Prevalence of Phytophthora Blight of Pigeonpea in the Deccan Plateau of India

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1 Plnt Pthol. J. 22(4) : (2006) Mini-Review The Plnt Pthology Journl The Koren Society of Plnt Pthology Prevlence of Phytophthor Blight of Pigeonpe in the Deccn Plteu of Indi M. Shrm 1, S. Pnde 1 *, M. Pthk 1, J. Nryn Ro 1, P. Anil Kumr 2, D. Mdhusudn Reddy 3, V. I. Bengi 4, D. M. Mhling 5, K. K. Zhote 6, P. N. Krnjkr 6 nd B. S. Eksinghe 7 1 Interntionl Crops Reserch Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics, Ptncheru, Andhr Prdesh, Indi 2 Agriculturl Reserch Sttion, Tndur, Rngreddy, Andhr Prdesh, Indi 3 Office of Assistnt Director Agriculture, Medk division, Andhr Prdesh, Indi 4 Krishi Vigyn Kendr, Gulerg, Krntk, Indi 5 Agriculturl Reserch Sttion, Gulerg, Krntk, Indi 6 College of Agriculture, Ltur, Mhrshtr, Indi 7 Mrthwd Agriculturl University, Prhni, Mhrshtr, Indi (Received on August 30, 2006; Accepted on Octoer 29, 2006) Phytophthor light (PB), cused y Phytophthor drechsleri f. sp. cjni is the third potentilly importnt disese of pigeonpe in the Deccn Plteu (DP) of Indi fter wilt nd sterility mosic. In the riny-seson of 2005, n outrek of PB ws seen throughout DP. To quntify the nd spred of the disese, systemtic survey ws conducted in the mjor pigeonpe growing regions of DP during the crop seson Attempts were mde to determine the effect of cropping systems on the PB development nd identify resistnt cultivrs, if ny, grown y frmers nd on reserch frms. Widespred of PB ws recorded on improved, nd or locl cultivrs grown in different intercropping systems. Mjority of improved cultivrs grown t reserch frms were found susceptile to PB (>10% disese ). Pigeonpe intercropped with groundnut, lck grm nd corinder hd less disese ( 10%). Three wilt nd SM resistnt pigeonpe cultivrs KPL 96053, ICPL 99044, nd ICPL were found resistnt (<10%) to PB s well. However, their resistnce to PB needs confirmtion under optimum disese development environments. Keywords : cropping system, Phytophthor drechsleri, pigeonpe, resistnce Pigeonpe (Cjnus cjn (L.) Millspugh) is mjor grin legume crop of the tropics nd sutropics. Glolly, it is grown in out 4.58 million h with production of 3.27 million tonnes. Asi is the sole contriutor nd Indi lone ccounts for over 77% of re nd 81% production (FAO, 2005). In Indi, pigeonpe is the second most importnt food legume crop fter chickpe. It is multipurpose crop, eing grown not only for grin ut lso for fuel nd fodder *Corresponding uthor. Phone) , FAX) E-mil) mmt.shrm@cgir.org (Nene nd Sheil, 1990). It is grown under wide rnge of cropping systems on the Deccn Plteu (DP) in Indi (Reddy et l., 1998). Pigeonpe is susceptile to mny diseses nd insect pests ut only few of them re of economic importnce (Nene et l., 1996; Vishw Dhr et l., 2004). After wilt (cused y Fusrium udum) nd sterility mosic (Pigeonpe Sterility Mosic Virus), Phytophthor light (PB) cused y Phytophthor drechsleri Tucker f. sp. cjni is the third potentilly importnt disese of pigeonpe in Indi (Knniyn et l., 1984). However, it is the most importnt production constrint in north-estern Indi (Mishr nd Shukl, 1987; Chuhn et l., 2002). Cloudy wether ccompnied y intermittent rins nd moderte tempertures of 25±1 o C during seedling stge fvour PB infection nd development. Chrcteristic symptoms of the disese re wter-soked lesions on the leves nd slightly sunken lesions on stems nd petioles. Lesions girdle the stem nd the folige dries up (Vishw Dhr et l., 2005). During the 2005 riny seson, continuous rins (out 460 mm) were experienced from 15 June to 15 July throughout DP (Fig. 1). Periodicl monitoring of pigeonpe crop t reserch frm of the Interntionl Crops Reserch Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT), Ptncheru, Indi indicted the occurrence of PB. It is in this context, n on-frm survey ws plnned to ssess the of PB in pigeonpe grown reserch frms nd frmers fields in mjor pigeonpe growing sttes in DP of Indi. The ojectives of the survey were to quntify the nd spred of PB in DP; ssess the levels of resistnce nd/or susceptiility to PB in the cultivrs grown in frmers fields nd reserch sttions; nd determine the effect of cropping systems on PB.

2 310 M. Shrm et l. Fig. 1. Men monthly rinfll (mm) in Mterils nd Methods Ares surveyed nd dt collection. Survey ws conducted etween second week of August nd first week of Septemer 2005 in the three mjor pigeonpe growing sttes (Andhr Prdesh, Krntk nd Mhrshtr) in DP, Indi. Stops were mde fter every km en-route depending on the frequency of the crop. A totl 190 frmers fields in three sttes (29 fields in Andhr Prdesh, 60 in Krntk nd 101 in Mhrshtr) in DP, Indi were surveyed for PB (Fig. 2). The crop ws in ctive vegettive growth stge (45-75 dys) during the survey. A Glol positioning system (GPS) sed proform ws developed to collect informtion on disese, soil type, cultivrs grown, cropping systems dopted y the frmers. PB ws recorded oth on improved nd locl cultivrs grown y the frmers. Disese. Three (1 1 m) qudret were rndomly Fig. 2. Surveyed loctions, district hed qurters nd survey route followed during pigeonpe survey in Deccn Plteu, Indi, 2005.

3 Phytophthor Blight of Pigeonpe 311 selected in ech field in ll of the three sttes surveyed nd infected plnts were counted in ech qudret. Bsed on infected nd totl numer of plnts, percentge of PB ws clculted s follows: Numer of PB infected plnts PB (%) = Totl numer of plnts Disese of individul fields ws used for clculting the men of ech district nd the district verge ws used to clculte the men of the stte. These verges indicte reltive prevlence of PB during the yer. Results Disese in DP. Mjority of the frmers grew oth improved nd locl cultivrs. Generlly PB ws more on improved cultivrs ( %) thn on locl or trditionl cultivrs ( %). Among improved cultivrs grown y frmers, ICP 8863 (Mruti) hd the lest PB (11.9%) followed y 20.3 % in BDN-2, 22.6% in BDN-7 nd 26.5% in BDN-1 (Tle 1). Cropping system nd soil type. Pigeonpe crop ws grown y the frmers in different cropping systems in ll the surveyed sttes. It ws cultivted oth on lfisols nd vertisols. In Andhr Prdesh, it ws grown from sole crop to intercrop with lck grm [Vign mungo (L.) Hepper], green grm [Vign rdit (L.) Wilcz.)], soy en [Glycine Tle 1. Incidence of Phytophthor light in commonly grown improved locl cultivrs of pigeonpe in the Deccn Plteu of Indi during 2005 riny seson. Cultivr Averge PB (%) Distriution Improved ICP Andhr Prdesh, Krntk nd Mhrshtr LRG Andhr Prdesh BSMR Mhrshtr nd Krntk BSMR Mhrshtr nd Krntk BDN Mhrshtr BDN Mhrshtr BDN Mhrshtr Locl Pndri Tur 5.0 Mhrshtr Benur Locl 8.9 Krntk Gulyl Locl 9.2 Krntk nd Mhrshtr Blck Tur 9.3 Krntk nd Mhrshtr Locl c 19.6 Andhr Prdesh, Krntk nd Mhrshtr [Resistnt ( 10%), Modertely resistnt ( %), Modertely susceptile ( %), nd Susceptile ( %)] Relesed s Mruti, covering >75% re in the sttes of Andhr Prdesh, Krntk nd Mhrshtr on the survey route. c Trditionl cultivrs of mixed identity selected nd grown y frmers. mx (L.) Merr.], cow pe [Vign unquicult (L.) Wlp.], however, predominnt cropping system ws pigeonpe intercropped with sorghum [Sorghum icolor (L.) Moench.]/ Tle 2. Incidence of Phytophthor light on pigeonpe grown in intercropping systems in the Deccn Plteu of Indi during 2005 riny seson Intercropping system Soil type Distriution PB (%) c Pigeonpe + Groundnut Alfisol Krntk 8.0 Pigeonpe + Blck grm Alfisol nd Vertisol Andhr Prdesh, Krntk nd Mhrshtr 9.4 Pigeonpe + Corinder Vertisol Mhrshtr 10.0 Pigeonpe + Sesmum Alfisol nd Vertisol Krntk 12.8 Pigeonpe + Perl millet Alfisol nd Vertisol Krntk nd Mhrshtr 14.5 Pigeonpe + Green grm Alfisol nd Vertisol Andhr Prdesh, Krntk nd Mhrshtr 15.4 Pigeonpe + Mize Alfisol nd Vertisol Andhr Prdesh 16.1 Pigeonpe + Soyen Alfisol nd Vertisol Andhr Prdesh, Krntk nd Mhrshtr 16.8 Pigeonpe + Cotton Vertisol Mhrshtr 17.2 Pigeonpe + Sorghum Alfisol nd Vertisol Andhr Prdesh, Krntk nd Mhrshtr 20.6 Pigeonpe + Turmeric Vertisol Mhrshtr 21.4 Pigeonpe + Citrus Alfisol nd Vertisol Mhrshtr 22.6 Pigeonpe + Cowpe Alfisol Andhr Prdesh 37.3 Sole crop Alfisol nd Vertisol Andhr Prdesh, Krntk nd Mhrshtr 15.8 Mjor re in the stte either under lfisols or vertisols. Bsed on totl numer of fields sown under prticulr cropping system cross three sttes. c [Resistnt ( 10%), Modertely resistnt ( %), Modertely susceptile ( %), nd Susceptile ( %)]

4 312 M. Shrm et l. mize [Ze mys]. In Krntk, in ddition to the ove mentioned cropping systems it ws lso intercropped with groundnut [Archis hypoge L.], sesmum [Sesmum indicum] nd predominntly with sorghum/perl millet [Pennisetum glcum (L.) R. Br.]. Pigeonpe ws found predominntly intercropped with cotton [Gossypium spp.], corinder [Corinder stivum L.], perl millet, sorghum, turmeric [Curcum long] nd citrus [Citrus spp.] in Mhrshtr. Vrying level of PB ws recorded on pigeonpe grown in different intercropping systems in the surveyed sttes (Tle 2). There ws no cler effect of intercropping nd soil types (either lfisols or vertisols) on PB. In generl reltively more PB ws found in mixed/intercropped pigeonpe thn in sole crop, irrespective of soil types nd cropping systems. Pigeonpe intercropped with groundnut, lck grm nd corinder hd the lest PB ( 10%) followed y sesmum, perl millet, green grm, mize, soyen, cotton where PB ws etween %. PB ws >20.0% when pigeonpe ws intercropped with sorghum, turmeric, citrus nd cowpe (Tle 2). Reserch frm. A totl of 15 fields were surveyed for PB t reserch frm of the ICRISAT, Ptncheru, of which seven were lfisols nd eight vertisols. In these fields pigeonpe ws grown s sole crop. Men disese ws upto 33.9% mong the pigeonpe genotypes grown in lfisols nd upto 26.7% in the genotypes grown in vertisols. Tle 3. Incidence of Phytophthor light in improved cultivrs of pigeonpe, ICRISAT, Ptncheru during 2005 riny seson Cultivr PB (%) Wilt (%) SM (%) KPL ICPL ICPL ICP 8863 (Mruti) ICPL (Ash) ICPL KPL ICPL UPAS ICP 7035 (Kmic) ICPL ICPL (Lkshmi) ICPL 332 (Ahy) [Resistnt ( 10%), Modertely resistnt ( %), Modertely susceptile ( %), nd Susceptile ( %)] ICPL 8863 relesed s wilt resistnt cultivr in Deccn Plteu. Of the totl 15 fields surveyed for PB t ICRISAT, one of the vertisols field hd wilt nd sterility mosic resistnt screening ctivity. The PB on the 13 improved cultivrs grown in this field rnged etween %. However, three cultivrs, KPL 96053, ICPL nd ICPL showed multiple resistnce ( 10% disese ) to PB, wilt nd sterility mosic. Additionlly, three lines ICPL 87119, ICPL 96053, nd KPL 44 were found modertely resistnt ( %) to PB ut resistnt to wilt nd SM (<10%). One line ICP 7035 ws found resistnt to wilt nd SM ut susceptile to PB. Rest of the lines ws found susceptile to PB (Tle 3). Discussion Widespred of PB in pigeonpe ws oserved in mjor prts of DP nd it is mtter of concern. The disese vried etween % on vrious cultivrs grown y the frmers. The unpredictle hevy rins during erly July nd August in DP proly predisposed the pigeonpe crop to fvourle conditions for PB development. High of PB could e due to low levels of field topogrphy nd poor soil surfce dringe tht resulted in wter stgntion nd fvoured the multipliction nd spred of inoculum of P. drechsleri. However, it is still not cler how nd where the PB pthogen survives nd cuses epidemics in pigeonpe grown on DP. During this survey, the lest PB ws found where pigeonpe ws intercropped with lck grm, groundnut nd corinder. It is ssumed tht these intercrops provide good ground cover nd prevent splshing of inoculum from soil to the folige of pigeonpe. Vishw Dhr et l. (2005) lso reported tht intercropping of pigeonpe with crops such s soyen, cowpe, groundnut, mungen or urden could help in minimizing the disese. MV Reddy nd TN Rju ( unpulished dt ICRISAT, Indi) lso oserved tht PB ws sustntilly reduced when short durtion pigeonpe ws intercropped with short leguminous crops such s lck grm nd groundnut. On the other hnd, PB ws more when pigeonpe ws intercropped with citrus, turmeric nd sorghum indicting the effect of thick crop cnopy tht results in fvourle microclimte for P. drechsleri infection, coloniztion nd spred. Three improved cultivrs, KPL 96053, ICPL nd ICPL showed multiple resistnce to PB, wilt nd sterility mosic t ICRISAT. However, these improved multiple disese resistnt cultivrs require more testing cross sesons nd loctions to confirm their resistnce to PB, wilt nd SM. Reddy et l. (1989) reported multiple disese resistnt lines ginst wilt, SM nd PB vis-à-vis need to develop cultivrs with comined resistnce ginst

5 Phytophthor Blight of Pigeonpe 313 these diseses. Recently, Mishr et l. (2003) lso reported lte mturing multiple disese resistnt lines of pigeonpe ginst wilt, SM nd PB. A detiled nlysis of the fctors responsile for widespred of PB needs further investigtions. References Chuhn, V. B., Singh, V. B. nd Singh, A. K Sttus of Phytophthor light of pigeonpe in estern Uttr Prdesh. Ann. Pl. Protec. Sci. 10: FAOSTAT =ext&hsulk=suset=griculture Knniyn, J., Nene, Y. L., Reddy, M. V., Ryn, J. G. nd Rju, T. N Prevlence of pigeonpe diseses nd ssocited crop losses in Asi, Afric nd Americs. Trop. Pest Mngement 30: Mishr, A. N., Prsd, S. N. nd Mishr, D. K Multiple disese resistnt screening of lte mturing pigeonpe. Ann. Plnt Prot. Sci. 11: Mishr, A. N. nd Shukl, P Prevlence of Phytophthor light of pigeonpe in Uttr Prdesh. Indin Phytopth. 40: Nene, Y. L. nd Sheil, V. K Pigeonpe: geogrphy nd importnce. In: The Pigeonpe, ed. y Y.L Nene, S.D. Hll, nd V.K Sheil, pp CAB Interntionl, Wllingford, UK. Nene, Y. L., Sheil, V. K. nd Shrm, S. B A World List of Chickpe nd Pigeonpe Pthogens. 5th ed. ICRISAT, Ptncheru, Indi. 27pp. Reddy, M. V., Nene, Y. L., Rju, T. N., Sheil, V. K., Knniyn, J. nd Beniwl, S. P. S Evlution of pigeonpe lines for resistnce to wilt, sterility mosic nd Phytophthor light. Int. Pigeonpe News. 10: Reddy, M. V., Rju, T. N. nd Lenne, J. M Diseses of pigeonpe. In: The Pthology of Food nd Psture Legumes, ed. y D.J. Allen nd J.M. Lenne, pp CAB Interntionl, Wllingford, UK. Vishw Dhr, Reddy, M. V. nd Chudhry, R. G Mjor diseses of pigeonpe nd their mngement. In: Advnces in Pigeonpe Reserch, ed. y Ali Msood, nd Shiv Kumr, pp IIPR, Knpur, Indi Vishw Dhr, Singh, R. A. nd Gurh, S. N Integrted disese mngement in pulse crops. In: Pulses in New Perspective, ed. y Ali Msood, B.B. Singh, Shiv Kumr nd Vishw Dhr, pp Indin Society of Pulses Reserch nd Development, IIPR, Knpur, Indi.