Evaluation of New Biological Product Saltose for Controlling Coccidia and Clostridia in Broiler Chickens

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1 Glol Veterinri 1 (): 57-, 01 ISSN IDOSI Pulictions, 01 DOI: /idosi.gv Evlution of New Biologicl Product Sltose for Controlling Coccidi nd Clostridi in Broiler Chickens 1 K.G. El Irqi, T.M. Melegy nd A.O. Hssn 1 Deprtment of Veterinry Hygiene nd Mngement, Fculty of Veterinry Medicine, Ciro University, Giz, Egypt Deprtment of Nutrition nd clinicl Nutrition, Fculty of Veterinry Medicine, Ciro University, Giz, Egypt Deprtment of Microiology, mycology nd immunology, Fculty of Veterinry Medicine, Ciro University, Giz, Egypt Astrct: Sltose is one of the iologicl feed dditives used for controlling coccidi nd clostridi, in roiler, their effect on performnce, ehviour nd gut microiology ws evluted in comprison with Slinomycin nd Avilmycine. A totl of 00 one dy old Co chicks, were divided into four groups, ech consisting of replictes. In group A, the chicks were fed on commercil sl diet, group B ws fed on the sme diet enriched with 0.5gm Slinomycin /kg feed, group C fed on the sme diet enriched with 0.5gm Slinomycin /kg nd 0. gm Avilmycine/ kg feed nd group D fed on the sme diet enriched with 0.5gm Sltose /kg feed. Dt collected during 5 weeks experimentl period were; ehviourl prmeters including feeding, drinking, leg nd wing stretch, Leg scrtch, preening nd resting ehviour lso roiler performnce including feed intke, finl ody weight, feed conversion rte nd mortlity rte, finlly gut microiology ws exmined. The result otined showing significnt differences t P 0.05 s Sltose nd slinomycin plus vilmycine improve the niml feeding nd drinking ehviour. Also Sltose chieved gret significnt effect t P 0.05 on roiler performnce, Lctocillus cidophilus, totl neroic count, Clostridi, E.coli nd Eimeri oocyst count. These results suggested tht supplying roiler with Sltose s iologicl product or comintion of slinomycin nd vilmycine s chemicl product, improve Boiler ehviour, productive performnce nd minimize incidence of clostridium perferengense nd coccidiosis in the roiler flocks. Key words: Sltose Behviour Avilmycine Slinomycin Broiler INTRODUCTION The suclinicl form is chrcterized y dmge to the intestinl mucos tht decreses digestion, sorption Clostridium perfringens is widespred nd reduces weight gins lso ssocited with heptitis spore-forming, Grm-positive, neroic, microorgnism. nd cholngioheptitis. The dmge to intestinl It is recognized s n enteritic cteril pthogen in epithelium cused y coccidi is mjor predisposing humns, poultry, other frm nimls nd wildlife fctor for necrotic enteritis, llowing Clostridium worldwide [1, ]. It is often found in the intestinl trct of perfringens to replicte rpidly nd produce toxin, so helthy irds ut it cn cuse necrotic enteritis (NE) in necrotic enteritis nd coccidiosis re often linked s one mny species of poultry nd especilly in roiler nd set of similr symptoms []. turkey flocks []. Coccidiosis, cused y intrcellulr protozon The disese cused y Clostridium perfringens in prsite of the genus Eimeri, is mjor prsitic disese poultry is clled necrotic enteritis nd presented in n within the intensive poultry production system. Eimeri cute or suclinicl form; the cute form leds to species re highly host specific, with six species hving incresed mortlity in the lst weeks of the rering period. n economic impct in chickens [5, ]. In roilers, Corresponding Author: Kssem G. El Irqi, Deprtment of Veterinry Hygiene nd Mngement, Fculty of Veterinry Medicine, Ciro University, Giz, Egypt. 57

2 Glol Veterinri, 1 (): 57-, 01 coccidiosis control should not only ddress the Experimentl Design: Chicks were divided into four prevention of clinicl disese nd mortlity ut lso mild groups, one control nd three test groups 510 chicks nd suclinicl infections, s even minor intestinl lesions ech, ech group divided into six replictes 85 chicks cn interfere with growth, feed conversion nd therefore ech. Group A, the chicks were fed on commercil sl profitility [7]. diet, group B ws fed on the sme diet enriched with Mediction y nticlostridil nd nticoccidil 0.5gm Slinomycin /kg feed(s nti coccidil drug), group drugs in chicken s feed dditives hd een strted out C fed on the sme diet enriched with 0.5gm Slinomycin 0 yers go nd numerous products were introduced, /kg nd 0. gm Avilmycine/ kg feed(s nti clostridil which re redily ville nd in use [8]. The intensive drug) nd group D fed on the sme diet enriched with use of nticoccidils nd nticlostridil drugs hs led to 0.5gm Sltose /kg feed(s nticteril product ) (Tle 1). the development of microil resistnce [9], in ddition to The chicks fed strter diet from 1-15 dys old nd then fed the pulic concern of chemicl residues in met nd grower diet from 1-5 dys nd finlly fed on finisher pollution of the environment hs led to restricted from 5 dys to 5 dys [1]. All diets used were regultions ginst their in food in Europe [10, 11]. So, the formulted to meet the nutrient requirement of the roilers min ojective of the current study ws to evlute the ccording to recommendtions of the ntionl reserch effects of new iologicl product; Sltose used s council [1]. The experimentl diet composition nd nticoccidil nd nticlostridil in comprison with nutrient vlue of sl diet used were illustrted in Slinomycin used s nticoccidil nd Avilmycine used tle. s nticlostridil, on the ehviour ptterns, productive performnce nd intestinl microiology nd prsitology Mesurements in roiler. Behviorl Mesurements: All ehviorl prmeters were mesured ccording to method of Altmn [17] MATERIALS AND METHODS through; Dily instntneous smpling for 10 minutes / times dily/pen; oservtion session ws divided into Birds nd Housing: A totl of 00 one dy-old short intervls nd recorded the ehviour pttern Co chicks were used in this study. All chicks were occurred [18]. The ehviorl prmeters oserved nd housed in roiler house elonging to Poultry mesured includes feeding ehviour, drinking ehviour, Mngement Reserch Center, Fculty of Veterinry wing nd leg stretching, preening, ody scrtching nd Medicine, Ciro University, Egypt. On rrivl, resting ehviour tle. chicks were rndomly housed in experimentl pens with stocking density 15/m. Continuous lighting ws Productive Performnce: Finl Body weight (grm/ird): provided throughout the experiment; during rooding The verge finl ody weight ws clculted t the end t one dy old the mient temperture ws 5 C nd of experimentl period. Feed intke (grm/ird) ws grdully decresed to rech 5 C on dy 1 nd clculted for ech group t the end of the experiment, s then kept constnt. Feed nd wter were provided follow the residul mount of feed ws weighed d liitum vi trough feeders nd ell drinker. nd sutrcted from the known weight of feed t The irds were vccinted ginst Newcstle disese the eginning of experiment. Feed conversion rtio nd infectious ronchitis (I.B.) on dy of ge given (grm feed/grm gin) ws clculted t the end of Hitchiner nd I.B. nd given lsot vccine t dy 18 experiment s the mount of feed consumed per unit of nd 8 of ge, lso vccinted ginst Gumoro on dy 1 ody gin. Mortlity rte (%), the ccumulted mortlity of ge. rte ws clculted y sutrcting the numer of live Tle 1: The experimentl groups treted with different feed dditives Groups Tretment Group A (control) Chicks fed on sl diet without ny feed dditives Group B (test) Chicks fed on sl diet enriched with 0.5 gm Slinomycin sodium 1% / kg feed s nti coccidil drug [1]. Group C (test) Chicks fed on sl diet enriched with 0.5 gm Slinomycin sodium 1%/ kg s nti coccidil plus 0. gm Avilmycine /kg s nti clostridil drug [1, 15]. Group D (test) Chicks fed on sl diet enriched with Sltose * powder 0.5 gm in strter nd 0.5 gm/kg in grower nd finisher [1]. * Sltose : Ptent product produced y Poultry Industry Consultnt Compny (PIC-BIO, Inc.) Gosku Bld., 1-9- Nishigotnd, Shingw-ku, Tokyo, , Jpn nd distriuted y Elyoser Medicine trding Compny, Egypt. Sltose composed of Cell Wll Lyze (ptent new enzyme),700 U/g, Bcillus 9 8 licheniformis, Bcillus sutilis, Bcillus pumilus 1.8 x 10 cfu/g, Enterococcus feclis, Enterococcus fecium.5 x 10 cfu/g, Protese, Lipse, Cellulse, Amylse 1,000 U/g nd Bet-Xylnse 50 U/g [1]. 58

3 Glol Veterinri, 1 (): 57-, 01 Tle : Composition nd nutritive vlue of strter, grower nd finisher diet used Ingredients Strter Grower Finisher Yellow Corn Soy en mel (%) Full ft soy (5%) 1 1. Corn gluten mel (%) DL-Methionine L-Lysine HCL L-Threonine Mono clcium phosphte Lime stone Slt Sodium icronte Choline Chloride (0%) Premix Clculted chemicl composition (% Crude Protein (%) Metolisle Energy (Kcl/kg) Clcium (%) Phosphorus (totl) (%) Aville Phosphorus (%) Methionine% Lysine% Threonine% Sodium% Tle : Description of ech ehviour pttern mesured during experiment Behviour Description Feeding (eting) Hed extended towrds ville feed resources while ek in or ove the feeder nd pper to e ingesting feed. Drinking Bek in contct with wter in or ove the drinker nd pper to e drinking wter. Wing/leg stretching Extending one wing nd one leg t the sme side of the ody. Preening Bek relted ehviour tht ek touches the plumge of the ird itself. Body Scrtching Scrtching prts of the ody especilly hed nd neck with feet. Resting Hed rested on something (Litter or nother ird) while sitting irds t the end of the experiment from the totl numer of with Duncn method [] nd in order to get regression irds t the eginning of the experiment nd the product eqution nd correltion coefficients, significnce is multiplied y 100 to otin the percentge of mortlity difference t P rte. RESULTS Gut Microiology nd Prsitology: Clocl sws were tken t 15 nd t 5 dys old, three sws for ech Behviorl mesurements: A significnt reduction in the replicte, mens 18 sws for ech tretment, these sws feeding ehviour t P 0.05 ws recorded s group B exmined for, totl Lctocillus count, totl neroic showed lower feeding frequency 10.7±0.7 followed y count, totl clostridi count nd totl E.coli count [19]. group D 11.±0.7, the higher feeding frequency recorded Totl 8 smples from the chick s droplets were collected in group A nd group C 1.75±0. nd 1. ±0. from severl representtive res of the chicken house, respectively. The higher drinking frequency recorded in smples from ech tretment, two times t 15 nd 5 dys control group, followed y group C ±0.5nd.7±0. old from the top lyer of mteril. Oocyst detection respectively, while lower drinking ehviour recorded in ws performed ccording to the stndrd method. group B followed y group D, ut without significnce The Sporulted oocyst were counted per 1.0 ml of difference, no significnt difference oserved etween solution using the hemocytometer [0, 1]. different groups in resting ehviour ptterns (Tle ). Sttisticl Anlysis: The dt were nlyzed Productive Performnce: Performnce trits of roiler sttisticlly with generl liner model method (GLM) in chickens including ody weight, feed intke, feed SAS Softwre []. The comprison of mens ws done conversion rtio nd mortlity rte were presented in 59

4 Glol Veterinri, 1 (): 57-, 01 Tle : Effect of Sltose, Slinomycin nd Slinomycin plus Avilmycine on Behviour ptterns Feeding ehviour 1.75± ±0.7 1.±0. 11.±0.7 Drinking ehviour ±0.5.9±0..7±0. c.1±0.19 Wing nd leg stretch 1.±0.9 1.±0. 1.5± ±0.1 Leg scrtch 1.8± ±0. 1.± ±0.19 Preening.9± ±0.18.5±0. 5.8±0.8 Rest ±0.9 8.±1..7± ±.1,,c Mens with the different indices etween groups re significntly different t p<0.05 Tle 5: Effect of Sltose, Slinomycin nd Slinomycin plus Avilmycine on Broiler Performnce Finl Body weight 11.7±5.1 15± ± ±.8 Averge feed intke 15.± ±1.5 c 97±7.9 c 0±0.1 Food Conversion rte 1.9± ± ± ±0.0 Mortlity rte 1.7± ± ± ±0.9,,c Mens with the different indices etween groups re significntly different t p<0.05 Tle : Effect of Sltose, Slinomycin nd Slinomycin plus Avilmycine on Broiler Gut microiology Prmeters CFU/gm 15 dys old 5 dys old 15 dys old 5 dys old 15 dys old 5 dys old 15 dys old 5 dys old Totl Lctocillus count Totl neroic count Totl clostridi count Totl E.coli count Tle 7: Effect of Sltose, Slinomycin nd Slinomycin plus Avilmycine on Coccidiosis in roiler chickens Prmeters 15 dys old 5 dys old 15 dys old 5 dys old 15 dys old 5 dys old 15 dys old 5 dys old Eimeri oocyte concentrtion Eimeri oocyte count /ml tle 5; there is highly significnce difference lctocillus species. It ws 7 10 CFU/gm t 15 dys etween the productive performnce prmeters t 7 old nd ecme 1 10 CFU/gm t 5 dys old. While in P Group D showed the highest verge ody group A, lctocillus species ws 10 CFU/gm t 15 weight 1815±.8 gm, followed y group C 178±7.7 gm, 5 dys old nd ecme 9 10 CFU/gm t 5 dys old. group B 15±7.1 gm nd the lower finl ody In group B nd group C the lctocillus count t 15 weight recorded in group A (the control dys old ws 10 CFU/gm nd 8 10 CFU/gm nd group)11.7±5.1 gm. The feed intke recorded were ecme 10 CFU/gm nd 10 CFU/gm respectively 15.±0.5 gm, 05.±1.5 gm, 0±0.1 gm nd t 5 dys old. 97±7.9 gm in group A, group B, group D nd group Totl neroic count in group D t 15 nd 5 dys C respectively,. Lower food conversion rte chieved in old ws 1 10 CFU/gm nd CFU/gm respectively, group D 1.7±0.0, followed y group C 1.7±0.0, group B while totl clostridi count ws 1 10 CFU/gm nd ws 1.919±0.15 nd higher conversion rte ws in group CFU/gm. Also E coli count ws 7 10 CFU/gm A 1.9 ±0.07. Group D showed low mortlity rte 5.1 nd CFU/gm t 15 nd 5 dys old. In group B totl ±0.9%, while the higher mortlity rte recorded ws neroic count t 15 nd 5 dys old ws CFU/gm 1.7±1.9% in group A. nd CFU/gm respectively while totl clostridi count ws 1 10 CFU/gm nd 10 CFU/gm, lso in Microiology nd Prsitology: The effect of different group C the totl neroic count nd totl clostridi feed dditive on the gut microiology t 15 nd 5 dys old (Tle ). Group D showing some eneficil modifiction on norml flor y incresing count of count reduced thn in group A. While E coli count ws CFU/gm nd CFU/gm in group B nd group C respectively. 0

5 Glol Veterinri, 1 (): 57-, 01 The effect of different feed dditives on coccidiosis gret effect to control infection with coccidi [, ]. tle 7, in group D the numer of Eimeri oocyst ws While the effect of Sltose on Eimeri ws relted to decresed to e 5 Sporulted oocyst/ml. Group A showed gret effect of cell wll lyze enzyme on lysise of the outer higher incidence of coccidiosis, the numer of Eimeri cell wll of Eimeri different stges resulting misshpe nd oocyst ws incresed from 1 10 /ml to 10 /ml t 15 loss of infective chrcters [1]. nd 5 dys old respectively, while in group B the numer of Eimeri oocyst incresed from 5 10 /ml to 7 10 /ml CONCLUSSION lso in group C the numer of Eimeri oocyst ws incresed from 10 /ml to 5 10 /ml t 15 dys nd 5 Bsed upon findings of this study, it cn e dys old respectively. concluded tht supplying roiler with iologicl feed dditives Sltose or comintion of Slinomycin nd DISCUSSION Avilmycine improved roiler ehviour, productive performnce nd minimized incidence of infection with High-intensity rering systems, prticulrly in the Clostridium perfringens nd coccidiosis in the roiler poultry industry, hve resulted in dependence on flock. nti-clostridi nd nticoccidil feed dditives to provide prophylctic control ginst necrotic enteritis cused y ACKNOWLDGEMENTS Clostridium perfringens nd protozo infections cused y pthogenic species of Eimeri []. This study ws supported y the Poultry It is not llowed to routinely use ny type of Mngement Reserch Center, Fculty of Veterinry ntiiotics or chemotherpeutics in orgnic frming. Medicine, Ciro University, Elyoser medicine trding This mens tht nti clostridil drugs nd Compny, Egypt nd PIC-BIO, Inc. Compny, Gosku nticoccidils used to prevent outreks of Necrotic Bld., 1-9- Nishigotnd, Shingw-ku, Tokyo, 11- enteritis nd the prsitic disese coccidiosis (Eimeri 001, Jpn. species), cnnot e used routinely in conventionl poultry husndry [5]. REFERENCES Different feed dditives showed no significnce difference in wing nd leg stretch, leg scrtch, preening 1. Songer, J.G., 199. Clostridil enteritic diseses of nd resting ehviour, these ehviour ptterns used s domestic nimls. Clin Microiol Rev., 9: 1-. ehviour indictor to the roiler welfre [], this mens. Crven, S.E., N.A. Cox, J.S. Biley nd D.E. Cosy, tht the feed dditives for prophylctic control ginst 00. Incidence nd trcking of Clostridium necrotic enteritis nd coccidiosis doesn t ffect the roiler Perfringens through n integrted roiler chicken welfre. opertion. Avin Dis., 7: The Sltose positive effect on the productive. Engström, B.E., C. Fermér, A. Linderg, E. Srinen, performnce of roiler relted to their composition tht V. Båverud nd A. Gunnrsson, 00. Moleculr contining proiotics; three cillus species nd two Typing of isoltes of Clostridium perfringens enterococcus species nd five enzymes tht hve positive from helthy nd disesed poultry. Vet. Microiol., effect on the performnce of roiler [7, 8]. 9: 5-5. Slinomycin nd Avilmycine reduce count of lctic. Vn, I.F., J.I. Rood, R. Moore nd R.W. Titll, 008. cid cteri in roiler, while Sltose hs eneficil effect Rethinking our understnding of the pthogenesis on the lctic cid cteri which constitute the min of necrotic enteritis in chickens. Trends Microiol., norml flor in poultry gstro intestinl trct [9, 0]. 17: -. Comintion of Slinomycin nd Avilmycine decresed 5. Allen, P.C. nd R.H. Fetterer, 00. Recent dvnces in the clostridi count in roiler chickens nd not effected in iology nd immunoiology of Eimeri species on the grm negtive cteri [1] ut Sltose hs nd in dignosis nd control of infection with these nticteril effect ginst neroic cteri specil coccidin prsites of poultry. Clin. Microiol. Rev., clostridi nd grm negtive cteri E coli. The effect of 15(1): Slinomycin nd comintion of Slinomycin nd. Ydv, A. nd S.K. Gupt, 001. Study of resistnce Avilmycine on Eimeri ws relted to effect of ginst some ionophores in Eimeri tenell field Slinomycin s chemicl ionophoric coccidiostts, hs isoltes. Vet. Prsitol., 10:

6 Glol Veterinri, 1 (): 57-, Guo F.C. Suo, G.Z. Zhng nd J.Z. Shen, Quinn, P.J., M.E. Crter, B. Mrkey nd G.R. Crter, Efficcy of decoquinte ginst drug sensitive 00. Clinicl Veterinry Microiology. pp: lortory strins of Eimeri tenell nd field th 5 ed. Elsevier pulishing. isoltes of Eimeri spp. in roiler chickens in Chin. 0. Holdsworth, P.A., D.P. Conwy, M.E. McKenzie, Vet. Prsitol., 17: 9-5. A.D. Dyton, H.D. Chpmn, G.F. Mthis, 8. Guo, F.C., X. Suo, G.Z. Zhng nd J.Z. Shen, 001. J.T. Skinner, H.C. Mundt nd R.B. Willims, 00. Efficcy of decoquinte ginst drug sensitive Guidelines for evluting the efficcy of lortory strins of Eimeri tenell nd field nticoccidil drugs in chickens nd turkeys. Vet. isoltes of Eimeri spp. in roiler chickens in Chin. Prsitol., 11: Vet. Prsitol., 17: Conwy, D.P. nd M.E. McKenzie, 007. Poultry 9. Chpmn, H.D., T.F. Cherry, H.D. Dnforth, coccidiosis dignosis nd testing procedures, G. Richrds, M. Shirley nd R. Willims, 00. rd pp: 1-5. ed. Blckwell pulishing. Sustinle coccidiosis control in poultry. SAS institute Inc, 199. SAS User Guide. SAS production: the role of live vccines. Inter. J. Prsit., institiute, Inc, Cry, North Crolin : Duncn, D.B., Multiple rnge nd muliple F 10. De Plos, L.M., M.F. Dos Sontos, E. Montero, tests. Biometrics, 11: 1-. A. Grci-Grndos, A. Prr nd A.Osun, Chpmn, H.D., Biochemicl, genetic nd Anticoccidil ctivity of mslinic cid ginst pplied spects of drug resistnce in Eimeri infection with Eimeri tenell in chickens. Prsitol prsites of the fowl. Avin. Pthol., : 1-. Res., 107: Berg, C., Why there re no orgniclly grown 11. Brrig, O., 199. A review on vccintion ginst roilers in the supermrkets? Forskningsnytt Om protozo nd rthropod of veterinry importnce. økologisk lndruk i Norden, : 1-. Vet. Prsitol., 55: Broom, D.M., 007. Welfre in reltion to feelings, 1. Steven, L. nd D.S. John, 008. Feeding progrm for stress nd helth. Revist electronic de Veterinri. Broiler chickens. pp.9-9. In: Commercil Poultry VIII N (1B). rd Nutrition, ed. British Lirry. 7. Mohn, B., R. Kdirvel, M. Ntrjn nd 1. Ntionl Reserch Council, 199. Nutrient M. Bhskrn, 199. Effect of proiotic th requirements of Poultry, pp ed., Ntionl supplementtion on growth, nitrogen utiliztion cdemy press, Wshington. D.C. nd serum cholesterol in roilers. Br. Poult. Sc., 1. Wf, A.A., 010. Comprtive Evlution on the 7: effect of coccidiostts nd symiotic preprtions on 8. Khksefidi, A. nd T. Ghoorchi, 00. Effect of prevention of Clostridium perfringens in Broiler proiotic on performnce nd immune competence in chickens, Glo. Vet., 5(): -. roiler chicks. J. Poult. Sc., : Elwinger, K., B. Engstrom, O. Berndtson nd 9. Engerg, R.M., M.S. Hedemnn, T.D. Leser nd B. Teglof, 199. Effect of Avotn (Avoprcin) nd B.B. Jensen, 000. Effect of Zinc Bcitrcin Mxus (Avilmycin) on cecl growth of Clostridium nd Slinomycin on Intestinl Microflor perfringens nd occurnce of necrotic enteritis in nd Performnce of Broilers. Poultry Science, roiler. Deprtment of Animl Nutrition nd 79: Mngement, The Swedish University of 0. Knrreorg, A., R. Engerg, S.K. Jensen nd Agriculturl Sciences Uppsl, Sweden B.B. Jensen, 00. The effect of feeding 1. Poultry Industry Consultnt Biotechnology sutherpeutic levels of Slinomycin nd Avilmycin Compny (PIC-BIO). 01. Sltose. Septemer 0. on growth performnce of roilers nd its reltion to Aville from live.com/ en/ sttic/ pdf/ microil ile slt hydrolse ctivity in the smll sltose_a.pdf intestine. Deprtment of Animl Nutrition nd 17. Altmnn, J., 197. Oservtionl study of ehviour: Physiology, Dnish Institute of Agriculturl smpling methods. Behviour, 9: 7-7. Sciences, DK-880 Tjele. 18. Senrtn, D., T.S. Smrkone, A.P. Mdusnk nd 1. Elwinger, K., C. Schneitz, E. Berndtson, O. Fossum, W. Gunwrdne, 011. Performnce, Behviour nd B. Teglof nd T. Engstrom, 199. Fctors ffecting Welfre Aspects of Broilers s ffected y different the incidence of necrotic enteritis, cecl crrige of colours of Artificil Light. Trop. Agric. Res. Ext., Clostridium perfringens nd ird perfromnce in 1(): 8-. roiler chicks. Act. Vet. Scnd, : 9-78.

7 Glol Veterinri, 1 (): 57-, 01. Vissiennon, T., H. Kroger, T. Kohler nd R. Kliche,. Chrlotte, H.J., B. Lotte nd P. Krl, 007. Impct of 000. Effect of Avilmycin, tylosin nd ionophore slinomycin on the intestinl microflor of roiler nticoccidils on Clostridium perfringens chickens. A. Vet. Scnd, 9(0): 1-8. enterotoxemi in chickens. Berl. Munch Tierrztl Wochenschr, 11: 9-1.

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