fee intke, oy weight gin, in Tigry region, northern Ethiopi, for proution of igestiility n rss hrteristis of high ln export qulity met n livestok. Ethiopi Snitry sheep fe on poor qulity teff (Ergrostis tef) strw n Phytosnitry Stnrs n Livestok n in wukro wore, estern zone of Tigry, Ethiopi. Met Mrketing Progrm (SPS-LMM) Texs A n M MS Thesis Sumitte to the Shool of Grute University System, pp: 87. Mekelle University, Mekelle, Ethiopi, pp: CTA (Tehnil Center for Agriulture), Sheep, 19. Simret Betsh, Supplementtion of gre 9th e. Rene Coste (e.), CTA / M Miln press, levels of penut ke n whet rn mixture on U.K. pp: nutrient utiliztion n rss prmeters of 10. EARO (Ethiopi Agriulturl reserh Orgniztion), Somli gots. M.S. Thesis Presente to the Shool Ntionl Pstorl n Agro-Pstorl Reserh of Grute Stuies of Alemy University of Doument. Ais A, Ethiopi, pp: 51. Agriulture, Alemy, Ethiopi, pp: AOAC, Offiil methos of Anlysis of the 20. MDonl, P., R.A. Ewr, J.F.D. Green n AOAC. Volume 2, (Assoition of Offiil Anlytil G.A. Morgn, Animl Nutrition 6th e. Person Chemists In., Wshington DC). Eutionl Limite. Einurgh, Gret Britin, 12. Hgos Hgu, Effet of supplementtion of pp: 544. onentrte mixture, rie lol rewery yprout 21. Bhuyn, R., K.K. Bruh, M.C. Bor n P.C. Ds, (Atell), fiheri li n sesni sesn on the Effet of plne of nutrition on rss performne of lol sheep fe hy sl iet. An hrteristis of rossre (Beetl X Assm lol) MS Thesis presente to the Shool of Grute Got. Dept.of Animl Nutrition, College of Veterinry Stuies of Hrmy University, pp: 75. Siene, Khnpr, Guwhti, pp: Gereslssie Geru, Effets of supplementing 22. Temesgen Wlelign, The effet of vrieties of whet rn n gre levels of rie i slign sorghum stovers n protein soures n intke, leves on fee intke, oy weight gin, igestiility, igestiility n live weight gin in ttle. An MS rss n semen qulities of highln sheep MS. Thesis Presente to the Shool of Grute Stuies, Thesis sumitte to the shool of grute stuies of pp: Mekelle University, Mekelle, Ethiopi, pp: Shumuye Bely, Effet of Feeing Air Drie, 14. Negussie, Effets of supplementtion of Npier Wter n Woo sh Solution Soke Ai grss with green lef esmoium or ll on fee slign Lefs on intke, Growth Performne, intke, igestiility n live weight hnge of Digestiility n Crss prmeters of Aergele Wsher sheep. MS. thesis presente to the shool Gots Fe Grss hy s Bsl iet. MS Thesis of grute stuies of Alemy University of sumitte to the shool of grute stuies of Agriulture, Alemy, Ethiopi n, pp: 85. Mekelle University, Mekelle, Ethiopi, pp: Hunegnw Aee n Berhn Tmir., Effets of 24. Ahme M. El-Wziry, Nutritive Vlue supplementtion with pigeon pe (Cjnus jun), Assessment of Ensiling or Mixing Ai n owpe (Vign unguiult) n ll (Ll Atriplex Using In Vitro Gs Proution Tehnique purpureus) on fee intke, oy weight gin n Reserh. Journl of Agriulturl n Biology, No rss hrteristis in Wollo sheep fe grss hy.. 3(6): Int. J. Av. Res. Biol. Si., 3(2): Gethew Asef, Evlution of forge yiel n 16. Mihele yirw n T. Yyeneshet, Fee effets of forms of feeing of Ai slign on utiliztion, igestiility n rss prmeters of intke n live weight gin of frt sheep fe on Tigry highln sheep fe whet strw supplemente grss hy. MS Thesis Sumitte to the Shool of with mixtures of whet rn n otton see ke, in Grute Stuies Alemy University of Agriulture, Tigry, Ethiopi. ABC Reserh Alert, 2(1):1-20. Alemy, Ethiopi, pp:

8 Am-Eurs. J. Si. Res., 12 (1): 29-36, Moujhe, N., C.A. Kyouli, Y. Thewis, Bekers n 32. Guesh Fish, Comprison of supplementing S. Rezgui, Effets of multinutrient loks n ure molsses n ure Atell loks on fee intke, polyethylene glyol 4000 supplies on intke n igestiility, oy weight hnge n rss igestion y sheep fe Ai ynophyll Linl. hrteristis of mle Blk He Ogen sheep Folige-se iets. Journl of Animl Fee Siene fe nturl psture hy. An Ms Thesis presente n Tehnology, 88: to the Shool of Grute Stuies of Hrmy 27. Tieu Mnye, Effet of feeing vrying University, pp: 70. proportions of Npier grss (Pennisetum purpureum) 33. Nemn Geresilssie, Effet of supplementtion n sesni (Sesni sesn) on fee intke, with rie leves of Ai Ali, Ai seyl n igestiility n live weight gin of lol sheep. An their mixture on fee intke, igestiility, live weight MS Thesis presente to the Shool of Grute gin n rss hrteristis of lol sheep fe Stuies of Hrmy University, pp: 71. rley strw s sl iet. An MS Thesis presente 28. Deel Etn, Augn Toler, Lrs O. Eik n Rgnr to the Shool of Grute Stuies of Hrmy Slte, Nutritive vlue of morphologil frtions University, pp: 79. of Sesni sesn n Desmoium intortum. 34. Biru Kefeni, Effets of supplementtion with Tropil n Su-tropil Agro Eosystems, sweet potto tuer n hriot en sreenings on 14: fee utiliztion, growth n rss hrteristis of 29. Solomon Melku, K.J. Peters n Azge Tegegn, Ailo sheep. An MS Thesis presente to the Shool Effet of supplementtion with Leuen of Grute Stuies of Hrmy University, pp: 87. purpureus, gre level of Leuen plli or 35. Gizt Teshle, Fees n feeing prties of Sesni sesn 1198 on fee intke n live weight tritionl fttening n evlution of supplementl gin of Menz sheep. pp: Proeeing of the vlue of Cotton see ke n Brewers rie grin to 10th Annul Conferene of the Ethiopin Soiety of Woger sheep fe grss hy. An MS Thesis Animl Proution (ESAP), August, Ais presente to the Shool of Grute Stuies of A Ethiopi. Hrmy University, pp: Ajeu, N., C. Asesh n A. Aster, Almz Ayenew, Berhn Tmir n Solomon Melku, Sustitution of pigeon pe leves for noug see Fee intke, igestiility n live weight (Guizoti yssini) ke s protein supplement hnge of lms fe Finger millet (Eleusine to sheep fe low qulity tropil grss hy.ethio. orn) strw supplemente with Atell, noug J.Appl. Si. Tehno, 4: see (Guizoti yssini) ke n their mixtures. 31. Gezu Tesse, Effets of Supplementtion Agriulturl tropil n sutropil, 45(3): with Gre Levels of Conentrte Mix of Ots Grin 37. Aee, H., M. Solomon, T. Berhn n T. Asminew, n Lentil Sreening on the Performne of Menz Boy weight n rss hrteristis of Sheep Fe Hy. An MS Thesis presente to the Wsher sheep fe ure trete rie strw Shool of Grute Stuies of Hrmy University, supplemente with gre levels of onentrte mix. pp: 75. Livestok Reserh for Rurl Development, 23: