Enhanced Egg Production in Practice: The Case of Bio-Omega-3 Egg

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1 Interntionl Journl of Poultry Siene 4 (8): , 2005 ISSN Asin Network for Sientifi Informtion, 2005 Enhned Egg Prodution in Prtie: The Cse of Bio-Omeg-3 Egg A. Ynnkopoulos, A. Tserveni-Gousi nd E. Christki Deprtment of Animl Prodution, Ihthyology, Eology nd Protetion of Environment, Fulty of Veterinry Mediine, Aristotle University, Thessloniki, Greee Astrt: Ojetive of this reserh ws to determine the effet of enrihed feed Bio-omeg on the hens performne under prtil onditions in the frm Totlly of 16,000 Hisex Lyers were divided into two tretment groups (8,000 hens in eh group), housed in ges (4 hens in eh ge) nd were to ge of 30 to 50 weeks. Hens reeived food nd wter d liitum from 30th to 50th week of ge. The diet ws supplement with stndrd type diet, nd enrihed type diet plus herl mix, extr some minerls nd vitmins. Egg prodution, egg weight, feed intke, mortlity, s well s, yolk ftty id omposition nd internl egg qulity hrteristis were reorded. Bsed on otined results of the investigtion it n e onduted tht the enrihed diet hd positive effet on hens performne. Thus, egg prodution for hens fed enrihed type diet ws over 90 % for more to 8 wks, feed intke ws in verge g per hen nd dy, egg weight inrese nd ws in verge 65.1 g per egg nd mortlity ws 1.5 %. Conerning the internl egg qulity hrteristis, hens reeiving the enrihed diet produed less intensively olored egg yolks thn those reeived the ontrol diet. The ftty id omposition of the egg yolk ws signifintly ffeted y the diet. Eggs from hens fed the enrihed diet hd more omeg-3 ftty ids,more vitmin E, less holesterol (170 mg Vs 200 per regulr egg), more foli id, Iodine nd selenium in omprison to regulr eggs. Key words: Bio-omeg 3 eggs, herl mix, enhned eggs Introdution The hen s egg is omplex iologil nd hemil entity. Also, the hen egg, onsists of minute entre of life (for the fertilized egg) nd its yolk is rih soure of lipid s it ontins out 30% of lipids. In reent yers, the lipid omposition of hiken egg hs een n re of primry onsumer onern, due to the onnetion etween speifi dietry lipids nd the development of oronry hert disese nd some forms of ner (Simopoulos nd Slem, 1992). Due to the helth enefits ssoited with the onsumption of polyunsturted ftty ids ( PUFA),muh reserh hs een rried out to enrih eggs with those ftty ids (Vn Elswyk et l.,1992). PUFA re seprted into two groups:n-3 or n-6 PUFAs, depending on the position of the first doule ond from methyl end of the hin, with oth types re required for norml humn helth. The linolei (18:2n=6) nd rhidoni ids (20:4n-6) re the mjor n-6 ftty ids, nd linoleni id (LNA), eiospentenoi id (EPA),s well s, nd dooshexenoi id (DHA) re the min n-3 ftty ids. Arhidoni id n e synthesized from linolei id, while EPA nd DHA from linoleni id in vivo. Linolei nd linoleni id re essentil ftty ids for poultry. Beuse nimls nnot synthesize these importnt preursors for iosynthesis of other omponents, must e supplied in the diet. Dietry supplementtion of frm nimls provides unique method of mnipulting the ontent of some mironutrients nd other non-nutrient iotive ompounds in foods of niml origin, with view to improving the nutrient intke of onsumers or improving their overll helth. Feeding flxseed to lying hens inreses the omeg-3 ftty id in the egg y 6 to 8 times, mking one egg equl to 114 g of old wter fish s soure of the omeg-3 ftty ids. The enefiil effets of omeg-3 (n-3) ftty ids inlude reduing hert disese, reduing irulting holesterol levels nd suppressing inflmmtion in humns nd nimls (Kltt, 1986).The urrent reommended rtio of omeg-6 to omeg-3 intke is 1 to 4,while the western diet provides rtio pproximtely 20 to 1.This imlne is eing linked to suh prolems s hert ttks, dietes, ner, et. However, higher polyunsturted ftty ids ontent leds in yolk to inrese in lipid unsturtion nd thus, to greter suseptiility to oxidtion nd free rdils prodution. In order to prevent lipid peroxidtion, ntioxidnts syntheti origin or nturl, hve een widely used y the food industry. Nowdys, the designer egg prodution tehnology hs een further improved, nd severl iotive ompounds with helth promoting properties like foli id, iodine nd selenium re dietry inorported into eggs (Ylin et l., 2001; Suri, 2003 ; Botsoglou et l., 1997; Ynnkopoulos et l., 1999; Ynnkopoulos et l., 2001; Tservenil-Gousi, 2001). Vrious designer eggs suh s the Columus eggs, Eggs Plus, Englnd s est, nd DHA enrihed eggs, re lredy ommerilized in mny ountries ll over the world 531

2 Ynnkopoulos et l.: Enhned Egg Prodution in Prtie: The Cse of Bio-Omeg-3 Egg Tle 1: Effet of enrihed diet plus herl mix on some produtive performne of lying hens Age of hens Egg prodution/ Men eggs Food intke Body weight (kg) (weeks) 100 hen dy weight (g) (g/hen/d) Averge Mens within olumn with different supersript indite signifint differenes with p<0.05 (LSD test) Tle 2: Effet of dietry tretments on some egg mg/kg. In ddition ontin menthol, ldehydes, phenols hrteristis s thymol nd rvrol, phenoli esters, lkloids, p- Egg trits Control Biodiet omeg-3 diet Yolk weight/egg weight, % Alumen (white) weight/egg weight, % Yolk/lumen, rtio Yolk olor (Rohe fn) Egg shpe Men vlues in the sme row with the sme prmeter with different letters were signifintly different (LSD test, P<0.05) (Suri nd Sprks, 2001). In Greee there re in supermrket : Every dy Omegg 3 eggs, Egg Plus, By eggs, Ahyron omeg eggs nd Bioomeg 3 eggs. The im of the present study ws to evlute some prodution hrteristis of Bio-omeg-3 eggs, new type of designer eggs produed in Athens, Greee, y Megfrm ording to Ptent No Gr , with view to improving the nutrient intke of onsumers with vitmin E, foli id, polyunsturted ftty ids, herl ntioxidnts, iodine, nd Se in pltle nd eptle ommodity. Mterils nd Methods The study ws rried out with 16,000 Hisex rown lying hens of 30 weeks of ge. The irds were kept in 3-floor ttery, were rndomly distriuted into 2 equl groups. The irds were lloted to two dietry tretments tht inluded typil orn nd soyen mel diet (ontrol diet), nd served s ontrol group nd diet tht hd een further supplemented with flxseed nd n mixture herl dditive, s well s, vitmin E, Se, I, nd Foli id (enrihed diet) nd served s ioomeg-3 feed, for period of 140 dys. Feed nd wter were provided to lyers d liitum. Feed onsumption nd mortlity, ws determined eh week, wheres the numer of eggs lid ws reorded dily. The herl mix hs the follow hemil nlysis: protein 11.4%,Strh 1.7 %,Sugr 6.9 %,ft 5.6 %,Cellulose 14.9 %,Minerls 9.07 %,Density 0.28 %,Sodium Chloride 0.64 %,Clium 1.60%, Phosphorus 0.24%,Mgnesium 0.97%,Potssium 1.30%, Sodium 0.11%, Iron 850 mg/kg, Copper 10 mg/kg, Mngnese 90 mg/kg nd Zin 26 ymene-2,3-diol, et. Eggs weight ws mesured every dy nd egg prodution ws lulted s the numer of eggs per hen per dy. After 4-week feeding period, smple of 15 eggs per dietry tretment ws used for the determintion of ftty id omposition, holesterol, vitmin E, foli id, iodine nd selenium ontent. Lipids were extrted from the six eggs olleted lso fter 4- wks, nd ftty ids wee quntified using gs hromtogrphy s desried y Hrgis et l. (1991). Odor nd tste of eggs, yolk olor nd generl eptne were sensory evluted y 20 pnelists. Prior to sensory evlution, the eggs were oiled for 10 min nd then ooled to room temperture. In ddition smples of six eggs per type, of some nutrient enhned eggs, omeg eggs, from supermrket in Thessloniki were tken t rndom,for ftty id nlysis under prtil onditions. All dt were sujeted to sttistil nlysis ording to the STATISTIX progrm. Results nd Disussion Zootehnil results: The effet of enrihed diet plus herl mix on produtive performne re given in Tle 1. Feed onsumption ws t g/hen/dy for hens fed the enrihed diet nd g for those fed ontrol diet. The differene is not signifint (P>0.05). Novk nd Sheineder (2001) reported tht feed onsumption ws signifintly (P<0.05) for hens fed 10 % flxseed diets (107.7 g) when ompred to the soy-diet ontrols (106.6 g). However, Bsmioglou et l. (2003), who used fish oil (1.5%) nd flxseed (4.32%) reported tht feed intke not ffeted y ny of the tretments. Egg prodution during the feeding period in the present study, ws estimted over 90% for more to 8 wks for hens reeiving the diet supplemented with flxseed nd the herl mix (enrihed diet). Our results re etter thn tht reported previously y Ynnkopoulos et l. (2001) for lyers reeiving nother flxseed enrihed diet. Averge egg weight during the whole feeding period ws estimted t g nd g, for the ontrol nd the enrihed diets, respetively. Leeson et l. (1998) nd 532

3 Ynnkopoulos et l.: Enhned Egg Prodution in Prtie: The Cse of Bio-Omeg-3 Egg Tle 3: Effet of dietry tretments on the levels of some nutrients in eggs Bio-omeg-3 of net weight of 60.57g Egg weight 60.57* Ft % 6.78 Ftty id % mg/egg C18:2n C18:3n C20:5n C22:6n Sturted (S) (34.88) 1054 Monounsturted (MUFA) (51.98) 1771 Polyunsturted (PUFA-P) (13.14) 1007 Totl n Totl n Ftty ids rtio P/S 1/1 Omeg-6/Omeg-3 1.7/1 Cedile portion (yolk+white). ** Numer in prenthesis is ftty ids for regulr egg Tle 4: Effet of speil diet enrihed with herl mix on some egg prmeters Egg prmeters Bio-omeg-3 Regulr Cholesterol per egg, mg Foli id, per egg, µg 11 9 Iodine, per egg, µg 34 9 Se, per egg, µg 22 5 Vitmin E, per egg, mg Ynnkopoulos et l. (1999) reported tht diet with 10 or 20% flxseed hd no effet on egg prodution or egg weight. The mortlity ws 1.5% for io-omeg hens group nd 2.0 % for ontrol. This my e due euse oth thymol nd rhol from herl mix hve ntiteril effets. Kruse nd Ternes (1999) reported tht ntimiroil tivities of thyme oil nd its omponents hve my een used in mediine. Hene, on the ses of our results, improvement in egg prodution might e due to helthier irds whose feed effiieny nd nutrient sorption hve een improved y herl supplementtion. Feeding the speil diet enrihed with herl mix ffets (P<0.05) the perentges of lumen nd yolk weight to egg weight (Tle 2). Also, the yolk: white rtio ws (39.7%) for regulr nd (45.2%) for ioomeg 3 eggs. Our results indited tht the yolk: lumen rtio in io-omeg-3 eggs ws the highest (P<0.05). However, the greter yolk: white rtio in Biomeg-3 eggs indite less solids (e.g. ftty ids) in yolk. Ahn et l. (1997) reported tht yolk: lumen rtio is n importnt index for solids ontent. Egg yolk olour, whih is n importnt ftor for egg mrketing, ws 10 (Rohe Fn) in Bio-omeg 3 eggs nd higher 12 in regulr eggs. The lower vlue of yolk olour for Bio-omeg 3 eggs due only to nturl suh s lutein nd zexnthin whih re pressed in feedstuffs (e.g. orn ) or herl mix. In ontrst, the higher vlue in regulr egg due not only to nturl pigments ut to dded syntheti pigment supplementtion. Ftty id profile results: The effet of speil diet on ftty id profile of the yolk, fter 4 weeks feeding is presented in Tle 3. The ftty id omposition ws ffeted y flxseed supplementtion. The Bio-omeg-3 eggs were found to ontin less sturted nd more polyunsturted lipids ompred to the regulr eggs. The Bio-omeg-3 eggs were lso found to ontin higher levels of n-3 ftty ids, prtiulrly of the DHA type, ompred to regulr eggs (120 mg vs 0 mg).despite the ft tht flxseed do not ontin DHA, the eggs ontin this id, this onfirms the proesses of synthesis of DHA from the preursor linoleni id under the enzymti influene of desturse nd elongse (Cherin nd Sim, 1991). The inrese in yolk polyunsturted ftty id (PUFA) is ompnied y sustntil derese in sturted ftty id, resulting in helthy ft profile nd more nutrionl egg. This might e possily due to diet supplementtion with the herl dditive tht might helped in more effiient onversion of -linoleni id to DHA. In ddition, Ben nd Leeson (2003) reported tht irds onsumed flxseed deposied higher (P<0.0001) mounts of linoleni id,nd dooshexenoi id nd totl n-3 ftty ids into their eggs. Aording to Cherin nd Sim PUFA (n-6 nd n-3 series) in the diet re more effetive in reduing Monounsturted thn Sturted ids in eggs through the inhiition of desturse enzyme tivity on the prodution minly the olei id. In the present study,it ws shown tht rih soure of PUFA s flxseed resulted in signifintly lower onentrtions of sturted, minly olei id in eggs. Due to inrese in omeg-3 ftty ids in eggs nd deese in omeg 6 rtio omeg-6/omeg-3 for Bioomeg-3 eggs is 1:1.7 (Tle 3). Also, due to derese the sturted ftty ids in Bio-omeg 3 eggs, the rtio P/S is 1/1. Jing et l., 1991, reported there were not signifint hnges in the totl omeg-6 ftty id ontent of yolk t dietry inlusion of 15% flxseed mel, ompred to their ontrol. Totl n-3 PUFA ontent of Bio-omeg 3 egg exeed 400 mg whih onstitutes out 45-50% of the dily humn requirements for these ftty ids (estimted mg). The Bio-omeg-3 eggs ontined lso holesterol t mrkedly lower levels thn the ontrol eggs, possily due to the omined tion of the herl dditive onstituents (Tle 4). These results lend support to pertinent finding of Bsmioglu nd Ergul (2001) nd demonstrted lower holesterol in Bio-omeg-3 eggs when ompred with regulr eggs. So, it might e importnt to develop the herl mix s holesterol lowered supplements. This, result my due in omposition of herl s thymol, rvrol, p-ymene 533

4 Ynnkopoulos et l.: Enhned Egg Prodution in Prtie: The Cse of Bio-Omeg-3 Egg Tle 5: Ftty id omposition of some enhned omeg 3 eggs in Greek mrket Villge eggs Omegg-3 By plus** Bio-omeg-3 Egg weight* (g) Ft % Ftty id (%) C18:2n C18:3n C20:5n C22:6n Sturted (S) Monounsturted (MUFA) Polyunsturted (PUFA-P) Totl n Totl n Ftty ids rtio P/S Omeg-6/Omeg-3 5.9:1 2.2:1 8.33:1 2.2:1 *white+yolk. **Vitmin enrihed egg is the informtion ppers on egg rton nd other onstituents of essentil oils my whih inhiit on wild plnts nd purslne were shown to ontin iosynthesis of FPP, preursor of holesterol twenty times more omeg-3 ftty ids thn stndrd synthesis. Crowell, (1999) reported tht the omponents supermrket eggs. They hd rtio of omeg-6 to of essentil oils inhiit hepti 3-hydroxy-3- omeg-3 ftty ids of 1 to 1, whilst the supermrket methylglutryl oenzyme A (HMG-CoA) redutse tivity eggs hd lopsided rtio of 20 to 1. Therefore, not only whih is key regultory enzyme in holesterol is the presene of omeg 6 nd omeg 3 in the humn synthesis. In ddition, Milink et l. (2003) reported tht diet neessry for helth, ut the rtio of omeg-6 to ddition of omeg-3 ontining oils to hiken feed does omeg-3 is ritil to hieving n pproprite lne not hnge the holesterol ontent on egg yolk. of these ftty ids (Ntionl Institutes of Helth. EFA The higher levels of vitmin E nd selenium into the Bio- Edution. Aessed 22 Nov omeg-3 eggs (Tle 4) ompred to the ontrol eggs, 04). s well s the possile trnsfer of nturl ntioxidnt It is notie tht the effets of ge on Bio-omeg-3 egg ompounds from the herl dditive, ould justify the hrteristis of hens were not investigte in this study. higher oxidtive stility exhiited y the Bio-omeg-3 The differenes etween ftty id omposition of Bioeggs (Ynnkopoulos et l., 2004). Botsoglou et l. omeg-3 eggs etween Tle 1 nd 3 ould e (1997) reported tht feed thyme extrt to hens, found ttriuted to the egging period. some protetive effet on yolk lipid oxidtion, nd Results from the sensory pnel (dt not ttriuted this effet to the trnsfer of some phenoli presented),showed tht the orgnolepti eptility or ntioxidnts of thyme from feed to egg. flvour qulity ws superior in the Bio-omeg-3 eggs The Bio-omeg-3 eggs lso ontined higher levels of ompred to the ontrol eggs. This should e due to the foli id nd iodine in omprison to ontrol eggs omined tion of the hers, vitmins nd minerls (Tle 4). Iodine n ply importnt role s oth n ourring in the herl dditive, sine it is known tht the ntioxidnt nd hormone stimulnt. This tre element ingredients used in lyer diets to enrih eggs with n ind to rhidoni id nd DHA id to form polyunsturted ftty ids often influene the sensory speifi iodolipids. hrteristis of the eggs (Vn Elswyk, 1997). Nutrionl omprison in ftty ids, of Villge-trditionl Moreover, the pnelists hve grded the Bio-omeg-3 eggs to some nutrient enhned eggs from Greek eggs s more eptle thn the regulr eggs. This mrket re given in Tle 5. finding is in greement with Nrhri (2003). Totl n-3 ftty ids re lower in villge eggs ompre to The Bio-omeg-3 eggs re vlue - dded nd onsumer ll other types enrihed eggs nd ws ffeted y type of must hve mrket willing to py premium, wy to diet. In ddition, the linolei to linoleni id rtio ws get the produt to mrket, e le to differentils/ertify ffeted y diet. Bsed on present results, eggs from your produt, lel it ording to government villge hens (villger eggs) hd etter rtio thn those lim/ontent regultions nd lso ensure the mrket By eggs. However, the rtio omeg-6 to omeg-3, where serviing is provided with relile nd ws 2.2 for omegg nd Bio-omeg 3 eggs. onsistent supply of produt. Simopoulos nd Slem (1989) reported tht the eggs of hikens found on the Peloponnese in Greee tht grze Conlusions: The results otined from this study 534

5 Ynnkopoulos et l.: Enhned Egg Prodution in Prtie: The Cse of Bio-Omeg-3 Egg indited tht the inlusion of oth flxseed nd the Milink, M.C., A.E. Mrkmou, S.T.M. Gomes, M. herl mix plus vitmins nd minerls into hen diets Mtshusit nd N.E. de Souz, Ftty id ould enhne yolk n-3 polyunsturted ftty ids, profile of egg yolk lipids from hens fed hiks rih in selenium, iodine, vitmin E, nturl rotenoids without n-3 ftty ids. Food Chem., 83: deresing the orgnolepti hrteristis, mking, Nrhri, D., Helth promoting omponents in thus, the Bio omeg-3 egg ttrtive for onsumers. ordinry nd herl enrihed funtionl eggs. www. feedinfo.om. Referenes Ahn, D.V., S.M. Kim nd S. Shu, Effet of egg size nd strin nd ge of hens on the solids ontent of hiken eggs. Poult. Si., Bsmioglu, H. nd M. Ergul, ) Reserh on the ftors ffeting holesterol ontent nd some other hrteristis of eggs lying hens 2) The effet of dietry struture on holesterol ontent nd some other hrteristis of eggs. Proeedings of Europen Poultry Conferene, Kusdsi, Turkey, pp: Bsmioglou, H., M. Cuk, L.K. Unl, K. Ozkn, S. Akkn, nd H. Ylin, Effets of dietry fish oilnd flxseed on holesterol nd ftty id omposition of egg yolk nd lood prmeters of Novk, C. nd S.E. Sheineder, lon g-term effets of feeding flxseed-sed diets.1. Egg prodution prmeters, omponents, nd eggshell qulity in two strins of lying hens. Poult. Si., 80: Simopoulos, A.P. nd N. Slem Jr., Egg yolk s soure of long-hin polyunsturted ftty ids in infnt feeding. Am. J. Clin. Nutr., 55: Simopoulos, A.P. nd N. Slem, Jr, n-3 ftty ids in eggs from rnge-fed Greek hikens. New Eng. J. Med., 321: Suri, P.F., Nturl Antioxidnts in Avin Nutrition nd Reprodution. Nottinghn.University Press. UK. Suri, P.F. nd N.H.C. Sprks, Designer eggs: lying hens. South Afrin J. Anim. Si., 33: 266- From improvements of egg omposition to 273. Ben, L.D nd S. Leeson, Long-term effets of feeding flxseed on performne nd egg ftty id funtionl food. Anim. Feed Si. Te., 12: Tservenil-Gousi, A.S., Sensory evlution of eggs produed y lying hens fed diet ontining omposition of rown nd white hens. Poult. Si., flxseed nd Thymus mel. Arhives fuer 82: Botsoglou, N.A., A.L. Ynnkopoulos, D.J. Fletouris, A.S. Tserveni-Goussi nd P. Fortomris, Effet of dietry thyme on the oxidtive stility of egg yolk. J. Agri. Food Chem., 45: Cherin, G. nd J.S. Sim, Effet of feeding full ft flx nd nol seeds to lyig hens on the ftty id omposition of eggs, emryos, nd newly hthed hiks. Poult. Si., 70: Crowell, P.L., Prevention nd therpy of ner y dietry monoterpene. J. Nutr., 129: 775S-778S. Hrgis, P.S., M.E. Vn Elswyk nd B.M. Hrgis, Geflügelkunde, 65: Vn Elswyk, M.E., Comprison of n-3 ftty id soures in lying hen rtions for improvement of whole egg nutritionl qulity-a review. Br. J. Nutr., 78: Vn Elswyk, M.E., A.R. Sms nd P.S. Hrgis, Composition, funtionlity, nd sensory evlution of eggs from hens dietry menhden oil. J. Food Si., 57: , 349. Ylin, S.Z., S. Khrmn, S.S. Ylin, E.H. Ylin nd E.H. Deleoglu, The effets of iodine supplementtion on the egg qulity nd egg iodine Dietry modifition of yolk lipid with menhden oil. ontent. Proeedings of Europen Poultry Poult. Si., 70: Jing, Z., D.U. Ahn nd J.S. Sim, Effets of feeding flx nd two types of sunflower seeds on ftty id ompositions of yolk lipid lsses. Poult. Si., 70: Kltt, L., The lure of omeg-3 polyunsturted ftty ids. Food Si., Newsletter, 16: 1-4. Kruse, E.L. nd W. Ternes, Biovilility of the ntioxidtive thyme ompounds thymol nd p- ymene-2,3-diol in eggs. Eur. Food Res. Te., 209: Leeson, S.L., L. Cston nd T. Mlurin, Orgnolepti evlution of eggs produed y lying hens fed diets ontining grded levels of flxseed nd vitmin E. Poult. Si., 77: Conferene, Kusdsi, Turkey, pp: Ynnkopoulos, A.L, S. Ynnkkis, A.S. Tserveni-Gousi nd E. Christki, Prtilities of produing n n-3 egg in Greee. Proeedings of Europen Poultry Conferene, Kusdsi, Turkey, pp: Ynnkopoulos, A.L., A.S. Tserveni-Gousi nd S. Ynnkkis, Effet of feeding flxseed to lying hens on the performne nd egg qulity nd ftty id omposition of egg yolk. Arhives fur Geflügelkunde, 63: Ynnkopoulos, A., A. Tserveni-Gousi, N. Botsoglou nd A. Vllis, Bio-omeg 3 eggs: Dietry enrihed eggs with n-3 ftty ids, vitmins nd minerls. Proeedings of XXII Worlds Poultry Congress. Istull, Turkey. 535