Microsatellite Genetic Differentiation Analysis of Two Local Chicken Breeds Compared with Foreign Hy-Line Strain

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1 Interntionl Journl of Poultry Siene 7 (11): , 2008 ISSN Asin Network for Sientifi Informtion, 2008 Mirostellite Geneti Differentition Anlysis of Two Lol hiken Breeds ompred with Foreign Hy-Line Strin Kh. Roushdy, A. Zein El-Dein, M.M. Fthi, U.M. Ali nd He M. Assy 1 Institute of Animl Prodution Reserh, Agriulture Reserh enter, Giz, Egypt Deprtment of Poultry Prodution, Fulty of Agriulture, Ain Shms University, iro, Egypt 2 Astrt: The present study ws onduted on two Egyptin ntive reeds (Dndrwi nd Fyoumi) nd ommeril lying hens (rown Hy-line) to estimte geneti differentition using mirostellites nd their ssoition with egg prodution trits. Five mirostellite mrkers, four loted on Z hromosome nd one loted on hromosome 1 were used in this study. The present results indited tht the Hy-line strin hd signifintly etter egg prodution prmeters nd feed onversion rtio ompred to two ntive reeds. Inversely, the two ntive reeds hd etter eggshell qulity mesurements ompred to Hy-line hens. The five mirostellite geneti mrkers pplied in the present study suess to revel high degree of polymorphism mong the three reeds used here. Also, ler disriminting power ws hieved in differentition mong studied hiken popultions. The geneti distne reveled tht Fyoumi reed is mostly relted to Hy-line strin more thn Dndrwi reed. Key words: Dndrwi, Fyoumi, rown Hy-line, mirostellites, egg prodution INTRODUTION The use of DNA mrker tehnology in poultry s strins identifition hs progressed rpidly during the lst dede. Moleulr mrkers pper prtiulrly useful for: 1) mesuring lol gene flow nd migrtion, 2) ssigning individuls to their most likely popultion of origin, 3) mesuring effetive popultion size through the etween genertion omprison of llele frequenies nd 4) deteting pst demogrphi ottleneks through llele frequeny distortions (Jehle nd Arntzen, 2002). Most of the widely used nd pplile geneti mrkers for genome dissetion nd reeds differentition is so lled mirostellites (simple sequene repets; SSRs, or short tndem repets; STRs). The effetiveness of mirostellite in deteting polymorphism etween hiken popultions nd their ppliility in popultion studies nd estlishing geneti reltionships mong hiken popultions hs een reported y Zhng et l. (2002,). Mirostellites re useful for numer of nlyses. They were originlly utilized for geneti mpping (Tuiskul et l., 2002) nd hve een extensively used for linkge nlyses in the ssoition with disese suseptiility genes (MElroy et l., 2005). In ddition, they hve proven to e useful in the nlysis of pternity nd kinship (Queller et l., 1993) nd in the proility of smple identity t oth the individul (Edwrds et l., 1992) nd popultion levels (Y-Bo et l., 2006). In the study of entire popultions mirostellites re lso very useful. Mny investigtors were studied egg prodution trits for our lol nd foreign reeds (Adel Glil, 1993; Fthi, nd El- Shr, 1996; El-Full et l., 2005; Zky, 2006). El-Full et l. (2005) showed tht Dndrwi hens hd signifintly higher egg numer during the first 90 dys of prodution thn Golden Montzh or Fyoumi hens. Regrding Hugh units (s mesure to evlute lumin qulity of eggs), Ad El-Glil (1993) found tht Hugh units vlues were higher in LSL strin thn those of lol strins. Similrly, Zky (2006) reported tht Fyoumi reed hd lower Hugh units ompred to White Leghorn. El-Full et l. (2005) indited tht Fyoumi reed ws signifintly inresed in Hugh units thn Dndrwi reed. Fthi nd El-Shr (1996) relized tht the fore of rekge the eggshells were signifintly differed mong strins nd genotypes. Also, they found tht men of reking strength of the rown shells ws pproximtely 13% higher thn those of white ones. Therefore, the study herein is onduted to: 1 estimte produtive performne s omprtive study mong different three reeds, two lol Fyoumi nd Dndrwi nd foreign one Hy-line strin. 2 investigte geneti differenes mong the three reeds used herein sed on ville mirostellite loi reported s in linkge with studied quntittive trits (Tuiskul-Hvisto, et l., 2002). MATERIALS AND METHODS Birds nd mngement: Hy-line strin nd two Egyptin lol reeds of hiken (Fyoumi nd Dndrwi) were rised t the Poultry Breeding Frm, Ain Shms 1045

2 University under the sme environmentl, mngeril DNA Isoltion: DNA ws extrted from 0.5mL of whole nd hygieni onditions. At 16 weeks of ge, totl of EDTA-lood. Two nd hlf ml of lysis uffer (20mM Tris- 300 femles (100 Hy-line, 100 Fyoumi nd 100 Hl ph 7.6, 640mM shrose, 2% Triton X-100, 10mM Dndrwi) were rndomly ssigned to the urrent Mgl 2) ws dded to the liquot. The mixture ws experiment. They were housed in individul ges entrifuged nd the pellet suspended in 150µl pled in n open-sided house. They were fed lying Proteinse K, 1.5ml nulei lysis uffer nd 110µl diet ontining 18.3% P nd klME/kg. Feed o SDS20%. After overnight inution t 37, the proteins nd drinking wter were offered to irds d liitum, were removed y Nl 6M nd the DNA ws preipitted wheres onventionl reeding nd mngement y ethnol. proedures were pplied throughout the experimentl period whih lsted 50 weeks of ge. The lighting Mirostellite loi: Five mirostellite loi (Tle 1) were shedule ws mintined t 17 hours of dylight nd 7 seleted sed on pulished hiken genome hours of drkness throughout the experiment. dtse. All mrkers used re linked to egg prodution trits, four mrkers; ADL-273, MW-241, MW-246 nd Mesurements nd oservtions: MW-258 re loted on Z hromosome linkge group, Produtive performne: Age t sexul mturity ws whilst, the reminder mrker (ADL-188) is loted on reorded from hthing time to the first egg y dys. Egg hromosome one linkge group. prodution (numer nd weight) ws reorded for the first 3 months of prodution yle to lulte egg mss. The polymerse hin retion: The PR ws rried To ssess egg qulity prmeters (internl nd out in volume of 20µl omprising 50ng of templte externl), totl of 90 eggs were rndomly olleted DNA, 10 pmol of eh primer nd 5µl of Tq mster* from eh reed t 26 weeks of ge. The dimensions of (Thermoste DNA polymorphism, datp, dtp, dgtp, eggs (width nd length) were mesured using digitl dttp, retion uffer with (NH 4 ) 2SO 4, Mgl 2 nd Triton liper to lulte shpe index. Eh egg ws first X-100, stilizers. Two pirs of primers were mplified weighed to the nerest 0.1g nd roken open. The in the sme retion. To these retions 10 pmol of height of lumen nd yolk ws mesured using eh primer ws pplied. The mplifition onditions o mirometer mounted on stnd with pltform on were: 5 min denturtion t 94 followed y 35 yles o o whih the liquid ontent ws pled. Eh egg yolk ws of denturtion t 94 for 30 s, nneling (47-55 ) for seprted from the lumen using plsti egg o (45-60 s) nd elongtion t 72 for 60 s. The PR seprtor, rolled on tissue pper towel to remove ny produts were seprted in 8% polyrylmide gels. dhering lumen nd weighed. Alumen yield ws Results were visulized nd the genotyping done with determined y sutrtion of the yolk nd shell with shell the Alphimges 2200 softwre Version memrnes intt from the whole egg weight. The *LAROVA GmH. Rheinstr Telow. Germny. perentge of egg omponents (yolk, lumen nd shell) ws lulted s the rtio of egg omponent to Sttistil nlysis: egg weight multiplied y 100. Yolk index (yolk height/yolk Quntittive trits: Dt were sujeted to one-wy dimeter) ws lso lulted. Hugh units were ANOVA using GLM (SAS Institute, 2001) with strin nd lulted ording to Stdelmn et l. (1988). The reeds s fixed effet. Dt of egg prodution trits re perentge of dry eggshell ws lulted. The presented s mens nd the stndrd errors SE. thikness (mm) of the shell with intt memrnes ws mesured t three deferent points in the middle prt of Mirostellite nd geneti nlysis: All sored the egg using dil guge mirometer. The shell 2 reking strength (kg/m ) ws determined ording to Fthi nd El-Shr (1996). Speifi grvity ws determined y the flottion method using slt solution with speifi grvity rnging from t inrements of Egg volume ws estimted y 3 mesuring the quntity of wter dislodged in m fter immersing the egg into known wter volume. mirostellite dt ws firstly orreted to estimte eh llele size ording to its numer of repets for eh mrker. A Tndem Repet Anlyzer softwre pkge ws dopted for this purpose. Then, spred sheet progrm (Mirosoft Exel) ws used to rrnge the inluded dt for eh red regrding eh lous. All possile extrted popultion figures were rried out employing GENPOP softwre pkge fter dt onversion using ONVERT progrm. Blood smples: Thirty eight lood smples were olleted from 3 different reeds s follows: 13 (Fyoumi), 11 (Hyline) nd 14 (Dndrwi). A hlf ml of lood smple ws withdrwn from Jugulr vein on EDTA tue s ntiogulnt (0.2ml of 0.5M EDTA) nd stored o t -20. RESULTS AND DISUSSION Produtive performne: Effet of Hy-line strin nd lol reeds on mturtion mesurements is presented in Tle 2 the Hy-line strin hd signifintly hevier ody weight mesured t sexul mturity ompred to 1046

3 Tle 1 : Mirostellite loi used herein, their essions, flnking primers, nneling temperture (AT), lotion on genome nd linked trits No Trit Lous lotion Primer Sequene AT Referene 1 AFE MW241 Z-72M AAAGTTTGTTAAATAG rooijmns et l., 1996 ATTGGAGTTGGTAATAT 55 2 EN ADL273 Z-65M GATAATGAAATAGAGG heng et l., 1995 TGGTAGATGTGAGAGGTGT 47 3 ESS MW246 Z-104M TATAAGGAGAGAATTAT rooijmns et l., 1996 TTTATTAGAAAAAGG 55 4 EW MW258 Z-63M TTTTAGTTTGAGAGG rooijmns et l., 1996 TGAGGAGGATGTGTTAG 55 5 HU ADL M ATTAGTATTAAGTGA heng et l., 1995 GTGGAAAATGAGTTT 47 Tle 2: Mens±SE of egg prodution hrteristis for Fyoumi, Dndrwi reeds nd Hy-line strin Breed Trit Fyoumi Dndrwi Hy-line Pro Body weight, g ± ± ± Age t sexul mturity,d ± ± ± Egg numer ± ± ± Egg prodution% ± ± ± Egg weight, gm 42.6 ± ± ± Egg mss, gm ± ± ± vlues with different supersripts re sttistilly different within the sme rw. lol reeds. Also, the Fyoumi reed ws signifintly inresed of ody weight ompred to Dndrwi reed. With respet to ge t sexul mturity, it ould e notied tht the Hy-line strin rehed sexul mturity erlier thn tht of lol reeds. The men vlues were , nd for Hy-line strin, Fyoumi reed nd Dndrwi reed. The Hy-line hiken produed signifintly highest egg numer, egg prodution%, egg weight nd egg mss ompred to Fyoumi nd Dndrwi reeds. The sme trend Fyoumi reed signifintly higher of these trits ompred to Dndrwi reed. Egg prodution depends on mny hrters suh s ge t sexul mturity, egg numer, ody weight, egg weight, shell thikness, egg speifi grvity nd others (El Full et l., 2001) whih influene egg prodution system independently nd/or ssoited with eh other. The reed or strin vrition in the ssoitions mong these trits to perform egg prodution system ws reported y Firfull nd Gowe (1993) nd El Gendy et l. (1997). Dt presented in Tle 3 showed tht the effets of Hyline strin nd lol reeds on egg weight nd internl egg qulity of hiken. The Hy-line strin signifintly inresed egg weight of hiken nd strt the Fyoumi reed inrese egg weight. The Hy-line strin signifintly inrese Hugh units ompred to lol reeds nd showed tht slightly inrese in yolk index to Hy-line strin ompred to ntive strin. Hy-line strin signifintly inresed Alumen, yolk weight ompred to lol reeds. Also, the Fyoumi reed signifintly inrese this trits ompred to Dndrwi reed. There ws no signifint differene etween Hy-line strin nd ntive reeds of hiken for Alumen nd yolk perentge. One of the most importnt egg qulity trits to e onsidered in poultry reeding progrm is shell strength. Aording to Grunder et l. (1989), speifi grvity (SG) is eggshell strength s it reltes to resistne to rekge nd is reltively simple to mesure (Gowe nd Firfull, 1995). Alumen height (AH) nd Hug units (HU) re trits used to evlute lumen qulity, whih lso deteriortes with ge (Liljedhl et l., 1984). Tle 4 showed signifint different etween the three strins studied t 30 wks of ge. The speifi grvity of Fyoumi nd Dndrwi hens hd higher vlue thn the stndrd strin Hy-line. There ws no signifint differene mong of three strins for shpe index. It ould e notied tht the Fyoumi nd Dndrwi reeds were signifintly higher for (shell strength, shell thikness nd shell perentge) trits ompred to Hyline strin. But Hy-line strin hd higher of egg volume thn lol reeds. Egg prodution is the yield of overll performne of ird onerning mny vrile suh s egg numer, rte of ly, sexul mturity ge, egg weight, shell thikness nd externl nd internl egg qulity hrteristis (Eitn nd Soller, 1993) these vrile re orrelted with egg prodution nd with eh other in positive or negtive trends (Firfull nd Gowe, 1993). Similr findings were found y Kul nd Seker (2004). They explined tht there were signifint positive orreltions mong egg weight, shell weight, shell thikness nd shell strength. However, these orreltions ould e used to predit shell strength (fore required to rek egg). Regrding egg shpe index, there ws slightly inresed ssoited with 1047

4 Tle 3: Mens ± SE of internl egg qulity mesurement for Fyoumi, Dndrwi reeds nd Hy-line strin Breed Breed Strin Trit Fyoumi Dndrwi Hy-line Pro. Egg weight, gm ± ± ± Hugh unit ± ± ± Yolk index ± ± ± Alumin weight, gm ± ± ± Alumin % 56.97± ± ±1.59 NS Yolk weight, gm ± ± ± Yolk % 30.58± ± ±0.38 NS vlues with different supersripts re sttistilly different within the sme rw. Tle 4: Mens ± SE of externl egg qulity mesurement for Fyoumi, Dndrwi reeds nd Hy-line strin Breed Strin Trit Fyoumi Dndrwi Hy-line Pro. Speifi grvity ± ± ± Egg shpe index 75.43± ± ±0.48 NS Shell strength, kg/m ± ± ± Shell thikness, mm 0.39 ± ± ± Shell % ± ± ± Egg volume, ml ± ± ± ,, vlues with different supersripts re sttistilly different within the sme rw Dndrwi eggs ompred to Fyoumi one. This result For ll 3 used popultions, the overll men numer of ws supported y Kul nd Seker (2004), where the lleles deteted per lous ws 4.9 (Tle 5), lthough shpe index ws not referred to e good estimtor for the tul numer of oservle lleles t eh lous the shell thikness nd the shell rtio. onversely, oth rnged from 2 t lous ADL t lous MW-258 eggshell re nd egg volume were inresed in (Tle 5). Averge numer of lleles per lous versus Fyoumi reed ompred to Dndrwi one. three reeds vried from t lous ADL-188 nd lous MW-241, respetively. It might e onluded tht Mirostellite nlysis: Five mirostellites highly verge numer of lleles per lous divided into three polymorphi mrkers were used in the present groups. The first is tht of highest estimte (6.7 t lous investigtion. Four out of them, re loted on Z- MW-241 nd 6.3 t lous MW-258). The seond hromosome linkge group nd over 41 M (enti group showed moderte verge (4.3 t lous MW-246 Morgn) of Z hromosome mp, pproximtely. The Z- nd 4 t lous ADL-273), wheres, the third group is hromosom four mrker re ssoited with four egg ssoited to lous ADL-188 (3.3). trits; MW-241 for AFE (ge t first egg; 72M), ADL- The oserved vriility of verge numer of lleles 273 for EN (egg numer, 65M), MW-246 for ESS (egg seemed to reflet different potentilities of geneti shell strength, 104M) nd MW-258 for EW (egg mrkers to detet geneti vriility mong suh reeds. weight; 63M). The remining mrker (ADL-188 for HU) As postulted in Tle 5, lleli frequenies showed is loted on 1st hromosome linge group t 107M wide rnge for eh lous mong ll reeds. The site. Tle 1 summrizes ll informtion of five highest llele frequeny overll loi ws of 143 mirostellites used nd shows ssoited trits, lous llele t lous ADL-273. Wheres, the lowest one ws nme, genome lotion, flnking sequenes, nneling ssoited with Dndrwi reed t two loi, MWtempertures nd orresponding referenes. Fig (for llele 350) nd M258 (for lleles, 99, 110, 165 illustrtes prt of dt nlyzed herein showing nd 176). The otined results demonstrte highly polymorphi mirostellites nds of different lous for oserved heterozygosity mong three popultions. eh reed. Among 5 mirostellite mrkers pplied in the present Alleli frequenies, expeted heterozygosities nd investigtion, it might e onluded suh ssoition geneti differentitions were lulted on the sis on etween speifi llele(s) on the sis of their ll 5 mirostellite loi. The geneti diversity within the frequenies nd suh quntittive trits. In this respet, three popultions nlyzed herein ws desried y the the highest frequeny of llele 270 (0.455) t lous men numer of lleles per lous nd the men MW-241 in Hy-line popultion might e ssoited to expeted nd oserved heterozygosity or totl gene AFE trit. With respet to EN trit, the highly signifint diversity (Nei, 1978). Geneti differentition etween performne of egg numer of Hy-line strin (84.2 eggs, popultions ws ssessed y n nlysis of moleulr Tle 2) might e orrelted to high llele frequeny vrine (F-index). (0.818) of llele 143 t lous ADL-273. Sine the ESS 1048

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6 In ontrry, the two lous of MW-258 nd ADL-188 re inonlusive to extrt orreltion of suh llele for suh quntittive trits. As given in Tle 6, the most speifi lleles were found in the Dndrwi popultion (9 versus ll loi). The lowest numer of speifi lleles were tred in Hy-Line popultion (1 t lous MW-241). No speifi lleles were deteted in the se of MW-246 for ll 3 reeds. The highest men expeted heterozygosity (HeA) ws reorded in Dndrwi reed (0.65; Tle 6). Whilst, the lowest HeA ws reorded in Fyoumi reed (0.56) lose to Hyline reed (0.59). The nlysis of moleulr vrine (AMOVA) proved tht the mjority of vritions sored herein is referred to within popultion (FIS) rther thn to supopultion mong totl vrition (FST); 0.61 versus 0.19, respetively. Geneti diversity mong reeds: Among the three popultions nlyzed in the urrent work, the highest vriility potentil ws demonstrted y the Dndrwi reed (5.6), wheres the lowest (4) ws demonstrted y the Hyline popultion (Tle 5). Geneti vriility mong the 3 reeds nlyzed ws desried on the sis of geneti distne (Tle 7). The losest geneti similrity ws reorded etween Fyoumi nd Hyline. However, the lrgest geneti distne ws oserved etween Hyline nd Dndrwi. This implies tht the highest heterosis effet ould potentilly e otined when rossing irds of those reeds. The reed struture oserved in the three popultions exmined seems to reflet the geogrphi origin of individul hiken reeds. The geneti distne, lulted on the sis of the mirostellite nlysis, ws lrgest etween Hyline nd Dndrwi (0.25), wheres the lowest vlues were oserved etween Fyoumi nd Hyline (0.16). This nlysis showed tht the popultions of Fyoumi were more losely relted to the Hyline thn to the Dndrwi Fig. 2: Genomi regions for prodution nd egg qulity (0.21). This oservtion might e ttriuted to different trits. HU40 = Hugh units t 40 wk of ge, geneti origin of the three reeds sine Fyoumi reed HU60 = Hugh units t 60 wk of ge, ES40 = ws originted s imported hikens to Egypt long time eggshell strength t 40 wk of ge, AFE = ge t go. Another possiility might e referred to the effet of first egg, BW40 = BW t 40 wk of ge, EW = unexpeted gene flow etween the two reeds (F nd verge egg weight from 18 to 40 wk of ge, H). Finlly, this lim requires further work deling this EW = verge egg weight from 41 to 60 wk of point of view sed on lrger popultion size s well ge, En = totl numer of eggs from 18 to 40 omprehensive genome wide spn signifint nlysis. wk of ge, EN = totl numer of eggs from 41 The results showed herein sed on mirostellite to 60 wk of ge, FI40 = feed intke per dy from geneti mrkers proved the usefulness of this type of 37 to 40 wk of ge (fter Tuiskul et l., 2002). mrker in hikens genome nlysis nd differentition of vrile popultion origin even non-relted ones. As trits ws highly performed (4.75, Tle 4) in Fyoumi reported y Soller et l. (2006) the reeding of egg reed, it might e ttriuted to llele 190 (0.385) t lous qulity trits y trditionl methods is diffiult euse MW-246. This illustrtes negtive orreltion of the the phenotypi mesurements re time onsuming. As highest llele frequeny (0.607) in Dndrwi reed of well, their use in reeding progrms is omplited due llele 210 nd Hy-line strin for the sme llele (0.409). to unfvorle negtive orreltions with other relevnt 1050

7 Tle 5: Numer of deteted lleles, rnge of frequenies, oth lowest & highest llele(s) nd its frequeny orresponding eh reed for eh lous Alleles No. Frequeny No Trit Lous Breed Alleles Rnge lowest Highest 1 AFE MW241 F , H ,310, D Averge (6.7) EN ADL273 F , H , D Averge (4) ESS MW246 F H D Averge (4.3) EW MW258 F , H D ,110,165, Averge (6.3) HU ADL188 F H D , Averge (3.3) Totl verge F 5.2 H 4 D 5.6 Overll men of lleles = 4.9 ; verge no. of lleles for eh lous versus reeds. ; verge no. of lleles for eh reeds versus ll loi, Different lleles with the sme frequeny within eh popultion re listed nd seprted y omm. Tle 6: Popultion-Speifi llele(s) per lous, heterozygosity (H) regrding eh lous, verge of heterozygosity (HA) over ll loi nd verge of F-sttistis (F-index) over ll loi. Speifi Heterozygosity No Trit Lous Breed (N) Alleles Frequenies (H e ) 1 AFE MW241 F (1) N H (1) N D (2) S verge - - (0.55) S 2 EN ADL273 F (1) S H (0) Nil Nil 0.31 N D (3) N verge - - (0.52) S 3 ESS MW246 F (0) Nil Nil 0.74 S H (0) Nil Nil 0.69 S D (0) Nil Nil 0.57 S verge - - (0.67) S 4 EW MW258 F (0) Nil Nil 0.81 N H (0) Nil Nil 0.73 N D (1) N verge - - (0.74) N 5 HU ADL188 F (1) S H (0) Nil Nil 0.46 N D (3) S verge - - (0.5) S S Averge of expeted heterozygosity (H ea) over ll loi F 0.56 H 0.59 S D 0.65 S Averge of F-sttistis over ll loi FIS 0.61 FST 0.19 Breed (N); reed nme denoted y numer of speifi lleles etween two prentheses. F; Fyoumi, H; Hyline nd D; Dndrwi. H; e Heterozygousity (%) expeted nd its verge of per lous versus reeds. H A; Averge of heterozygosity (%) expeted of eh reeds versus ll loi. N nd S; not 2-4 signifint nd signifint X (P vlue 0.1 X 10 ). FIS nd FST; F-index due to within reeds mong individuls nd F-index due to mong reeds; respetively. 1051

8 Tle 7: Geneti distnes (D) mtrix mong three different reeds estimted s pir-wise differenes Breeds Fyoumi Hyline Dndrwi Fyoumi - Hyline Dndrwi trits. Geneti diversity mesures using mirostellites yield relile estimtions of vriility within nd geneti reltionships mong hiken popultions, s demonstrted in mny studies (for instne; Delny, 2003). The present work ws in fous with, minly, Z- hromosome (152M) overing, pproximtely, 26% of its totl length. The QTL region on the Z hromosome ws lrge re inluding QTL for sexul mturity, egg weight nd numer of eggs in lying periods, s well s eggshell strength (Tuiskul et l., 2002). The highly heterozygosity (expeted) presented here demonstrtes mirostellite pility to disriminte mong the three popultion used. This result is onfirmed y the work of Powell et l. (1996). He demonstrted tht detetion of mirostellite polymorphism results in the gretest expeted heterozygosity. As shown y Allen et l. (1995), STRs hve proven to e useful in the ssessment of overll geneti vrition estimte, most of popultions prmeters, s well, to gin insight into the degree of popultion sustruture. As well, Zhng et l. (2002,) illustrted tht mirostellite polymorphisms enle lerer differentition, even etween losely relted reeds, nd inrese the ury of the predited divergene. In onlusion, the five mirostellite geneti mrkers pplied in the present study suess to revel high degree of polymorphism mong the three reeds used here. Also, ler disriminting power ws hieved in differentition mong studied hiken popultions. Geneti diversity sed on F-index proved high degree of vriility within popultion level (FIS) more thn mong popultion level (FST) in regrd to totl vritions. The geneti distne sed on pir-wise differenes pproh reveled tht Fyoumi reed is mostly relted to Hy-line strin more thn Dndrwi reed. This work presented here support the requirement of further work sed on genome wide spn inluded lrger popultion size nd pplying set of mirostellite mrkers overing most of hiken genome of suh reeds. REFERENES Adel Glil, M.A., Evluting the performne of some lol reeds of hikens under ertin plnes of nutrition. Ph.D. Thesis, F. Of Agri., Mini Univ., Egypt. Allen, P.J., W. Amos, P.P. Pomeroy nd S.D. Twiss, Mirostellite vrition in grey sels (Hlihoerus grypus) shows evidene of geneti differentition etween two British reeding olonies. Mol. Eol., 4: heng, H.H., I. Levin, R.L. Vllejo, H. Khti, J.B. Dodgson, L.B. rittenden nd J. Hillel, Development of geneti mp of the hiken with mrkers of high utility. Poultry Si., 74: rooijmns, R.P.M.A., P.A.M. Vn Oers, J.A. Strijk, J.J. Vn der Poel nd M.A.M. Groenen, Preliminry linkge mp of the hiken (Gllus domestius) genome sed on mirostellite mrkers: 77 new mrkers mpped, Poult. Si., 75: Delny, M.E., Geneti diversity nd onservtion of poultry. Pges: in Poultry Genetis, Breeding nd Biotehnology. W.E. Muir nd S.E. Aggrey, ed. ABI Pul., Wll-ingford, UK. Edwrds, A., H.A. Hmmond, L. Jin,.T. skey nd R. hkrorty, Geneti vrition t five trimeri nd tetrmeri tndem repet loi in four humn popultion groups. Genomis, 12: Eitn, Y. nd M. Soller, Two wy seletion for threshold ody weight t first egg roler strin femles. 3. Reprodutive performne under vrious levels of feed restrition. Poult. Si., 72: El-Full, E.A., A.A. Ali nd N.E. Goher, Effet of stndrdiztion on pth oeffiient nlysis of egg hrteristis in different geneti groups of fyoumi fowls. Poult. Si., 21: (in press). El-Full, E.A., A.A. Adel Writh, H.A. Adel Ltif nd M.A. Khlif, A omprtive study on pusend luth size trits in reltion to egg prodution trits in three lol reeds of hikens. Egypt. Poult. Si., 25: El-Gendy, E.A., G.A. Arrm, E.A. El Full nd A.M. Aduo, hrteristis of egg prodution popultions. 1. Geneti vrition in relter trits in groups of hikens differing in geneti kground. Egypt Poult. Si., 17: Firfull, R.W. nd R.S. Gowe, Geneti of egg prodution in hikens, pp: , in: Poultry Breeding nd geneti, edited y RD. rwford. Elsevier Siene pulishers B.V. Amsterdn, Nether Lnds. Fthi, M.M. nd E.A. El-Shr, Determining the strength of eggshell y using n pproprite pprtus nd n eqution to lulte egg surfe depending on its dimensions. Egypt. Poult. Si., 16: Gowe, R.S. nd R.W. Firfull, Breeding nd genetis of egg lying hikens. Pges: , in: World Animl Siene-. Prodution System Approh. P. Hunton, ed. Poultry Prodution. Elsevier Siene, Amsterdm. 1052

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