Prevalence of Cattle Diseases and Productive and Reproductive Traitsof Cattle in Ilu Aba Bora Zone, South Western Ethiopia

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1 Glol Veterinri 10 (5): , 2013 ISSN IDOSI Pulictions, 2013 DOI: /idosi.gv Prevlence of Cttle Diseses nd Productive nd Reproductive Tritsof Cttle in Ilu A Bor Zone, South Western Ethiopi Teshger Aylew, Bely Dugum nd Tye Tolemrim Deprtment of Animl science, College of Agriculture nd Veterinry Medicine, Jimm University, Jimm, Ethiopi Astrct: A cross-sectionl survey ws conducted in three districts of Ilu A Bor zone of Oromi Regionl Stte to ssess prevlent diseses nd productive nd reproductive performnce of cttle. A pre-tested, structured questionnire ws used to collect dt. Using strtified smpling technique, totl of 180 households from three districts were included in the survey. Collected dt were nlysed using descriptive sttistics. Results indicted tht the mjor diseses of cttle reported y respondents included Trypnosomisis, Blck leg, Psteurollosis nd mstitis with indices of 0.295, 0.212, 0.19 nd 0.114, respectively. Mjority (83.3%) of the respondents used trditionl medicine to tret their sick nimls. The overll mortlity of cttle in the study re ws found to e 19.2%, with 15.7 nd 11.2% mortlity of heifers nd oxen, respectively. The overll verge milk production per cow per dy, lcttion length, ge t first clving nd clving intervl ws 1.31±0.03 liter, 8.87±0.12 months, 49.37±0.25 months, 18.76±0.23 months, respectively nd there ws significnt (P<0.05) difference in ll productive nd reproductive trits of cows mong the different study districts. Key words: Cttle Disese Mortlity Productive Reproductive INTRODUCTION for Ethiopin Zeu rnged from12 to 24 months, which vries mong reeds nd nimls within reed [10]. Diseses re mjor constrint to the improvement According to CSA [11], n verge lcttion length of of the livestock industry in the tropics [1]. Animl helth cows in privte holding rnged from 5-7months. The low issues re rriers to trde in livestock nd their products, productivity is due to numer of fctors, mong which whilst specific diseses decrese production nd increse re, quntittive nd qulittive deficiencies in the feed moridity nd mortlity [2, 3]. resource se, diseses, poor niml performnce level In Ethiopi, cttle produce totl of 3.2 illion liters nd insufficient knowledge on the dynmics of the of milk from out 10 million milking cows, n verge of different types of frming systems existing in the country 1.54 liters per cow per dy over lcttion period of out [12]. 6 months nd million tones of met nnully [4, 5]. In the study re, there is little informtion on The ntionl milk production hd incresed y 1.6% nd prevlent diseses of cttle nd productive nd per cpit production declined y out 0.8% nnully reproductive performnce of indigenous cows. during [6]. Thus, studying the existing diseses nd performnce In Ethiopi, the productivity of the indigenous of cttle will generte selineinformtion to extension reed is low. Usully cows do not produce their first gents, reserchers, policy mkers nd other stkeholders clve erlier thn months of ge [7]. In the so tht intervention cn e mde ville to control trditionl mixed frming nd pstorl/gro-pstorl diseses nd improve performnce of cttle. With this systems locl reedsproduce kg of milk per cow ckground, the ojective of this study ws to ssess per lcttion period of less thn seven months [8]. diseses of cttle nd productive nd reproductive The lcttion length of Horro cows ws on verge six performnce of indigenous cows in three districts of Ilu months, which is very short ones [9]. The clving intervl A Bor Zone. Corresponding Author: Bely Dugum, Jimm Universitye, P.O. Box 307, Jimm, Ethiopi. 614

2 Glol Veterinri, 10 (5): , 2013 MATERIALS AND METHODS mortlity nd delivery of veterinry service. The dt were nlyzed using descriptive sttistics such s men, Study Are: The study ws conducted t three districts stndrd devition, percentges nd GLM ANOVA using (nmely Bcho, Algie nd Chewk) of Ilu A Bor zone SPSS softwre version 16. Indices were clculted for in Oromi Regionl Stte, south western Ethiopi. Ilu A mjor diseses ffecting cttle production in the study Bor zone hs hectres (h) of lnd of which re. Lest Significnce Difference ws employed to 10% is high lnd, 67% medium lnd nd 23% low lnd. seprte mens hving sttisticlly significnt difference. The ltitude of the zone rnges from meter ove se level. It is mostly known for its vegettion coverge, RESULTS AND DISCUSSION suitility for coffee, crop, livestock nd ee production. The dominnt crops eing Mize, Teff, Coffee, Sorghum, Prevlence ofcttle Diseses: According to the Brley, Whet, different pulse crops, finger millet, fruits, respondents,trypnosomisis, Blck leg, Psteurollosis vegetles, spices nd rice. Humn popultion of the zone nd mstitis were the mjor diseses tht ffect cttle is 1,492,183 people. Out of the totl popultion, 88% production with indices of 0.295, 0.212, 0.19 nd 0.114, live in the rurl res. Annul precipittion rnges from respectively. Workneh nd Rowlnd [14] indicted tht in mm with 6 to 9 months of rin fll [13]. Oromi region the mjor cttle diseses were Blckleg, Bcho, Algie nd Chewk re the three districts Trypnosomisis, Psteurollosis, Anthrx, Foot-ndof the zone selected for this study sed on vrition in mouth disese (FMD), gstrointestinl disorders nd ltitude nd potentil for cttle resource. Bcho, Algie nd respirtory diseses. In this study trypnosomisis ws Chewk districts represented high, medium nd Low reported s the first importnt disese limiting cttle lnd, respectively. Bcho, Algie nd Chewk districts re production in Algie district with indices of nd locted t distnce of 640, 654 nd 560 km, respectively Chewk (0.394) nd Bcho (0.072) districts, respectively. from Addis A nd re situted t n ltitude rnging In contrst, lck leg ws reported y frmers s the first, from 1650 to 2500, 1139 to 2165 nd 900 to 1400 meters second nd third importntdisese of cttle production ove se level, respectively, with re coverge of in Bcho, Chewk nd Algie districts, with indices of 49,249, 94,344 nd 54,220 h, respectively. Bcho, Algie 0.316, 0.19 nd 0.13, respectively. Similr result ws nd Chewk districts receives n verge nnul rinfll reported y Workneh nd Rowlnd [14] who indicted rnging from 1500 to 2200, to 2275 nd 1000 to 1200 tht Blckleg ws more common in the highlnd mm, respectively nd the minimum nd mximum dily ltitudethn other gro ecologies in the region. temperture of 12 nd 25 C, 14.9 nd 25.1 C nd 36 nd Psteurollosis ws stted s the second mjor diseses 41 C, respectively. Humn popultion of Bcho, Algie nd in Bcho nd Chewk, while rnked third in Algie Chewk ws estimted to e 42,335, 90,290 nd 92,027 with indices of 0.22 nd 0.21 nd 0.138, respectively. people [13]. The reson for the existence of different diseses mong the study districts ws proly due to the vrition in Smpling Procedure: A strtified smpling technique ws gro-ecology. Bely et l. [15] reported tht mstitis, used sed to otin the respondents for the purpose externl prsites, lumpy skin disese nd hert wter re of this study sed on the gro-ecologicl zone the mjor diseses of importnce round Jimm town. (high, medium nd low) ltitude. Bcho, Algie Schi nd Chewk districts represented high, medium nd Low Animl Tretment nd Mortlity: In order to reduce lnd, respectively. A totl of 180 households, 60 from cttle losses due to diseses, frmers in the study re ech district were rndomly selected using systemtic used different prevention nd control mesures. rndom smpling method. Mjority (83.3%) of the respondents used trditionl tretments to tret their sick nimls. The resons for Sources of Dt nd Anlyticl Technique: Informl nd using trditionl tretment were lck of dequte forml survey tools were employed to gther primry dt veterinry services, long distnce to niml clinics, lck of for this study. These were otined y using pre-test, trnsport fcilities nd they elieved tht the niml cn well-structured questionnires. The respondents were recover with trditionl ethno-veterinry prctices. smllholder cttle producers. The dt collected were on Some of the respondents indicted tht they purchse prevlent disese of cttle, milk production nd ge t first illegl drugs from open mrket to tret their nimls, where clving (AFC), Cving intervl (CI), lcttion length (LL), y the dose nd type of disese ws not identified y 615

3 Glol Veterinri, 10 (5): , 2013 Tle 1: Indices of prevlence of cttle diseses in Bch, Algie nd chwk districts of Ilu A Bor Zone Districts of the study Bcho Algie Chewk Totl Diseses R1 R2 R3 Index R1 R2 R3 Index R1 R2 R3 Index R1 R2 R3 Index Blck leg FMD Mstitis Trypnosomisis Psteurolosis Blot Internl prsites LSD Tick Mitch Blood urinte Brucellosis Totl Index = [3 for rnk 1) + (2 for rnk 2) + (1 for rnk 3)] for ech of the fctor divided y sum of ll of the fctors, FMD= Foot nd mouth disese, LSD= Lumpy skin disese veterinry experts. Mirutse nd Goen [16] reported tht respectively. This shows tht the study re need gret Ethiopin frmers nd pstorlists rely on trditionl ttention in niml helth cre in order to reduce mortlity knowledge, prctices nd loclly ville mterils, ssocited with lck of niml helth services. The level plnts in prticulr, to control nd mnge domestic of cttle lossesdue to disese in the study res ws niml diseses. Tfese nd Mekonen [17] lso reported higher s compred to other cuses. Most of the tht in the centrl highlnds of Ethiopi, 40% frmers use respondents (87.3%) indicted tht the cuses of cttle trditionl veterinry prctices, while 85% of livestock mortlity during the lst 12 months were minly due owners use oth modern nd trditionl veterinry to disese, ccident, predtors nd humn ttck. prctices. In ddition to using trditionl medicines, Similr results were lso reported yworkneh nd J. frmers lso cull cows with chronic mstitis. Mjority Rowlnds nd Kedij, [14, 19]. (50.6%) of the respondents cull out their cows due to mstitis (decline in milk production), old ge, fertility Distnce to Animl helth Service: The verge distnce prolem nd csh need to meet some house hold trveled to niml helth services ws 8.89±0.20Km, necessities. During the course of this study, high rnging from 6-14 km. Significnt (P<0.05) difference ws prevlence of mstitis ws oserved in cows. oserve etween districts in distnce trvelled to niml Mjority (82.8%) of the respondents were provided helth centers. In contrry to the present result mjority with niml helth services from government veterinry (65%) of the households in Jimm zone trek their cttle for clinics, while 17.2% used oth government nd privte 1-5 km to rrive t veterinry clinics [20]. clinics. Respondents tht used privte niml clinics were higher in Bcho (43.3%) thn Chewk (8.3%) nd none in Productive nd Reproductive Trits of Cttle Algie district. Contrry to our findings, 71.4% of Dily Milk Yield (DMY): The mesures of different respondents in Metem district get niml helth productive nd reproductive trits re shown in Tle 3. services from privte prctitioners [18]. The overll verge milk production per cow per dy for The overll percentge mortlity of cttle due to the three districts ws 1.31±0.03 liter. Averge milk yield disese in the study re ws found to e 19.2%. The high per cow per dy in Chewk district ws significntly mortlity recorded for cows ws ssocited with dystoci, (P<0.05) higher thn in Bcho nd Algie. This might plcentl prolpses nd trypnosomisis. The mortlity proly e due to the good mngement provided to rte of heifers nd oxen ws found to e 15.7% nd 11.2%, lctting cows in Chewk. The reported verge dily 616

4 Glol Veterinri, 10 (5): , 2013 Tle 2: Cttle mortlity during the lst 12 months nd verge distnce trvelled to niml helth centers Districts Types of nimls ded Bcho Algie Chewk Overll Clves Heifers Cows Steer Oxen Distnce to clinic (km) 10.85± ±0.34 c 6.82± ±0.20 Mens with sme superscript within the sme row re not significntly differ t 5% level of significnce. SE= Stndrd errors. Tle 3: Lest squre mens nd stndrd errors of productive nd reproductive performnce of cows in the study res Districts Vriles Bcho Algie Chewk Overll DMY(Liter) 1.23± ± ± ±0.03 LL (Month) 9.65± ± ± ±0.12 AFC(month) 47.58± ±0.38 c 51.47± ±0.25 CI (Month) 17.07± ±0.37 c 20.62± ±0.29 Wening ge 10.52± ± ± ±0.13 of clves Mens with the sme superscript within the sme row re not significntly different t 5% level of significnce. milk yield per cow in the present current study is higher thn the vlue reported y Lemm et l. [21] which ws 1.0 liters nd Dgen nd Adugn, (1999) which ws 1.09 liters, ut lower thn tht of Workneh nd Rowlnd [14], Tesfye [18] nd Bely et l. [15] elsewhere in the country. The possile resons of low milk production of cows in this study might e poor genetic mkeup, high prevlence of disese, indequte feed oth in qulity nd quntity nd poor mngement prctices. Lcttion Length (LL): The present result showed tht the overll verge lcttion length ws 8.87±0.12 months, which showed significntly (P<0.05) higher lcttion period for Bcho district. This is in greement with results reported y Workneh nd Rowlnd [14] for Oromi region. The verge lcttion length of cows otined in this study is longer thn the verge of 5.9, 7.29 nd 8.29 months in Metem, Mieso nd Jimm districts [18-20]. Age t First Clving (AFC): In this study the overll verge ge t first clving ws 49.37±0.25 months. The study res vried significntly in ge t first clving (P<0.05). This vrition in AFC etween the study res is proly due to the difference in mngement nd feeding systems. In ddition, stress due to het, high prevlence of disese nd drought were mentioned s min resons for the prolonged AFC in Chewk district. The verge AFC in this study ws higher thn the vlue of months reported for Foger reed [22] nd 42 month in Jimm zone [20]. However, the AFC in this study ws lower thn tht of Mieso, Metem nd Horro regions in Ethiopi [18, 19]. The resons ehind this longer AFC could e ttriuted y poor nutrition, diseses nd lck of dequte mngement prctices. Clving Intervl (CI): The overll verge length of clving intervl ws 18.76±0.23 months. There ws significnt (P<0.05) difference in length of CIcross study districts. This vrition could e ssocited with the difference in mngement prctices like feeds nd stress such s high temperture nd drought, which resulted in too longer CI in lowlnd district. The verge CI otined in thisstudy flls within the rnge of CI for Ethiopin zeu cttle of 12.2 to 26.6 months reported y Mukss- Mugrew [23]. The CI otined in the present study ws in greement with Addisu nd Hegede [24]. On the other hnd, higher CI thn results of this study ws reported y Kedij [19] t Mieso districts. Muks-Mugerw [25] reported 12.2 nd months of CI for Horro nd Arsi cttle, respectively. Wening Age of Clves: The overll verge wening ge of clves in the study re ws 10.57±0.13 months. There ws no significnt (P>0.05) difference in verge ge of wening mong districts. The result otined in this study ws higher thn the findings of Kedij [19], who indicted verge wening ge of 7± 0.17 months t Mieso district. The vlue otined in this study flls within the rnge of 7-12 months in Born [25]. On the other hnd, higher verge wening ges of clves (11.8 months) ws reported in Bhir Dr Zuri nd Mech districts [26]. CONCLUSION Results of the study indicted tht the mjor diseses of cttle reported y respondents in the study re included Trypnosomisis, Blck leg, Psteurollosis nd mstitis with high prevlence of trypnosomisis. Mjority of the respondents used trditionl medicine to tret their sick nimls. The productive nd reproductive 617

5 Glol Veterinri, 10 (5): , 2013 performnce of cttle ws found to e low with low milk 7. Muks-Mugerw, E. nd T. Azge, production, short lcttion length nd long ge t first Reproductive performnce in Ethiopi Zeu clving nd clving intervl. The prevlence of (Bosindicus) cttle constrints nd impct on contgious diseses in the study re ws due to production. pp In: proceeding of the fourth indequte veterinry services, lck of vccintion Animl Conference of Ethiopin Society of Animl ginst the common diseses nd poor nutrition. Thus, to production (ESAP), Nov, 1991 Addis A llevite the economic loss from diseses nd improve Ethiopi. potentil importnce of cttle, frmers should otin 8. Siegefreid, D. nd A. Berhnu, Diry mrketing dequte trining on economic importnce of diseses. in Ethiopi: Mrkets of first sle nd producers' In ddition, dequte supply of veterinry services needs mrketing ptterns. ILCA Reserch Report No.19. to increse through government nd community ILCA (Interntionl Livestock Centre for Afric). intervention.the possile cuse of poorproductive nd ILCA. Addis A, Ethiopi. reproductive performnce of cows in this study might e 9. Muks-Mugerw, E., A. Tegegne, T. Mesfin nd poor genetic mkeup, high prevlence of disese, Y. Teklu, 1991 Reproductive efficiency of Bosindequte feed oth in qulity nd quntity nd poor indices (zeu) cows under AI mngement in mngement prctices. Thus, the poor performnce of Ethiopi Animl Reproduction Science, 24: cows in the study re clls for technicl intervention y 10. Gifwosen, T., G.W. Alemu nd Jyprksh, ll stkeholders to overcome fctors ttriuting to such Study on Reproductive Efficiency of Born nd its poor performnce. Crosses t Holett Reserch Frm: Effect of genotype, mngement nd environment. In: REFERENCES Ethiopin Journl of Animl Production (EJAP). Volume: 3 Numer: ISSN: Devendr, C., D. Thoms, M. Jr nd E. Zerini, 11. CSA, (Centrl Sttisticl Authority) Improvement of Livestock Production in Livestock resource nd production sttistics in Crop-Animl Systems in Agro-Ecologicl Zones of Ethiopi. In: proceeding of the 4th Conference of the South Asi., ILRI, Niroi, Keny. Ethiopin Society of niml production (ESAP). 2. Mwchro, J.M. nd A.G. Drucker, Production April, Addis A, Ethiopi, Ethiopi, ojectives nd mngement strtegies of livestock- pp: keepers in Southest Keny: implictions for 12. Plizier, J.C.B., Africn griculture nd the reeding progrmme. html/ contriution of ruminnt livestock, constrints to nd ZeuBreeding% 20_Mwchro_Drucker_%20 opportunities for incresed ruminnt livestock Accepted%20TAHP.pdf. production nd productivity nd strtegies for 3. Chwtm S.C. Mutisi nd A.C. Mupwend, reserch. In: Improving the Productivity of The socio-economic sttus of smllholder livestock Indigenous Africn Livestock. IAEA-TECDOC-708, production in Zimwe: dignostic study. Livest. IAEA, Vienn, Austri, pp: Res. Rur. Dev. 17(12) LDMA, Annul progress report, Livestock lrrd/lrrd17/12/chw17143.htm. Development nd Mrketing Agency, (LDMA). 4. FAO (Food nd Agriculture Orgniztion of the Ilu A Bor Zone Deprtment of Agriculture. Mettu, United Ntions), Production yerook. FAO, Ethiopi. Rome, Itly. 14. Workneh, A. nd J. Rowlnds, Design nd 5. CSA (Centrl Sttisticl Agency), Livestock nd execution nd nlysis of livestock reed survey in Livestock Chrcteristics, Agriculturl Smple Oromiy regionl stte, Ethiopi. OADIS (Oromi Survey. Volume II, Sttisticl Bulletin, 446: 188. Agriculturl Bureu), Addis A, Ethiopi nd 6. Stl, S.J., A.N. Prtt nd M. Jr, Diry ILRI (Interntionl Livestock Reserch Institute), development for the resource poor. Prt II: Keny Niroi, Keny. pp: 260. nd Ethiopi diry development cse studies. PPLPI 15. Bely D.,K. Yisehk nd G.P.J. Jnssens, (Pro-poor Livestock Policy Inititive) Working Pper Survey of mjor diseses ffecting diry cttle in No ILRI (Interntionl Livestock Reserch Jimm town, Oromi, Ethiopi. Glol Veterinri, Institute), Niroi, Keny. 8:

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