Influence of Dietary Mixtures of Garlic and Ginger on Lipid Composition in Serum, Yolk, Performance of Pullet Growers and Laying Hens

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1 Interntionl Journl of Poultry Siene 11 (3): , 2012 ISSN Asin Network for Sientifi Informtion, 2012 Influene of Dietry Mixtures of Grli n Ginger on Lipi Composition in Serum, Yolk, Performne of Pullet Growers n Lying Hens S.G. Aemol, T.E. Lwl, O.O. Egewne n G.O. Frinu 1 Deprtment of Animl Nutrition n Biotehnology, Loke Akintol University Tehnology, Ogomoso, Nigeri 2 Deprtment Animl Siene n Fisheries Mg., Bowen University, Iwo, Nigeri Astrt: Meiinl spies suh s grli n ginger ontin hemil sustnes tht oul e use to enhne the vlue of foo of niml origin. These sustnes suh s orgnosulphur ompouns of grli n gingerone, shogols of ginger re responsile helth enefits of these spies. The stuy investigte the ition of mixtures of grli n ginger to iets of pullet hiks, growers n lying hens to evlute enefiil effets on growth n egg proution s well s their possile effets on lipi ontent of serum n yolk. Five iets were use for the stuy. Control iet ws not supplemente with ny of the mixtures. Four inresing levels of grli (0.5%, 1.0%, 1.5% n 2.0%) were inorporte into iets for pullet hiks, growers n lying hens. Ginger supplements were lso e to the iets t 0.5% n 0.75%. The results showe tht the mixtures of grli n ginger were enefiil y promoting finl live weight of pullet growers, lying hens n lso y lowering totl holesterol, triylglyerol onentrtion in serum n yolk. Furthermore, the mixtures of grli n ginger signifintly (p<0.001) improve hen y proution, egg weight n fee onversion. However, ietry inlusion of the mixtures signifintly reue shell weight n thikness. Signifint (p<0.001) negtive liner reltionships were oserve etween ietry mixtures of grli n ginger with prmeters of serum n yolk lipis. In onlusion, the mixtures of grli n ginger improve egg weight with lower holesterol n triylglyerol s well s etter hen y proution of lying hens. The results implie tht the mixtures oul enefit growth, lying performne n lowere yolk lipi ontent. Key wors: Hens, yolk, holesterol, grli n ginger mixtures INTRODUCTION The signifint ontriution of ietry ft in humn foos to evelopment of hroni n terminl iseses in humn eings suh s riovsulr iseses n ner hs een elorte in mny stuies. Foos tht ontin high sturte ftty is n holesterol re risk ftors to the iniene of riovsulr iseses (Gruny, 1986; John et l., 2009), ietes (Villegs et l., 2004) n olon ner in humn (Mkeown-Eyssen n Bright-See, 1984; Willet et l., 1990; Boy et l., 2003). The ft ontent n the omposition of ftty is in egg lipis hve een implite in humn helth (British Nutrition Fountion, 1992; Chow, 1992). Intke of sturte ftty is h iret reltionship with the iniene of riovsulr iseses (Norum, 1992). Furthermore, Tylor et l. (2007) onlue tht women, oth pre- n post-menopusl, who onsume met h the highest risk of rest ner. Proesse met showe the strongest Hzr rtio of 1.64 (95% CI: ) for onsumption thn those who i not onsume met. The growing ppreition for low ft poultry prouts y onsumers hs enourge reserhes to e fouse in lowering holesterol n triylglyerol of poultry prouts using mny gents suh s opper soures. However, reue egg proution (Ankri et l., 1998), its negtive effets in egg weight (Me et l., 2003) n fee onversion (Ankri et l., 1998), s well s its ssoite eonomi loss hve st out in using these gents for profit oriente egg lying enterprise. Mny meiinl plnts suh s grli, ginger possess helth promoting orgni sustnes suh s orgnosulphur ompouns of grli (Amgse et l., 2001), gingerone n shogol of ginger (Fuhrmn et l., 2000) tht my e use in lowering yolk holesterol n triylglyerol. Birrenkott et l. (2000) reporte tht 3% grli power i not hve signifint effet on yolk n serum holesterol onentrtions when lying hens fe iets for 8 months. However, Khn et l. (2007) reporte tht ietry grli power t 2, 6 n 8% i not signifintly ffet fee intke, fee effiieny, egg weight, egg mss, Corresponing Author: S.G. Aemol, Deprtment of Animl Nutrition n Biotehnology, Loke Akintol University Tehnology, Ogomoso, Nigeri 196

2 Proessing of test ingreients: Grli uls were refully esegmente into loves. These loves were esle while eh love ws slie into smll hips with knife for effetive rying. Grli hips were sunrie for 2 to 3 weeks t environmentl temperture of 38.83±1.87 C. Sun rie grli hips were store in plsti ontiner prior to the stuy. Drie ginger were poune n mille. Therefter, mille ginger ws pke in n irtight polythene sk. Experimentl iets: Five iets were prepre for pullet hik, grower n lyer experiments. Pullet hik, grower n lyer iets ontine similr levels of mixtures of grli n ginger. Control iet ws not supplemente with the mixture of grli n ginger. Four inresing levels of grli (0.5%, 1.0%, 1.5% n 2.0%) were inorporte into iets for pullet hiks, growers n lying hens lele s T1, T2, T3 n T4 respetively. Ginger supplements were e for iets in T1, T2 t Int. J. Poult. Si., 11 (3): , 2012 ut signifintly reue serum n yolk holesterol. 0.5%, while 0.75% ginger ws inlue in iets T3 n Aemol et l. (2009) reporte tht mixtures of grli n T4. The rrngement le to inlusion of four ifferent ginger in roiler iet enle roiler hiks n hikens mixtures of grli n ginger in the experimentl iets. to hieve mximum finl live weights s well s Pullet hiks iets n grower iets ontine ± effetively reue ominl ft, serum holesterol n 21.2 kl metolizle energy (ME)/kg, 19.7±0.19% triylglyerol thn sole ietry grli n ginger. The Crue Protein (CP) n ±21.6 kl ME/kg, positive influene of the mixtures of grli n ginger on 16.1±0.08% CP respetively. The gross omposition of growth n lipi metolism of roilers stimulte the lyer iet is s shown in Tle 1. urrent investigtion. The stuy therefore exmine growth, serum lipis of pullet irs, yolk lipi ontent, Mngement of pullet irs n lying hens performne of lying hens fe ifferent mixtures of Experiment 1: Three hunre y ol ISA Brown pullet grli n ginger. hiks were rnomly istriute into five ietry tretments. Eh tretment hs four replites of 60 MATERIALS AND METHODS Soures of test ingreients: Grli n rie ginger were otine from lol mrket in Ogomoso, Nigeri. hiks. Pullet hik iets were offere to the hiks from y ol to 5th weeks of ge, while grower iets were offere to the irs from 6th weeks to 22n week of ge until the irs roppe the first egg. Fresh fees n wter were serve liitum ily. Routine mngement n ll neessry vintion proeures were followe. The irs were trnsferre from eep litter system to ttery ge system t 14th week of ge. This portion of the stuy ws rrie out in Otoer, 2005 from y ol to 22 weeks. Experiment II: A totl of selete 240 point of ly hens of ISA Brown strin were rnomly istriute to five ietry tretments s erlier esrie in experiment I. Eh tretment ontine 48 hens of 4 replites. The hens were house iniviully in ttery ge for 32 weeks. The hens were offere fee n len wter liitum throughout the tril. Yolk olour ws etermine y Rohe yolk fn. The stuy ws rrie out immeitely fter experiment I for 32 weeks in Chemil nlysis: On the 18th n 40th week of ge of experimentl hens, 3 loo smples per replite were ollete without ntiogulnt for estimtion of serum Tle 1: Ingreient omposition of lyer iets ontining mixtures of grli n ginger Ingreients Control T1 T2 T3 T4 Mize Soy en mel Plm kernel mel Mize rn Whet rn Fixe ingreients Grli Ginger Nutrient omposition Clulte energy (kl/kg) Determine rue protein (%) Determine lium (%) Determine phosphorus (%) Fixe ingreient ontine 7.00% grounnut ke, 2.00% fish mel, 3.00% one mel, 7.00% oyster shell, 0.25% slt, 0.25% vitmin*, 0.15% methionine n 0.15% lysine. *Lyer vitmin premix supplie the following vitmins n tre elements per kg iet: Vit A 6250 IU; VitD3 1250IU; VitE, mg; Vitk mg, VitB, 1.88 mg Vit B mg; Niin mg; lium pntothente 6.25 mg; Vigt B6 3.8 mg, Vit B mg; Choline Chlorie 250 mg; Foli i 0.63 mg; Biotin 0.03 mg; Mn 75 mg; Fe 62.5 mg; Zn 50 mg; Cu 5.31 mg; I 0.94 mg; Co mg; Se 0.08 mg n Antioxint 75 mg 197

3 Int. J. Poult. Si., 11 (3): , 2012 lipis of the hens. Serum totl holesterol, triylglyerol n High Density Lipoprotein (HDL) holesterol were etermine using sigm enzymti kits oring to the methos of Roeshlu et l. (1974), Whlefel (1976) n Wrnik et l. (1982) respetively. Serum Low Density Lipoprotein (LDL) holesterol ws lulte (Frieewl et l., 1972). Determintion of yolk holesterol n triylglyerol: Yolk holesterol n triylglyerol were etermine y using Sigm enzymti kits. Sttistil nlysis: All t ollete were nlyze y one-wy nlysis of vrine of SPSS version 10. Signifint mens were seprte using Dunn option of the sme sttistil pkge. Liner regressions of t ollete from serum n yolk lipi ontents were teste ginst ietry onentrtion of grli n ginger mixtures with the sme sttistil pkge. RESULTS The results of growth performne of pullet growers n finl live weight of lying hens re shown in Tle 2. Feeing mixtures of grli n ginger signifintly (p<0.01) influene Finl Live weight (FLW) n weight gin of pullet growers in experiment I. Growers fe mixtures of grli n ginger in T2 h heviest FLW while pullet growers in ontrol h lowest FLW. Furthermore, lying hens fe mixture of grli n ginger in T1 in experiment II h the heviest FLW. Serum lipi of pullet growers n lying hens re shown in Tle 3. The mixtures of grli n ginger signifintly erese serum totl holesterol, triylglyerol n low ensity lipoprotein holesterol of growers n lying hens. in T3 h the lowest serum totln LDL-holesterol onentrtions. The mixtures of grli n ginger lso signifintly lowere yolk holesterol n triylglyerol (Tle 4). Lying hens in T2 h lowest serum totl holesterol n triylglyerol. Furthermore, hens in T4 h lowest yolk holesterol n triylglyerol. All the mixtures signifintly (p<0.001) enhne lying performne with hens in T2 hving the est hen y proution, superior fee onversion n heviest egg weight (Tle 4). Lying hens h similr weights of lumen n yolk. However, ietry inlusion of the mixtures signifintly (p<0.001) reue shell weight n shell thikness. Dietry grli n ginger mixtures i not signifintly ffet yolk olour. The liner regression equtions of lipi ontent in the loo of pullet growers, lying hens n yolk re shown in Tle 5. All the prmeters showe signifint (p<0.001) negtive liner reltionships with the mixtures of grli n ginger exept HDL holesterol tht hs positive liner reltionship. However, the oeffiients of etermintions of the t ollete were low. The mixtures estlishe the highest orreltion with serum LDL holesterol of pullet growers n lowest reltionship with serum triylglyerol of lying hens. Tle 2: Growth performne of 22-week pullet growers (Expt I) n finl live weight of 54-week ol lying hens (Expt II) fe mixtures of grli n ginger (g/ir) Prmeters Control T1 T2 T3 T4 SEM Grower finl live weight ** Initil live weight NS Grower weight gin (g/ir/y) ** Grower fee intke (g/ir/y) NS Fee onversion NS Finl live weight of 54 week ol lying hens ** Mens in the sme row with ifferent supersripts re signifint ifferent (**p<0.01). NS - Not signifint ifferent Tle 3: Serum lipi of pullet growers (Expt I) n lying hens (ExptII) fe grli n ginger mixtures (mg/l) Prmeters Control T1 T2 T3 T4 SEM Totl holesterol *** Lying hens *** Triylglyerol *** Lying hens *** LDL holesterol *** Lying hens *** HDL holesterol *** Lying hens *** Mens in the sme row with ifferent supersript re signifint ifferent (***p<0.001) 198

4 Int. J. Poult. Si., 11 (3): , 2012 Tle 4: Lying performne, yolk lipi, egg qulity of hens fe grli n ginger mixtures Prmeters Control T1 T2 T3 T4 SEM Hen y pro (%) *** Fee intke (g/ir/y) ** Fee onversion (fee/egg) *** Egg weight (g/egg) *** Yolk holesterol (mg/ml) *** Yolk triylglyerol (mg/ml) *** Yolk weight (%) ** Alumen weight (%) ** Shell + memrne (%) *** Shell thikness (x10-02 mm) *** Yolk olour NS Mens in the sme row with ifferent supersripts re signifintly ifferent (**p<0.01, ***p<0.001). NS - Not signifintly ifferent Tle 5: Liner regression equtions of lipi ontent in the serum of pullet growers n yolk Prmeters Liner eqution R R2 SL Totl holesterol Y= x *** Lying hens Y= x *** Triylglyerol Y= x *** Lying hens Y= x NS LDL holesterol Y= x *** Lying hens Y= x *** HDL holesterol Y= x *** Lying hens Y= x NS Yolk holesterol Y= x *** Yolk triylglyerol Y= x *** Mens in the sme row with ifferent supersripts re signifintly ifferent (***p<0.001). NS - Not signifintly ifferent. SL = Signifint Level DISCUSSION The mixtures of grli n ginger isplye performne enhning effets s emonstrte in the growth rte of pullet growers, finl live weight, hen y proution n egg weight of lying hens. Ahme n Shrm (1997) reporte tht the growth rte of rts fe mixture of grli (2%) n ginger (0.5%) ws signifintly higher thn those fe sole grli n ginger. It h erlier een reporte tht the mixtures of grli n ginger signifintly promote growth of roiler hiks y enhning igestion of foo nutrients n proly improve foo sorption through the wll of gstrointestinl trt (Aemol et l., 2007). The mixtures of grli n ginger signifintly lowere totl holesterol, triylglyerol in the loo of experimentl irs n yolk. The hypolipiemi effets of grli on yolk holesterol n triylglyerol hve een reporte (Rey et l., 1991; Enyinn, 1995; Khn et l., 2007). Oven rie grli i not signifintly reue yolk holesterol ut effetively lowere yolk triylglyerol (Enyinn, 1995). Proessing methos for grli n the omine influene of grli n ginger in this stuy my ount for the vrition in yolk holesterol. Intkes of ifferently proesse grli suh s rw, frozen, rie y irs (Augusti n Mthew, 1993; Qureshi et l., 1983)), rts (Shshiknth et l., 1986; Slowing et l., 2001) roiler hikens (Aemol et l., 2004) i not signifintly ffet growth performne. Enyinn (1995) reporte tht oven rie grli i not ffet egg weight, egg proution ut signifintly reue shell thikness. Furthermore, Khn et l. (2007) reporte tht ietry grli power t 2, 6 n 8% i not signifintly ffet fee intke, fee effiieny, egg weight, egg mss, ut signifintly reue serum n yolk holesterol. The synergisti effets of the hemil ompouns in grli n ginger my ount for the improve growth, hen y proution n egg weight in this stuy. Eggs with low onentrtion of yolk holesterol n triylglyerol in this stuy will enourge wholesome onsumption of eggs y onsumers, s high levels of these lipis hve een implite in metoli isorers. Dietry holesterol n ft espeilly sturte ft use plsm onentrtion of holesterol to rise y own-regulting LDL reeptor synthesis (Spy n Dietshy, 1988; Dietshy et l., 1993). Consequently, this my inrese the risk of eveloping oronry hert isese n theroslerosis in humns. The signifint negtive liner reltionship etween ietry onentrtion of the mixtures of grli n ginger with the prmeters of serum n yolk lipis implie tht low ietry onentrtion of the mixtures of grli n ginger oul e use to lower lipis in the loo n yolk. The low oeffiient of etermintion for yolk lipis in this stuy revele tht yolk holesterol n triylglyerol were iffiult to e lowere euse of the physiologil mehnism in egg s they serve s nutrients ville for young emryo evelopment into hiks. The inorportion of grli n ginger mixtures in lyer iets i not signifintly ffet yolk olour. This inite tht the pigmenttion proess of yolk involving oxyrotenois ws not tmpere with espite the ietry inlusion of the mixtures of grli n ginger. The enefiil tion of the mixtures of grli n ginger hve een reporte to lower ominl ft p, serum 199

5 Int. J. Poult. Si., 11 (3): , 2012 triylglyerol, totl-n Low Density Lipoprotein (LDL)- British Nutrition Fountion, Unsturte ftty holesterol of roiler hikens (Aemol et l., 2007) is: Nutritionl n physiologil signifine therey enhning ieteti vlue of these resse the report of the British nutrition fountion s tsk hikens. fore. Chpmn n Hll, Lonon, UK. Conlusively, ietry grli n ginger mixtures improve lying performne in terms of Ftty-Ais-Nutritionl-Physiologil / hen y proution, egg weight, fee onversion, weight plp. gin, finl live weights of pullet growers n lying hens. Chow, K.C., Ftty Ais in Foos n Their Helth Consequently, these mixtures proue improve lying Implitions. Mrel Dekker, New York, ISBN-13: performne with the expete inrese inome if inorporte into lyer iet. Aitionl enefits of the Dietshy, J.M., L.A. Woollett n D.K. Spy, The mixtures showe tht they oul e use to lower intertion of ietry holesterol n speifi ftty onentrtion of holesterol n triylglyerol in loo is in the regultion of LDL reeptor tivity n n egg yolk. However, the mixtures of grli n ginger plsm LDL-holesterol onentrtions. Ann. N.Y. versely ffete egg shell weight n thikness. A. Si., 676: Enyinn, J.U., Serum n egg yolk holesterol of REFERENCES lying hikens fe gre of holestyrmine, grli Aemol, S.G., G.O. Frinu n G.M. Btune, n vegetle oils. Ph.D. Thesis, Dept. of Animl Serum lipi, growth n hemtologil prmeters Si., Univ. of In, In, Nigeri. of roilers fe grli, ginger n their mixtures. Frieewl, W.T., R.I. Levy n D.S. Frerikson, Worl J. Agri. Si., 5: Estimtion of the onentrtion of low-ensity Aemol, S.G., G.O. Frinu, O.O. Aelowo, T.E. Lwl lipoprotein holesterol in plsm, without use of the n G.M. Btune, Antimiroil tivity of preprtive ultrentrifuge. Clin. Chem., 18: 499- grli n ginger mixtures, serum lipi profile n 502. growth performnes of roilers fe the mixtures. Fuhrmn, B., M. Rosenlt, T. Hyek, R. Colemn n Bowen J. Agri., 4: M. Avirm, Ginger extrt onsumption Aemol, S.G., G.O. Frinu, A.O. Ajyi-Oe n G.M. reues plsm holesterol, inhiits LDL oxition Btune, Growth, hemtologil n n ttenutes evelopment of theroslerosis in iohemil stuies on grli-n ginger-fe roiler theroslerosis in therosleroti polipoprotein E- hikens. MOOR J. Agri. Res., 5: efiient mie. J. Nutr., 130: Ahme, R.S. n S.B. Shrm, Biohemil Gruny, S.M., Cholesterol n oronry hert stuies on omine effets of grli (Allium isese. A new er. J. Am. Me. Asso., 256: stivum Linn) n ginger (Zingier offinle Rosoe) in lino rts. Inin J. Exp. Biol., 35: 841- John, C., L. Thoms n S. Ptrik, The Europen 843. Soiety of Criology Textook of Criovsulr Amgse, H., B. Petesh, H. Mtsuur, S. Ksug n Y. Meiine. Blkwell Pulishing, pp: 257. Itkur, Intke of grli n iotive Khn, S.H., R. Srr n M.A. Anjum, Effets of omponents. J. Nutr., 131: 955S-962S. ietry grli on performne n serum n egg Ankri, A.Al., H. Nji n A.Al. Hoz, Yolk n yolk holesterol onentrtions in lying hens. Asin serum holesterol n proution trits, s ffete J. Poult. Si., 1: ISSN: y inorportion suproptiml mount of opper Me, I., C. Rpp, M.M. Bin n Y. Nyss, in the iet of the leghorn hen. Br. Poult. Si., 39: 393- Supplementtion of orn-soyen mel with 397. mngnese, opper n zin from orgni or Augusti, K.T. n P.T. Mthew, Effet of long-term orgni soures improves eggshell qulity in ge feeing of the queous extrts of onion (Allium lying hens. Poult. Si., 82: ep Linn.) n grli (Allium stivum Linn.) on Mkeown-Eyssen, G.E. n E. Bright-See, Dietry norml rts. Inin J. Exp. Biol., 11: ftors in olon ner: Interntionl reltionships. Birrenkott, G., G.E. Brokenfelt, N. Owen n E. Hlpin, Nutr. Cner, 6: Yolk n loo holesterol levels n Norum, K.R., Dietry ft n loo lipis. Nutr. orgnolepti ssessment of eggs from hens fe Rev., 50: grli supplemente iet. Poult. Si., 79: 75. Qureshi, A.A., Z.Z. Din, N. Auirmeileh, W.C. Burger, Y. Boy, N.F., J. Stone, K.N. Vogt, B.S. Connelly, L.J. Mrtin Ahm n C.E. Elson, Suppression of vin n S. Minkin, Dietry ft n rest ner hepti lipi metolism y solvent extrts of risk revisite: A met-nlysis of the pulishe grli: Impt on serum lipis. J. Nutr., 113: literture. Br. J. Cner, 89:

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