Impact Assessment of Different Litter Depths on the Performance of Broiler Chickens Raised on Sand and Wood Shaving Litters

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1 World Journl of Zoology 2 (2): 67-72, 2007 ISSN IDOSI Pulitions, 2007 Impt Assessment of Different Litter Deps on e Performne of Broiler Chikens Rised on Snd nd Wood Shving Litters 2 2 E.K. Asniyn, J.O. Agede nd E.A.O. Lseinde Deprtment of Animl Siene nd Prodution, Joseph Ayo Blol University Ikeji-Arkeji, P.O. Box 5006, Iles, Nigeri 2 Deprtment of Animl Prodution nd Hel, Federl University of Tehnology, P.M.B. 704 Akure, Nigeri Astrt: Three hundred dy-old Ank roiler hiks were used to ssess e impt of different litter deps on e performne of roiler hikens rised on snd nd wood shvings litters. Chiks were rndomly ssigned into two groups of ree litter deps of 2, 4 nd 6 m eh for o snd nd wood shvings litter. Performne, reltive orgn weight, rss trits nd hemtologil indies were used in ssessing irds response. At e end of eight weeks, weight gin nd feed onversion rtio were signifintly (P<0.05) ffeted while feed onsumption ws not. Most orgn ssessed in is experiment were not influened (P<0.05) y e vried litter deps exept e kidney. The reltive weights of wings, drumstiks, elly ft nd shnk were signifintly (P<0.05) ffeted mong e rss trits. On e whole, roiler on 4 m litter dep of wood shvings nd 6 m dep of snd litters performed etter n ose on e remining litter deps. Key words: Wood shvings snd litter deps INTRODUCTION devies used, kind of flooring, ventiltion system, litter mendments nd inidenes of disese t n ffet Broilers re fst growing speil hikens rered for litter nd its fertilizer vlue [7]. met nd reh etween.4-.8kg from 8-0 weeks []. Mihel et l. [8] reported t irds redily dust Under intensive housing, e deep litter system ws e in wood shvings or oer floor litter ut if finer trditionlly found suitle for roiler prodution [2]. The mterils suh s snd is ville ey use is in onern on how to mnge roilers droppings (fees) preferene. In-line wi is [9] reported t roilers under intensive rering led to e disovery of severl inresingly performed mny of eir ehviours on snd sorents t were generlly referred to s litter, from when given hoie, ut if only one edding type ws whih e nme deep litter system ws oined. Litter provided ey performed ose ehviours wi similr mterils help promote e evportion of moisture nd frequeny on snd or wood shvings. dissiption of gses from poultry droppings while turning Dep of e litter influenes e performne of e litter into rih soure of nitrogen [3]. dust-ing ehviour of roilers [0]. He furer In Nigeri, wood shvings nd oer wood y- explined t ontrry to populr elief, irds re produts hve een e litter mterils of hoie for roiler le to srth; pek nd dust e more often in produers for nerly s long s e ommeril roiler in lyer of litter in whih ey re le to dig down industry hs existed. However [4] reported suessful to e underlying floor. Therefore, ny litter ondition rering of severl roiler floks on snd in omprison or qulity t n hinders dust ing in roilers wi pine shvings in reserh setting. Though [5, 6] will results into welfre prolem for em []. On e reported similr performne of roilers on o snd nd dep of litter in e roiler house [] suggested t pine shvings, onsidertion needed to e given to some ool snd should e 2m deep nd ny oer litter ftors for suessful litter mngement. Suh ftors should e 8 m deep, while [2] reported e usul inlude: type of litter used e time of e yer, dep of litter dep for wood-shvings to e 5 nd 0 m for e litter, floor spe per ird, feeding nd wtering hopped strw. Corresponding Auor: Dr. E.K. Asniyn, Deprtment of Animl Siene nd Prodution, Joseph Ayo Blol University Ikeji-Arkeji, P.O. Box 5006, Iles, Nigeri 67

2 Lseinde [3] reommended t fresh edding proessed for hemtologil prmeters while ose should e spred over e entire floor re of poultry in ottles wiout EDTA were proessed for serum house t out m dep for wood shvings nd nlysis. swdust or ny mteril t is redily ville, eonomil nd hs good soreny. Lseinde [4] ws Hemtologil nd Serum Anlyses: The Pked Cell of e view t deep litter system, s heper lterntive Volume (PCV) ws estimted y spinning out 75 µl of to ttery ges should e edded wi in lyer of dry eh lood smple in heprinized pillry tues in n wood shvings of out 3 m for lyers, to eventully hemtologil miro entrifuge for 5 minutes while e uild up. Generlly, wiout ny speifi fous on e totl red Blood Cell Count (RBC) ws determined using litter type [5] suggested t litter should e of suitle norml sline s e diluting fluid. The hemogloin mteril nd prtile size, dry, hygieni nd kept to n onentrtion (H) ws estimted using verge minimum dep of 5 m. ynomeemogloin meod while e solute vlues This study ims t ssessing e impt of litter for Men Cell Volume (MCV) were lulted s desried dep on roiler performne. y [7]. Similrly, e Eryroyte Sedimenttion Rte (ESR) of e lood s well s e totl serum protein, MATERIALS AND METHODS lumin nd gloulin of e serum were determined s desried y [7]. Litter olletion nd preprtion: The litters used for e study were sndy lom nd Afr (Terminli Super) Crss Chrteristis nd Orgns Mesurements: wood shvings. The snd ws ir-dried y spreding in After slughtering nd leeding, e rss were slded well ventilted open room. The snd smple ws en 0 t 65 C in wter for 30 seonds efore defeering. prepred into uniform grnules rough e use of snd The dressed hikens were lter eviserted. The rss sieve to remove its roky omponents nd turned e hrteristis nd orgn weights were mesured nd lods into grnules. expressed in g kg ody weight exept e dressed nd eviserted weighs whih were expressed s perentges Mngement of Chiks nd Experimentl Ly-out: Three of e ody weights. hundred (300) dy-old Ank roiler hiks were rndomly ssigned to six tretments (litter deps of 2, 4 nd 6 m Chemil nd Sttistil Anlysis: Proximte nlysis of for o snd nd wood shvings litters). The tretments e formulted roiler diets ws rried out ording to were replited five times using 0 hiks per replite. e proedures of [8] s presented in Tle 3. All dt Eh of e snd litter group ws repled every two olleted from is study were sujeted to nlysis of weeks while e group on wood shvings litter ws vrine (ANOVA) nd e Dunn Multiple Rnge Test repled every ree weeks [6]. The hiks were rised (DMRT) ws employed to seprte e tretment mens in 30 equi-dimensionl pens (m x m) nd fed d-liitum using SPSS pkge [9]. wi e sme formulted diets ontining 23.0% rude protein nd 2850 kl kg ME t strter phse nd RESULTS 9.70% rude protein nd 2989 kl kg ME t finisher phse s presented in Tle 2. The routine medition Tle presents e weekly umultive weight gins nd vintion progrmmes s outlined y The Federl of roilers rised on different deps of wood shvings University of Tehnology Akure Tehing nd Reserh nd snd litters. The weight gins were signifintly Frm were oserved for e irds. The experiment lsted ffeted (P<0.05) y e different litter deps etween e eight weeks, during whih e reord of weekly weight litter types t ird week nd e lst four weeks of e gin nd dily feed onsumption were kept. study. At e end of e four week (Strter phse) weight gins were not signifintly different (P>0.05) Blood olletion for nlysis: At e end of e tril, two mong e ree litter deps nd etween e two litter irds from eh replite were weighed nd srified. types. Birds on snd litter t 6m dep (S 6) hd e The lood ws en llowed to flow freely into lelled highest weight gin (02.38±6.60 g/ird) while irds on ijour ottles; one set of whih ontined spek of n wood shvings litter t 6m dep (W 6) hd e lest ntiogulnt, Eylene Dimine Tetr-eti Aid weight gin (88.8±4.0 g/ird). (EDTA) powder while e oer set ws wiout EDTA. At e end of e 8 week, weight gins were The lood in e EDTA-ontining ijour ottles were signifintly different (P<0.05) mong e litter deps of 68

3 Tle : Weekly umultive weight gins (g/ird/dy) of roilers rised on different deps of wood shvings nd snd litters Litter deps Age (weeks) W2 W4 W6 S2 S4 S6 9.05± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ±6.52 Averge 2.35± ± ± ± ± ±35.89 Men±SEM; W 2 = Wood shving litter t 2m dep; W 4 = Wood shving litter t 4m dep; W 6 = Wood shving t 6m dep; S 2= Snd litter t 2m dep; S 4 = Snd litter t 4m dep; S 6 = snd litter t 6m dep; Mens wi different supersripts in e sme row re signifintly different (p<0.05) Tle 2: Weekly umultive feed onsumption (g/ird/dy) of roilers rised on different deps of wood shving nd snd litters Litter deps Age (weeks) W2 W4 W6 S2 S4 S6 9.28± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ±.59 Averge 80.68± ± ± ± ± ±6.8 Men±SEM; W 2 = Wood shving litter t 2m dep; W 4 = Wood shving litter t 4m dep; W 6 = Wood shving t 6m dep; S 2 = Snd litter t 2m dep; S 4 = Snd litter t 4m dep; S 6 = snd litter t 6m dep; mens wi different supersripts in e sme row re signifintly different (p<0.05) Tle 3: Weekly Cumultive feed onversion rtio of roilers rised on different deps of wood shving nd snd litters. Litter deps Age (weeks) W2 W4 W6 S2 S4 S6 2.06± ±0.0.90± ± ±0.6 85± ±0.0.64± ± ±0.04.5± ± ± ± ±0.0.02± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ±0.02 Averge.02±0.9.0±0.8.0± ± ± ±0.7 Men±SEM; W 2 = Wood shving litter t 2m dep; W 4 = Wood shving litter t 4m dep; W 6 = Wood shving t 6m dep; S 2 = Snd litter t 2m dep; S 4 = Snd litter t 4m dep; S 6 = snd litter t 6m dep; Mens wi different supersripts in e sme row re signifintly different (p<0.05) e two litter types. However, wiin eh of e litter type, weight gins were not signifintly different (P>0.05) mong e litter deps. On e verge, ough not signifintly, e irds on snd litter t 6m dep nd wood shvings t 4 m dep hd e highest weight gin of 3.6±35.89 g/ird nd 8.0±39.63 g/ird for snd nd wood shvings respetively. The umultive feed onsumption of e irds ws only signifintly different (P<0.05) mong e litter deps nd etween e litter types t e ird, six nd 69

4 Tle 4: Crss trits of roilers rised on different deps of wood shving nd snd litters. Litter deps Trits W2 W4 W6 S2 S4 S6 %Dressed weight 85.98± ± ± ± ± ±0.83 %Eviserted weight 78.77± ± ± ± ± ±0.37 Hed (g kg ody weight) 30.40± ±.77 3.± ± ± ±2.32 Nek 47.70± ± ± ± ± ±.92 Wing 35.69± ± ± ± ± ±.36 Chest 44.85± ± ± ± ± ±3.56 Upper k 58.42± ± ± ± ± ±6.35 Lower k 93.56± ± ± ± ± ±4.98 Thigh 48.94± ± ± ± ± ±6.62 Drumstik 43.35± ± ± ± ± ±4.28 Belly ft 23.67± ± ± ± ± ±.42 Shnk 9.25± ± ± ± ± ±.22 Men±SEM; W 2 = Wood shving litter t 2m dep; W 4= Wood shving litter t 4m dep; W = 6 Wood shving t 6m dep; S = 2 Snd litter t 2m dep; S 4 = Snd litter t 4m dep; S 6 = snd litter t 6m dep; Mens wi different supersripts in e sme row re signifintly different (p<0.05) Tle 5: Reltive orgn weight (g/kg ody weight) of roilers rised on different deps of wood shving nd snd litters Litter deps Orgns W2 W4 W6 S2 S4 S6 Hert 4.50± ± ± ± ± ±0.48 Lung 6.76± ± ± ± ± ±0.95 Pnres 2.05±0.3.4± ± ± ± ±0.2 Spleen.4±0.9.2±0.29.9± ± ±0.8.3±0.29 Liver 22.4±.5 9.2± ± ± ± ±.62 Kidney 5.72± ± ± ± ± ±.28 Burs 0.44±0.00.6± ± ± ± ±0.50 Gizzrd 20.95± ± ± ± ± ±.8 Men±SEM; W 2 = Wood shving litter t 2m dep; W 4 = Wood shving litter t 4m dep; W 6 = Wood shving t 6m dep; S 2 = Snd litter t 2m dep; S 4 = Snd litter t 4m dep; S 6 = snd litter t 6m dep; Mens wi different supersripts in e sme row re signifintly different (p<0.05) Tle 6: Hemtologil indies of roilers rised on different deps of wood shvings nd snd litters Hemtologil vriles Litter deps PCV (%) 6 3 RBC (x0 mm- ) H (g/00ml) MCH (pg) 3 MCV (µ m) MCHC (%) ESR (mm/hr) W ± ± ± ± ± ± ±0.44 W ± ± ± ± ± ± ±0.44 W ± ± ± ± ± ± ±0.00 S ± ± ± ± ± ± ±0.60 S ± ± ± ± ± ± ±0.7 S ± ± ± ± ± ± ±0.29 Men±SEM; W 2 = Wood shving litter t 2m dep; W 4 = Wood shving litter t 4m dep; W 6= Wood shving t 6m dep; S 2= Snd litter t 2m dep; S 4 = snd litter t 4m dep; S 6 = snd litter t 6m dep; PCV = pked ell volume; RBC = Red lood ell, H BC = Hemogloin onentrtion; MCHC = Men ell hemogloin onentrtion; MCH = Men ell hemogloin; MCV = Men ell volume; ESR = Eryroyte sedimenttion rte seven weeks (Tle 2). At e end of four week Similrly, t e end of 8 week (finisher phse), (Strter phse), irds on snd litter t dep 6m ough not signifintly different (P>0.05), irds on nd wood shvings t e dep 4m hd e highest snd litter t 6 m dep nd wood shvings t 4 m feed onsumption of g/ird nd dep still hd e highest feed onsumption wiin g/ird wiin eh litter type respetively. e eh litter type. 70

5 Tle 7: Serum metolites (g/00ml) of roilers rised on different deps of wood shving nd snd litters Litter deps Totl serum Alumin Gloulin W2 6.72± ± ±0.4 W4 6.43± ±0.4 5.±0.38 W6 6.05± ± ±0.56 S2 5.57± ± ±0.8 S4 6.76± ± ±0.43 S6 6.43±0.50.9± ±0.52 Men±SEM; W 2 = Wood shving litter t 2m dep; W 4 = Wood shving litter t 4m dep; W 6 = Wood shving t 6m dep; S 2 = Snd litter t 2m dep; S 4 = Snd litter t 4m dep; S 6 = snd litter t 6m dep On e verge, irds on wood shvings litter t 4 m dep (W 4) nd snd litter t dep 2 m hd e highest feed onsumption wiin e eh litter type. However e irds on snd litter dep 6m (89.05±6.8 g/ird) hd slightly similr feed onsumption vlue wi irds on snd litter t dep 2 m (89.8±7.57 g/ird) on e verge. The feed onversion rtio (FCR) vlues were signifintly different (P>0.05) mong e litter deps nd etween litter types t 4, 7 nd 8 weeks (Tle3). The FCR of e irds ws not signifintly different (P>0.05) wiin eh litter type t four week, hene irds on snd litter dep 6m (S 6) nd wood shvings litter t 2m dep hd lest FCR vlues of 0.76±0.0nd 0.80±0.0 respetively. At e end of e 8 week, e irds on o snd litter dep 6m nd wood shvings litter dep 4m hd similr lest vlues of 0.53±0.02 nd 0.53±0.0 respetively for eir feed onversion rtio (FCR), hene similr effiient feed utiliztion. On e verge, e irds seem to hve similr FCR wiin eh litter type. Crss trits nd reltive orgn mesurement: Wing, drumstik, elly ft nd shnk were signifintly (P<0.05) ffeted y litter deps nd litters types. Only irds on snd litter dep 4 m (S 4) hd signifintly different (P<0.05) wing weight (39.±0.93 g kg ody weight) from t of S 2 (34.30±.39 g kg ody weight). Drumstik of irds on wood-shvings litter dep 6 m (W 6) hd weight (52.05±3.54 g kg ody weight) signifintly higher (P<0.05) n ose on W 2 nd S 2 lone. The elly ft of irds on S 2 (30.60±5.56g kg ody weight) is signifintly higher (P<0.05) n ose on S 4, S 6, W4 nd W 6. The shnk of irds on W 6(24.75±.06g kg ody weight) ws signifintly superior (P<0.05) to ose on W 2, W 4, S 2, S4 nd S 6(Tle 4). Among e orgns mesured, only e kidney weights of e irds were signifintly influened (P<0.05) y e litter deps nd litter type (Tle 5), wi irds on snd litter t 4m dep (S 4) hving kidney weight (7.52±0.29 g kg ody weight) signifintly higher (P<0.05) n irds on snd litter t 2m dep (S 2) (4.95±0.5 g kg ody weight). Consequently, irds on S 4 hd e highest kidney weight wiin snd litter nd etween e litter types while irds on wood shvings litter t dep 6 m hd e highest kidney weight (6.6±0.95 g kg ody weight) wiin e wood shvings litter wiout eing signifintly different (P>0.05) from oers. Hemtologil Vriles nd Serum Metolites: Tle 6 nd 7 show t hemtologil vriles nd serum metolites were not signifintly ffeted (P>0.05) y e litter deps etween e two litter types. DISCUSSION The signifint differenes oserved from e weekly umultive weight gins, feed onsumption nd feed onversion rtio mong e litter deps nd wiin e litter types ould not follow ny definite trend roughout e eight weeks period of e study. Still, e etter performne of e roiler hikens seems to fvour e snd litter group of litter deps. This tends to show t roilers rised on snd performed etter n ose rised on shvings [5]. However, similr lest vlues of Feed Conversion Rtio (FCR) of irds on wood shving litter t dep 4 m (W 4) nd snd litter t dep 6m (S 6) t e end of 8 week indite t roiler hikens eqully utilized feed effiiently t litter deps of 4m nd 6m on wood shvings nd snd litters respetively. This seems to orroorte [9] t roilers inresingly performed mny of eir ehviours on snd when given hoie, ut if only one edding type ws provided ey performed ose ehviours wi similr frequeny on snd or wood shvings. Furermore, is result vergely greed wi e reommendtion of [5] t litter should e of suitle mteril nd prtile size, dry, hygieni nd kept to n verge minimum dep of 5m. Contrrily, is result of 4 or 6 m litter deps is eier elow or ove or even out of e litter dep rnge of oer uors like [, 2, 3]. This devition ould e ttriuted to filures in onsidering oer ftors like stoking density, periodi litter replement nd litter type longside wi e litter dep. Exept e reltive weight of kidney, is study showed t different litter deps nd litter types hd no signifint influene on e orgn grow, implying t identil orgn grow ould e ttined y rising roilers t different litter deps on different litter types 7

6 [5]. Among ll e rss trits, wing, drumstik, elly ft 9. Estevez, I., 994. Density: How it n ffet e nd shnk were signifintly influened y e litter ehviour nd hel of your irds. Mrylnd deps on wood shvings nd snd. This grees wi [20] oopertive extension ft. Sheet University of t e mteril used s litter n signifintly ffet Mrylnd, College Pk-estern Shore. rss qulity nd ird performne. 0. Vestergrd, K., 982. The signifine of dust The litter dep nd litter type hd no signifint ing for e well eing of e domesti hen. Tier influene on hemtologil vriles nd serum hultung, 3: metolites of roiler hikens. The hemtologil. Collins, E., 996. Poultry litter mngement nd vlues however fll wiin e norml rnge for rss disposl. Ft Sheet No. 0. Virgin Frm hikens [2]. This tends to show t similr hely Assessment System. Pu. No , July, 996. grow of hikens ould still e ttined under 2. EPA, Environmentl Protetion Ageny, different litter deps nd types. Similrly, e result of Guyn: A guide for n environmentlly friendly serum metolites implies equl synesis of serum poultry industry: Drft environmentl ode of prmeters, whih ould e ttriuted to e similr diet prtie for poultry rering nd proessing. IAST of e sme rude protein fed to e irds. Building, U.G. Cmpus, Turkeyen Greter Georgetown, Guyn. CONCLUSION 3. Lseinde, E.A.O., 999. Poultry ventures (Projets nd Prtie). A Hndook on Vrious Ares of The irds on e wood-shvings litter dep 4m Poultry Business. ACKO Pulishers, Akure, st Edn., (W 4) nd snd litter dep 6m (S 6) performed optimlly Chpter 6: 28. etter n ose on e remining litter deps. Therefore 4. Eurogroup for Animl Welfre, Position pper rising roilers on snd nd wood-shving litter, t on roiler prodution PP-Eurogroup-BRO deps 6m nd 4m respetively is reommended. 5. Asniyn, E.K., J.O. Agede nd E.A.O. Lseinde, Comprtive influene of snd nd wood REFERENCES shvings litter replement frequeny on e performne of roiler hikens. J. Anim. Vet. Adv.,. Oeng-Asmoh, J.E., 987. The Serets of Profitle 5: Poultry Prodution Pp. 3 Pu. Mmilln Nigeri. 6. Lm, G.N., 98. Mnul of Veterinry lortory 2. Oluyemi, J.A. nd F.A. Roerts, 988. Poultry tehnique. CIBA-GEIGY, Keny, pp: Prodution in wrm wet limtes (low ost edition) 7. AOAC, 995. Offiil Meod of Anlysis. Mmilln Pulishers Ltd. London, pp: 22. Assoition of Offiiting Anlytil Chemist, 3. Sorr, J.O. nd M.F. Rizzo, 200. Evlution of Wshington DC, 4: Citrus pulp pellet for roiler. World Poultry, 7: SPSS, 200. Sttistil Pkge for Soil Sientist 4. Bilgili, S.F., G.I. Montenegro, J.B. Hess nd M.K. SPSS In., Chigo IL. Ekmn, 999. Snd s litter for rering roiler. J. 9. Shields, S.J., J.P. Grner nd J.A. Menh, Effet Applied Res., 8: of snd nd wood shvings edding on e 5. Bilgili, S., J. Hess, J. Blke nd M. Ekmn, ehviour of roiler hikens. Poultry Siene, Vol: Turning trsh into tresure: snd s edding 84. mteril for rering roilers. Highlights of 20. Mlone, G.W., P.H. Allen, G.W. Chloupk nd W.F. Agriulturl Reserh, Auurn University, Ritter, 982. Reyled pper produt s roiler litter. Auurn, Al, 47: -3. Poultry Si., 6: Hess, J.B., M.K. Ekmn, S.F. Bilgili nd J.P. Blke, 2. Cndin Counil on Animl Cre (CCAC), Snd reserh ontinues in e field. Current Breeding, Physiologil nd nutritionl prmeters onepts in roiler prodution, fll 200. Poultry Si. y speies. Extrt from: Guide to e re nd use of Dept., Auurn University, Auurn, AL. experimentl nimls. 2nd Edn. Appendix, D 7. Snyder, J.M., O.A. Rowo, J.C. Sholes nd C.E. pp: -3. Lee, 958. Profitle Poultry Mngement, 23: Mihel, C. Appley, Brry O. Hughes nd H. Arnold Elson, 992. Poultry Prodution Systems, ehviour, Mngement nd Welfre. C.A.B Interntionl Wlling Ford Oxon Ox 08 DE UK, pp:

Department of Animal Science and Fisheries, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Port Harcourt, Choba, Rivers State, Nigeria 3

Department of Animal Science and Fisheries, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Port Harcourt, Choba, Rivers State, Nigeria 3 Interntionl Journl of Poultry Siene 5 (7): 639-645, 2006 ISSN 1682-8356 Asin Network for Sientifi Informtion, 2006 Pigeon Pe [Cjnus jn (L.) Millsp.] Seed Mel in Lyer Diets: 1. Performne of Point of Ly