Band-tailed Pigeon Population Status, 2010
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1 University of Nebrsk - Lincoln DigitlCommons@University of Nebrsk - Lincoln US Fish & Wildlife Publictions US Fish & Wildlife Service 2010 Bnd-tiled Pigeon Popultion Sttus, 2010 Todd A. Snders U.S. Fish nd Wildlife Service, Todd_Snders@fws.gov Follow this nd dditionl works t: Snders, Todd A., "Bnd-tiled Pigeon Popultion Sttus, 2010" (2010). US Fish & Wildlife Publictions This Article is brought to you for free nd open ccess by the US Fish & Wildlife Service t DigitlCommons@University of Nebrsk - Lincoln. It hs been ccepted for inclusion in US Fish & Wildlife Publictions by n uthorized dministrtor of DigitlCommons@University of Nebrsk - Lincoln.
2 U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service Bnd-tiled Pigeon Popultion Sttus, 2010
3 Bnd-tiled Pigeon Popultion Sttus, 2010 U.S. Fish nd Wildlife Service Division of Migrtory Bird Mngement Popultion nd Hbitt Assessment Brnch Americn Holly Drive Lurel, MD June 2010 Cover photogrph: Bnd-tiled pigeon by George Andrejko Suggested cittion: Snders, T. A Bnd-tiled pigeon popultion sttus, U.S. Deprtment of the Interior, Fish nd Wildlife Service, Division of Migrtory Bird Mngement, Wshington, D.C. All Division of Migrtory Bird Mngement reports re vilble on our web site t:
4 BAND-TAILED PIGEON POPULATION STATUS, 2010 TODD A. SANDERS, U.S. Fish nd Wildlife Service, Division of Migrtory Bird Mngement, 911 NE 11th Avenue, Portlnd, OR Abstrct: This report summrizes informtion on the bundnce nd hrvest of bnd-tiled pigeons (Ptgioens fscit) in the western United Sttes nd British Columbi through The ll-bird Breeding Bird Survey (BBS) provides nd nnul index to bundnce of Interior nd Pcific Cost bnd-tiled pigeons since 1966, while the MSS, implemented in 2004, ws designed specificlly to index bundnce of Pcific Cost bnd-tiled pigeons. Hrvest nd hunter prticiption re estimted from the Migrtory Bird Hrvest Informtion Progrm. The BBS provided strong evidence tht the bundnce of Interior bnd-tiled pigeons decresed (4.0% per yer, 95% credible intervl = -8.3 to - 0.8) over the long term ( ). Also, bundnce ppered to decrese during the recent 10 nd 5 yers, but credible intervls included zero. Current (2009) estimtes of totl hrvest, ctive hunters, nd totl hunter dys field were 5,000 ± 1,250 (estimte ± SE) birds, 4,400 hunters, nd 13,200 ± 2,829 dys field. Hrvest comprised 8.3% htching yer birds during the 2009 seson. For Pcific Cost bnd-tiled pigeons, the BBS provided strong evidence tht bundnce decresed (-2.6% per yer, CI = -5.4 to -1.1) over the long term ( ). Abundnce ppered to decrese during the recent 10 nd 5 yers, but credible intervls included zero. The MSS, however, provided some evidence tht bundnce decresed (7.0% per yer, CI = to 0.0) over the recent 5 yers. Current (2009) estimtes of totl hrvest, ctive hunters, nd totl hunter dys field were 22,600 ± 3,113 birds, 9,700 hunters, nd 24,400 ± 3,112 dys field. Composition of hrvest ws 21.3% htching yer birds during the 2009 seson. Current estimtes of the ge-relted vulnerbility to hrvest for these popultions re unvilble. Bnd-tiled pigeons re mnged coopertively by Stte wildlife gencies, British Columbi, the U.S. Fish nd Wildlife Service, nd Cndin Wildlife Service. Their mngement is detiled in popultion-specific (Interior nd Pcific Cost) mngement plns (Pcific Flywy Study Committee nd Centrl Flywy Webless Migrtory Gme Bird Technicl Committee 2001, Pcific Flywy Study Committee 1994). Mintennce of bnd-tiled pigeon popultions in helthy, productive stte is primry mngement gol. Mngement ctivities include popultion nd hrvest ssessment, hrvest regultion, nd hbitt mngement. Ech yer, counts of bnd-tiled pigeons herd nd seen re conducted by stte, provincil, federl, nd other biologists in the western United Sttes nd British Columbi to monitor popultion sttus. The resulting informtion is used by wildlife dministrtors to set nnul hunting regultions. The primry purpose of this report is to fcilitte the prompt distribution of timely informtion. Results re preliminry nd my chnge with the inclusion of dditionl dt. DISTRIBUTION AND ABUNDANCE Bnd-tiled pigeons re divided into six subspecies, only two of which occur north of Mexico, nd ech occupies disjunct geogrphic distribution in western North Americ: Pcific Cost nd U.S. Interior (Fig. 1). The costl subspecies (P. f. monilis) breeds from extreme southestern Alsk nd western British Columbi south into Wshington, Oregon, Cliforni, nd extreme western Nevd, primrily west of the Cscde nd Sierr Nevd rnges, into Bj Cliforni; nd winters from centrl Cliforni into northern Bj Cliforni. Some in Mexico nd southern Cliforni nd the few wintering north of southern Cliforni my represent non-migrtory popultion segments. The interior subspecies (P. f. fscit) breeds from northern Colordo nd estcentrl Uth south through Arizon, New Mexico, extreme western Texs into the Sierr Mdre Occidentl of Mexico; nd winters from northern Mexico south to t lest Michocn. Some interchnge occurs between rces (Schroeder nd Brun 1993). Little is known bout the demogrphics of bnd-tiled pigeon popultions becuse their hbits nd hbitt mke it imprcticl to locte nd observe or trp n dequte
5 Bnd-tiled pigeons re highly mobile; individuls potentilly trvel long distnces (up to bout 32 miles) dily to feed nd drink. Their diet includes buds, flowers, nd fruits of deciduous trees nd shrubs, especilly ok, mdrone, elder, dogwood, cherry, cscr, nd huckleberry, but vries sesonlly nd with loction. Erly migrnts re redily ttrcted to grin fields nd fruit orchrds dispersed below the forested hills where they nest, prticulrly before the onset of nturl foods, which re preferred. Adults, especilly in summer nd prticulrly the Pcific Cost region, visit nturl springs nd wter bodies high in minerl slts frequently where they drink nd peck t the soil between long bouts of roosting in nerby trees. Comprehensive mteril on the life history of the bndtiled pigeon my be found in Keppie nd Brun (2000), Brun (1994), Jrvis nd Pssmore (1992), nd Neff (1947). MONITORING METHODS Figure 1. Distribution of Pcific Cost (P. f. monilis) nd Interior (P. f. fscit) bnd-tiled pigeons in North Americ (fter Brun et l. 1975). smple of birds. However, in the erly 1970s the totl popultion size ws pproximted t million birds in the Pcific Cost region nd <250,000 birds in the Interior region (estimted from hrvest reports nd bnd recovery rtes, Brun 1994), which demonstrtes the likely sizes nd disprity between the two popultions. ECOLOGY Bnd-tiled pigeons primrily inhbit coniferous forests. Although they nest occsionlly in hrdwoods nd shrubs, they prefer conifers within closed-cnopy conifer or mixed hrdwood nd conifer forest stnds. Nests re loosely constructed twig pltforms. Plcement is highly vrible rnging from 6 to 120 feet bove ground, but is generlly ner the bole nd in dense folige. Adults re presumbly monogmous, nd most clutches hve one egg. Some nesting pirs, however, my complete up to three nesting cycles yer in mild climtes providing long nesting sesons. Both prents incubte the egg nd brood the squb. Nestlings re fed curd-like crop milk formed from the inside lining of the crop of both dults. The Breeding Bird Survey The North Americn Breeding Bird Survey (BBS) is n ll-bird survey tht provides n nnul index of bundnce for both Interior nd Pcific Cost popultions of bnd-tiled pigeons (Suer et l. 2007). The BBS strted primrily in the estern U.S. in 1966, centrl U.S. in 1967, nd fr west in The survey is bsed on thousnds of routes distributed long secondry rods cross the United Sttes nd Cnd. Ech route is 24.5 miles in length nd consists of 50 stops or count loctions t 0.5 mile intervls. At ech stop, 3-minute count is conducted whereby every bird seen within 0.25 rdius or herd is recorded. Surveys strt one-hlf hour before locl sunrise nd tke bout 5 hours to complete. Dt for birds herd nd seen t stops re combined for BBS nlyses. Minerl Site Survey The Minerl Site Survey (MSS) ws developed to provide n nnul index to bundnce of Pcific Cost bnd-tiled pigeons. This survey is bsed on work by U.S. Geologicl Survey scientists who exmined the effectiveness of existing survey methods in detecting long- nd short-term popultion chnges (but they did not determine which survey most ccurtely indexed popultion bundnce) (Cszz et l 2005). Additionl 2
6 reserch illustrted impcts of rinfll on minerl site surveys (Overton et l. 2005). Pst monitoring efforts for the Pcific Cost popultion relied on the BBS, which includes ll birds, nd other bnd-tiled pigeon specific surveys in Oregon (visul counts t minerl sites in August) nd Wshington (udio counts long trnsects in June). There ws no specific monitoring progrm in Cliforni or British Columbi. Their results suggested tht counts of pigeons seen ner minerl sites dopted from the Oregon protocol hd the gretest power to detect short-term (3- to 5-yer) trends in the dt (Cszz et l. 2005). Additionl work is needed, however, to determine the relibility of counts t minerl sites to index bundnce of bnd-tiled pigeons. The MSS ws developed nd initited on n experimentl bsis in 2001 (Cszz et l. 2003), nd becme opertionl in The survey is coordinted effort mong stte nd provincil wildlife gencies in Cliforni, Oregon, Wshington, nd British Columbi, nd the U.S. Fish nd Wildlife Service nd Cndin Wildlife Service. The MSS involves visul count of bnd-tiled pigeons t select minerl sites throughout the popultion s rnge (n = 45; 10 in Cliforni, 19 in Oregon, 12 in Wshington, nd 4 in British Columbi) during July from one-hlf hour before sunrise to noon. These counts provide n index of bundnce. Unfortuntely, similr survey for Interior bnd-tiled pigeons is not possible becuse the birds in this re do not use minerl sites (Snders nd Jrvis 2000). Hrvest Informtion Progrm Wildlife professionls hve long recognized tht relible hrvest surveys re needed to estimte the mgnitude of hrvests nd monitor the impct of hunting. In pst yers, compiltion of non-uniform, periodic stte hrvest surveys hve been used to obtin rough estimtes of the number of bnd-tiled pigeon hunters nd birds killed. Thus, the dt were of limited use t popultion rnge level. Those dt re no longer collected by sttes (with the possible exception of New Mexico). Beginning in 1952, the U.S. Fish nd Wildlife Service conducted n nnul ntionl hrvest survey (Mil Questionnire Survey), but it ws bsed on smpling frme tht included wterfowl hunters nd so hrvest of non-wterfowl species could not be estimted relibly. To remedy this problem nd chllenges ssocited with combining stte surveys, the U.S. Fish nd Wildlife Service nd stte wildlife gencies initited the ntionl, Migrtory Bird Hrvest Informtion Progrm (HIP) in This Progrm ws designed to enble the U.S. Fish nd Wildlife Service to conduct ntionwide surveys tht provide relible nnul estimtes of the hrvest of migrtory gme birds including bnd-tiled pigeons. Under HIP, sttes provide the U.S. Fish nd Wildlife Service with the nmes nd ddresses of ll licensed migrtory bird hunters ech yer, nd then surveys re conducted to estimte hrvest nd hunter prticiption (totl hrvest, number of ctive hunters, dys hunted, nd sesonl hrvest per hunter) in ech stte. All sttes except Hwii hve prticipted in HIP since Useble estimtes of bnd-tiled pigeon hrvest nd hunter prticiption becme vilble in Prts Collection Survey The Prts Collection Survey (PCS) is secondry component of the ntionl hrvest survey, which begn in The PCS is the primry mens by which the composition (species, ge, nd sex) of the nnul hrvest is ssessed. The survey selects rndom smple of hunters registered with the progrm. These persons re sent envelopes in which to return one wing from ech bird hrvested. All wings received nnully re exmined t wing bees, one in ech of the four flywys, in which the wings re ctegorized by species, ge, nd sex. Bnd-tiled pigeons were included in the PCS beginning in Estimtion of Trends in Abundnce For the first time in this nnul report, BBS nd MSS trends were estimted using log-liner hierrchicl model nd Byesin nlyticl frmework (Suer et l. 2008, Suer et l. 2010) insted of the previously used route regression pproch (Link nd Suer 1994). Both methods provide trend nd nnul index vlues tht re generlly comprble. The hierrchicl model, however, hs more rigorous nd relistic theoreticl bsis thn the weightings used in the route regression pproch, nd the indices nd trends re directly comprble s trends re clculted directly from the indices unlike the former nlysis. With the hierrchicl model, the log of the expected vlue of the counts is modeled s liner combintion of strt-specific intercepts nd trends, rndom effect for ech unique combintion of route nd observer, yer 3
7 effect, strt-up effect on the route for first yer counts of new observers, nd over-dispersion. Most of the prmeters of interest re treted s rndom effects nd some prmeters re hierrchicl in tht they re ssumed to follow distributions tht re governed by dditionl prmeters. The model is fit using Byesin methods. Mrkov-chin Monte Crlo methods re used to itertively produce sequences of prmeter estimtes which cn be used to describe the distribution of the prmeters of interest. Once the sequences converge, medins nd credible intervls (CI, Byesin confidence intervls) for the prmeters re estimted from the subsequent replictes. Annul indices of bundnce re defined s exponentited yer nd trend effects, nd trends re defined s rtios of the yer effects t the strt nd end of the intervl of interest, tken to the pproprite power to estimte yerly chnge (Suer et l. 2008). Trend estimtes re expressed s the verge percent chnge per yer over given time period, while indices re expressed s the number of pigeons seen nd herd per route (BBS) or seen per site (MSS). Annul indices of bundnce were clculted for ech stte, province, nd region (groups of sttes nd provinces). Short- (recent 5-yer period), intermedite- (recent 10-yer period) nd long-term (ll yers with dt) trends were evluted for ech stte or province nd region. We present the medin nd 95th percentile credible intervls for estimtes. The extent to which trend credible intervls exclude zero cn be interpreted s the strength of evidence for n incresing or decresing trend. Thus, there is evidence of positive trend if the CI > 0 nd there is evidence of negtive trend if the CI < 0. If the CI contins 0, then there is inconclusive evidence bout trend in bundnce. The reported smple sizes re the number of routes or sites on which trend estimtes re bsed, which includes ny route or site on which bnd-tiled pigeons were ever encountered. For the MSS, we used only dt strting in 2004 when the survey becme opertionl. Also we limited sites to those nturlly occurring with known source of minerl tht would likely be ccessible for counting in the future. MONITORING RESULTS The Breeding Bird Survey Results of the BBS re presented in Tbles 1 3. The trend in the medin nnul count of Interior bnd-tiled pigeons seen nd herd per route since 1966 ws -4.0% per yer (CI = -8.3 to -0.8). Trends for Interior pigeons during the recent 10- nd 5-yer periods lso suggest medin nnul counts per route hve declined, but credible intervls include zero. Similrly for Pcific Cost bnd-tiled pigeons, the trend in the medin nnul count since 1966 ws -2.6% per yer (CI = -5.4 to -1.1). Trends for Pcific Cost pigeons during the recent 10- nd 5-yer periods lso suggest medin nnul counts per route hve declined, but credible intervls include zero. Cution should be used in interpreting results, prticulrly for the Interior region, becuse smple sizes (routes) nd pigeon counts per route re low, vrinces re high, nd coverge of hbitt by BBS routes is poor. Minerl Site Survey Results from the MSS suggest tht the trend in the medin nnul count of Pcific Cost bnd-tiled pigeons seen t minerl sites ws -5.6% per yer (CI = to 4.4) since the survey becme opertionlly in 2004 nd 7.0% per yer (CI = to 0.0) over the pst 5 yers, but both credible intervls included zero (Tbles 4 nd 5). However, the credible intervls for the recent 5-yer trend nerly exclude zero, nd provide some evidence of declining trend. Annul indices of Pcific Cost bnd-tiled pigeon bundnce from the MSS re provided in Tble 6. The MSS nd BBS show similr results for Pcific Cost pigeons over the recent 5 yers (where dt re comprble) in tht the estimted trend in nnul pigeon counts is negtive nd credible intervls include zero. However, there is considerble discrepncy in the pprent mgnitude of the trend point estimte between these two surveys, but credible intervls overlp. Hrvest Informtion Progrm Results of the HIP re presented in Tbles 7 9 for Interior bnd-tiled pigeons nd Tbles for Pcific Cost bnd-tiled pigeons. According to preliminry estimtes from 2009, totl hrvest, ctive hunters, nd totl hunter dys field for Interior bnd-tiled pigeons were 5,000 ± 1,250 (estimte ± SE) birds, 4,400 hunters, nd 13,200 ± 2,829 dys field, respectively. Totl hrvest, ctive hunters, nd totl hunter dys field for Pcific Cost bnd-tiled pigeons were 22,600 ± 3,113 birds, 9,700 hunters, nd 24,400 ± 3,112 dys field, 4
8 respectively. The seson ws closed in Wshington from 1991 through Prts Collection Survey Results of the PCS re presented in Tbles 13 nd 14. Composition of the Interior bnd-tiled pigeon hrvest during 2009 ws 8.3% htching yer birds, however, smple size ws only 12 birds. Composition of Pcific Cost bnd-tiled pigeon hrvest during 2009 ws 21.3% htching yer birds bsed on totl smple of 333 birds. The seson ws closed in Wshington from 1991 through Cution should be used in interpreting stte-specific estimtes with smll smple sizes. Also, numbers re n index to recruitment nd not djusted for differentil vulnerbility to hrvest between ge clsses. Consequently, the nnul composition of the hrvest my not be representtive of the popultion. There is not dequte dt to evlute current differentil vulnerbility rtes between young nd dult birds (young:dult). There is, however, some dt for mle nd femles combined during for the Interior popultion nd during for the Pcific Cost popultion. Estimtes of young per dult bird in the hrvest re vrible mong yers nd rnge from 0.20 ± 0.20 to 5.62 ± 5.92 with men of 1.90 ± 0.60 for the Interior popultion nd 0.55 ± 0.24 to 1.54 ± 0.81 with men of 1.05 ± 0.10 for the Pcific Cost popultion (T. A. Snders, U.S. Fish nd Wildlife Service, unpublished dt). These results suggest tht, on verge, young re nerly twice s likely to be hrvested compred to dults in the Interior popultion, wheres young nd dult birds hve nerly equl probbility of hrvest in the Pcific Cost popultion. The difference in ge-relted vulnerbility between the popultions my be relted to the use of minerl sites by the Pcific Cost popultion nd ssocited exposure to hrvest. It is unknown whether these men ge-relted vulnerbility estimtes pply to more recent yers. If they do, then the proportion of young in the Interior popultion my be bout hlf of tht estimted from PCS, wheres the proportion of young in the Pcific Cost popultion my be s estimted from PCS. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Personnel of stte wildlife gencies nd the U.S. Fish nd Wildlife Service (USFWS) cooperted in collecting the dt presented in this report. Specil thnks to J. Grci (CA), B. Reishus (OR), D. Krege (WA), nd A. Breult (BC) for their role in coordintion of the MSS nd providing dt. J. R. Suer (USGS) nlyzed BBS dt, cooperted in development of the nlyticl frmework for MSS dt, nd provided sttisticl support. K. Richkus nd Khristi Wilkins (USFWS) provided the HIP nd PCS dt. M. Koneff, R. Ru, K. Prker, P. Grrettson, F. River-Miln (USFWS), nd D. Dolton (USFWS, retired) reviewed drft of this report. LITERATURE CITED Brun, C. E Bnd-tiled Pigeon. Pges in T. C. Tch nd C. E. Brun, editors. Migrtory shore nd uplnd gme bird mngement in North Americ. Interntionl Assocition of Fish nd Wildlife Agencies, Wshington, D.C. Brun, C. E., D. E. Brown, J. C. Pederson, nd T. P. Zptk Results of the Four Corners coopertive bnd-tiled pigeon investigtion. U.S. Fish nd Wildlife Service, Resource Publiction 126. Cszz, M. L., C. T. Overton, J. L. Yee, D. L. Orthmeyer, M. R. Miller, nd R. A. Schmitz Development of relible popultion index for Pcific Cost bnd-tiled pigeons: finl report. U.S. Geologicl Survey, Western Ecologicl Reserch Center, Dixon Field Sttion, Dixon, CA. Unpublished report. Cszz, M. L., J. L. Yee, M. R. Miller, D. L. Orthmeyer, D. R. Yprrguirre, R. L. Jrvis, nd C. T. Overton Evlution of current popultion indices for bnd-tiled pigeons. Wildlife Society Bulletin 33(2): Jrvis, R. L., nd M. F. Pssmore Ecology of bnd-tiled pigeons in Oregon. U.S. Fish nd Wildlife Service, Biologicl Report 6. Keppie, D. M., nd C. E. Brun Bnd-tiled pigeon (Columbi fscit). In A. Poole nd F. Gill, editors. The Birds of North Americ, No The Birds of North Americ, Inc., Philidelphi, PA. Link, W. A., nd J. R. Suer Estimting equtions estimtes of trends. Bird Popultions 2: Neff, J. A Hbits, food, nd economic sttus of the bnd-tiled pigeon. U.S. Fish nd Wildlife Service, North Americn Fun Number 58. Overton, C. T., R. A. Schmitz, nd M. L. Cszz Post-precipittion bis in bnd-tiled pigeon 5
9 surveys conducted t minerl sites. Wildlife Society Bulletin 33(3): Pcific Flywy Study Committee nd Centrl Flywy Webless Migrtory Gme Bird Technicl Committee Pcific nd Centrl Flywys mngement pln for the Four Corners popultion of bnd-tiled pigeons. Pcific Flywy Council, c/o U.S. Fish nd Wildlife Service, Portlnd, Oregon. Pcific Flywy Study Committee Pcific Flywy mngement pln for the Pcific cost popultion of bnd-tiled pigeons. Pcific Flywy Council, c/o U.S. Fish nd Wildlife Service, Portlnd, Oregon. Snders, T. A., nd R. L. Jrvis Do bnd-tiled pigeons seek clcium supplement t minerl sites? Condor 102: Suer, J. R., J. E. Hines, nd J. Fllon The North Americn Breeding Bird Survey, results nd nlysis Version USGS Ptuxent Wildlife Reserch Center, Lurel, MD. Suer, J. R., W. A. Link, W. L. Kendll, nd D. D. Dolton Comprtive Anlysis of mourning dove popultion chnge in North Americ. Journl of Wildlife Mngement 74, in press. Suer, J. R., W. A. Link, W. L. Kendll, J.R. Kelley, nd D. K. Niven A hierrchil model for estimting chnge in Americn woodcock popultions. Journl of Wildlife Mngement, 72: Schroeder, M. A., nd C. E. Brun Movement nd philoptry of bnd-tiled pigeons cptured in Colordo. Journl of Wildlife Mngement 57:
10 Tble 1. Estimted trend (percent chnge per yer nd lower nd upper 95% credible intervls) in bnd-tiled pigeon bundnce bsed on Breeding Bird Survey dt for regions nd sttes during 44-yer ( ) period. Region Credible intervl Stte Trend Lower Upper N Interior Arizon Colordo New Mexico Uth Pcific Cost British Columbi Cliforni Oregon Wshington Annul indices re estimted from exponentited yer effects derived from log-liner hierrchicl model fit using Byesin methods. Tble 2. Estimted trend (percent chnge per yer nd lower nd upper 95% credible intervls) in bnd-tiled pigeon bundnce bsed on Breeding Bird Survey dt for regions nd sttes during 10-yer ( ) period. Region Credible intervl Stte Trend Lower Upper N Interior Arizon Colordo New Mexico Uth Pcific Cost British Columbi Cliforni Oregon Wshington Annul indices re estimted from exponentited yer effects derived from log-liner hierrchicl model fit using Byesin methods. Tble 3. Estimted trend (percent chnge per yer nd lower nd upper 95% credible intervls) in bnd-tiled pigeon bundnce bsed on Breeding Bird Survey dt for regions nd sttes during 5-yer ( ) period. Region Credible intervl Stte Trend Lower Upper N Interior Arizon Colordo New Mexico Uth Pcific Cost British Columbi Cliforni Oregon Wshington Annul indices re estimted from exponentited yer effects derived from log-liner hierrchicl model fit using Byesin methods. 7
11 Tble 4. Estimted trend (percent chnge per yer nd lower nd upper 95% credible intervls) in bnd-tiled pigeon bundnce bsed on Minerl Site Survey dt for regions nd sttes during 6-yer ( ) period. Region Credible intervl Stte Trend Lower Upper N Pcific Cost British Columbi Cliforni Oregon Wshington Annul indices re estimted from exponentited yer effects derived from log-liner hierrchicl model fit using Byesin methods. Tble 5. Estimted trend (percent chnge per yer nd lower nd upper 95% credible intervls) in bnd-tiled pigeon bundnce bsed on Minerl Site Survey dt for regions nd sttes during 5-yer ( ) period. Region Credible intervl Stte Trend Lower Upper N Pcific Cost British Columbi Cliforni Oregon Wshington Annul indices re estimted from exponentited yer effects derived from log-liner hierrchicl model fit using Byesin methods. 8
12 Tble 6. Estimted nnul bundnce indices of bnd-tiled pigeons bsed on Minerl Site Survey dt for the Pcific Cost region nd sttes, Region Credible intervl Stte Yer Index Lower Upper Pcific Cost British Columbi Cliforni Oregon Wshington Annul indices re estimted from exponentited yer effects derived from log-liner hierrchicl model fit using Byesin methods. 9
13 Tble 7. Totl hrvest estimtes nd 95% confidence intervls (CI, expressed s the intervl hlf width in percent) for Interior bnd-tiled pigeons bsed on Hrvest Informtion Progrm dt, Arizon Colordo New Mexico Uth Totl Yer Estimte CI Estimte CI Estimte CI Estimte CI Estimte CI , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , No estimte vilble. Tble 8. Active hunter estimtes nd 95% confidence intervls (CI, expressed s the intervl hlf width in percent) for Interior bnd-tiled pigeons bsed on Hrvest Informtion Progrm dt, Arizon Colordo New Mexico Uth Totl Yer Estimte CI Estimte CI Estimte CI Estimte CI Estimte CI < b < , , , , , , , , , , , , ,400 Estimtes in totl my be bised high becuse the HIP smple frmes re stte-specific; therefore, hunters re counted multiple times if they hunt in more thn one stte. b No estimte vilble. Tble 9. Totl hunter dys field estimtes nd 95% confidence intervls (CI, expressed s the intervl hlf width in percent) for Interior bnd-tiled pigeons bsed on Hrvest Informtion Progrm dt, Arizon Colordo New Mexico Uth Totl Yer Estimte CI Estimte CI Estimte CI Estimte CI Estimte CI , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , ,
14 Tble 10. Totl hrvest estimtes nd 95% confidence intervls (CI, expressed s the intervl hlf width in percent) for Pcific Cost bnd-tiled pigeons bsed on Hrvest Informtion Progrm dt, Cliforni Oregon Wshington Totl Yer Estimte CI Estimte CI Estimte CI Estimte CI , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , No estimte vilble (the seson in Wshington ws closed from 1991 through 2001). Tble 11. Active hunter estimtes nd 95% confidence intervls (CI, expressed s the intervl hlf width in percent) for Pcific Cost bnd-tiled pigeons bsed on Hrvest Informtion Progrm dt, Cliforni Oregon Wshington Totl Yer Estimte CI Estimte CI Estimte CI Estimte CI , , b 5, , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , ,700 Estimtes in totl my be bised high becuse the HIP smple frmes re stte-specific; therefore, hunters re counted multiple times if they hunt in more thn one stte. b No estimte vilble (the seson in Wshington ws closed from 1991 through 2001). Tble 12. Totl hunter dys field estimtes nd 95% confidence intervls (CI, expressed s the intervl hlf width in percent) for Pcific Cost bnd-tiled pigeons bsed on Hrvest Informtion Progrm dt, Cliforni Oregon Wshington Totl Yer Estimte CI Estimte CI Estimte CI Estimte CI , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , No estimte vilble (the seson in Wshington ws closed from 1991 through 2001). 11
15 Tble 13. Estimted ge structure of Interior bnd-tiled pigeon hrvest during September bsed on Prts Collection Survey dt, 1994 to Vlues re percentge of htch yer birds (%), number of htch yer birds (n), nd number of both htch yer nd fter htch yer birds exmined (N). Arizon Colordo New Mexico Uth Totl Yer % n N % n N % n N % n N % n N No estimte vilble. Tble 14. Estimted ge structure of Pcific Cost bnd-tiled pigeon hrvest during September December bsed on Prts Collection Survey dt, 1994 to Vlues re percentge of htch yer birds (%), number of htch yer birds (n), nd number of both htch yer nd fter htch yer birds exmined (N). Cliforni Oregon Wshington Totl Yer % n N % n N % n N % n N No estimte vilble (the seson in Wshington ws closed from 1991 through 2001). 12
16 U.S. Fish nd Wildlife Service Division of Migrtory Bird Mngement P.O. Box Denver, CO June 2010 For Stte Trnsfer Rely Service: TTY/Voice: 711
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