Introgression of Helicoverpa armigera Resistance from Cajanus acutifolius-a Wild Relative from Secondary Gene Pool of Pigeon Pea (Cajanus cajan)

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1 Asin Journl of Agriulturl Sienes 4(4): , 2012 ISSN: Mxwell Sientifi Orgniztion, 2012 Sumitted: Ferury 07, 2012 Aepted: April 14, 2012 Pulished: July 15, 2012 Introgression of Helioverp rmiger Resistne from Cjnus utifolius- Wild Reltive from Seondry Gene Pool of Pigeon Pe (Cjnus jn) Deepk R. Jdhv, Nlini Mllikrjun, Hri C. Shrm nd Kulhushn B. Sxen Interntionl Crops Reserh Institute for Semi Arid Tropis, Ptnheru , Andhr Prdesh, Indi Astrt: The im of the study ws to introgress Helioverp rmiger resistne from wild reltive Cjnus utifolius into pigeonpe, (Cjnus jn L.), n importnt grin legume in South Asi, Est Afri nd the West Indies. Pigeonpe grin yields on frmer s fields re quite low, lrgely euse of dmge y inset pests, of whih legume pod orer Helioverp rmiger (Hüner) (Lepidopter: Notuide) is the importnt pest worldwide. Pod orer hs developed high levels of resistne to hemil insetiides. Currently, there re no ultivrs of pigeonpe with high levels of resistne to H. rmiger. Therefore, there is need to identify nd introgress resistne genes from the wild reltives of this rop. Wild reltive of pigeonpe, Cjnus utifolius (ICPW 15613) nd the interspeifi derivtives C. utifolius x C. jn hve shown resistne to H. rmiger. The results showed tht ll the test lines nd C. utifolius hd high levels of flvonoids suh s hlorogeni id, queretin nd rutin in the flowers nd uds, whih my hve resulted in less dmge due to H. rmiger lrve. Most of the test lines hd more thn g of seed weight (100 seed weight) nd eige seed olor. These lines n e used for pigeonpe improvement for resistne to H. rmiger. Keywords: Chlorogeni id, flvonoids, Helioverp rmiger, high seed weight, pigeonpe, pod orer, queretin, resistne mehnisms, rutin INTRODUCTION Pigeonpe [Cjnus jn (L.) Millspugh] is n importnt grin legume in the semi-rid tropis nd sutropil res of the world. Asi ounts for the 90% of the world prodution nd n importnt grin legume in Indi (FAO, 2009). Although mple morphologil diversity is exhiited y pigeonpe s rop, the sme is not true t the moleulr level (Yng et l., 2006). Low moleulr/geneti diversity hs resulted in the rop eing suseptile to rnge of diseses nd inset pests. Pigeonpe grin yields on frmers fields re quite low, lrgely euse of dmge y inset pests, of whih legume pod orer, Helioverp rmiger (Hüner), lso known s otton ollworm/tomto fruit-worm, is mjor pest of grin legumes in generl nd of pigeonpe in prtiulr. Annul yield losses due to this pest hve een estimted to e over USD 2 illion worldwide (Shrm, 2005) nd million per nnum in Indi lone, this is prt from the expenses spent on insetiides to ontrol the inset pest (Shnower et l., 1999). It is diffiult to ontrol this inset s it is polyphgous nd develops insetiide resistne, oth in the lrvl nd dult stges (Forrester et l., 1993). As result, hemil ontrol of H. rmiger hs eome diffiult due to the development of resistne to the ommonly used insetiide to ontrol it Armes et l. (1996) nd Krnthi et l. (2002). Widespred nd injudiious use of insetiides to ontrol H. rmiger hs not only led to the development of insetiideresistnt popultions, ut hs resulted in detrimentl effets on the frming ommunity nd the environment. Sreening of more thn 15,000 essions of pigeonpe germplsm for resistne to H. rmiger hs reveled very low levels of resistne to this pest (Shrm, 2005). Development of rop ultivrs resistnt to this pest hs greter potentil for integrted pest mngement, prtiulrly under susistene frming onditions in the developing ountries (Fitt, 1989). Inidentlly, the rop hs rih soure of vriility in the form of wild reltives, whih hve plyed mjor role in the introdution of disese resistne, good gronomi trits suh s high protein ontent nd identifition nd diversifition of ytoplsmi se of Cytoplsmi Mle Sterile (CMS) system, to nme few (Mllikrjun et l., 2011). Some of the wild reltives of pigeonpe hve shown high levels nd iohemil omponents of resistne to H. rmiger (Shrm et l., 2009). Cjnus utifolius (F.v. Muell.) vn der Mesen om. nov., is one suh wild reltive in the seondry gene pool of pigeonpe nd hs Corresponding Author: Nlini Mllikrjun, Interntionl Crops Reserh Institute for Semi Arid Tropis, Ptnheru ndhr Prdesh, Indi 242

2 Asin J. Agri. Si., 4(4): , 2012 shown resistne to the pest (Sujn et l., 2008). A mjor inititive ws undertken to introgress H. rmiger resistne from C. utifolius into ultivted pigeonpe. As result dvne genertion lines with high levels of resistne to H. rmiger re now ville. The stility of resistne ws tested y sreening dvne genertion derivtives under unproteted field onditions for five onseutive yers. In ll the sreenings, resistnt seletions were identified nd re-sreened the following yer, disrding smll perentge of plnts with low levels of resistne. Together with H. rmiger resistne, it ws possile to identify lines with old seeds with high seed weight in the erly genertions. Color of the seeds is n importnt trit while developing pigeonpe lines with H. rmiger resistne nd old seeds. Seeds were seleted whih were light rown (eige) in olor-the preferred olor y the pigeonpe frmers. The min ojetive of this long term field evlution ws to identify nd onfirm resistne to H. rmiger in the introgression lines derived from C. utifolius. MATERIALS AND METHODS Glsshouse experiment: The experiment ws rried out t Interntionl Crops Reserh Institute for Semi Arid Tropis (ICRISAT), Indi. During the riny seson of 2003, two pigeonpe ultivrs (ICPL nd ICPL 2) nd the wild speies C. utifolius (ICP 15613) were grown in plsti pots (30 m di) nd mintined in the glsshouse. Pots ontining the lk soil, snd nd frmyrd mnure (2:10:1) were stem sterilized. The temperture in the glsshouse ws mintined y desert 26±4ºC nd 65% RH. Stggered sowings were mde t fortnight intervls to synhronize flowering of oth ultivted pigeonpe nd wild reltive C. utifolius. Cultivted pigeonpe ws used s the femle prent nd C. utifolius s the pollen prent. Emsultions followed y pollintions were rried out in the morning nd gierelli id (50 mg) ws pplied to the se of pollinted pistils to prevent pod-sission nd promote pod-formtion from pollinted pistils. On mturity, the pods were olleted, sun-dried nd sown in pots. Introgression lines were developed y krossing the F 1 hyrid to ultivted pigeonpe prent used in the rossing progrm nd selfing the progeny six times to otin stle lines. The lines hd uniform morphology nd phenology. Field trils: Field trils were rried out t Interntionl Crops Reserh Institute for Semi Arid Tropis (ICRISAT), Indi. Twenty-one lines derived from the rosses etween pigeonpe ultivr ICPL nd C. utifolius long with prentl mteril used s resistnt nd suseptile heks (ICPW nd ICP 85010), respetively, were evluted during the riny sesons for resistne to pod dmge y H. rmiger. Seeds were sown in two replitions in rndomized omplete lok design on the ridges 75 m prt, eh row 2 m long for eh line/ession (omprising of 20 seeds), rop ws thinned to sping of 30 m etween the plnts fter 21 dys of seedling emergene. Stndrd gronomi prties were followed, with sl fertilizer (N: P: K) pplition in the proportion of 100:60:40 kg/h, whih ws pplied in the furrows efore plnting. In ddition, sl dose of fungiide (metlxyl 1.0 kg/h) ws lso pplied to ontrol Fusrium wilt t the seedling stge. Susequently, no other ontrol mesures were pplied throughout the ropping seson. The rop ws plnted in June t the strt of the monsoon seson nd irrigted t regulr intervls etween Deemer to mid-ferury. For the 21 lines derived from C. utifolius, the nnul yield dt nd pod dmge (%) ws reorded from 10 plnts from eh line inluding the suseptile nd resistnt heks nd the three yer mens were lulted. Dt were reorded t mturity on the numer of pods/plnt, 100-seed weight (g) nd the numer of helthy pods nd pods dmged y H. rmiger. Pod orer dmge (%) ws ssessed y ounting the totl numer of dmged pods from the totl pods hrvested t mturity. Seletions were sed on <10% pod dmge nd higher 100-seed weight in (g) ompred to ultivted prent (ICPL 85010) nd were resreened in the following yer. HPLC nlysis: HPLC nlysis of flowers, uds, pods nd seeds of oth the prents nd the test lines were performed t the Centrl Institute for Cotton Reserh, Ngpur, Indi, y employing the Shimdzu (Jpn) liquid hromtogrph system with dul pump (LC-6A) inry system, UV detetor (SPD 6AV), uto-injetor (SIL-6A) with system ontroller. The ompounds were seprted t 254 nm on Phenomenex Lun RP, C18 olumn (4.6x250 mm, 4.5 :m prtile) y using liner grdient of etonitrile nd wter ontining 1% eti id with flow rte of 1 ml/min. Dt ws integrted y C-R7A hromtogrphy dt sttion softwre nd the results were otined y omprison with stndrds. The men vlues represent verge of three replites of eh smple. All the smples nd solutions were filtered through 0.45 :m nylon filters (millipore) efore nlysis y HPLC. The estimtion of hlorogeni id, queretin nd rutin ws performed y ompring the retention time of nlytes nd referene ompounds. The lirtion urves were onstruted for eh flvonoid in the rnge of smple quntity nd re presented in :g/ml of the extrt. Smple preprtion: Extrtion of hlorogeni id, queretin nd rutin from the uds, flowers, pods nd seeds of pigeonpe: Smples were oven-dried for 60 min, efore eing powdered. Hundred milligrms of the powder ws extrted in 1 ml of 90% methnol inuted overnight. 243

3 Asin J. Agri. Si., 4(4): , 2012 The extrtions were repeted with hexne to get rid of wxes nd hlorophyll. After entrifugtion, the methnoli extrt (superntnt) ws onentrted to dryness on wter th. The residue ws re-dissolved in 100 :L methnol nd the mixture ws tken for HPLC nlysis. Stndrds: Chlorogeni id, rutin, queretins were purhsed from Sigm-Aldrih hemil ompny, USA. Stndrd solutions were prepred y dissolving in HPLC grde methnol nd stored t -20ºC etween nlyses. These primry stok solutions were susequently diluted to prepre solutions with onentrtions in the rnge of smple quntity. The HPLC grde solvents were purhsed from Fisher Sientifi (USA). Sttistil nlysis: The dt were nlyzed y Anlysis of Vrine (ANOVA) using SPSS (Version 15.1) nd Tukey's test ws used to seprte the mens, when the tretment effets were sttistilly signifint (p#0.05). RESULTS Pod orer dmge: A t-test ws done to find out the signifine t 5% level to determine the pod dmge stility ross the three ropping sesons from Over 1,200 C. utifolius derived lines were evluted for pod orer dmge, whih rnged from 0-60%. Around 85% of the lines suffered <10% pod dmge, whih ws signifintly lower s ompred to the suseptile hek, ICPL nd the plnts with >10% pod dmge were not evluted in the next seson. During 2007, the seleted lines showed rnge of 1-12% pod dmge, while in the susequent 2008 nd 2009 seson, most of these lines showed % pod dmge. Pod dmge in the suseptile hek, ICPL ws signifintly higher (35-54%) thn the interspeifi derivtives in ll the yers. Pod orer dmge during 2010 ws low in most of the lines, inluding the suseptile hek Seed weight in (g): Seletions were mde sed on high 100-seed weight in BC 1 F 3 test lines, whih onsistently showed more thn 15.0 g per 100 seeds, exept for two lines, whih hd less thn 11.0 g. The mle prent ICP (wild reltive; C. utifolius) hd seed weight of 3.00 g (per 100 seed weight) nd suseptile femle prent ultivr ICPL hd g weight per 100 seeds. Seeds were round-perly in shpe nd eige olored, exept for one line with white seed olor. Inidentlly, ll the high seed weight lines showed resistne to H. rmiger, two lines with less thn 15 g seed weight lso showed H. rmiger resistne (Tle 1). Flvonoids: The uds ontined 1.70 ug/ml hlorogeni id in the test lines s ompred to 3.90 ug/ml in C. utifolius. There were lower mounts of hlorogeni Tle 1: H. rmiger pod dmge etween with 100 seed wt (g) Pod dmge (%) Pod dmge (%) Pod dmges(%) 100 seed S. No: Test lines wt (g) fgh 2.79 fg 0.80 e fg 3.02 fg 0.22 e def 4.53 def 0.60 e fg 0.35 e def 0.91 e d d d de e d fg 6.13 def 0.31 e d fg 7.53 d 1.72 e d fg 5.69 def 0.31 e d hi 5.50 def 2.87 de de defg 4.56 def 0.71 e def i def defg 3.82 efg 1.00 e def gh 0.71 g 3.58 de def de def defg 6.78 de 0.50 e ef efg 4.55 def 0.91 e ef fgh 4.32 defg 0.31 e f fg 4.03 defg 0.41 e g fg 2.91 fg g Control ICP (R) d 1.55 e 3.00 g ( R = resistnt) Control ICP (S) h (S = suseptile) Men LSD (0.01) Mens within olumn with sme letter(s) re not signifintly different t 0.05% 244

4 Asin J. Agri. Si., 4(4): , 2012 Chlorogeni id ( µ g/ml) Test lines C. Autifolius (ICP 15613) (R) C. Cjn (ICP 85010) (S) Buds Flowers Pods Seeds Phonologil stges Fig. 1: Chlorogeni id ontent t different phenologil stges in test lines nd resistnt hek (ICP 15613) of C. utifolius nd suseptile hek (ICP 85010) of C. jn. Brs (Men±SEM) with sme letter(s) re not signifintly different y Tukey s test (p#0.05) -1 Rutln (ug ml ) Test lines C. Autifolius (ICP 15613) (R) C. Cjn (ICP 85010) (S) Buds Flowers Pods Seeds Phonologil stges Fig. 2: Rutin ontent t phenologil stges in test lines nd resistnt hek (ICP 15613) of C. utifolius nd suseptile hek (ICPL 85010) of C. jn. Brs (Men±SEM) with sme letter(s) re not signifintly different y Tukey s test (p#0.05) id in the flowers of test lines (0.98 ug/ml) s ompred to the wild prent, C. utifolius (1.74 ug/ml) nd lest in ICPL flowers (0.33 ug/ml). The hlorogeni id ontent ws high in the pods of C. utifolius (1.65 ug/ml), followed y the test lines (0.86 ug/ml) nd lest mount in ICPL (0.30 ug/ml). However, the seeds ontined the lowest onentrtion of hlorogeni id (0.95 ug/ml) in C. utifolius, followed y the test lines (0.48 ug/ml) nd lest mount in ICPL (0.15 ug/ml) (Fig. 1). Mximum rutin ontent of 1.75 ug/ml ws reorded in the uds of C. utifolius ompred to 0.51 ug/ml in ICPL The test lines showed 1.0 ug/ml of rutin in the uds. C. utifolius hd 1.30 ug/ml of rutin in the flowers ompred to 0.30 ug/ml in ICPL The test lines hd intermedite mount of 0.63 ug/ml of rutin in the flowers. Pods of C. utifolius hd 1.10 ug/ml of -1 Queretln (ug ml ) Test lines C. Autifolius (ICP 15613) (R) C. Cjn (ICP 85010) (S) Buds Flowers Pods Seeds Phonologil stges Fig. 3: Queretin ontent t different phenologil stges in test lines nd resistnt hek (ICP 15613) of C. utifolius nd suseptile hek (ICP 85010) of C. jn. Brs (Men±SEM) with sme letter(s) re not signifintly different y Tukey s test (p#0.05) rutin, test lines hd 0.60 ug/ml of rutin nd ICPL hd 0.25 ug/ml of rutin in the pods. Lest quntity of rutin ws present in the seeds nd mximum rutin ws oserved in C. utifolius nd minimum in ICPL 85010, with intermedite levels in test lines (Fig. 2). The onentrtion of queretin ws higher in uds in generl, followed y flowers, pods nd seeds. There ws 2.15, 1.81, 1.77 nd 0.65 ug/ml of queretin in uds, flowers, pods nd seeds of C. utifolius, respetively. In ICPL 85010, the queretin ontent ws 0.44 ug/ml in the uds nd flowers nd 0.20 ug/ml nd in the pods nd seeds. The test lines showed mximum of 1.40 ug/ml in the uds, 0.80 ug/ml in the flowers nd 0.59 ug/ml in the pods nd 0.37 ug/ml in the seeds (Fig. 3). DISCUSSION With the identifition of higher quntities of hlorogeni id, queretin nd rutin in the resistnt prent, C. utifolius nd their miniml quntities in the suseptile pigeonpe ultivr, ICPL hs shed new light on the omponents of resistne to H. rmiger nd the plnts defensive hemistry with higher quntities of flvonoids. Sine the test lines were seleted for resistne to H. rmiger with miniml dmge, they hd intermedite levels of flvonoids etween the resistnt nd suseptile prents. It is now known tht resistne to inset pests in grin legumes, otton, mize, rie nd whet is under polygeni ontrol (Pnd nd Khush, 1995; Smith, 2005). The HPLC nlysis for the estimtion of hlorogeni id, queretin nd rutin ontents indited lower onentrtions of these ompounds in the ultivted pigeonpe s ompred to the wild reltive, C. utifolius nd its derivtives. The hlorogeni id ontent vried not only etween the ultivrs nd wild speies, ut lso in different plnt prts. 245

5 Asin J. Agri. Si., 4(4): , 2012 Although it is known tht C. utifolius hs pod orer resistne, the present study lerly demonstrted tht it is possile to introgress this trit into ultivted pigeonpe. The present study lso indited tht it is dvntgeous to selet for low dmge in eh evlution to hve high levels of resistne to H. rmiger. C. utifolius is endowed with mny useful trits suh s disese nd pest resistne, ytoplsmi nuler mle sterilty (Mllikrjun et l., 2011) nd H. rmiger resistne (Stevenson et l., 2005; Shrm et l., 2008; Kumri et l., 2010; Mllikrjun et l., 2011). Flvonoids hlorogeni id, queretin nd rutin were seleted s ndidtes for H. rmiger resistne sed on the report y Stevenson et l. (1993, ), Tomzyk nd Gudej (2003) nd Nirnjn nd Tewri (2008). These three flvonoids t s deterrents to nother lepidoptern inset, Spodopter litur F., whih is n inset pest on groundnut. It ws possile to introgress resistne to S. litur from the wild reltive of groundnut, Arhis kempffmerdoi, whih hd the flvonoids hlorogeni id, queretin nd rutin in lrger quntities thn the suseptile ontrol (Mllikrjun et l., 2004; Treutter, 2006). Simmonds nd Stevenson (2001) lso found flvonoids to e effetive ginst H. rmiger in Cier spp. The iossys/feeding experiments with H. rmiger y feeding different onentrtions of pure hlorogeni id, queretin nd rutin nd found tht the ove mentioned flvonoids hd deterrent effet on oth S. litur nd H. rmiger (Jdhv D, unpulished dt). HPLC nlysis showed tht mximum mounts of flvonoids were present in the uds, followed y flowers, pods; nd lest mount in seeds. The H. rmiger femles ly eggs on the uds, whih hth nd devour the flowers nd then ore into the pods nd et the seeds. The rtionle ehind the presene of mximum mounts of flvonoids (hlorogeni id, queretin nd rutin) in the uds of resistnt speies, C. utifolius nd the test lines is well pled s uds re the first orgns to ome in ontt with the inset nd t s deterrent for the inset to ly eggs on the uds. Swthi et l. (2011) identified the presene of trypsin inhiitors onferring resistne to H. rmiger in nother wild reltive, Cjnus pltyrpus. This opens up new venues to look for omponents of H. rmiger resistne in the form of flvonoids mentioned in the present investigtion nd the trypsin inhiitors whih Swthi et l. (2011) hve reported. Wild reltive in the omptile gene pool of pigeonpe nmely, C. utiofolius showed higher levels of resistne to H. rmiger thn the ultivted germplsm, whih n e introgressed through sexul hyridiztion. Crossility with C. utifolius is suessful s one wy ross when used s mle prent thn when used s femle prent (Mllikrjun nd Sxen, 2002). The ims of the present experiment to introgress H. rmiger resistne from C. utifolius into the ultigen nd develop pre-reeding lines for use in pigeonpe improvement ws suessfully hieved. Studies in 2010 showed tht some of the lines with H. rmiger resistne lso hd Fusrium wilt (Ptnheru isolte) nd/or sterility mosi (Ptnheru isolte) disese resistne. This is n dded dvntge of utilizing wild speies to trnsfer multiple pest resistne into the ultivted germplsm. As spillover, lines with H. rmiger resistne showed high seed weight, desirle hrter in pigeonpe reeding. High seed weight ws onsistently reorded ross three sesons. Bsed on this oservtion it n e onluded tht seed size my e reessive trit. This is in onsistene with the oservtion of Singh nd Pndey (1974) who hve reported tht smll seed size is dominnt over lrge seed size. Lrge seed size my e due muttionl event hnging the dominnt smll seed size into reessive lrge seed size (Sxen, 2008; Sxen et l., 2011). Utiliztion of wild reltives for whet nd rie improvement hs yielded lines with low disese inidene nd high yield. Experiene of utilizing wild reltives of pigeonpe hs een promising with the development of ytoplsmi mle sterile lines (Sxen et l., 2010) nd lines with high protein ontent hve lso een otined (Sxen et l., 2010). The reserh progrm to introgress pod orer resistne from C. utifolius into the ultigen hs een rewrding. Pod orer is mjor ioti onstrint of pigeonpe with low levels of resistne in ultivted germplsm, whih ompletely suum to the pest under high inset pressure. The development of pod orer resistnt lines hs opened up new vists in pigeonpe improvement progrm. Development of pod orer resistnt lines will hve mjor impt on the pigeonpe produers s they need not depend hevily on syntheti hemils to ontrol this inset nd thus, sving frmer s resoures nd proteting the environment. Mny of the lines with high seed weight hd eige olor, fvorle seed olor in pigeonpe, preferred y frmers in Indi nd Afri. In Afri, frmers prefer medium durtion pigeonpe lines with high seed weight, round shpe nd eige seed olor (Rng Ro G.V., personl ommunition) It ws interesting to note tht some of the lines with low pod orer dmge, high seed weight nd eige seed olor hd resistne to Fusrium wilt nd sterility mosi disese. These lines n e used for pigeonpe improvement in future. CONCLUSION C. utifolius, wild reltive from the seondry gene pool of pigeonpe, is good soure of H. rmiger resistne whih n e introgressed suessfully. Stle lines derived fropm C. utifolius showed high level of resistne to the inset with mjority of the lines showing 246

6 Asin J. Agri. Si., 4(4): , 2012 higher 100 seed weight. Most of the lines hd eige seed ot olor. All the lines with H. rmiger resistne hd higher levels of hlorogeni id, queretin nd rutin (flvonoids) in their uds, s seen in pollen prent C. utifolius when ompred to the uds of ultivted prent ICPL In generl the flvonoids were in higher quntity in the uds followed y flowers, pods nd lest mount in the seeds. C. utifolius hd the mximum quntity of flvonoids flowed y the hyrid lines with H. rmiger resistne. Lest mount of flvonoids ws present in ultivted pigeonpe ICPL The report onludes tht pre-reeding for H. rmiger is suessful in pigeonpe. ACKNOWLEDGMENT The uthors thnk Mr. Srinivsu Kurell of Resilient Drylnd Systems nd the support stff of Legume Cell Biology Unit of Grin Legumes Progrm, ICRISAT, for tehnil ssistne. We wish to thnk Dr. CLL. Gowd, Progrm Diretor, Grin Legumes, ICRISAT, for the filities to rry out the experimentl study. REFERENCES Armes, N.J., D.R. Jdhv nd K.R. De Souz, A survey of insetiide resistne in Helioverp rmiger in the Indin suontinent. Bull. Entomol. Res., 86: Fitt, G.P., The eology of Heliothis speies in reltion to groeosystems. Ann.Rev. Entomol., 39: FAO, FAO Stt Dtses. Retrived from: ( Forrester, N.W., M. Chill, L.J. Bird nd J.K. Lylnd, Mngement of pyrethroid nd endosulfn resistne in Helioverp rmiger (Lepidopter: Notuide) in Austrli. Bull. Entomol. Res. Suppl. Ser., 1: 132. Krnthi, K.R., D.R. Jdhv, S. Krnthi, R.R. Wnjri, S. Ali nd D.A. Russell, Insetiide resistne in five mjor inset pests of otton in Indi. Crop Prot., 21: Kumri, A.D., D.J. Reddy nd H.C. Shrm, Stility of resistne to Pod orer, Helioverp rmiger in Pigeonpe. Ind. J. Plnt Prot., 38: Mllikrjun, N., K.R. Krnthi, D.R. Jdhv, S. Krnthi nd S. Chndr, Influene of folir hemil ompounds on the development of Spodopter litur (F.) in interspeifi derivtives of groundnut. J. Appl. Entomol., 128: Mllikrjun, N. nd K.B. Sxen, Prodution of hyrids etween Cjnus utifolius nd C. jn. Euphyti, 124(1): Mllikrjun, N., K.B. Sxen nd D.R. Jdhv, Cjnus. In: Chittrnjn, K., (Ed.), Wild Crop Reltives: Genomi nd Breeding Resoures, Legume Crops nd Forges, Springer-Verlg, Berlin Heidelerg, pp: Nirnjn, A nd S.K. Tewri, Phytohemil omposition nd ntioxidnt potentil of Desmodium gngetium (Linn.) DC. Nt. Prod. Rd., 7(1): Pnd, N. nd G.S. Khush, Host Plnt Resistne to Insets. CAB Interntionl, Wllingford, Oxon, UK. Shrm, H.C., Heliothis/Helioverp Mngement: Emerging Trends nd Strtegies for Future Reserh. Oxford nd IBH Pulishers, New Delhi, Indi, pp: 469. Shrm, H.C., S.L. Clement, T.J. Ridsdill-Smith, G.V. Rng Ro, M. El Bouhssinni, R. Ujgir, C.P. Srivstv nd M. Miles, Inset Pest Mngement in Food Legumes: the Future Strtegies. In: Khrkwl, M.C., (Ed.), Food Legumes for Nutritionl Seurity nd Sustinle Agriulture, Proeedings of the IVth Interntionl Food Legumes Reserh Conferene, Indin Soiety of Genetis nd Plnt Breeding, New Delhi, Indi, 1: Shrm, H.C., G. Sujn nd D. Mnohr Ro, Morphologil nd hemil omponents of resistne to pod orer, Helioverp rmiger in wild reltives of Pigeonpe. Arth. Plnt Inter., 3: Shnower, T.G., J. Romeis nd E.M. Minj, Inset pests of pigeonpe nd their mngement. Ann. Rev. Entomol., 44: Simmonds, M.S.J. nd P.C. Stevenson, Effets of isoflvonoids from Cier on lrve of Helioverp. J. Chem. Eol., 27: Smith, C.M Plnt Resistne to Arthropods: Moleulr nd Conventionl Approhes, Dordreht, Springer Verlg, The Netherlnds. Singh, I. nd R.L. Pndey Geneti nlysis of some quntittive hrters in Pigeonpe ( Cjnus jn (L.) Millsp.). Himhl. J. Agri. Res., 2: 1-3. Sujn, G., H.C. Shrm nd D. Mnohr Ro, Antixenosis nd ntiiosis omponents of resistne to pod orer Helioverp rmiger in wild reltives of pigeonpe. Int. J. Trop. Ins. Si., 28(4): Stevenson, P.C., J.C. Anderson, W.M. Blney nd M.S.J. Simmonds, Developmentl inhiition of Spodopter litur (F.) lrve y novel ffeoylquini id from the wild groundnut Arhis prguriensis (Chod et Hssl.). J. Chem. Eol., 19: Stevenson, P.C., W.L. Blney, M.S.J. Simmonds nd J.A. Wightmn, The identifition nd hrteriztion of resistne in wild speies of Arhis to Spodopter litur (Lepidopter: Notuide). Bull. Entomol. Res., 83:

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