Growth Rate, Carcass Weight and Percentage Weight of Carcass Parts of Laying Type Cockerels, Kampong Chicken and Arabic Chicken in Different Ages

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1 Pkistn Journl of Nutrition 14 (7): , 2015 ISSN Asin Network for Scientific Informtion, 2015 Growth Rte, Crcss Weight nd Percentge Weight of Crcss Prts of Lying Type Cockerels, Kmpong Chicken nd Aric Chicken in Different Ages M.H. Tmzil, M. Ichsn, N.S. Jy nd M. Tqiuddin 1 Lortory of Poultry Production, Fculty of Animl Sciences, 2 Lortory of Socil Economic, Fculty of Animl Sciences, Mtrm University, Jl. Mjphit No. 62, Mtrm, Lomok, 83125, Indonesi Astrct: This study ws designed to determine the effect of ge of lying-type cockerels, kmpong chicken nd ric chicken on growth performnce, crcss weight nd the percentge weight of crcss prts. The experiment ws designed in Complete Rndomized Design with 3 x 7 fctoril rrngements. The first fctor ws types or lines of chicken consisted of 3 levels i.e., lying-type cockerels, kmpong chicken nd ric chicken. The second fctor ws ge of slughtering consisted of 7 levels i.e., t the ges of 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 nd 10 weeks. The study used 63 dy old chick (DOC) lying-type cockerels, 63 unsexed DOC kmpong chickens nd 63 unsexed DOC ric chickens. Ech line of chicken ws divided into 9 groups consisted of 7 chicks. Every group ws kept in one meter cuic cge. Every weekend, feed intke nd ody weight were mesured. At the end of the fourth week, from ech group, one chicken ws rndomly selected for mesurement of live weight, crcss weight nd the percentge weight of crcss prt. The results of the study found tht lying-type cockerel, kmpong chicken nd ric chicken hd the sme feed intke nd feed efficiency, ut hd different ody weight gins, crcss weights nd the percentge weight of crcss prts (drumstick, thighs, wings, rest nd ck). The increse of ge ffected feed intke, ody weight gin, feed efficiency, crcss nd the percentge weight of crcss prt. There ws n interction etween the line of chicken nd ge on ody weight gin, ut there ws no interction on feed intke, feed efficiency, crcss weight nd the percentge weight of crcss prt (drumstick, thighs, wings, rest nd ck). Key words: Lying-type cockerels, kmpong chicken, ric chicken, ody weight, crcss INTRODUCTION Due to the limittion in supply of kmpong chicken for Indonesin trditionl food ingredients, there is shift of chicken usge to ric chicken nd lying-type cockerels. Kmpong chicken is ntive Indonesin chicken. Kmpong chicken hs some prticulr fetures like distinctive flvor, especilly for Indonesin trditionl cuisine. In ddition, kmpong chicken lso hs the ility to live nd thrive with simple rising nd mngement systems, such s feeding them directly with domestic or griculturl wstes. Furthermore, it hs een proven tht kmpong chicken is very dptive to live in humid nd hot tropicl environment (Tmzil et l., 2013; Tmzil et l., 2014; Tmzil, 2014). However, kmpong chicken hs low egg production (Nishid et l., 1980; Iskndr et l., 2000). Therefore, the mjor ostcle in incresing the popultion of kmpong chicken is the low egg production. Aric chicken is locl lying hen originted from Brekel chicken (Gllus turnicus), which t lter stge is known s the ric chicken (Sulndri et l., 2007; Srtik nd Iskndr, 2007). Compred to the kmpong chicken, ric chicken hs higher egg production. Hence there is no limittion in incresing popultion of ric chicken. The growth rte of ric chicken is reltively higher thn tht of kmpong chicken, ut lower thn tht of lying-type cockerels (Tmzil et l., 2013). Aric chicken lso hs reltively similr dptility to humid nd hot tropicl environment s kmpong chicken (Tmzil et l., 2013; Tmzil et l., 2014; Tmzil, 2014). Thus, ric chicken is suitle to e developed in humid tropicl regions such s the islnd of Lomok. On the other hnd, lying-type cockerel which ws originlly htchery wste tht ws not used, ltely egins to e used s one of the poultry met providers. Scientific dt on growth, crcss nd crcss prt of locl chicken re very limited (Tdelle et l., 2000), while in other types of poultry such s the pekin duck (Bochno et l., 2005), muscovy ducks (Bochno et l., 2005), roilers (Bochno et l., 2003) nd lying-type cockerels (Murwsk et l., 2005) hve een reported. Therefore, this study ws conducted in n effort to otin comprison of growth nd crcss chrcteristics of locl Indonesin chickens (kmpong chickens nd ric chicken) nd lying-type cockerels. MATERIALS AND METHODS Experimentl design: The study ws conducted in completely rndomized design with 3 x 7 fctoril rrngements. The first fctor ws chicken types or lines Corresponding Author: M.H. Tmzil, Lortory of Poultry Production, Fculty of Animl Sciences, Mtrm University, Jl. Mjphit No. 62, Mtrm-83125, Indonesi 377

2 Pk. J. Nutr., 14 (7): , 2015 consisted of 3 levels i.e., lying-type cockerels, kmpong chickens nd ric chicken. The second fctor ws ge of slughtering consisted of 7 levels i.e., 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 nd 10 weeks. The experiment used 63 DOC lying-type cockerels strin Is Brown, 63 unsexed DOC kmpong chicken nd 63 unsexed DOC ric chicken. Ech chicken line ws divided into nine groups consisted of 7 chickens. Strting t the ge of 4 weeks, one chicken ws slughtered every week to get crcss weight dt nd the percentge weight of crcss prt. Chicken rising: Chicken rising ws conducted in 27 reposed wire cges with 1 x 1 x 1 meter for length x width x height. Ech cge contined 7 experimentl chickens in the eginning of experiment. Ech chicken line consisted of 9 cges. During the study, the experimentl chickens were fed with commercil feed produced y PT. Indochem. Nutritionl compositions of feed used re presented in Tle 1. Prmeter mesurement Body weight: Body weight ws otined y weighing ech chicken on weekend. Body weight gin is otined y reducing ody weight in certin week with chicken s ody weight on the first dy (DOC). Feed consumption: Feed consumption ws otined y mesuring the feed consumed every week. Weekly feed consumption ws clculted y reducing the totl mount of feed given during the week with the remining feed t the end of the week. Crcss weight nd the percentge weight crcss prt: Mesurements of crcss weight nd the percentge weight of crcss prt were conducted every week nd strted t the ge of 4 weeks. The mesurement ws conducted y tking one chicken from ech cge rndomly nd weighed to otin the live weight. After slughtering, fethers, hed, neck, legs nd internl orgns were removed to otin crcss weight. The weight of crcss components (drumstick, thighs, wings, rest nd ck) were otined y seprting nd weighing ech prt of crcss. Sttisticl nlysis: The influence of the line nd ge of chicken on ll oserved vriles were nlyzed y using nlysis of vrince nd further test ws y the LS-MEANS using the GLM procedures SAS softwre (2004). RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Feed intke, ody weight gin nd feed efficiency in different chicken lines nd ges re presented in Tle 2. Line of chicken did not ffect feed intke (p>0.05), ut the incresed ge of chicken incresed feed intke (p<0.01) nd there ws no interction etween the line of chicken nd the ge on feed intke Tle 1: Nutrient composition of experimentl feed Nutrient Percentge (%) Crude protein Crude ft 6.75 Crude fier 2.13 Wter ASH 6.51 Clcium 0.75 Phosphor 0.63 Anlyticl Lortory of Fculty of Mthemtic nd Science, University of Mtrm Tle 2: Feed consumption, ody weight gin nd feed efficiency of different lines nd ges of chickens Prmeters Feed Body Feed consumption weight gin efficiency Tretments (g/ird) (g/ird) (%) Line (L) Lying-type cockerels Kmpong Aric Age (A) (weeks) c 355 c c 1143 c c 1901 c c 2357 c c 2939 c c 3497 c SEM p-vlue Line (L) < Age (A) < < < L x A < c Mens in the sm row without common superscript differ t p<0.05 (p>0.05). The dt otined from this study showed tht the three lines of chicken used (lying-type cockerel, kmpong chicken nd ric chicken) hd quite similr levels of feed intke, rnging from g/ird/week. The dt in Tle 2 lso showed tht feed consumption of the three lines of chicken used in this study incresed with the increse of ge. Feed intke during the first week of study ws 588 g/ird nd fter 10 weeks of ge feed consumption reched 3496 g/ird. The dt in Tle 2 lso provided informtion tht the line of chicken nd its ge ffect ody weight gin (p<0.01) nd there ws n interction effect etween the line of chicken nd ge on ody weight gin (p<0.01). The highest ody weight gin ws found in lying-type cockerel, followed y kmpong chicken nd ric chicken, respectively. Lying-type cockerel showed % higher weight gin s compred to kmpong chickens nd % higher s compred with the ric chicken. The similr study on the growth of lyingtype cockerel, kmpong chicken nd ric chicken hs een reported y Tmzil et l. (2013) who found tht 378

3 Pk. J. Nutr., 14 (7): , 2015 Tle 3: Crcss weight nd the weight crcss prt in different lines nd ges of chickens Prmeters Weight of crcss prt (%) Tretments Crcss weight (%) Brest Thighs Drumstick Bck Wings Lines (L) Cockerels Kmpong Aric SEM Age (A) (weeks) c SEM p-vlue Line (L) < < < Age (A) < < < < < < L x A c Mens in the sm row without common superscript differ t p<0.05 ody weight of lying-type cockerel ws greter thn tht of ric chicken nd kmpong chicken. Comprison of ody weight gin of lying-type cockerel, kmpong chicken nd ric chicken (Fig. 1) showed tht up to 10 weeks of ge, ody weight of lying-type cockerel ws consistently higher thn those of kmpong chickens nd ric chicken. On the other hnd, the weights of kmpong chicken nd ric chicken t the ge of 9 weeks were reltively similr, ut fter the ge of 10 weeks, the weight of ric chicken showed down wrd trend. This mens tht up to 10 weeks of ge, lying-type cockerel nd kmpong chicken were still growing well, however, ric chicken showed declining growth. At the ge of 10 weeks, the growth of ric chicken, possily, hs reched inflection point, point tht limits etween self-ccelerting growth phse nd retrding growth phse. Different from the ric chicken, t the ge of 10 weeks, lying-type cockerel nd kmpong chicken re still in the phse of selfccelerting growth phse. Self-ccelerting growth phse is phse in the growth curve where weight gin occurs s result of cell prolifertion, cell enlrgement nd collection of sustnces from the environment surrounding the cells. Retrding growth phse in the growth curve is where the force of growth inhiition coming from closed ody system cuses limittion of cell growth nd lso the limittions of resources for growth (Brody, 1945; Pomeroy, 1955). At the ge of 10 weeks, ody weight of kmpong chicken reched g/ird, while ric chicken only reched g/ird. Dt from this study provide informtion tht lying-type cockerels hd higher growth rte thn tht of kmpong nd ric chickens. Kmpong chickens re Indonesin ntive chicken tht hs slow growth rte (Sulndri et l., 2007). At the ge of 12 weeks, kmpong chicken cn chieve 708 g of ody weight ut t the ge of 20 weeks it cn only chieve 1408 g of ody weight (Iskndr, 2007). Similrly, the weight of Aric chicken t the ge of 20 weeks only reched 1.2 kg (Tmzil et l., 2013). However, in this study the verge weight of kmpong chickens t the ge of 10 weeks reched g/ird, lower thn ody weight of Tiwnese ntive chicken t the sme ge. Tiwnese ntive chicken cn rech verge 1731 g of ody weight (Ron nd Hu, 1997). The high ody weight otined in this study could proly due to the source of kmpong chicken used ws KUB chickens (superior Blitnk kmpong chicken) tht were selected s lying hens. The selection process ffects the uniformity of chicken s ody weight resulting in higher chicken weight. The verge ody weight of non-selected kmpong chickens t the ge of 4 weeks ws 148 g, while the verges ody weights t the ge of 12 nd 20 weeks were 708 nd 1408 g (Creswell nd Gunwn, 1982). Body weight of kmpong chickens t the ge of 12 weeks from selected prent ws 860 to 900 g (Iskndr et l., 2000), tht ws higher thn the weight of mle kmpong chicken from non-selected prent, reching only g (Murynto et l., 2002). Body weights of kmpong chickens nd ric chicken were much smller thn tht of locl Tswn which reched 1 kg t the ge of 14 weeks (Thutw et l., 2012). Growth performnce of kmpong nd ric chickens re similr to tht of Mlwi locl chickens fed with commercil feed which cn rech verge 1 kg t the ge of 20 weeks (Sfloh, 1998). At the ge of 10 weeks, the verge weight of lying-type cockerel in this study reched 1160 g/ird, which ws lower thn the result otined y Murwsk et l. (2005) who found tht the verge ody weight of lying-type cockerel ws 1434 g/ird. 379

4 Pk. J. Nutr., 14 (7): , 2015 percentge weight of crcss prt (p<0.01). However there ws no interction effect etween the line of chicken nd ge on crcss weight nd the percentge weight of crcss prt (p>0.05). The highest crcss weight in this study ws found in kmpong chicken, followed y ric chicken nd lyingtype cockerels, respectively. The low crcss weight found inlying-type cockerels ws due to the lying-type cockerels experienced growth of hir, hed, neck nd feet tht were lrger thn those of kmpong nd ric chickens. The sme reson could e the cuse of crcss weight of kmpong chicken ws higher thn tht of Aric chicken. The results of this study demonstrte tht genetic fctors (line of chicken) ffect crcss weight. The sme results were lso experienced y ntive chickens from vrious countries s were reported y de Mrchi et l. (2005), Iql et l. (2009), de Almeid nd Zuer (2010), Dikwo et l. Fig. 1: Averge ody weight gin of lying type (2011), Thutw et l. (2012), Isidhomen et l. (2012) cockerels, kmpong chickens nd ric nd Khlid et l. (2012). chickens from 1 to 10 weeks of ge The dt in Tle 3 lso provide informtion tht kmpong chicken hs higher rest weight thn ric nd lying-type cockerels. The higher rest weight in kmpong chicken s compre to those in ric nd lying-type cockerels is sign tht kmpong chicken hs potentil to e developed s met type (lterntive met producer). Kmpong chickens used in this study were KUB chicken which hd undergone selection process for egg production. The selection process ffects the uniformity of chicken weight nd growth, including the growth of rest met, resulting in higher percentge of rest weight when compred to those of ric nd lying-type cockerels. The dt in Tle 3 lso show tht thigh nd drumstick (the lrgest orgn mets deposit fter chest) in lyingtype cockerels reltively grow fster thn those in ric nd kmpong chickens. It cn e concluded tht the Fig. 2: Percentge weight of crcss prt of lying-type met growth in kmpong nd ric chickens re more cockerels, kmpong chickens nd ric dominnt in the rest re, while in the lying-type chickens from 4-10 weeks ge cockerel the growth of met is dominnt in the thigh nd drumstick. According to Murwsk et l. (2005) who The three lines of chicken used in this study hd similr oserved the growth of lying-type cockerels up to 18 feed efficiency pttern i.e., feed efficiency decresed with weeks, the iggest deposits of met on lying-type the incresed chicken s ge. This is consequence of cockerels ws in the rest nd thigh re, ut the met the growth model which decreses with the increse of deposit on those prts of lying-type cockerels were not ge nd stop when entering self retrding growth phse s much s those of on the sme prt on roiler when poultries rech puerty (Brody, 1945; Pomeroy, chickens (Gerken et l., 2003). This result implies tht 1955). On the other hnd, the mount of feed required rising of lying-type cockerels for met production is incresed with the increse of ge, thus the feed not efficient s compred to roiler chicken (Dmme efficiency decresed with the increse of ge. nd Ristic, 2003). The effects of chicken line nd ge on crcss weight The results of this study lso showed tht the highest nd the percentge of crcss prt re presented in ck weight ws found in ric chicken, followed y the Tle 3. The dt showed tht the line of chicken lying-type cockerels nd kmpong chicken. On the significntly ffected crcss weight nd the percentge other hnd, the highest weight of the wing ws found in weight of crcss prt (p<0.01). The dt showed tht lying-type cockerels, followed y ric nd kmpong the ge of the chicken ffected crcss weight nd the chickens. Therefore, it cn e concluded tht the 380

5 Pk. J. Nutr., 14 (7): , 2015 difference in the line of chicken (genetic) ffects the ck nd wing weight percentges. When the percentge of ck weight dt in Tle 3 nd Fig. 2 re oserved, it cn e seen tht the ck weight is the iggest component of crcss prt, followed y the weight of the rest, thigh, drumstick nd the smllest component is the weight of the wings. The ck is component of the crcss prt which minly consisted of one. Bone is component of ody which grows nd mtures fster since htchery (Hfez, 1955). Thus, when poultry is slughtered, ones percentge is the highest. The effect of slughtering ge on crcss weight s ws presented in Tle 3 showed tht the increse of ge incresed the percentge of crcss weight. The incresed crcss weight is reflection of the growing process. During the growing process, one or ll the following three processes re occurred i.e., cell prolifertion, cell enlrgement nd incorportion of sustnces collected from the environment (Brody, 1945). This growth phenomenon lso occurs in ll nimls including poultry, such s Tiwnese ntive chickens (Ron nd Hu, 1997) nd Tswn chicken (Thutw et l., 2012). With the dvnce of ge, the weight of crcss prt increse nd the incresed ge increses the weights of rest met, thigh nd drum stick, ut reduces the weights of ck nd wing. The reduction of ck nd wing weights is cused y the fct tht these two prts of chicken ody re minly composed of ones which hve the fstest growth nd mturity. Thus, t certin ge, the growth of ones will e slower while other prts of the ody grow continuously. Similr phenomenon hppened to Tiwnese ntive chicken (Ron nd Hu, 1997) nd Tswn chicken (Thutw et l., 2012). The weights of hed, neck, legs, ck nd gilets of these chickens decrese with the increse of ge nd weight, ut the weights of the wings, rests nd thighs increse with the increse of ge nd weight. The verges of crcss weights of lying-type cockerels, kmpong nd ric chickens in this study re 58.65, nd 61.50%, respectively. These weights re lower thn the verge of crcss weight of kmpong chickens reported y Iskndr (2007) tht rnges etween 66-72% (verge 69%). The low percentge of crcss weight found in this study is cused y the different lines of chicken, slughtering ges nd mngement pplied when rising the chickens. Iskndr (2007) oserved the crcss weight of kmpong chicken t the ge of 12 weeks using kmpong chicken feed. In this study, crcss weight ws oserved on lying-type cockerels, KUB chicken nd ric chicken strting from ge 4 to 10 weeks using commercil roiler feed. Conclusion: This study concluded tht lying-type cockerel, kmpong chicken nd ric chicken hd the sme feed intke nd feed efficiency, ut hd different ody weight gins, crcss weights nd the percentge weights of crcss prt (drumstick, thighs, wings, rest nd ck). The increse of ge ffected feed intke, ody weight gin, feed efficiency, crcss weight nd the percentge weight of crcss prt. There ws n interction effect etween the line of chicken nd ge on ody weight gin, ut there ws no interction on feed intke, feed efficiency, crcss weight nd the percentge weight crcss prt (drumstick, thighs, wings, rest nd ck). ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Authors would like to thnk nd pprecite Directorte Generl of Higher Eduction, Ministry of Eduction nd Culture of Repulic Indonesi for the finncil support through MP3EI Grnt Progrm with letter of ssignment greement No: 482/SPP-MP3EI/H18. 12/PL/2014. Apprecition is lso ddressed to Prof. Wsmen Mnlu, Ph.D., Professor t the Fculty of Veterinry Medicine, Bogor Agriculturl University, for his willingness to red nd correct this mnuscript. REFERENCES Bochno, R., W. Brzozowski nd D. Murwsk, Agerelted chnges in the distriution of met, ft with skin nd ones in roiler chicken crcsses. Poult. J. Nt. Sci., 14: Bochno, R., W. Brzozowski nd D. Murwsk, Agerelted chnges in the distriution of len, ft with skin nd ones in duck crcsses. Br. Poult. Sci., 46: 1-5. Brody, S., Bioenergetics nd Growth. Collier Mcmilln Pulisher, London, pp: Creswell, D.J. nd B. Gunwn, Indigenous chicken in Indonesi: Production chrcteristics in nimproved environment. Report No. 2. Reserch Institute for Animl Production, Bogor, Indonesi, pp: 12. Dikwo, I.S., A.A. Okpe nd J.O. Ochej, Phenotypic Chrcteriztion of Locl Chickens in Dekin. Int. J. Poult. Sci., 10: Dmme, K. nd M. Ristic, Fttening performnce, met yield nd economic spects of met nd lyer type hyrids. World s Poult. Sci. J., 59: de Almeid, A.M. nd U. Zuer, The effect of the Nked Neck genotype (N n), feeding nd outdoor rering on growth nd crcss chrcteristics of free rnge roilers in hot climte. Trop. Anim. Helth nd Prod., 42: de Mrchi, M.M., M. Cssndro, E. Lunrdi, G. Bldn nd P.B. Siegel, Crcss Chrcteristics nd Qulittive Met Trits of the Pdovn Breed of Chicken. Int. J. Poult. Sci., 4: Gerken, M., D. Jenecke nd M. Kreuzer, Growth, ehvior nd crcss chrcteristic of egg-type cockerels compred to mle roilers. World s Poult. Sci. J., 59:

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