EVALUATION OF S FOR FLY (DIPTERA: MUSCIDAE) CONTROL AS A FEED-THROUGH COMPOUND FOR POULTRY, CATTLE, AND SWINE'

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1 EVALUATION OF S FOR FLY (DIPTERA: MUSCIDAE) CONTROL AS A FEED-THROUGH COMPOUND FOR POULTRY, CATTLE, AND SWINE' R. W. Miller Livestock Insects Lbortory, LPS! ARS, USDA Beltsville, MD 275 (Accepted for publiction 15 December 1988) ABSTRACT ll-methyl~2-(4 phel1oxyphcnoxy) ethoxy]pyridinc ws evnluted us fced-through compound in poultry, cttle, nd swine for the control of house flics, Musc domestic L., in mnure. Control of the fce ny, Mus 'U Ulumnlis DeGeer, ws lso determined in cttle. S functions s juvenile hormone mimic, which inhibits the cclosion of dults from pupe. Levels of S-3t183 in the rtion required for> 8% inhibition of dult house fly celosin were 1 nd 5 ppm for hens nd pigs, respectively. In cttle. feeding rles of.4 nd.1 mg/kg body \\1/dy resulted in similr degree of control for fce nd house nies, respectively. Key Words: House fly, Musc domestic L., Fce Oy, Musc utumnnlis DeGeer, Feedtllrough , Juvenile hormone mimic. J. Agric. Entomol. 6(2): (April 1989) Although the concept of using feed-through compounds to control species of flies tht breed in fresh niml mnure is not new (Miller 197), there hs been renewed interest in this method of fly control (Miller nd Miller 1985). This interest ws stimulted by the discovery nd development of new clss of compounds clssified under the brod ctegory of insect growth regultors. Insect growth regultors cn be further subdivided into three more generl ctegories: juvenile honnone nlogs or mimics, ben7.ylphenylures or chitin synthesis inhibitors, nd trizine compounds. There hs been considerble reserch conducted on compounds in ech of these ctegories s feed throughs to control fly pests of poultry nd cttle. Fly pests of poultry re primrily the house fly, A1usc domestic L., nd the little house ny, Fnni cniculris (L.). The primry fly pests of cttle to which reserch on feed-through compounds hs been directed re the Fce fly, Musc utumnlis DeGeer, nd the horn ny, Hemtobi irritns (L.), nd to lesser extent the house fly nd stble ny, Stomoxys clcitrons (L.). One compound in ech ctegory hs been registered for feed through usge for cttle or poultry to control one or more species of nics. They re methoprene for horn ny control with cttle, dinubenzuron (bolus) for fce nd horn ny control with cttle, nd cyromzine for house ny nd little house fly control with poultry. Flies my become resistnt to ny compound when it is used on continuous bsis. Therefore, it is impol'tnt tht new compounds be developed tht cn be used lterntely with compounds lredy on the mrket to decrese the development of resistnce to given compound. This pper describes reserch conducted on This pper reports the resull'i of rcllcnrch only. Mention of proprietry product or pesticide does not constitute recommendtion!.jy the USDA, nor does it imply rcgislmtion undcr PIFJtA s mended. 77

2 78 J. Agric. Entomol. Vol. 6, No_ 2 (1989) S-31183, 2-11-methyl-2-(4-phenoxyphenoxy)ethoxylpyridine, s feed-through compound to control flies in cttle, poultry, nd swine. The compound ws developed by the Sumitomo Chemicl Compny, Osk. Jpn. While not similr to the nturl juvenile hormone in chemicl structure, cts s 8 juvenile hormone mimic. MATERIALS AND METHODS Chicken Experiment. Two b'i)s were conducted. In the first,.5% grnulr formultion of ws premixed with 2 g of poultry feed. This formultion, s well s the.1 % grnulr formultion used in the second experiment, ws supplied by Coopers Animl Helth, Knss City, Knss. This premix ws incorported into 3 kg of commericl lyer rtion resulting in concentrtion of 1 ppm AI in the feed. Eight mture broiler breeder hens were fed the treted rtion while eight other hens were fed untreted rtion. Seven times during 3-wk feeding period, mnure ws collected from both groups of hens, tken to the lbortory to conduct biossys using house Oy lrve s descj;bed by Miller (1982). Brieny, the biossys consisted of seeding 25 one-dy old house fly lrve into ech of two cups contining 2 g of fresh mnure nd holding the mnure until the lrve pupted. Pupe from the cups were counted, combined, weighed, nd held for dult eelosion. In the second tril.1% grnulr formultion of S ws incorported into lyer feed t levels of,.4,.2, nd 1 ppm. The four tretment levels were fed to eight \Vhite Leghorn pullets per tretment, in ech of two replictes for 6 WKS. Once or twice week, mnure ws collected (1 collections) from ech replicte nd tken to the lbortory. Biossys with house fly lrve were set up s described in the first tril. Cow Expen"menl Two 4 X 4 Ltin squre trils were conducted using four dry, 2 to 3-yel'-old, non-pregnnt Holstein heifers rnging in weight from 4-6 kg in ech tril. The heifers were fed complete feed rtion twice dy consisting of concentrte nd corn silge t mintennce level of intke. At ech fternoon feeding during the trils, the heifers were fed.1% grnules of S t rtes of,.4,.2, nd.1 mg AI/kg body wt mixed into 2 g of concentrte feed. 'When the heifers hd consumed the treted concentrte, they were fed their complete feed rtion. After 7 dy period, the heifers were switched to different tretment rte. Mnure ws collected for the finl 4 dys in ech period plus the first dy the following period before the new feeding rtes hd strted. )t ws ssumed tht fter 3 dys, n equilibrium would be estblished t the new feeding rte. Mnure ws tken to the lbortory nd subjected to biossys with house fly (Trils lnd 2) nd with fce fly (Tril 2) llve s previously described. Pig Experif'1Wfll Two trils were set up. In the first, 12 one-month-old, wened pigs were divided into four groups of three pigs ech nd housed in rised metl pens mesuring 1.2 X 1.2 m. The pigs were fed 16% bby pig rtion t rte of 1% of their body weight. A 98.9% AI technicl formultion of S (supplied by

3 MILLER Feed-Through 79 Sumitomo Chemicl Compny) ws mixed into the rtion t levels of, 1, 5, nd 1 ppm AI nd fed to the pigs for 18 dys. Mnure from the pigs ws collected on dys 7, 12, 14, Bnd L8, tken to the lbortory, nd biossyed with house fly lrve s previously described except tht 4 cups of mnure were used for ech tretment level. After lo-dy brek, one pig from ech pen ws removed becuse of overcrowding, nd the pens, ech holding two pigs, were rndomly ssigned to receive (.1% grnulr formultion) t levels of, 5, 1, nd 2 ppm AI. This tril lsted for 11 dys, during which time mnure ws collected nd tested with biossys bout every other dy (six times). RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Chicken Experiment In the first tril, inhibition of dult eelosion of house fly pupe verged 97%. Tble 1 shows results from the second chicken feed-through tril. Although there ws trend towrd fewer pupe in the mnure smples when the hens were fed , the verge weight of the pupe were the sme between the different tretment levels nd control. At ech increse in concentrtion of in the rtion, there ws n increse in inhibition of dult eclosioll, which pproched 9% t level of 1 ppm in the rtion. This level of ctivity is considerbly higher thn tht of other compounds with juvenile hormone ctivity evluted s poultry feed-through compounds. A level of 5 ppm of technicl methoprene or AI (8-methoxy-4,S-dimethylnony\)-4-(I-methylethyl)benzene in the rtion of hens ws required for similr degree of control (Breeden et l. 1975; 8chwrt: et l. 198). The ctivity of methoprene could be incresed by fctor of 1 by encpsultion of the compound (Breeden et!. 1975) lso is more potent s poultry feed-through compound thn four benzoylphenylure compounds evluted t Beltsville (1\'liller nd Miller 1985). The only compounds evluted in our lbortory with ctivity similr to re cyromzine nd the closely relted compound 6-zido-N-cyclopropyl-1V'-ethyl-I,3,5-trizine-2,4-dimine (Miller nd Corley 198). Tble 1. Number nd weight of pupe, nd inhibition of dult eelosion of house flies seeded s lrve into mnure of untreted hens nd those fed S ' S in rtion (ppm An Men no. pupe per smple Men pupl Inhibition of dult eelosion (%) b 3.2 b 29. b _ b 47.7 c 88.3 d Mel\ns in ii column without ii common letter re different (P <.5) Ilccording to Duncun's multiple rnge tcht. Cow Experiment 8-311S3, fter pssge through the digestive trct of the cow, ws higwy effective in inhibiting the eclosion of dult fce flies (Tble 2). Number of pupe nd verge weight of pupe were not ffected by tretment. The greter thn

4 8 J. Agric. Enlomol. Vol. 6, :\'. 2 (l9b9) 9% inhibition of ec1osion when ws fed t level of.4 mg/kg body wtl dy indictes this compound is considerbly mol'c ctive s cttle feed-through compound thn others we hve tested with juvenile hormone ctivity (Miller nd Miller 1985). The ctivity of is similr to tht we hve obtined with compounds hving 8 benzoylphenylure type structure (Miller nd Miller 1985). Also, is highly ctive ginst the house ny ('Tble 2). It ws previously reported tht with the exception of ivermectin,!systin (BAY Vi 7533) ws the most c..:wve compound tht we hd tested s cttle feed-through compound ginst both the house Ill' nd the fce Ill' (Miller 1982). The ctivity of is similr to lsystin ginst these two species. Tble 2. Number nd weight of pupe, nd inhibition of dult eelosion of fce flies nd house nies seeded s lrve into mnure from untreted cttle nd those red Species in rtion (ppm AI) Men no. pupe per smple Men pupl Inhibition of dult eelosion (%) Fce Fly b 1 b 83.3 b House Fly.,).2.1 Mens in column...ithin II Duncn's multiple rnnge test b 29.3 b 29.4.b b 81.5 c speices without B common leiter re different (P <.51 ccording to Pig Experiment The results in Tble 3 show tht ws effective s feed-through compound in swine ginst the house fly. A level of 1 ppm in the rtion provided > 9% inhibition of dult eelosion in ech of the two trils. In Tril] levels of 5 nd loo ppm in the feed cused 1% inhibition of eelsin of dult flies from pupe. 8tirofos is presently commercilly vilble s n orl lrvicide to control house flies in the mnure of pigs up to mrket weight. The recommended level is 5 ppm of stirofos in rtion; therefore, is t lest s potent. Stirofos is the only compound now vilble s feed-through compound for swine. The results of these experiments demonstrte tht hs high degree of ctivity ginst immture house nies fter pssge through the digestive trcts of poultry, cttle, nd swine. Presently, there re no compounds registered for house fly control in the U.S. with mode of ction similr to tht of the nturl juvenile compound. Since house flies in mny res of the country re resistnt to insecticides currently being used, would pper to be good cndidte fol' further development to control house flies nd other species of flies tht use niml mnure s n oviposition medium.

5 MILLEH: S Feed-Through 81 TobIe 3. Number nd weight of pupe nd inhibition of dult eelosin of house llies seeded s lrve into mnure from unlj'ented pigs nd those fed S Tril in rtion (ppm AI) Men no. pupe pel- smple Men pupl Inhibition of dult eelosion (5~) 1 5 loo b b b 1 c 1 c _ b b 93.6 c 98.9 d.. Mens in column within tril wilhout common leiter re different (I' <.Il')-, ccording to Duncn's Illultiple rnge test. LITERATURE CITED Breeden, G. C.. E. C. Turner,.Ir., nnd \ V. L. Benne Methopl'cne ml feed dditive for control of the house fly breeding in chicken mnure. J. 8con. Elilornol. 68: Miller, R. \V LArvicides for fly cont.rol- A review. Bull. 8nl.omol. Soc. Am. 16: Miller, H. \V BAY Vi 7533 t.cst.ed in ct.tje nd poultry s 1\ feed-through compound Aginst nics. Southwest. Enlomo!. 7: \o1illel', H. W., nd C. Corley. [98. Feed-through eflielley of CGA nd CGA nginst mnure-breeding nil's nnd other mthropods nd residlle in feces, eggs, nd tissues of lying hens. Southwest. Enlomo\. 5: :VIiller, H. W., nd J. A. Miller Feed-through chemicls for insect coni 1'1 in nimls In Agric. Chemicls of the Future (BARe Symposium 8, J. L. Hilton, cd.). Rown llnd Allnheld, Totow. SChwrz, l\l, W. A. Bnks, nd H. W. Miller Current reserch with A (J'vIV678) in the United Sltes Dcpnrlmenl. of Agriculture. 111 Hegullllion of insect development nd behnvior. Wroclw Tech. Uni..., \\lroclw, Polnd.