Comparative Studies on the Prevalence of Ixodid Ticks on Some Selected Sedentary Farms and Trade Cattle in Adamawa State, Nigeria

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1 Interntionl Journl of Scientific nd Reserch Publictions, Volume 7, Issue 9, September Comprtive Studies on the Prevlence of Ixodid Ticks on Some Selected Sedentry Frms nd Trde Cttle in Admw Stte, Nigeri Qdeer, M.A., 1 Usmn, K., T 2, Bobbo, A. A. 3 ndhssn, M. 4 1 Deprtment of Zoology, School of Life Sciences MAUTECH, Yol, Admw Stte, Nigeri 2 Deprtment of Zoology, School of Life Sciences MAUTECH, Yol. 3 Deprtment of Animl Helth College of Agriculture Jlingo, Trb stte, Nigeri Abstrct- This study compres the Prevlence of Ixodid Ticks on Some Selected Sedentry Frms nd Trde Cttle in Admw Stte. The purposive dt smpling technique ws used to select 240 cttle from four loctions (2-sedentry nd 2 trde cttle), from Myo Belw, Fufore nd Yol South Locl Government Ares for four months periods (September- December, 2014). Ticks were collected from hlf of the body of ech smpled cttle using hnd-picking nd preserved in smpling bottle with 10% formldehyde. Ages of the cttle were determined using dentition method. Breed, sex, ge of cttle nd collection dte were recorded on ech smpling bottle. The smples were then trnsported to Ntionl Veterinry Reserch Institute Lbortory for identifiction. Ticks collected were identified using Soulsby identifiction key to gener nd species level. The dt collected were nlyzed using chi-squre nd t- test t 0.05 confidence level. The results showed 79.0% nd 94.0% prevlence for sedentry nd trde cttle respectively which showed significnt differences (p<0.05) while other vribles (i.e breeds, sex nd ges of cttle) showed no significnt differences. The is most prevlent which lso infest ll breeds except white fulni, while Amblyomm vriegtum nd were found prevlently infesting Bunji. Both sedentry nd trde cttle suffered tick infesttion nd therefore needed to be controlled. T Index Terms- Ticks, Ixodid,Sedementry, Bunji I. INTRODUCTION icks re rnked s the most economiclly importnt ectoprsites of livestock in the tropics, including subshrn Afric [1]. Their veterinry importnce is relted to their blood-feeding, from which both their direct nd indirect pthogenicity origintes [2]. In livestock frming enterprise, prsitic diseses constitute mjor obstcles in mintining good helth nd high productive performnce of the herd, thus resulting in economic loss to the frming business [3]. The economic importnce of ticks hd long been recognized due to their bility to trnsmit diseses to nimls [4]. In Nigeri, 90% of the cttle popultion re kept under the trditionl pstorl husbndry of Fulni herders; mostly concentrted in the centrl to northern prt of the country [5], [6]. Under the Fulnis mngement, cttle re extensively grzed in pstures nd forest, nd exposed to infesttion by the three ticks gener present in Nigeri (Amblyomm, nd spp., subgenus Boophilus spp. included) [7]. Aprt from the direct effect of tick infesttion on niml production nd productivity, ticks re inevitbly efficient vectors of mny pthogens, like protozo, viruses, bcteri, nd rickettsie to mn nd domestic nimls. In cttle, tick infesttion lone cn cuse nemi, stress, reduction in weight gin nd milk yields, deprecition of hide vlue, hypersensitivity nd toxicosis, leding lso to secondry infections [2]. In ddition, some tick species cn ct s vectors of pthogens cusing number of tick-borne diseses (TBDs), serious impirment to cttle helth nd productivity in subshrn Afric. Humn s well re not completely sfe from severl possible diseses resulted through direct tick bites or food poising through tick excrement, the like of spotted fever, relpsing fever, Lyme disese, tulremi mong others mkes humn-niml reltionship become unsved whenever there is tick infesttion [8]. Considering the reltionship tht exist between tick bundnce nd tick borne infection. This study ws imed to compre the prevlence of ticks infesttion in Sedentry nd Trde cttle in Admw Stte. II. MATERIALS AND METHOD 2.1 Study Are Yol South Locl Government Are the cpitl city of Admw Stte is locted within ltitude N of the equtor nd longitude E of the Greenwich meridin. It hs totl lnd mss of 1,139.1km 2 nd shre boundries with Yol North in the North nd Fufore in the South nd Est. The L.G.A. hs popultion figure of 257,706, [15]. Yol South is considered to be one of the most importnt commercil nd griculturl centers in Admw Stte of Nigeri. Fufore L.G.A. is one of the twenty one locl governments in Admw Stte. It is 26km wy from Yol, the stte cpitl. It lies between ltitude N nd longitude E of Green which meridin. It is bounded on the est by the republic of Cmeroon nd in the west by Yol, Girei nd Mih Locl Government Ares. The locl government hs totl lnd mss of 4464km 2 nd popultion size of [9].The Sebore frm is n griculturl frm of privte libility locted km 12 Myo- Belw-Ngurore Rod. The frm plys very vitl role in the trnsfer of knowledge to pesnt frmers nd other community dwellers who wish to produce fish on smll scle, cttle, fruits

2 Interntionl Journl of Scientific nd Reserch Publictions, Volume 7, Issue 9, September nd other improved gro relted products. The frm hs been currently linked with prtnership with mny governments mostly from North-estern Nigeri nd non-governmentl gencies in prtnership towrds food insecurity nd cquisition progrmme towrds self-employment in griculture for unemployed youths nd women frmers, school levers, nd grdutes in griculture or relted disciplines [10]. The Borno stte government signed Memorndum of Understnding with the Sbore Frm to llow the Borno underwent intensive trining in griculture to boost food production of the stte nd to improve condition of living of people nd to be self-employed. 2.2 Study Design Three Locl Government Ares (LGAs), nmely Yol, Fufore, nd Myo-Belw were used for the study. Among these LGAs Myo-Belw nd Fufore were identified s plces where sedentry cttle re found (i.e in Sebore frm nd Benue Vlley Frm respectively). Wheres Yol nd Fufore locl government were structured into circles. They serve s route through which these trde cttle enters from neighboring countries. One entry point ws t Gurin, Fufore LGA while the second one is t Yol cttle mrket. Orl interviews nd questionnires were used to obtin pre-study dt before the commencement of the study in order to cquint the frmers with the study nd lso to identify where to tke smples. 2.3 Smple Collection Cttle were rndomly smpled from ech of the herds for the survey of ticks infesttion. Collection of smple ws done in four months (September December). Ten cttle out of every 100 cttle were smpled for tick collection. The ges of the cttle were determined using dentition method s described by [11]. Breeds of cttle on ech herd ws recorded. Estimtion of totl tick infesttion per niml ws done by collecting ticks mnully from hlf of the body of the cttle nd multiplying by two s expressed by [12]. Ticks were plced on pre-lbeled smpling bottle nd fill with 10% formldehyde. The sites of collection s well s collection dte were lso lbeled on the smple bottles. Field informtion like nme of frmer, Animl identifiction number, month of observtion nd ge were collected. While the identifiction of ticks for gener nd species ws done in Ntionl Veterinry Reserch Institute Lbortory, Yol. Adopted the identifiction keys described by [13] nd [14]. 2.5Dt Anlysis The dt collected from ech studied niml were recorded nd were nlyzed using, simple percentge, Chi-squre test nd T-test. t p-vlue < 0.05 (95% C.I ws considered significnt) rn on SPSS version 20. III. RESULTS The prevlence ptterns mong sedentry nd trde cttle indicted 79% nd 94.2% prevlence respectively (Tble 1). The results reveled tht ws most prevlent species infesting both sedentry nd trde cttle by 89.5% nd 55.8% respectively, while (Boophilus) ws lest prevlent mong tick species infesting sedentry nd trde cttle by 1.1% nd 0.0% respectively. The results indicted tht there ws significnt differences in the prevlence of ticksmongsedentry nd trde cttle. Tble 1: Prevlence of Tick Infesttions mongst Sedentry nd Trde cttle bsed on Loction Type No. exmined No. Infested (%) No. infested (%) by smpled tick Amblyomm (Boophilus) Sed (79.0%) 4(4.2%) 1(1.1%) 22(23.2%) 85(89.5%) TrC (94.2%) 54(47.8%) 0(0.0%) 39(34.5%) 63(55.8%) t-clc (2.96), t-criticl (1.968), degree of freedom (238), P-vlue (0.012). Sed: Sedentry Cttle, TrC: Trde Cttle. No.: Number. Prevlence of tick infesttion mongst sex reveled mles of trde cttle were (93.0%) infested thn sedentry mle cttle (80.6%). Also, femle cttle in the sedentry were less infested (83.1%) thn femle in the trde cttle 95.2% nd in either cse, the difference ws insignificnt (P > 0.05). species hd higher infesttion rtes of (76.0%) thn the Boophilus (4.0%) nd it ws stticlly significnt p<0.05 s shown in Tble 2.

3 Interntionl Journl of Scientific nd Reserch Publictions, Volume 7, Issue 9, September Tble 2 Prevlence of Tick Infesttion mong the Sedentry nd Trde Cttle bsed o Sex Type Sex (N) No. (%) Infested No. (%) infested with Amblyomm Rhipicephlu s (Boophilus) trunctes Sed Mle (31) 25(80.6%) 2(8.0%) 1(4.0%) 3(12.0%) 19(76.0%) 25 TrC Mle (57) 53(93.0%) 25(47.2%) 0(0.0%) 19(35.8%) 28(52.8%) 72 Sed Femle (89) 74(83.1%) 2(2.7%) 0(0.0%) 19(25.7%) 66(89.2%) 87 TrC Femle (63) 60(95.2%) 29(48.3%) 0(0.0%) 20(33.3%) 35(58.3%) 84 Chi-squre (xx 2 ) vlues (0.60) nd (1.658) for mle nd femle cttle, tble vlue (3.841), df (1), P-vlues >0.05. Sed: Sedentry Cttle, TrC: Trde Cttle. No.: Number. Totl The result in Tble 3 showed tht ge group (>2½)of trde cttle were more infested (98.7%) thn sedentry cttle of the sme ge group (91.0%). In overll, the dults (>2½)were more infested thn the clf (<1½). ws most prevlent ticks species infesting cttle in the ges less thn 1½ yer by 35% nd 12.5% in both loctions. For the ge group 1½ to 2½ for trde cttle Amblyomm vriegtumreveled most prevlent (56.8%) nd (42.1%) for sedentry cttle. Furthermore, ws reveled most prevlent ticks species for the cttle in the ge >2½ yers in both loctions. The results reveled chi-squre vlues which re ll less thn tble vlues t degree of freedom of 1, thus, implied tht the prevlence of tick infesttion mong ge group of cttle in both loctions were not significnt. Tble 3: Prevlence of Tick Infesttion nd their species mong the Sedentry nd Trde Cttle bsed on Age Typ e Age (Yer) No. of Cttle exmine d No. (%) Infested No. (%) infested with Amblyomm Rhipicephl us (Boophilus) Sed <1½ 20 7(35.0%) 7(35.0%) 7 TrC <1½ 8 3(37.5%) 1(12.5%) 1(12.5%) 1(12.5%) 3 Sed 1½ 2½ 38 31(81.6%) 6(15.8%) 9(23.7%) 16(42.1%) 31 TrC 1½ 2½ 37 36(97.3%) 21(56.8%) 12(32.4%) 16(43.2%) 49 Sed >2½ 78 71(91.0%) 3(3.8%) 1(1.3%) 20(25.6%) 62(79.5%) 86 TrC >2½ 75 74(98.7%) 32(42.7%) 26(34.7%) 46(61.3%) <1½ yers:-x 2 vlue (0.016), 1½ - 2½ yers: - x 2 vlue (0.010), >2½ yers: x 2 vlue (0.420), tble vlue (3.841), df(1), P-vlue >0.05. Sed: Sedentry Cttle, TrC: Trde Cttle. No.: Number. Tot l 104 The results in Tble 4 implied tht there is no significnt difference between the prevlence of ticks infesttion mong sedentry nd trde cttle with respect to breeds. More so, Amblyomm vriegtum reveled most prevlent species for trde cttle in the Wdr (75%) nd Bunji (51%) breeds, while Boophilus indicted lest prevlent (3.3%) in sedentry. indicted high prevlence cross the rest of the cttle breeds irrespective of loction.

4 Interntionl Journl of Scientific nd Reserch Publictions, Volume 7, Issue 9, September Tble 4 Prevlence of tick Infesttion nd their Species mong Sedentry nd Trde Cttle bsed on Breeds Breed Admw gudli No. (%) infected with Amblyomm Boophilus No. No. (%) Type exmine infected Sed NA NA NA NA NA NA TrC 32 23(71.9%) 8(25.0%) 0(0.0%) 4(12.5%) 14(43.8%) Brhmn Sed 42 34(81.0%) 0(0.0%) 0(0.0%) 0(0.0%) 34(81.0%) Wdr TrC 5 3(60.0%) 1(20.0%) 0(0.0%) 0(0.0%) 2(40.0%) 14(50.0% Sed 28 25(89.3%) 2(7.1%) 0(0.0%) ) 20(71.4%) TrC 4 4(100.0%) 3(75.0%) 0(0.0%) 1(25.0%) 1(25.0%) Rhji Sed 30 23(76.7%) 2(6.7%) 1(3.3%) 7(23.3%) 19(63.3%) TrC 5 4(80.0%) 2(40.0%) 0(0.0%) 0(0.0%) 3(60.0%) Simmentl Sed 18 12(66.7%) 0(0.0%) 0(0.0%) 1(5.6%) 11(61.1%) Sokoto gudli TrC NA NA NA NA NA NA Sed 2 1(50.0%) 0(0.0%) 0(0.0%) 0(0.0%) 1(50.0%) TrC 14 4(28.6%) 2(14.3%) 0(0.0%) 0(0.0%) 2(14.3%) Bunji Sed NA NA NA NA NA NA TM 60 53(88.3%) 31(51.7%) 0(0.0%) 25(41.7% ) 18(30.0%) x 2 vlues: 3.180, 0.513, nd 0.374, for brhmn, Wdr,Rhji nd Sokoto gudli Tble vlue (3.841), df (1), P-vlue >0.05. Sed: Sedentry Cttle, TrC: Trde Cttle. No.: Number. IV. DISCUSSIONS In this study, the prevlence of tick infesttions ws lower in sedentry (79.0%) thn in trde cttle (94.2%), nd there is significnt difference, P < 0.05 These results greed with [15]; [16]; [17] who reported tht niml movement from one zone to nother is widely considered s mens of introduction of ticks into new ecosystems. [16] reported tht in Nigeri, bout 80% of livestock re owned by the trditionl sector, mostly nomds nd tht the overwhelming cttle routes in the northern prt of Nigeri longside vrious inter-border route llow ticks tht re expected to hve chnged their distribution to emerged in new zones. Thus, the trde cttle which mostly involved usul movement for mny fctors such s grzing, seeking for good mrkets nd better settlement become highly susceptible to tick infesttion thn those confined in prticulr loction nd vegettion. The findings of the study, lso reveled tht the prevlence of tick infesttion in reltion to sex showed no sttisticlly significnt differences in the two loctions p < This is in contrst with the findings of [21] nd [23] who reported higher infesttion of tick in mles nd femles respectively. This difference might be ttributed to ecologicl zones where the studies were crried out s it cn ffects tick distribution. The susceptibility of cttle to tick infesttion with respect to ge is found significnt by this study. The results in respect to ges of cttle indictes close tick infesttion ptterns. This result greed with the findings of [18]; [19]; [20] who reported higher tick infesttion in dult thn in younger cows. [21]lso reported tht ge of cttle ws observed to hve significnt effect on tickborne infection. This is in contrst with the findings of [22] who reported tht ge of niml hs no significnt effect on their prevlence to tick species nd [22]who found tht younger cttle were more susceptible to tick infesttion thn older cttle. On the other hnd, this study reveled no significnt difference when compring between the two loctions with respect to ge (p< 0.05). This might be s result of exposing the cttle regrdless of ge to the sme tretment. For exmple, both dult nd clf were moved for grzing.the findings of this study lso revels tht the reltionship between ticks infesttion mong breed of sedentry nd trde cttle hd no significnt different. Of ll the breeds irrespective of loction, the tick infesttions remin high, though, the results reveled tht some breeds re more

5 Interntionl Journl of Scientific nd Reserch Publictions, Volume 7, Issue 9, September susceptible to some species of tick thn others. For instnce Bunji indictes high susceptibility to the Amblyomm vriegtum thn other breeds. This could be ttributed to the fct tht Bunji (white fulni) were higher in number in the study sites during the study period. REFERENCES [1] Uilenberg, G. (1995), Interntionl Collbortive Reserch: Significnce of Tick-Borne Hemoprsitic Diseses to World Animl Helth.Vet Prsitol 1995, 57:19-41 [2] Jongejn, F., Zivkovic, D. nd Jull I. I. (2004). Est Cot fever (Theileri prv infection of cttle) in Southern Sudn. Sudn Journl of Veterinry Science nd Animl Husbndry, 42(1): [3] Jonsson, M. N., Dws, R. nd De Witts, M. (2001). An Estimte of the Economic Effects of Cttle Tick (Boophilus microplus) Infesttion on Queenslnd Diry Frms. Austrlin Veterinry Journl, 79 (17): [4] Food nd Agriculturl Orgniztion, (FAO). (1984). Ticks nd Tick Borne- Disese Control. A Prcticl Field Mnul, Vol. 1, Tick Control, Rome, 299pp. [5] Iwul, M. O. nd Okpl, I. (1978), Studies on the Ectoprsitic Fun of Nigerin Livestock I: Types nd Distribution Ptterns on Hosts. Bulleting of Animl Helth Production.16: [6] Awogbde, M. O. (1979). Fulni Pstorlism nd the Problems of the Nigerin Veterinry Service. 78: [7] Byer, W. nd Min, J. A. (1984). Sesonl Pttern of Tick Lod in Bunji Cttle in the Subhumid Zone of Nigeri. Journl of Veterinry Prsitology, 15: [8] Young, A. S., Groocock, C. M. nd Kriuki, D. P. (1988). Integrted control of ticks nd tick-borne diseses of cttle in Afric. Interntionl Journl of Prsitology, 96: [9] University of Technology, Yol, Deprtment of Geogrphy. [10] Ymt, L. nd Andrew, S. M. (2014). The impct of poverty llevition progrmmes in the res of griculturl development nd job cretion for unemployed youth in Borno stte. Interntionl Journl of Eduction nd Reserch. 2(9): [11] Sisson, S. nd Grossmn, J. D (2003). The Antomy of Domestic Animls. 4th edition. W.B. Sounders, Phildelphi. [12] Bekele, M. (2002). Species of Ticks on Cmels nd their sesonl popultion dynmics in estern Ethiopi. Tropicl Animl Helth Production. 36: [13] Soulsby, E. J. L. (1982). Protozo, Helminthes nd Arthropods of Domes Animls. ELBS Billiere nd Tindl, London. [14] Wlker, A.R., Bouttour, A., Cmics, J. L., Estrd Pen, A., Hork, I.G., Ltif, A. A. et l. (2007). Ticks of Domestic Animls in Afric: A Guide to Identifiction of Species. Bioscience Report, pp: [15] Hitcheock, L. F. (1993). Resistnce of the cttle tick, to benzene hexchloride. Journl of Agriculturl Reserch, 29: [16] Cumming, G. S. (2009). Host distributions do not limit the species rnges of most Africn ticks (Acri: Ixodid). Bulletin of Entomologicl Reserch, 89(4): [17] Abdll, M. M. nd Hssn, S. M. (2010). Current Sttus of Distribution nd Popultion Dynmics of Ticks (Acri ixodide) Infesting Cttle in South Drfur Stte, Sudn. University of Khrtoum Jounl of Veterinry Science nd Animl Production, 1(2): [18] Norvl, R. A. L., Fivz, B. H., Lwrence, J. A. nd Brown, A. F. (1984). Epidemiology of Tick-Borne Diseses of Cttle in Zimbbwe.Tropicl Animl Helth nd Production, 16: [19] Kbir, M.H., Mondl, M. Eliys, M.A. Mmnn, M.A. Hshem, N.C., Delinth, O.F.et l (2011). An Epidemiologicl Survey on Investigtion of Tick Infesttion in Cttle t Chittgong District Bngldesh. Africn Journl of Microbiology Reserch, 54: [20] Ykhchli, M. nd H.S. Hsnzdehzrz, (2004). Study on Some Ecologicl Aspects nd Prevlence of Different Species of Hrd Ticks Acrin: Ixodide on Cttle, Bufflo nd Sheep in Oshnvieh Suburb. Pjouhesh-v-Szndegi, In Animl nd Fisheries Sciences, 63: [21] Meltzer, M. I., Perry, B. D. nd Donchie, P. L. (2006). Mortlity percentges relted to hert-wter nd the economic impct of hert-wter disese on lrge-scle. Experimentl nd Applied Acrology, 3(2): [22] El Hkim, A. E., Shhein, Y. E., Aboelell, A. M. K. nd Selim, M. E. (2007). Purifiction nd Chrcteriztion of two lrvl glycoproteins from Cttle Tick Boophilus nnultus. Journl of Veterinry Science 8(2): [23] Pukum, S. M., Jmes-Rugu, N. N. nd Sle, M. (2011), A Study on Tick Borne Infections of Cttle in Yol Loclity of Admw Stte.AJAR, 6(6): AUTHORS First Author Qdeer, M.A, Deprtment of Zoology, School of Life Sciences MAUTECH, Yol, Admw Stte, Nigeri Second Author Usmn, K., T, Deprtment of Zoology, School of Life Sciences MAUTECH, Yol Third Author Bobbo, A. A, Deprtment of Animl Helth College of Agriculture Jlingo, Trb stte, Nigeri Fourth Author Hssn, M, Deprtment of Animl Helth College of Agriculture Jlingo, Trb stte, Nigeri