The Effect of Location and Season on Free Water Intake of Livestock under Field Condition in Ginchi Watershed Area, Ethiopia

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1 World Journl of Agriulturl Sienes 8 (1): 38-42, 2012 ISSN IDOSI Pulitions, 2012 The Effet of Lotion nd Seson on Free Wter Intke of Livestok under Field Condition in Ginhi Wtershed Are, Ethiopi Bely Dugum, Azge Tegegne nd B.P. Hegde 1 Jimm University, College of Agriulture nd Veterinry Mediine, P.O. Box 307, Jimm, Ethiopi 2 Interntionl Livestok Reserh Institute (ILRI), P.O. Box 5689, Addis A, Ethiopi 3 Deprtment of Animl Sienes, Hrmy University P.O. Box 138, Dire Dw, Ethiopi Astrt: The study ws onduted in Ginhi wtershed re of Dndi Distrit in West Shew Zone of Oromi Regionl Stte, Ethiopi. The ojetive of the study ws to ssess the effet of lotion nd seson on free wter onsumption of livestok under field ondition. A purposive smpling tehnique ws used to smple livestok speies. Dt were olleted nd nlyzed using desriptive sttistis. Results of the study reveled tht seson showed high vrition (P<0.001) in livestok wter intke nd without vrition etween lotions. The overll men wter intke reveled signifint vrition (P<0.001) etween indigenous nd rossred ulls, dry nd ltting ows, working nd nonworking oxen, indigenous nd rossred ltting ows. There ws sesonl vrition (P<0.01) in wter intke within ttle, horse, sheep nd donkey types exept for rossred ull nd ltting donkeys tht showed no differene (P>0.05) etween the short rin nd the dry sesons. It ws onluded tht the effet of seson on livestok wter intke is high. Free wter intke y livestok ws lso vried sed on physiologil ondition, stge of growth, speies, reed nd types within speies or reed. Key words: Dry Seson Short Rin Seson Wet Seson Livestok Wter Consumption INTRODUCTION For those onerned with livestok development, it is useful to know the mount of drinking wter onsumed y different livestok speies nd the sesonl influene on wter onsumption nd on wter vilility. Most of the livestok development tivities in Ethiopi, in prtiulr improved diry development projets re now initited in highlnd res. In these res, wter is limiting ftor during the dry seson in mount nd vilility when the demnd for wter is high y livestok due to high dry mtter ontent of the feed nd high mient temperture. Drinking wter onsumed y livestok onstitutes the mjor prt of soures of wter intkes nd it is influened y mny ftors mong whih lotion, niml speies nd sesonl influenes were the ftors onsidered in this study. Dws nd Squires [1] indited tht informtion derived from suh studies provide vlule eonomi nd tehnil guidelines to ntionl uthorities for livestok development deisions; to mnge nd properly exploit wter resoures. King [2] lso indited tht it helps to pln, orgnize nd exeute eonomil wter development nd even influene the hoie of livestok speies, reed or lss for given gro-eologil region. In Ethiopi, no informtion is ville on the reltive mount of free wter onsumed y livestok under field onditions in different sesons nd lotions so fr. Thus, study whih enompsses livestok nd their wter requirement is highly ppreile nd offers neessry se line dt to ny reserher nd deision mkers. On ount of this kground, this study ws undertken to fill this gp of informtion. Therefore, the ojetive of this study ws to evlute the effet of sesonl nd lotion on free wter onsumption of livestok under field ondition in Ginhi wtershed re. MATERIALS AND METHODS The Study Are: The study ws onduted in Ginhi wtershed, Dndi distrit of West Shew zone of the Oromi Regionl Stte, entrl Ethiopi. The re is loted 90 km west of Addis A t n ltitude rnging from m ove se level, with men nnul Corresponding Author: Bely Dugum, Jimm University, P.O. Box 307, Jimm, Ethiopi. 38

2 World J. Agri. Si., 8 (1): 38-42, 2012 rinfll of 1140 mm nd verge dily temperture of RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 16.3º C [3]. The soils re Pelli Vertisol, Verti Cmisol nd Nitosol [3,4]. The study re ws strtified into Wter onsumption y ttle in the short riny three sed on ltitudinl rnges viz., Lnd type A seson: The study reveled tht wter onsumption ( m..s.l.), Lnd type B (> m..s.l.) nd during short rin seson showed signifint vrition (p< Lnd type C (> ). Lnd types A, B nd C 0.01) etween indigenous ulls nd ross red ulls. The orrespond to low, medium nd high ltitudes, rossred ulls onsumed on verge more wter (23.3 respetively. The mjority (57%) of the popultion resides liters) thn the indigenous one (11.28 liters). Frenh [5] in lnd type C, wheres 28 nd 13% resides in lnd types indited tht Bos indius reeds require less wter thn A nd B, respetively. most Bos turus reeds when mnged in the sme environment. Brret nd Lrkin [6] reported tht Smpling Tehniques: To selet the smple nimls, the indigenous mle ttle drink hlf s muh s exotis under totl numer of livestok from eh lnd type, whih mde the sme onditions. totl of three smple res, ws otined. A purposive Free wter intke during the short riny seson smple of livestok with different physiologil stges showed vrition (P<0.05) etween dry nd ltting from the livestok popultion ws seleted nd tg ows, s well s etween dry nd pregnnt ows, numer ws given to eh livestok speies efore the respetively. Sine lttion exertes wter loss, it tul estimtion of free wter intke under filed uses similr inreses in drinking requirement. Reid nd ondition. The following nimls were seleted for the Crlson [7] showed tht diry ow yielding 12 liters per purpose of the study: 9 indigenous ulls, 3 rossred dy serets 10.5 liters of wter in her milk. Cows in milk ulls, 46 lves, 22 heifers, 27 dry ows 64 ltting ows, require the gretest mount of wter in proportion to their 9 pregnnt ows, 70 non-working oxen, 70 working oxen, weight or surfe re euse wter onstitutes % 14 young ull, 33 non-ltting donkeys, 3 ltting of the milk they yield. Brrett nd Lrkin [6] reported tht donkey, 4 pregnnt donkey, 21 mle mture horse nd 47 diry ttle in the tropis require n extr three liters of mture sheep. drinking wter for every liter of milk produed. There ws no vrition in wter onsumption Estimtion of Free Wter Consumption Under etween ltting nd pregnnt ows, s well s etween Field Condition nd Anlytil Tehniques: Wter heifers nd young ulls during short riny seson. A onsumption ws estimted during Novemer, highly signifint (P<0.001) vrition in wter intke ws April nd July representing dry, short rin nd wet oserved etween non-working nd working oxen during sesons, respetively, to exmine sesonl nd the short riny seson. The reson for high wter intke lotion influene on livestok free wter intke. of working oxen ws due to loss of signifint mount Animls in eh speies were freely llowed to drink of wter during working. from known quntities of wter offered in wide mouth plsti troughs of 30 liters pity pled djent to the Wter Intke of Cttle during the Min Riny Seson: wter points. Drinking ws permitted t the time when the Wter intke during the wet seson showed highly lol ommunities wter their nimls t wter soures, signifint vrition (P<0.001) etween rossred nd usully etween 12 m nd 3 pm lol time. Eh niml indigenous ulls, dry nd ltting ows, working nd ws llowed to drink seprtely. Wter left fter non-working oxen, s well s etween heifers nd young onsumption ws olleted, mesured using lirted ulls (P<0.01) nd etween dry nd pregnnt ows plsti jog nd reorded individully. The differene (P<0.05). The high moisture ontents of the feed during etween the quntity offered nd leftover ws reorded the min riny seson mke sustntil ontriution to for eh niml s the mount of free wter onsumed. the low free wter intke of nimls. A onsiderle Colleted dt from the households were ompiled nd proportion of wter need is stisfied from green feed tulted. The dt were nlyzed using Sttistil soures. King [2] indited tht the feed moisture Pkge for Soil Sienes (SPSS, Bse 10.0) omputer threshold t whih no free wter is neessry is high for softwre. It involved desriptive sttistis suh s men, wter dependent ruminnts suh s ttle, intermedite for perentile nd stndrd devition for the different smll ruminnts nd low for desert-dpted ruminnts vriles. suh s mel. 39

3 World J. Agri. Si., 8 (1): 38-42, 2012 Tle 1: Men wter onsumption (l/dy) y different types of ttle Tle 4: Men (±SE) wter onsumption (l/dy) within types of ttle during short rin seson in Ginhi wtershed during the dry, short rin nd the min riny sesons in Ginhi Animl type N Men±SE wtershed Bull ±1.15 Animl type N Dry seson Short riny seson Min riny seson Crossred ull 3 23±3.60 Lol ull ± ± ±0.44 Clf ±0.21 Crossred ull ± ± ±0.29 Dry ow ±0.56 d Clf ± ± ±0.06 Ltting ows ±0.50 e Heifer ± ±0.14 Pregnnt ow ±0.50 ee Dry ow ± ± ±0.16 Non working oxen ±0.54 g Ltting ows ± ± ±0.13 Working oxen ±0.43 h Pregnnt ows ± ± ±0.45 h g h Non working oxen ± ± ±0.14 Young ull ±0.98 i N=numer of nimls; Mens under the olumn with different susripts re signifintly different ( vs., d vs. e, P<0.01, g vs. h, d vs. ee, P<0.001) Tle 2: Men wter onsumption (l/dy) y different types of ttle during the min riny seson in Ginhi wtershed Animl type N Men±SE Lol ull ±0.44 Crossred ull 3 7.5±0.29 Clf ±0.06 Heifer ±0.14 d Dry ow ±0.16 e Ltting ows (lol) ±0.13 f Pregnnt ows ±0.45 g Non working oxen ±0.14 h Working oxen ±0.12 i Young ull ±0.24 j N=numer of nimls; Mens under olumn with different supersripts re signifintly different t ( vs., e vs. f, h vs. i, P<0.001; d vs. j, (P<0.01; e vs. g, P<0.05). Tle 3: Men wter onsumption (l/dy) y different types of ttle during the dry seson in Ginhi wtershed Animl type N Men±SE Lol ull ±1.10 Crossred ull ±1.44 Clf ±0.21 Heifer ±0.40 d Dry ow ±0.38 e Ltting ows (lol) ±0.34 f Crossred ltting ow ±7.88 i Pregnnt ows ±1.25 g Non working oxen ±0.27 h Young ull ±0.83 d N=numer of nimls; Mens in the sme olumn with different supersripts re signifintly different ( vs., e vs. f, e vs. g, f vs. i, P<0.001; vs. i, P<0.01) Wter Intke of Cttle during the Dry Seson: Compred to the short rin nd the min riny sesons, free wter intke inresed for ll lsses of ttle (Tle 4). The highest verge wter onsumed t twie dy wtering frequeny ws 59.23±7.18 liters with rnge from to 90.1 liters per dy y rossred ltting ows. During the dry seson, signifint (P<0.001) differene ws oserved in wter intke etween indigenous nd rossred ltting ows. Working oxen ± ±0.12 Young ull ± ± ±0.24 Mens within the sme row with different susripts re signifintly different (P<0.01) Tle 5: Men wter onsumption (l/dy) y different types of equines nd sheep during the short rin seson in Ginhi wtershed Animl type N Men±SE Dry Donkey ±0.34 Ltting donkey ±1.30 Pregnnt donkey ±0.59 Horse ±0.39 Sheep ±0.06 e N=numer of nimls Tle 6: Men wter onsumption (l/dy) y different types of equines nd sheep during the min riny seson in Ginhi wtershed Animl type N Men±SE Dry Donkey ±0.07 Ltting donkey ±0.29 Pregnnt donkey ± Horse ±0.22 Sheep ±0.01 N=numer of nimls The men wter onsumed y indigenous ltting ows during the dry seson ws 15.58±0.34 liters per dy in one per dy wtering frequeny. The high wter intke of ll lsses of ttle during the dry seson might e due to the low moisture ontent of feed resoures nd the high mient temperture. Wter intke in dry seson showed vrition (P<0.001) etween rossred nd lol ulls, dry nd ltting ows, dry nd pregnnt ows, rossred nd lol ltting ows, respetively. Dry seson wter intke showed signifint differene (P<0.01) etween rossred ulls nd rossred ltting ows (26.5±1.44 vs ±7.18) liters per dy, respetively. Sesonl Vrition of Wter Intke Within Cttle Types: There ws signifint differene (P<0.01) in the men wter intke of lol ull etween sesons (Tle 1). Indigenous young ulls showed vrition in wter onsumption etween short rin nd wet sesons, short rin nd dry sesons nd wet nd dry sesons (P<0.01). 40

4 World J. Agri. Si., 8 (1): 38-42, 2012 The rossred ulls showed no differene in wter intke etween the short rin nd dry sesons. On the other hnd, lves, heifers, dry ows, ltting ows pregnnt ows, non-working nd working oxen showed signifint differene (P<0.01) in wter intke etween ll sesons, respetively. All the types within the ttle onsumed low wter in wet seson thn the short in rnd dry sesons. Wter Intke of Equines nd Sheep during Short Riny Seson: The men wter intke y equines rnged from 3.12 l to 5.16 l (Tle 5). There ws no signifint differene in wter intke etween lsses of donkeys during the short rin seson. Though sttistilly no differene ws oserved ltting donkeys onsumed more wter thn dry nd pregnnt donkeys. Wter Intke of Equines nd Sheep during Wet Seson: During the wet seson ltting donkeys onsumed on verge the sme quntity of wter s tht of dry nd pregnnt donkeys (P>0.05). During the wet seson sheep onsumed very little wter. King [2] reported tht sheep drink little or not drinking wter when the moisture ontent of the feed is over 70 %. MFrlne nd Hwrd [8], on the other hnd reported tht under ool onditions sheep do not need to drink if grss hs % wter ontent. Wter Intke of Equines nd Sheep in the Dry Seson: The men wter onsumed y dry donkey, ltting donkey, pregnnt donkey, horse nd sheep ws given in (Tle 31). There ws no signifint differene oserved in wter onsumption etween the different donkey lsses during the dry seson. Wter Intke Within Equines Types During the Three Sesons: Wter onsumption y different types of donkeys nd sheep during the short rin, wet nd dry sesons is given in Tle 8. Sesons showed signifint differene (P<0.01) in wter intke etween dry, ltting nd pregnnt donkeys, exept the short riny nd dry sesons, whih showed no vrition for ltting donkeys. On the other hnd, there ws signifint differene (P<0.01) in wter intke of horse nd sheep etween sesons. Overll Wter Consumption y Livestok: The overll minimum, mximum nd men wter intke y eh speies nd types within speies were indited in (Tle 9). Tle 7: Men wter onsumption (l/dy) y different types of equines nd smll ruminnts in the dry seson in Ginhi wtershed Animl type N Men±SE Dry donkey ±0.28 Ltting donkey ±0.83 Pregnnt donkey ±0.63 Horse ±0.52 Sheep ±0.37 N=numer of nimls Tle 8: Men (±SE) wter onsumption (l/dy) within types of equines nd sheep during the dry, short rin nd the min riny sesons in Ginhi wtershed Animl Type N Dry seson Short Riny seson Minriny seson Dry donkey ± ± ±0.07 Ltting donkeys ± ± ±0.29 Pregnnt donkeys ± ± ±0.08 Horse ± ± ±0.22 Sheep ± ± ±0.01 N=numer of nimls; Mens within the sme row with different supersripts re signifintly different (P<0.05) Tle 9: Overll men wter onsumption of livestok (l/niml per dy) in Ginh wtershed Animl type n Minimum Mximum Men±SD Lol ull ±1.16 Crossred ull ±3.13 Clf ±0.21 z Heifer ±0.63 f Dry ow ±0.53 Ltting ow (lol) ±0.45 d Crossred ltting ows ±7.18 m Non working oxen ±0.41 e Working oxen ±0.72 e Young ull ±0.80 f Dry donkeys ±0.27 x Ltting donkeys ±1.03 h Pregnnt donkeys ±0.86 hx Sheep ±0.54 K Gots ±0.44 L Horse ±0.85 n=numer of nimls; Mens under the sme olumn with different supersripts re signifintly different ( vs., vs. d, d vs. m, e vs. m, vs. m P<0.001) There ws highly signifint (P<0.001) vrition in wter intke etween indigenous nd rossred ulls, dry ows nd ltting ows, indigenous nd rossred ltting ows. Wter intke showed no signifint differene etween ltting nd pregnnt ows, heifers nd young ulls nd working nd nonworking oxen s well s etween dry nd pregnnt donkeys. Signifint vrition (P<0.001) ws oserved in wter intke etween rossred 41

5 World J. Agri. Si., 8 (1): 38-42, 2012 ulls nd rossred ltting ows. Effet of seson REFERENCES showed vrition (P<0.001) in wter onsumption nd there ws no lotion effet (P>0.05) on wter intke ws 1. Dws, G.T. nd U.R. Squires, Oservtions on oserved. The men mximum wter intke ws l y the effets of temperture nd distne to wter on rossred ltting ow during the dry seson. The the ehviour of Merino nd Border Leiester sheep. highest wter intke (90.1 liters) ws y rossred J. Agri. Si., 82: ltting ows in twie dy drinking frequeny. The 2. King, J.M., Livestok wter needs in pstorl highest wter intke y indigenous ttle ws 27 liters in Afri in reltion to limte nd forge. one per dy drinking frequeny. Reserh Report No. 7. ILCA (Interntionl Livestok Centre for Afri), Addis A, Ethiopi. CONCLUSION 3. Mitiku, H., Genesis, hrteristis nd lssifition of soils of the entrl highlnds of From results of this study, it ws onluded tht the Ethiopi. Ph.D. thesis, Stte University of Ghent, effet of seson on livestok wter intke is high. Free Belgium. wter intke y livestok ws lso vried sed on 4. Kmr, C.S. nd I. Hque, Chrteristis of physiologil ondition, stge of growth, speies, reed Vertisols t ILCA reserh nd outreh sites in nd types within speies or reed. In the present study, Ethiopi. Plnt siene division working doument. lotion showed no differene on livestok wter intke. B5. ILCA (Interntionl Livestok Center for Afri). ACKNOWLEDGEMETS 5. Addis A, Ethiopi. Frenh, M.H., The effet of infrequent wter intke on the omposition nd digestiility of hy y This pper is prt of thesis work for n MS degree Zeu ttle. Empire J. Exp. Agri., 24: t Alemy University y the first uthor under the 6. Brrett, M.A. nd P.J. Lrkin, Milk nd Beef supervision of the o-uthors. The uthors would like to Prodution in the Tropis. Oxford University press. knowledge the Interntionl Livestok Reserh 7. Reid, L.E. nd D.A Crlson, Institute (ILRI) for finnil support for this reserh. Chlorine disinfetion of low temperture wters. Besides, we re grteful to ILRI for offering the grdute J. Environ. Engg. Div., 102(EE2): fellowship during the study period. We re lso grteful 8. Mfrlne, W.V. nd B. Hwrd, to ILRI dt olletors nd livestok frmers who lierlly Wter ontent nd turnover of identil twins shred their umulted knowledge. Bos indius nd Bos turus in Keny. J. Agri. Si., 66: Mfrlne, W.V. nd B. Hwrd, Comprtive wter nd energy eonomy of wild nd domesti mmmls. Symp. Zool. So. London, 31: ontent nd turnover of identil twins Bos indius nd Bos turus in Keny. J. Agri. Si., 66: