Water Requirements of Livestock

Transcription

1 Wter Requirements of Livestok Wter Requirements of Livestok Tle of Contents PDF Version KB Diry Cttle Beef Cttle Swine Horses Sheep Chikens Turkeys Rits, Mink nd Alterntive Livestok Wter Qulity Referenes Providing enough qulity wter is essentil for good livestok husndry. Wter mkes up 80% of e lood, regultes ody temperture nd is vitl for orgn funtions suh s digestion, wste removl nd e sorption of nutrients. Understnding dily livestok wtering needs is key when designing livestok wtering system. The dily wter requirement of livestok vries signifintly mong niml speies. The niml's size nd grow stge will hve strong influene on dily wter intke. Consumption rtes n e ffeted y environmentl nd mngement ftors. Air temperture, reltive humidity nd e level of niml exertion or prodution level re exmples of ese ftors. The qulity of e wter, whih inludes temperture, slinity nd impurities ffeting tste nd odour, will lso hve n effet. The wter ontent of e niml's diet will influene its drinking hits. Feed wi reltively high moisture ontent dereses e quntity of drinking wter required. Given t drinking wter needs re speies-, frm- nd mngement-speifi, mny produers tody re opting to instll wter-metering equipment to otin urte mesurements of wter use. If medition is ever provided rough e livestok's wtering system, e meter n e used to ensure proper dose rtes. Diry Cttle Milk is omposed of nerly 87% wter. An dequte supply of qulity wter for diry ttle is extremely importnt. Frmers typilly provide ows wi free ess to fresh wter t ll times. The wter requirements of ltting ows re losely relted to milk prodution, moisture ontent in e feed nd environmentl ftors suh s ir temperture nd humidity. The ow's pek wter intke generlly ours during e hours of gretest feed intke. Tle 1 identifies wter use y mjor grow stge of diry niml nd reks down e estimted wter onsumption of milking ow y its level of milk prodution. 1 of :41 AM

2 Wter Requirements of Livestok Diry Cttle Type Level of Milk Prodution (kg milk/dy) Diry lves (1-4 mons) Diry heifers (5-24 mons) (1), (2) Tle 1. Wter Consumption y Diry Cttle Wter Requirement Rnge (L/dy) Milking ows Dry owsd Beef Cttle Averge Typil Wter Use (L/dy) A result of e nimls' environment nd mngement. Typil onsumption over yer on dily sis under verge griulturl onditions in Ontrio. The verge milk prodution in 2006 for Holstein diry ow in Ontrio ws 33 kg/dy. d Approximtely 15% of e milking-ge ows present on diry frm ould e onsidered "dry." Few studies hve een undertken to fully doument wter use y eef nimls. Those t hve een ompleted suggest t e wter requirement of eef ttle is losely tied to wheer e nimls re ltting, e moisture ontent of eir feed rtion nd environmentl ftors suh s ir temperture nd reltive humidity. Grzing trils hve demonstrted t weight gins of pstured eef nimls re higher if wter supply is provided for e ttle in e grzing re, even ough e nimls re reeiving lot of wter from eir diet. Tle 2 provides verge dily wter requirements of eef ttle. Beef Cttle Type Feedlot ttle: Bkgrounder Feedlot ttle: Short keep (3) Tle 2. Wter Consumption y Beef Cttle Weight Rnge ( l) Wter Requirement Rnge (L/dy) (800-1,400 l) Ltting ows wi lves Dry ows, red heifers & ulls Averge Typil Wter Use (L/dy) A result of e nimls' environment nd mngement. Typil onsumption over yer on dily sis under verge griulturl onditions in Ontrio. Swine The housing meod, grow stge nd feeding meod used ffet e drinking wter requirements of pigs. Tle 3 gives rekdown of drinking wter onsumption y weight rnge or level of mturity. Swine Type Weight Rnge (4) Tle 3. Wter Consumption y Swine Wter Requirement Rnge (L/dy) Wener Feeder pig Averge Typil Wter Use (L/dy) For more informtion: 2 of :41 AM

3 Wter Requirements of Livestok Gestting sow/or Ltting sow A result of e nimls' environment nd mngement. Typil onsumption over yer on dily sis under verge griulturl onditions in Ontrio. Inludes unwened piglets. The introdution of ree-site prodution nd ll-in/ll-out filities hs ltered e wter usge ptterns nd pek usge requirements of swine growout filities. Pigs in e growing phse re often grouped in segregted rooms or entire rns y ge. They re kept in is fility until e trget weight is rehed y e mjority of nimls, when e room or rn is emptied nd en restoked. Consider, for exmple, t five hundred 23-kg (50-l) pigs t e strt of growout yle will eh onsume 4.5 L/dy. By e end of e growout yle, e wter requirements of ese sme 500 pigs, now weighing 100 kg (220 l), will hve douled to 9 L/dy eh. The wter system for ese pigs must e designed for e higher vlue. The use of wet/dry feeders nd liquid feeding systems hs redued e volume of drinking wter required euse of e higher moisture ontent of e feed rtion nd e redution in spillge of wter from ese systems. Swine system speilists hve estimted t, prior to 1990, pproximtely 50% of e wter supplied to hog pen in dy ws lost s spillge. Tody, more effiient feeding systems hve ut ese losses signifintly. Produers hve lso opted to reple e nipple drinkers ommonly used s wter soure in e pen wi wter owl-type drinkers. Horses Horses typilly onsume 2-3 kg of wter per kilogrm of dry feed. They drink more in hot weer nd while doing hevy work. See Tle 4. Frme size (weight) Smll (500 l) Medium (1,000 l) Lrge (1,500 l) A result of e nimls' environment nd mngement. Typil onsumption over yer on dily sis under verge griulturl onditions in Ontrio. Sheep Grzing sheep, prtiulrly in e ooler sesons of e yer, n require reltively little dditionl wter eyond wht ey reeive rough forge. Hot, drier weer, however, will result in inresed wter intke. Tle 5 provides n estimte of wter onsumed dily y different tegories of sheep. Animl Type (7) Tle 5. Wter Consumption y Sheep Weight Rnge Wter Requirement Rnge (L/dy) Feeder lm Gestting met ewe/rm Ltting met ewe plus unwened offspring Tle 4. Wter Consumption y Horses (5), (6) Wter Requirement Rnge Averge Wter Use (L/dy) (L/dy) Gestting diry ewe/rm Ltting diry ewe Averge Typil Wter Use (L/dy) A result of e nimls' environment nd mngement. Typil onsumption over yer on dily sis under verge griulturl onditions in Ontrio. 3 of :41 AM

4 Wter Requirements of Livestok Chikens The feed requirements of growing poultry re diretly relted to ird weight. Wter requirements re relted to feed onsumption nd to e ir temperture. Over hlf of e wter intke of poultry is otined from e feed. Automti wtering equipment ensures poultry hve free ess to wter t ll times. One ir tempertures exeed 30 C or (87 F), e expeted wter onsumption n inrese y 50% ove norml onsumption rtes. Poultry re unle to swet s mens of regulting ody temperture. Their meod of het ontrol involves inresing e respirtory rte (pnting) to expel surplus het, whih results in e relese of lrge mounts of moisture from e ird t must e repled or e ird will eome dehydrted. Tle 6 shows n estimte of e dily wter onsumption of 1,000 roiler hikens t different stges of grow. It lso illustrtes e effet ir temperture n hve on eir wter onsumption rtes. Use Tle 6 to design wter systems for roilers. Tle 7 shows wter onsumption y seson nd n e used for estimting verge totl nnul wter requirement for roilers. Chiken Broiler Age (weeks) (8) Tle 6. Wter Consumption of Broiler Chikens y Age Wter Requirement (L/1,000 irds/dy) 21 C 32 C Seson Winter, fll, spring 280 Summer 450 (8) Tle 7. Wter Consumption of Broiler Chikens y Seson Averge Typil Wter Use (L/1,000 irds/dy) Typil onsumption over yer on dily sis under verge griulturl onditions in Ontrio. Tle 8 presents n estimte of dily wter onsumption y oer ommon lsses of hikens. Agin, tempertures hve mjor influene on e wter onsumption rte expeted from ese oer poultry lsses. Egg prodution level will lso ffet e wter onsumption of lying hens. It hs een estimted t lying hens will drink out 4 kg of wter per dozen eggs produed. (9) Tle 8. Wter Consumption y Chiken Clsses Oer Thn Broilers Chiken Type Weight Rnge Wter Requirement Rnge (L/1,000 irds/dy) Averge Typil Wter Use (L/1,000 irds/dy) Lying hens Pullets Broiler reeders A result of e nimls' environment nd mngement. Typil onsumption over yer on dily sis under verge griulturl onditions in Ontrio. Historilly, most produers used e ell-style wtering system - irulr trough wi grvity-fed reservoir t my e onneted to wter line - to provide wter to growing irds. Advnes in poultry wtering equipment in reent yers hve introdued nipple-style wtering devie t ontriutes to drinker hygiene nd redues wter spillge if properly mnged. For ge-rered poultry, suh s lying hens, ere hve een reent dvnements to redue wter wstge rough e use of up wter devie or y instlling trough under e wter nipples. Turkeys Drinking wter requirements of turkeys re shown in Tle 9 nd Tle 10. Use Tle 9 for designing wter system pity nd Tle 10 for estimting verge totl nnul onsumption. Agin, wter onsumption is signifintly influened y e ird's size nd e ir temperture it is exposed to. The ge of turkeys on frm will depend hevily on mrket ftors. Typilly, however, met turkeys n e lssified s follows: Toll Free: of :41 AM

5 Wter Requirements of Livestok roiler turkeys (hens) - up to 11 weeks of ge hevy hens - up to 16 weeks of ge turkey toms - up to 20 weeks of ge Wter onsumption of reeding hens kept for egg prodution is similr to t of hevy hens t 16 weeks. Turkey Age (weeks) (10) Tle 9. Wter Consumption of Turkey y Age Wter Requirement (L/1,000 irds/dy) 10 C-21 C 27 C-35 C , ,077-1,139 Inludes spillge losses (typilly 2% or less of totl onsumption). Turkey type Tle 10. Wter Consumption of Turkey y Type Averge Typil Wter Use (L/1,000 irds/dy) Fll/Winter/Spring Broiler turkey Hevy hens Turkey toms Summer Typil onsumption over yer on dily sis under verge griulturl onditions in Ontrio. Rits, Mink nd Alternte Livestok Limited oserved nd pulished dt re ville for less ommon livestok. The numers presented in Tle 11 re generl numers sed on estimtes provided y produers nd extension speilists who work wi ese lternte livestok. As wi oer nimls, e key ftors ffeting wter intke re likely to e feed intke, feed omposition, environmentl temperture, niml size nd tivity. The most importnt ftor ffeting rits' wter intke is environmentl temperture. They will drink twie s muh wter during hot summer weer (30 C) s ey will during more temperte sesons (10 C). Rits on high-fire or high-protein diets will tend to drink more wter n rits on low-fire or low-protein rtions. The high-fire diets require extr wter to moisten e feed nd to mintin dequte fluid level in e digestive trt. High-protein rtions inrese e wter requirement, euse nitrogen from e exess protein is exreted in e urine s ure. The kidney hs limited pity to onentrte exretory yproduts in e urine, so e more ure exreted y e niml, e more wter ere is in e urine. Similr vriles ffet mink's wter requirements. Mink re trditionlly fed wet diet (65%-75% wter), whih will provide 80%-85% of e mink's dily wter requirements. The remining wter needs must e met y drinking wter. Animl Type (11), (12) Tle 11. Wter Consumption - Oer Livestok Weight Rnge Rit - gestting doe 4.5 kg 0.35 Rit - doe (wi litter), prior to wening 8.5 kg 1.02 Rit - 6-wk fryers 1.0 kg 0.30 Rit 12-wk fryers 2.3 kg 0.64 Mink reeders - mles 3.0 kg 0.39 Mink reeders - femles 1.5 kg 0.29 Growing mink - mles 2.0 kg 0.26 Estimted Typil Wter Use (L/dy) 5 of :41 AM

6 Wter Requirements of Livestok Growing mink - femles 1.0 kg 0.19 Typil onsumption over yer on dily sis under verge griulturl onditions in Ontrio. Totl weight: 4.5 kg for doe plus kg Wter Qulity While e fous of is Ftsheet is on e quntity of wter onsumed y livestok, wter qulity is lso importnt to onsider s it n hve n impt on e volume of wter onsumed. Foul odours or tstes, for exmple, my disourge nimls from drinking. Depending on e use, poor wter qulity n ffet herd hel, possily leding to niml de nd eonomi loss to e produer. Assess wter qulity t o e point of use nd e soure. The ontmintion of wtering devies y dust, spilled feed nd fel mtter n led to e grow of slime. Eventully slime orgnisms die nd dey, reting foul odour nd/or tstes. Typilly, poultry is more sensitive to e tste nd minerl ontent of e wter n oer livestok types. Wter tretment systems re inresingly eing used in poultry rns. The tretments normlly fous on overoming mny prolems wi iron or minerls in e soure wter, killing teri nd eliminting slime/sle from forming in e wter lines nd on e wterer. If hlorine is dded during tretment, e trget residul hlorine level in e delivery system is etween 3-5 prts per million. The tolerne to minerls (totl slts) in wter supplies vries y niml speies, wi poultry eing most sensitive, hogs modertely sensitive nd ruminnt nimls lest sensitive. In generl, totl solule slt (13) ontent of less n 1,000 mg/l is onsidered low level of slinity suitle for ll types of livestok. Slt ontents etween 1,000 mg/l nd 3,000 mg/l re stisftory for ll types of livestok ut my use wtery droppings in poultry or dirrhe in livestok not ustomed to is slt level. Slt levels ove 3,000 mg/l re (13) not reommended for poultry nd re more likely to result in ses of livestok refusl. Slt levels ove 5,000 mg/l re not reommended for ltting nimls. Avoid levels ove 7,000 mg/l for ll livestok. Referenes Adms, R.S., et l. "Clulting drinking wter intke for ltting ows." Diry referene mnul (NRAES-63). I, NY: Norest Regionl Agriulturl Engineering Servie, MFrlnd, D.F. "Wtering diry ttle." Diry feeding systems mngement, omponents nd nutrients (NRAES-116). I, NY: Nturl Resoures, Agriulture nd Engineering Servies, Adpted from The nutritionl requirements of eef ttle. 7 revised edition. Wshington, D.C.: Ntionl Reserh Counil, updte Froese, C., nd Smll, D. "Wter onsumption nd wste prodution during different prodution stges in hog opertions." St. Andrews, Mnito: Mnito Livestok Mnure Mngement Inititive Adpted from Nutrient requirements of horses. 5 edition. Wshington, D.C.: Ntionl Reserh Counil, Groenendyk, S., et l. Externl lne of wter nd eletrolytes in e horse. Equine Vet 1988; J.20: Adpted from Nutrient requirements of sheep. 6 edition. Wshington, D.C.: Ntionl Reserh Counil, Nor, Mk O., Bell, Donld D. Commeril hiken prodution mnul, 4 edition. New York, NY: Vn Nostrnd Reinhold Adpted from Nutrient requirements of poultry. 9 edition. Wshington, D.C.: Ntionl Reserh Counil, Adpted from Hyrid turkeys: produer guide. Kiener, ON: Hyrid Turkeys, Adpted from Guide lpin. Quee City, QC: Conseil des produtions nimles du Quee In., Joergensen, G. Mink prodution.hilleroed, Denmrk: Sientur, E-mil: 6 of :41 AM

7 Wter Requirements of Livestok Ntionl Ademy of Sienes/Ntionl Ademy of Engineering. Wter qulity riteri. Wshington, D.C., of :41 AM