Improving Performance, Meat Quality and Muscle Fiber Microstructure of Native Indonesian Muscovy Duck Through Feed Protein and Metabolizable Energy
|
|
- Solomon Lawrence
- 5 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 Interntionl Journl of Poultry Science 1 (11): , 013 ISSN Asin Network for Scientific Informtion, 013 Improving Performnce, Met Qulity nd Muscle Fier Microstructure of Ntive Indonesin Muscovy Duck Through Feed Protein nd Metolizle Energy 1 Elly Tugiynti, Tri Yuwnt, Zuprizl nd Rusmn Fculty of Animl Science, University of Jenderl Soedirmn, Purwokerto, Indonesi Fculty of Animl Science, University of Gdjh Md, Indonesi 1 Astrct: Tenderness is determined y the growth nd size of muscle fiers, which cn e rrnged through the feed. The current study ws designed to investigte protein nd metolic energy level on performnce including met qulity nd muscle fier size of mle muscovy ducks. Five protein levels nd metolic energy of feed tretments (13% nd 300 kcl/kg, 15% nd 500 kcl/kg, 17% nd 700 kcl/kg, 19% nd 900 kcl/kg, 1% nd 3100 kcl/kg) nd 100 mle dod of muscovy ducks were dministered in this reserch. Protein nd metolic energy level significntly ffected (p<0.01) crcss weight, feed conversion rtio, dominl ft percentge, physicl met qulity nd muscle fier dimeter. Feed with 1% protein nd 3100 kcl/kg metolic energy resulted in good performnce (134.60±43.6 crcss weight, 4.00±0.64 feed conversion nd 68.86±5.59% crcss percentge), physicl met qulity nd lrge muscle fier dimeter of µm, ut comprtively high dominl ft level of 5.60±0.71. Key words: Muscovy duck, muscle fier, tenderness INTRODUCTION inducing n increse. Increse in lipid content of rest Muscovy duck is fst growing nd suitle met fowl muscle of mule nd Muscovy ducks is etween 6-8 nd source. Although very common s met duck, Muscovy 1-13 weeks of ge. Bez et l. (00) stted tht t 1 ly eggs nnully nd is less preferle met weeks old, rest met of selected Muscovy duck due prtly to its smelly, tough nd drk met. Ntive weighed differently from tht of control s much s 39%. Indonesin Muscovy re mostly found in Jv in Age is the min influence of muscle development. This trditionl system, so they re yet showing mximum ws supported y Chrtrin et l. (005) tht 14 weeks performnce nd met qulity (CIVAS nd FAO, 006). old Muscovy duck hd muscle weight 89% hevier thn In Frnce, Muscovy ducks re under intensive system tht of Pekin duck oserved in redth nd length of nd hve contriuted 45% of duck met supply muscle fier. Muscle fier length cn rech 1 cm with (Znusso et l., 003). However, there hs not een µm dimeter. Muscle fier dimeter is fixed feeding guideline for Muscovy sustinility determined y some fctors like species, stte of especilly the need of protein nd metolic energy. nutrition, ge, sex nd ctivity (Suowo, 00; Pur, According to Bintng (000), feed contining 1.47% 010). White muscle fier or "W in mle nd femle protein nd 515 kcl/kg ME ws sufficient to meet Muscovy duck is 8.1 µm nd 7.4 µm, respectively nd Muscovy primry needs ecuse 10-week-old Muscovy red fier or "R is 15.1 nd 14. µm, respectively weighs only 849 g with 8.06 feed conversion rtio nd t (Berncki et l., 008). This condition clls for protein the 1-week-old weighs 995 g with 8.50 feed conversion nd metolic energy level to otin high performnce rtio. From Muscovy fed with 1% protein nd 619 nd met qulity of Muscovy duck oth in physics nd kcl/kg ME diet ws gined nd 61.43% crcss microstructure. in mle nd femle, respectively, while 15% protein nd 608 kcl/kg ME diet produced 65.48% nd 61.65% MATERIALS AND METHODS crcss in mle nd femle, respectively (Bintng, This reserch ws conducted in Experimentl frm of 001). Animl Science Fculty Jenderl Soedirmn University, Mgdlen et l. (010) stted tht protein nd Lortory of Pthology Fculty of Animl Medicine metolic energy rtio influenced growth, dominl ft, GdjhMd University nd Biology Reserch Centre ody ft, muscle fier dimeter nd eventully met LIPI Indonesi. Reserch tretments were protein tenderness of roiler. Bez et l. (000) nd (00) content nd energy feeds in which feed in R1 contined showed lipid content of muscle could lso e 13% protein nd 300 kcl/kg ME, R contined 15% mnipulted y feeding levels, with feed restriction often protein nd 500 kcl/kg ME, R3 contined 17% protein decresing intrmusculr ft content nd overfeeding nd ME 700 kcl/kg, R4 contined 19% protein nd Corresponding Author: Elly Tugiynti, Fculty of Animl Science, University of Jenderl Soedirmn, Purwokerto, Indonesi 653
2 Int. J. Poult. Sci., 1 (11): , kcl/kg ME nd R5 contined 1% protein nd 3100 kcl/kg ME. Ech tretment consisted of four heds which ws repeted five times. A totl of 100 mle dy old Muscovy ducks were rndomly distriuted to 5-comprtment cge pplying Completely Rndomized Design. Muscovy ducks were kept in cement floored cge t mient temperture 33 C in prior period then decresed ech week up to 8 C t the eighth week. Feed nd wter were given d liitum. Tretment feeds were referred to Ntionl Reserch Council (1994) s shown in Tle 1. The oserved performnces were finl weight, feed conversion rtio, crcss percentge, dominl ft level nd physicl met qulity, while muscle fier oserved ws muscle fier size. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Muscovy duck performnce Crcss weight: The highest crcss weight of 9-weekold Muscovy ducks ws 34.60±4.6 g in R5. It ws still inferior to tht y Omojol (007) nd Solomon et l. (006) producing 000 nd 470 g Muscovy ducks. Protein nd metolic energy level significntly ffected (p<0.01) crcss weight. Tle shows tht the higher protein nd metolic energy level, the higher crcss weight gined, while feed with low protein nd metolic energy level ws not sufficient for erly growth phse of Muscovy ducks. Brhmntiyo et l. (003) reported tht mle Muscovy ducks grow fst until 9 weeks old nd need feed with high lnced protein nd energy. Fn et l. (008) stted tht met duck ws highly responsive to high metolic energy feed. On the contrry, Iskndr et l. (001) showed tht tretment feed with 750 kcl ME/kg nd 180 g/kg protein produced crcss weight not significntly different from tht of 3000 kcl ME/kg nd 00 g/kg protein nd 350 kcl ME/kg nd 0 g/kg protein. Atmomrsono (1999), Tnwirih (006), Miclosnu nd Roiu (001) nd Bintng (000) reported tht higher protein level would speed up Muscovy s fether growth, leding to fster dptility nd eventully higher weight gin. Feed conversion: Feed conversion verge of 9-weekold Muscovy fed with different level of protein nd metolic energy diet rnged from 4,00±0,64 to 5.6±0.38, (Tle ). Feed conversion in this reserch ws higher thn tht of Bhuiyn et l. (005), Tnwirih et l. (011) nd Hung et l. (01), reporting mle Muscovy feed conversion ws.64, from nd Protein nd metolic energy tretment significntly ffected (p<0.01) feed conversion which is strongly relted to feed consumption nd ody weight gin nd it could e used to mesure feed efficiency nd fowl productivity (Lcy nd Vest, 004). R1 ws not different from R ecuse of reltively similr feed consumption ( nd 518 g) nd reltively similr ody weight gin (919.8 nd g) in Tle 1: Mterils nd Compositions of Tretment Feed R1 R R3 R4 R5 Percentge Corn SBM Rice rn PMM Oil L-lysinse HCl DL-Methionine Topmix NCl CCO Amount Protein (%) ME (kcl/kg) Ft (%) Crude fier (%) C (%) Pv (%) Lysine (%) Methionine (%) Muscovy for nine weeks, respectively. Feed consumption in R4 ws however reltively high, scoring 571 g ut with only 1088 g ody weight gin. R3 nd R5 showed reltively similr ody weight gin (1139 nd 188 g), respectively nd feed consumption of 505 nd 556 g, respectively. Fctors influencing feed consumption re environment, ge, sex nd nutrient content. This ws in ccordnce with Iskndr et l. (001) tht ducks fed with 750 kcl/kg ME nd 18% crude protein diet showed higher feed consumption thn those with 3000 kcl/kg nd 0% protein diet, scoring 96,61 g nd g, respectively; however, feed efficiency ws reltively similr. Fn et l. (008) stted tht for to 6 week old ducks to gin weight required 18% protein nd kcl/kg ME diet. Crcss percentge: The verge crcss percentge in this reserch ws 63.04±5.64 to 68.86±5.59 (Tle ). According to Bhuiyn et l. (005) 9-week-old Muscovy duck hd crcss percentge, while Kleczek (006) stted tht crcss percentge of mle nd femle Muscovy ws nd , respectively. Protein nd metolic energy level did not significntly ffect (p>0.05) crcss percentge ecuse protein nd metolic energy ffect not only ody weight gin ut lso other non-crcss orgns. This is in line with Soeprno (005) nd Ydny (004) tht crcss weight nd crcss percentge re significntly ffected y slughter weight nd non-crcss weight (weight of lood, fether, leg nd innrds). Rji et l. (009) lso stted tht there ws highly significnt positive correltion (p<0.01) etween ody weight nd ody mesurements nd innrds. Suprynto (006) nd Skln et l. (003) stted tht high slughter weight did not lwys result in high crcss weight nd crcss percentge ecuse higher living ody weight required igger orgns to hve well-lnced metolism. 654
3 Int. J. Poult. Sci., 1 (11): , 013 Tle : Crcss weight, Feed Conversion Rtio, Crcss Percentge nd dominl ft percentge of 9-week-old Muscovy ducks consuming feed with different levels of protein nd metolic energy 1 Tretment Crcss weight g 3 Feed conversion Crcss (%) Adominl ft (%) R ± ± ± ±1.35 R ± ± ±7.30 c 4.4±0.78 R ± ± ±4.43 c.84±0.53 R ± ± ± ±0.34 R ± ± ± ±0.71 Tle 3: ph level, wter holding cpcity (WHC), cooking loss nd met tenderness of 9-week-old Muscovy duck fed with different protein nd metolic energy level diets 1 Tretment ph (%) WHC Cooking Loss (%) Tenderness (kg/cm ) R1 6.07± ± ± ±0.06 R 5.89± ± ± ±0.8 R3 c 5.95± ± ± ±0.1 R4 d 5.80± ± ± ±0.45 R5 5.87± ± ±0.95 c 5.0±0.14 Tle 4: Muscle fier dimeter (µm) of 9-week-old Muscovy duck fed with different protein nd metolic energy level diet using scnning electron microscope (SEM) Repet Tretment Averge Sd R R R R R Adominl ft percentge: Yuniz (00) stted tht duck met ph ws higher, rnging from 6,0 to 6,59. dominl ft, one of ody fts inside dominl cvity, Feed protein nd metolic energy significntly ffected will increse due to sufficient feed nd geing. (p<0.01) met ph of 9-week-old Muscovy ducks ecuse Miclosnu nd Roiu (001) reported tht t the 56th Muscovy fed with high protein nd metolic energy diet dy, Muscovy ducks fed with medium metolic energy were ssumed to hve highly glycogenic met; diet (750 kcl/kg) nd high metolic energy diet (3050 ccordingly glycolysis occurred fster nd ph kcl/kg) hd 0.81±0.45 nd 0.94±0.7 dominl ft otined ws lower. In line with Setiwn (010) tht percentge, respectively, which in this reserch ws even smll mount of protein-crohydrte ond could 1.9± ±0.71 (Tle ). Protein nd metolic ffect insulin hormone level nd eventully glycogen energy significntly ffected (p<0.01) dominl ft synthesis. Tle 3 shows protein nd metolic energy percentge. Energy consumption of R4 nd R5 ws level increse cuses met ph decrese. ph chnge higher thn tht of R1, R nd R3. Soeprno (005) depends on glycogen supply in muscle, the higher stted tht the energy excess would e stored s ody muscle glycogen the more lctic cid so finl ph vlue ft nd dominl ft. Fn et l. (008) supported tht ws lower. In contrst, ducks fed with low protein nd consuming high energy feed did not significntly ffect metolic energy diet hd lower muscle glycogen nd crcss ut significntly incresed dominl ft in slower postmortem glycolysis so finl ph vlue ws which feed energy lower thn 700 kcl/kg could not higher s reported y Soeprno (005) nd Nurwntoro induce dominl ft. Kleczek et l. (006) stted tht nd Mulyni (003). positive correltion existed etween ody weight nd ft in Muscovy (r = to 0.59). Wter holding cpcity (WHC): Wter holding cpcity is the ility of met protein to ound wter inside met, Met physicl qulity therefore wter holding cpcity descries dmge level ph: The verge of met ph in this reserch ws ove of met protein. WHC verge in this reserch ws isoelectronic point ( ), thus 5.80± ± ±.43 (%). Protein nd metolic 6.03±0.13 (Tle 3), reltively similr to tht of Wwro et energy significntly ffected (p<0.01) wter holding l. (004) tht met ph of mle Muscovy ws 5.8±0.07. cpcity of 9-week-old Muscovy. Muscovy WHC vlue It is in ccordnce with Drnsfield nd Sosnicki (1999) incresed long with the consumed protein nd tht fter cttle died, neroic metolism would lower metolic energy diet ecuse the higher met protein ph from 7. (muscle) to 5.8 (met) long with rigor level the higher wter holding cpcity. Austm s mortis, while Alvrdo nd Sms (000) reported tht (005) reported tht WHC ws lso ffected y ph, in 655
4 Int. J. Poult. Sci., 1 (11): , 013 R1 R R3 R4 R5 Fig. 1: Muscle fier of 9 week old Muscovys rest met fed with different protein nd metolic energy nlyzed using SEM which electrons were relesed in ph lower thn met stted tht ft content in Muscovy met ws.6-7, 57% isoelectric point, cusing proton excess met with nd Lrzul et l. (00) showed high collgen in resistnce from myofilment nd gve more rooms for Muscovy rest met of 4.8 mg/g met. Collgen in wter molecules in met; ccordingly, met WHC rest met of Muscovy R1, R, R3, R4 nd R5 ws incresed. Lwrie (006) stted tht lmost ll wter.36, 1.98, 1.53,.16 nd 1.8 mg/g met, respectively. content in met is stored in myofiril nd room etween On the other hnd, Lrzul et l. (00) reported high thick filment nd thin filment. Interfilment mostly collgen in Muscovy rest muscle of mg/g determines WHC of myofiril protein. The higher finl ph muscle, while Mtitputty nd Suryn (010) showed vlue, the lower wter holding cpcity is. Fster ph 1.75 mg/g muscle collgen in Pekin duck nd 1.7 mg/g decrese will increse ctomyosin to contrct ecuse muscle in roiler. more dentured srcoplsmic protein would extrct the juice from met protein. Cooking loss: Muscovy fed with different protein nd metolic energy level hd met cooking loss rnging from 31.38±0.95 to 40.14±0.96% (Tle 3). It ws reltively similr to tht of Alvrdo nd Sms (000) scoring 31.6 to 37.97% nd of Ali et l. (007) nmely 34,48±1,48%. Protein nd metolic energy level significntly ffected (p<0.01) cooking loss of 9-week-old Muscovy ducks. Widningsih (011) nd Soeprno (005) stted tht met composition ws ffected y feed nutrient content prticulrly protein nd energy. Increse in feed protein nd energy would increse met protein nd ft, so tht less met juice ws lost when cooking nd cooking loss ws closely relted to ph nd wter holding cpcity. Tenderness: Muscovy met tenderness ws etween 5.0±0.14 nd 5.88±0.06 kg/cm (Tle 3). While Omojol (007) reported lower met tenderness on mle Muscovy of 3.8±0.7 kg/cm nd Bez reported 4.56±0.48-5,14±0,45 kg/cm. The higher protein nd metolic energy level, the more tender the met produced ecuse Muscovy ducks undergo norml growth nd mximum muscle cells growth is followed y ft cells growth, mking met of Muscovy R4 nd R5 fttier. This is in line with Tmunn (009) tht fctors influencing met tenderness is correlted with met composition itself, mong which re ft cells in etween met fier nd collgen. According to Soeprno (005), tenderness ws lso ffected y met collgen ecuse collgen could ccumulte gretly. Chrtrin et l. (003) Muscle fier: The verge of muscle fier dimeter in Muscovy rnged from 1.41±1.69 to 50.59±7.54 µm s shown in Tle 4. Reserch y Sudjtinh (1998) showed dimeter of 8.00 to 3.16 µm, while Sri (003) reported Mule duck/mndlung (Muscovy nd Ans crossred) hd 13.47±3.6 muscle fier dimeter t 8 week old, 15.4±.99 t 10 week old nd 18.08±5.01 µm t 1 week old. Protein nd metolic energy level significntly ffected (p<0.01) muscle fier dimeter which is the result of hypertrophy process. Soeprno (005) reported tht prentl muscle growth ws mrked s muscle fier hyperplsi period nd postntl muscle growth ws prticulrly due to hypertrophy. Mozdzik et l. (00) nd Rehfeldt et l. (004) mentioned tht muscle fier dimeter of fsting fowls ws smller thn those of feed sufficiency. Feed intke limittion either quntittively or qulittively would lower muscle fier dimeter. Choi nd Kim (008) stted tht muscle fier dimeter depended on some fctors s species, sex nd nutrition. According to Kisiel nd Ksizkiewicz (004) nd Biesid-Drzzg et l. (000) slow growing duck or dwrf duck hs smll muscle fier dimeter ut fst growing duck or ig odied duck hs lrge fier dimeter. Muscle fier dimeter is relted to tender or tough met, muscle fier size in cross sectionl re will increse long with geing, lrge muscle fier dimeter ppers rougher nd more elstic thn smll dimeter (Drnsfield nd Sosnicki, 1999). Conclusion: Feed contining 1% protein nd 3100 kcl/kg metolic energy resulted in optimum performnce (crcss weight, feed conversion rtio nd 656
5 Int. J. Poult. Sci., 1 (11): , 013 crcss percentge) nd met qulity nd high ft dominl nd lrge muscle fier dimeter. Met ph ws however reltively similr to tht of Muscovy ducks fed with lower protein nd energy metolic diet. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The uthors would like to express their sincere grtitude to the Directorte Generl of Higher Eduction, Indonesin Ministry of Eduction nd Culture for the study nd reserch funding in Postgrdute Progrm of Animl Science Deprtment, Gdjh Md University Yogykrt, to the Rector nd Den of Animl Science Deprtment, Gdjh Md University Yogykrt nd the Rector nd Den of Animl Science Deprtment, Jenderl Soedirmn University for the doctorl study permit nd to the promoter nd co promoter for guidnce nd dvice during the composition of disserttion, reserch puliction nd study completion. REFERENCES Austm s, E. nd H.M. Ali, 005. Bsic Product Technology. Textook. Progrm niml production, fculty of niml husndry. University of Hsnudin. Mksr, Indonesi. Alvrdo, C.Z. nd A.R. Sms, 000. The influence of postmortem electricl stimultion on rigor mortis development, clpsttin ctivity nd tenderness in roiler nd duck pectorlis. Poult. Sci., 79: Atmomrsono, U., S. Ronodihrdjo nd W. Hndyni, Effect of protein level on fether wings growth of muscovy duck. J. Tropicl Livest. Dev.: Specil Issue: Ali, S.Md., Geun-Ho Kng, Hn-Sul Yng, Jin-Yeon Jeong, Young-Hw Hwng Gu-Boo Prk nd Seon- Te Joo, 007. A comprison of met chrcteristics etween duck nd chicken rest. Asin-Aust. J. Anim. Sci., 6: Bez, E., M.R. Slichon, G. Mrché, N. Wcrenier, B. Dominguez nd J. Culioli, 000. Effects of ge nd sex on the structurl chemicl nd technologicl chrcteristik of mule duck met. Br. Poult. Sci., 41: Bez, E.C., Dessy, N. Wcreneir, G. Mrche nd A. Listrt, 00. Effect of selection for improved ody weight nd composition on muscle nd met chrcteristics in muscovy duck. Br. Poult. Sci., 43: Berncki, Z., D. Kokoszynski nd T. Mllek, 008. Evlution of selected met trits in seven-week-old duck roilers. Anim. Sci. Pp. Rep., 6: Biesid-Drzzg, B., J. Gorski nd B. Witk, 000. Effects of feeding nd ge on thickness of muscle fire in met ducks of the A44 reed. Proc. XXI World s Poultry Congress, 0-4 August, Montrel, Cnd, CD-ROM. Bintng, I.A.K., 000. Addition of lysine nd methionin on rn to the growing muscovy ducks. Medi Peternkn, 1: 15-. Bintng, I.A.K., 001. Effect of protein content of feed ginst in wild duck crcss (Cirin Moscht). Medi Peternkn, 1: 3-6. Brhmntiyo, B., R. Setioko nd H. Prsetyo, 003. Chrcteristics of centell sitic ducks s source of livestock germplsm. Proceedings of the ntionl seminr on niml husndry technology nd veterinry. Livestock reserch nd development center. Agency For Agriculturl Reserch And Development. Deprtment of Agri. Bogor, Bhuiyn, M.M., M.H. Khn, M.A.H. Khn1, B.C. Ds, N.S. Lucky nd M.B. Uddin, 005. A study on the comprtive performnce of different reeds of roiler ducks under frmer s condition t frming system reserch nd development (FSRD) Site, Sylhet, Bngldesh. Int. J. Poult. Sci., 4: Chrtrin, P., M.D. Berndet, G. Guy, J. Mourot, M.J. Duclos nd E. BeZ, 005. Effect of genotype nd overfeeding on lipid deposition in myofiers nd intrmusculr dipocytes of rest nd thigh muscles of ducks. Reprod. Nutr. Dev., 45: Chrtrin, P., J. Mourot, M.D. Berndet, G. Guy, M.J. Duclos nd E. Bez, 003. Effect of genotype nd force feeding on the intrmusculr ft deposition in duck. Pges 4-30 in Proc. 16th Eur. Symp. Qul. Poult. Met, Sint-Brieuc, Frnce. ISPAIA, Ploufrgn, Frnce. Choi, Y.M. nd B.C. Kim, 008. Muscle Fire chrcteristics, myofirillr protein isoforms nd met qulity. Livest. Sci., 008: CIVAS nd FAO, 006. A review of free rnge duck frming system in indonesi nd ssessment of their impliction in the spreding of the highly pthogenic (h5n1) strin of vin influenz (hpi). Finl report from center for indonesin veterinry nlitycl studies (civs) nd food nd griculture orgniztion (fo) of the united Ntions. Jkrt. Indonesi. Drnsfield, E. nd A.A. Sosnicki, Reltionship etween muscle growth nd poultry met qulity. Poult. Sci., 78: Fn, H.P., M. Xie, W.W. Wng, S.S. Hou nd W. Hung, 008. Effects of dietry energy on growth performnce nd crcss qulity of white growing pekin ducks from two to six weeks of ge. Poult. Sci., 87: Hung, J.F., H. Pingel, G. Guy, E. Lukszewicz, E. Bez nd SD. Wng, 01. A century of progress in wterfowl production nd history of wps wterfowl working group. World Poult. Sci. J., 68:
6 Int. J. Poult. Sci., 1 (11): , 013 Iskndr, S., V.S. Nugrh, D. M. Suci nd A.R. Setioko, 001. Biologicl dpttion Locl Young Mles Ducks Aginst High levels of rn in feed. In: Proceeding Wterfowl Workshop. Agriusiness Development of Wterfowl For New Business Opportunities. Doctorl Progrm of Bogor Agri. Inst. nd Agri. Livestock Res. Center, Kisiel, T. nd J. Ksizkiewicz, 004. Comprison of physicl nd qulittive trits of met of two Polish conservtive flocks of ducks. Arch. Tierz, 47: Kleczek, K., K. Wwro, E. Wilkiewicz-Wwro nd W. Mkowski, 006. Multiple regression equtions to estimte the content of rest muscles, met nd ft in muscovy ducks. Production, modeling nd eduction. Poult. Sci., 85: Lcy, M. nd R. Vest, 004. Improving feed conversion in Broiler: A Guide for grower. http// nedfeedconversion.htm (Decemer,, 01). Lrzul, C., B. Imert, M.D. Berndet, G. Guy nd H. Rémignon, 00. 5th Dys Wterfowl Reserch Foie Grs, in Proc. 5emes Journees de l Recherche sur les Plmipedes Foie Grs, Pu, Frnce. ITAVI, Pris, Frnce 9-10/10/0: 9-3. Lwrie, R.A. nd D.A. Ledwrd, 006. Lwrie s Met Science. Seventh edition. Woodhed Pulishing. Printed in United Kingdom. Mgdlen, P. Przyylsk-Gornowicz Brr nd F. Andrzey, 010. The effect of different rering conditions on muscle chrcteristics in roilers of two comercil line- light microscopic study. J. Poult. Sci., 47: Mtitputty, P. nd Suryn, 010. Chrcteristics nd Prolems of Duck Met And Prevention Off-Flvor Due to Lipid Oxidtion. Wrtzo Vol. No Th., 010. Miclosnu, E.P. nd C. Roiu, 001. Reserch On Dietry Energy Influence On The Growth Performnce And Met Qulity In The Muscovy Ducks. 1. Effects Of High And Medium Levels Of Metolic Energy. Archiv Zootechnic, 6: Mozdzik, P.E., T.J. Wlsh nd D.W. McCoy, 00. The effect of erly posthtch nutrition on stellite cell mitotic ctivity. Poult. Sci., 81: Ntionl Reserch Council, Nutrient Requirements of Poultry. Ninth Revised Edition. Nutrient Requirements of domestic Animls. Ntionl Acdemy Press. Wshington, D.C. Nurwntoro nd S. Mulyni, 003. Textook of livestock products technology. Fculty of Animl Husndry. Diponegoro University. Semrng. Omojol, A.B., 007. Crcss nd Orgnoleptic Chrcteristics of Duck Met s Influenced y Breed nd Sex. Int. J. Poult. Sci., 6: Pur, M., 010. The decrese in intensity off odor on locl duck met with sntoquin nd vitmin E Supplementtion in the rtion. Disserttion. Doctorl Progrm of Bogor Agriculturl Institute. Bogor. Rji, A.O., J.U. Igweuike nd M.T. Usmn, 009. Zoometricl ody mesurements nd their reltion with live weight in mtured locl muscovy ducks in orno stte Nigeri. Arpn J. Agri. nd Biol. Sci., 4: 3. Rehfeldt, C., I. Fiedler nd N.C. Sticklnd, 004. Numer nd siz of muscle fires in reltion to met production. In: muscle development of livestock nimls, physiology, genetics nd met qulity. Edited By M.F.W. te Ps, M.E. Everts nd H.P. Hgsmn. CABI Pulishing. London,UK. Solomon, J.K.Q., R. Austin, R.N. Cumertch, J. Gonslves nd E. Seforth, 006. A comprison of live weight nd crcss gin of pekin, kunshn nd muscovy ducks on commercil rtion. Livestock Res. for Rurl Devel., 18. Sri, M.L., 003. Mndlung llometric growth nd Thigh Muscle fiers Histologicl review. Proceedings of the Ntionl Seminr on Animl Husndry nd Veterinry. Bogor, 9-30 Septemer 003. Center for Animl Husndry. AARD, Setiwn, J.P., 010. Effect of Amino Acid Tlet Aginst Muscle Ftigue. Thesis, Fculty of Phrmcy. University Diponegoro.Semrng. Indonesi. Skln, D., S. Heifetz nd O. Hlevy, 003. Hevier chicks t htch improves mrketing ody weight y enhncing skeletl muscle growth. Poult. Sci,. 8: Soeprno, 005. Met Science nd Technology. The third Edition. Gdjh Md University Press. Yogykrt. Suowo, 00. Generl Histology. 1st Ed. Bumi Aksr. Jkrt. Sudjtinh,1998. Effect of ging time towrds physicl met qulity nd histologicl pectorlis nd thighs muscles in ducks nd muscovy duck. Doctorl Progrm of Bogor Agriculturl Institute, Bogor. Suprynto, A., 006. Chrcteristics white mojosri ducks nd its development opportunities for commercil roiler ducks. Wrtzo, 4: Tmunn, R.D., 009. Met tenderness Fctors Affecting. Reserch Center for Agriculturl Technology Lmpung, Bndr Lmpung. Indonesi. Tnwirih, W., Grnid nd I.Y. Asmr, 006. Effect of protein in feed towrds locl muscovy duck performn on the growth period. Nt. Seminr on Anim. Husndry Technol. nd Vet., Tnwirih, W.D. Girnid nd I.Y. Asmr, 011. Effect of protein in feed towrds locl muscovy duck performn on the growth period. Reserch report. Fculty of Animl Science, Pdjdjrn University. Bndung. 658
7 Int. J. Poult. Sci., 1 (11): , 013 Wwro, K., E. Wilkiewicz-Wwro, K. Kleczek nd W. Yuniz, A., 00. Response of roiler chickens in Brzozowski, 004. Slughter vlue nd met qulity tropicl regions on energy intke in effort to lose of muscovy ducks, pekin ducks nd their dominl ft. Disserttion. Doctorl Progrm of crossreeds nd evlution of the heterosis effect. IPB. Bogor. Indonesi. Arch. Tierz., Dummerstorf, 47: Znusso, J., H. Remignon, G. Guy, H. Mnse nd R. Widningsih, N., 011. Met tenderness of mle Bile, 003. The effects of overfeeding on myofier muscovy ducks (Cirin moscht) with different chrcteristics nd metolic trits of the rest energy rtion. J. Al-Ulum, muscle in muscovy ducks (Cirin moscht). Ydny, T.G.B., 004. Effect of supplementtion Reprod. Nutr. Dev., 43: lctocillus complex rtions contining in ppy lef ginst weight,crcss qulity, met production nd its gilet of ducks culled. Ntionl Seminr on Animl Husndry Technology nd Veterinry, Ciwi-Bogor,
Comparative Study on Some Productive Traits of Muscovy and Sudani Ducks in Egypt
Interntionl Journl of Poultry Science 11 (4): 264-268, 2012 ISSN 1682-8356 Asin Network for Scientific Informtion, 2012 Comprtive Study on Some Productive Trits of Muscovy nd Sudni Ducks in Egypt Lil D.
More informationet.al.2002;sartori et.al.2001 Finisher Gonzales et.al.(2000) adlibitum Dry matter
5 6 Suget et.l. Sleh et.l,6 Leeson Zuir Gonzles et.l.(000) Tumov et.l.00;srtori et.l.00 Finisher Brto 6 Dgs& Bustri, Bene et.l. 00 Hood C : P 6 6 C : P 5 6 6 dliitum 6 5 6 Dry mtter 5 Orgnic mtter A.O.A.C
More informationGrowth Rate, Carcass Weight and Percentage Weight of Carcass Parts of Laying Type Cockerels, Kampong Chicken and Arabic Chicken in Different Ages
Pkistn Journl of Nutrition 14 (7): 377-382, 2015 ISSN 1680-5194 Asin Network for Scientific Informtion, 2015 Growth Rte, Crcss Weight nd Percentge Weight of Crcss Prts of Lying Type Cockerels, Kmpong Chicken
More informationGROWTH PERFORMANCE, CARCASS TRAITS AND ECONOMIC VALUES OF PEKIN, MUSCOVY, AND MULARD DUCKS
Slov Vet Res 2018; 55 (Suppl 20): 357 65 DOI 10.26873/SVR-663-2018 Originl Reserch Article GROWTH PERFORMANCE, CARCASS TRAITS AND ECONOMIC VALUES OF PEKIN, MUSCOVY, AND MULARD DUCKS Frdos A.M. Hssn, Elshim
More informationEffect of Dwarfism on Reproductive and Meat Yield Parameters of Crossbred Chicken
Interntionl Journl of Poultry Science 4 (6): 372-377, 2005 ISSN 1682-8356 Asin Network for Scientific Informtion, 2005 Effect of Dwrfism on Reproductive nd Met Yield Prmeters of Crossred Chicken 1 2 3
More informationThe Japanese Quail: A Review
Interntionl Journl of Poultry Science 7 (9): 95-9, 008 ISSN 68-856 Asin Network for Scientific Informtion, 008 The Jpnese Quil: A Review Nsrollh Vli Deprtment of Animl Sciences, Fculty of Agriculture,
More informationCHARACTERISTICS ASSOCIATED WITH OUT CROSSING IN A SHORT DURATION IMPROVED RICE (Oryza sativa L) VARIETY AT307
CHARACTERISTICS ASSOCIATED WITH OUT CROSSING IN A SHORT DURATION IMPROVED RICE (Oryz stiv L) VARIETY AT307 Kumr APA 1, Dhnyke Nilnthi 1 *, Phthinyke BD 2 nd Sennyke SGJN 1 1 Deprtment of Agriculturl Biology,
More informationIntroduction: Definition of Palatability
Mesurement of pltility of common ingredients used in feed mixes for lms nd ewes A. Mereu,, G. Molle, V. Giovnetti, M. Acciro, M. Decndi, A. Cnns Diprtimento di Scienze Zootecniche, Università di Sssri,
More informationInfluence of 2-hydroxy-4-(Methylthio)butanoic Acid on Early Egg and Chick Weights of Broiler Breeders
Interntionl Journl of Poultry Science 2 (6): 430-437, 2003 Asin Network for Scientific Informtion 2003 Influence of 2-hydroxy-4-(Methylthio)utnoic Acid on Erly Egg nd Chick Weights of Broiler Breeders
More informationComparative Study of Three Indigenous Chicken Breeds of South Africa: Body Weight and Linear Body Measurements
Agriculturl Journl 7 (3): 0-5, 01 ISSN: 1816-9155 Medwell Journls, 01 Comprtive Study of Three Indigenous Chicken Breeds of South Afric: Body Weight nd Liner Body Mesurements 1 1 1 O.J. Ali, J.W. Ng mi,
More informationMetabolizable Energy Requirements for Broiler Breeder in Different Environmental Temperatures
Interntionl Journl of Poultry Science 11 (7): 453-461, 2012 ISSN 1682-8356 Asin Network for Scientific Informtion, 2012 Metolizle Energy Requirements for Broiler Breeder in Different Environmentl Tempertures
More informationThe Use of Dried Tomato Pulp in Diets of Laying Hens
Interntionl Journl of Poultry Science 5 (7): 68-622, 2006 ISSN 682-8356 Asin Network for Scientific Informtion, 2006 The Use of Dried Tomto Pulp in Diets of Lying Hens 2 Mssoud Jfri, Rsoul Pirmohmmdi nd
More informationComparative Study on Production Efficiency of Two Strains of Brown and White Egg Laying Hens in Kuwait
Interntionl Journl of Poultry Science 12 (7): 383-389, 2013 ISSN 1682-8356 Asin Network for Scientific Informtion, 2013 Comprtive Study on Production Efficiency of Two Strins of Brown nd White Egg Lying
More informationEffect of Rearing Program, Body Conformation and Protein Level of Breeder Feed on Broiler Breeder Hen Reproductive Performance
Interntionl Journl of Poultry Science (): 670-679, 0 ISSN 68-856 Asin Network for Scientific Informtion, 0 Effect of Rering Progrm, Body Conformtion nd Protein Level of Breeder Feed on Broiler Breeder
More informationEffects of Genotype and Housing System on the Laying Performance of Chickens in Different Seasons in the Semi-Humid Tropics
Interntionl Journl of Poultry Science 6 (6): 434-439, 2007 ISSN 1682-8356 Asin Network for Scientific Informtion, 2007 Effects of Genotype nd Housing System on the Lying Performnce of Chickens in Different
More informationLuteolysis and pregnancy outcomes after change in dose delivery of prostaglandin F2α in a 5-day timed artificial insemination program in dairy cows
Knss Agriculturl Experiment ttion Reserch Reports Volume Issue 2 Diry Reserch (94-24) Article 9 24 Luteolysis nd pregnncy outcomes fter chnge in dose delivery of prostglndin F2α in -dy timed rtificil insemintion
More informationA Model for Promoting Poultry Industry Development in Togo: Part 1. Management Practices and Incubation Conditions
Interntionl Journl of Poultry Science 13 (3): 176-184, 2014 ISSN 1682-8356 Asin Network for Scientific Informtion, 2014 A Model for Promoting Poultry Industry Development in Togo: Prt 1. Mngement Prctices
More informationL.A. Ibom, B. Okon, B.I. Adinya and F.I. Okon. Department of Animal Science, University of Calabar, Calabar, Nigeria 2
World Journl of Zoology 7 (2): 113-117, 2012 ISSN 1817-3098 IDOSI Pulictions, 2012 DOI: 10.5829/idosi.wjz.2012.7.2.56111 Reproductive Performnce nd Correltions Among Egg Trits of Two Ectotypes of Adult
More informationResearch with Finnsheep
I j, I Agriculture Cnd Reserch Brnch Direction generte de l recherche Technicl Bulletin 1991-2E Reserch with Finnsheep in Cnd * ' - * Cnd Digitized by the Internet Archive in 2011 with funding from Agriculture
More informationShell Thickness of Turkey Eggs Affects Cardiac Physiology and Embryo Survival 1
Interntionl Journl of Poultry Science 5 (8): 796-80, 2006 ISSN 682-856 Asin Network for Scientific Informtion, 2006 Shell Thickness of Turkey Eggs Affects Crdic Physiology nd Emryo Survivl 2 2 4 2 V.L.
More informationRelationship Between Some Serum Enzyme Activities, Liver Functions and Body Weight in Growing Local Chickens
Interntionl Journl of Poultry Science 8 (7): 700-705, 2009 ISSN 1682-856 Asin Network for Scientific Informtion, 2009 Reltionship Between Some Serum Enzyme Activities, Liver Functions nd Body Weight in
More informationEffects of Fusaric Acid in Broiler Chicks and Turkey Poults
Interntionl Journl of Poultry Science 4 (6): 356-359, 2005 ISSN 682-8356 Asin Network for Scientific Informtion, 2005 Effects of Fusric Acid in Broiler nd Turkey Poults S.O. Oguno, D.R. Ledoux, J.N. Broomhed,
More informationTECHNICAL SUMMARY October 2013
TECHNICAL SUMMARY October 2013 GeneSTAR MVPs Moleculr Vlue Predictions for beef feed efficiency, 1 mrbling 2 nd tenderness Key Points GeneSTAR is DNA-mrker test for importnt production trits in ll breeds
More informationImpact of Layer Breeder Flock Age and Strain on Mechanical and Ultrastructural Properties of Eggshell in Chicken
Interntionl Journl of Poultry Science 9 (): 139-147, 010 ISSN 168-8356 Asin Network for Scientific Informtion, 010 Impct of Lyer Breeder Flock Age nd Strin on Mechnicl nd Ultrstructurl Properties of Eggshell
More informationReproductive Performance and Farmer s Traits of Interest and Selection Criterion Studies of Wollo Highland Sheep and Their F Crossbreed Progenies
Cndin Journl of Scientific Reserch 6(2): 23-37, 2017 IDOSI Pulictions, 2017 DOI: 10.5829/idosi.cjsr.2017.23.37 Reproductive Performnce nd Frmer s Trits of Interest nd Selection Criterion Studies of Wollo
More informationEffect of Rumensin on Health and Reproduction of Lactating Dairy Cows
Scientific Updte From Elnco Animl Helth Effect of Rumensin on Helth nd Reproduction of Lctting Diry Cows NADA 095-735 Dvid G. McClry, DVM, MS; Howrd B. Green, MS; Gerld D. Mechor, DVM; nd John I. D. Wilkinson,
More informationESTIMATION OF BREEDING VALUES AND THEIR ACCURACIES USING MULTIVARIATES ANIMAL MODEL ANALYSIS FOR GROWTH TRAITS IN THREE LOCAL STRAINS OF CHICKENS
Egypt. Poult. Sci. Vol. 0 (IV) Dec. 000 (98-00) ESTIMATION OF BREEDING VALUES AND THEIR ACCURACIES USING MULTIVARIATES ANIMAL MODEL ANALYSIS FOR GROWTH TRAITS IN THREE LOCAL STRAINS OF CHICKENS M. M. IRAQI,
More informationEvaluation of the Growth Potential of Local Chickens in Malawi
Interntionl Journl of Poultry Science 4 (): 64-70, 005 ISSN 168-8356 Asin Network for Scientific Informtion, 005 Evlution of the Growth Potentil of Locl Chickens in Mlwi T.N. Gondwe* nd C.B.A. Wollny Institute
More informationGenetic divergence of early song discrimination between two young songbird species
In the formt provided y the uthors nd unedited. Genetic divergence of erly song discrimintion etween two young songird species Dvid Whetcroft* nd Ann Qvrnström SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION VOLUME: 1 ARTICLE
More informationESTIMATION OF (CO) VARIANCE COMPONENTS OF EWE PRODUCTIVITY TRAITS IN KERMANI SHEEP
Slovk J. Anim. Sci., 46, 2013 (2): 45-51 2013 CVŽV ISSN 1337-9984 ESTIMATION OF (CO) VARIANCE COMPONENTS OF EWE PRODUCTIVITY TRAITS IN KERMANI SHEEP M. R. MOHAMMADABADI*, R. SATTAYIMOKHTARI Deprtment of
More informationResearch Article Interspecific Variation in Temperature Effects on Embryonic Metabolism and Development in Turtles
Interntionl Scholrly Reserch Network ISRN Zoology Volume 212, Article ID 846136, 13 pges doi:1.542/212/846136 Reserch Article Interspecific Vrition in Temperture Effects on Emryonic Metolism nd Development
More informationIncreasing survival of wild macaw chicks using foster parents
Gbriel Vigo Truco,b,c nd Donld J. Brightsmithbb,c Deprtment of Wildlife nd Fisheries, Texs A&M University,b Schubot Exotic Bird Helth Center, Texs A&M University, c Tmbopt Mcw Project, Mdre de Dios, Perú
More informationThe. Feeding Value of
The. Feeding Vlue of,e9cv Pcific Northwest Grown Soybens for Mrket Turkeys Specil Re December 1977 Agriculturl Experiment Sttion Oregon Stte University, AUTHORS: P. L. Prdis, J. A. Hrper, H. S. Nkue nd
More informationDifferences in peripartal plasma parameters related to calcium homeostasis of dairy sheep and goats in comparison with cows
Zurich Open Repository nd Archive University of Zurich Min Lirry Strickhofstrsse 39 CH-8057 Zurich www.zor.uzh.ch Yer: 2014 Differences in periprtl plsm prmeters relted to clcium homeostsis of diry sheep
More informationCHARACTERISTICS ASSOCIATED WITH OUT CROSSING IN A SHORT DURATION IMPROVED RICE (Oryza sativa L) VARIETY AT307
CHARACTERISTICS ASSOCIATED WITH OUT CROSSING IN A SHORT DURATION IMPROVED RICE (Oryz stiv L) VARIETY AT37 Kumr APA 1, Dhnyke Nilnthi 1 *, Phthinyke BD 2 n Sennyke SGJN 1 1 Deprtment of Agriculturl Biology,
More informationEvaluation of New Biological Product Saltose for Controlling Coccidia and Clostridia in Broiler Chickens
Glol Veterinri 1 (): 57-, 01 ISSN 199-197 IDOSI Pulictions, 01 DOI: 10.589/idosi.gv.01.1.0.81 Evlution of New Biologicl Product Sltose for Controlling Coccidi nd Clostridi in Broiler Chickens 1 K.G. El
More informationMorphological and His tochemical Study of Small Intestine InIndigenous Ducks (Anasplatyrhynchos)
IOSR Journl of Agriculture nd Veterinry Science (IOSR-JAVS) e-issn: 2319-2380, p-issn: 2319-2372. Volume 10, Issue 7 Ver. II (July 2017), PP 19-27 www.iosrjournls.org Morphologicl nd His tochemicl Study
More informationComparative Studies on the Prevalence of Ixodid Ticks on Some Selected Sedentary Farms and Trade Cattle in Adamawa State, Nigeria
Interntionl Journl of Scientific nd Reserch Publictions, Volume 7, Issue 9, September 2017 505 Comprtive Studies on the Prevlence of Ixodid Ticks on Some Selected Sedentry Frms nd Trde Cttle in Admw Stte,
More informationThe following Supplemental Tables represent the data upon which Figures 3 and 4, respectively, are based.
The following Supplementl Tbles represent the dt upon which Figures 3 nd 4, respectively, re bsed. Tble S1: Existence of incidents of unconfined dogs, cts, ferrets: impct on wildlife Effects on Wildlife
More informationEfficacy of noviflumuron gel bait for control of the German cockroach, Blattella germanica (Dictyoptera: Blattellidae) laboratory studies
Pest Mngement Science Pest Mng Sci 62:434 439 (2006) Efficcy of noviflumuron gel it for control of the Germn cockroch, Blttell germnic (Dictyopter: Blttellide) lortory studies Chnglu Wng nd Gry W Bennett
More informationBEHAVIOURAL RESPONSE TO DIFFERENT CLIMATIC CONDITIONS OF BEEF CATTLE IN INTENSIVE REARING SYSTEMS
ISSN 133-7142 UDK = 636.2.33:636.83.31 BEHAVIOURAL RESPONSE TO DIFFERENT CLIMATIC CONDITIONS OF BEEF CATTLE IN INTENSIVE REARING SYSTEMS Mrt Brscic, Flvin Gottrdo, A. Mzzeng,, G. Cozzi Originl scientific
More informationReal Life Problems involving Area
Rel Life Prolems involving Are Prolems occur often in everydy life. Exmple :- A edroom wll is to e wllppered. (300 cm) The wll hs een mesured nd is 6 metres y etres, s shown. The rolls of wllpper to e
More informationSeasonal differences in endocrine and ovarian patterns of Bos taurus indicus (Nelore) heifers estrous cycles
Sesonl differences in endocrine nd ovrin ptterns of Bos turus indicus (Nelore) heifers estrous cycles Diferençs szonis no pdrão endócrino e ovrino do ciclo estrl de novilhs Bos turus indicus (Nelore) Anivldo
More informationEnlargement 2. Scale and Enlargement
Scle nd Enlrgement Enlrgement 2 Here is picture of Andy. He is 7 5 cm tll in the picture. In rel life, Andy is ctully twenty times the size he ppers to e in the picture. We sy tht this picture hs scle
More informationTowards a better understanding of the respective effects of milk yield and body condition dynamics on reproduction in Holstein dairy cows
Animl (2012), 6:3, pp 476 487 & The Animl Consortium 2011 doi:10.1017/s175173111100173x niml Towrds etter understnding of the respective effects of milk yield nd ody condition dynmics on reproduction in
More informationEffect of mating strategies on genetic and economic outcomes in a Montbéliarde dairy herd
Umotest Umotest Effect of mting strtegies on genetic nd economic outcomes in Montbélirde diry herd MARIE BERODIER M. BROCHARD, C. DEZET TER, N. BAREILLE, V. DUCROCQ Study funded by MO3 The Montbélirde
More informationBVD = Bovine Viral Diarrhea
George Perry, South Dkot Stte University 11/2/17 Influence of Modified Live Vccines on Reproductive Performnce in Beef Cttle George A. Perry, Russell F. Dly, nd Christopher C. Chse Deprtment of Animl Science
More informationA.S. Fairchild, J.L. Grimes, J.K. Porter, W.J. Croom, Jr., L.R. Daniel and W.M. Hagler, Jr. 1
Interntionl Journl of Poultry Science 4 (6): 350-355, 005 ISSN 68-8356 sin Network for Scientific Informtion, 005 Effects of Dicetoxyscirpenol nd Fusric cid on Poults: Individul nd Comined Effects of Dietry
More informationASPECTS OF THE BREEDING BIOLOGY OF THE GENTOO PENGUIN PYGOSCELIS PAPUA AT VOLUNTEER BEACH, FALKLAND ISLANDS, 2001/02
ASPECTS OF THE BREEDING BIOLOGY OF THE GENTOO PENGUIN PYGOSCELIS PAPUA AT VOLUNTEER BEACH, FALKLAND ISLANDS, 2001/02 HELEN M. OTLEY, 1 ANDREA P. CLAUSEN, 1 DARREN J. CHRISTIE 1 & KLEMENS PÜTZ 2 1 Flklnds
More informationEVALUATION OF S FOR FLY (DIPTERA: MUSCIDAE) CONTROL AS A FEED-THROUGH COMPOUND FOR POULTRY, CATTLE, AND SWINE'
EVALUATION OF S-31183 FOR FLY (DIPTERA: MUSCIDAE) CONTROL AS A FEED-THROUGH COMPOUND FOR POULTRY, CATTLE, AND SWINE' R. W. Miller Livestock Insects Lbortory, LPS! ARS, USDA Beltsville, MD 275 (Accepted
More informationHIGH FIBER LOW ENERGY DIET FOR MOLT INDUCTION IN LAYING HENS: THE IMPACT OF ALFALFA ON PHYSIOLOGY, IMMUNOLOGY AND BEHAVIOR.
HIGH FIBER LOW ENERGY DIET FOR MOLT INDUCTION IN LAYING HENS: THE IMPACT OF ALFALFA ON PHYSIOLOGY, IMMUNOLOGY AND BEHAVIOR A Disserttion y CLAUDIA SHARENE DUNKLEY Sumitted to the Office of Grdute Studies
More informationEffect of Different Lysine and Energy Levels in Diets on Carcass Percentage of Three Strains of Broiler Duck
DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.14334/proc.intsem.lpvt-2016-p.395-407 Effect of Different Lysine and Energy Levels in Diets on Carcass Percentage of Three s of Broiler Duck Purba M, Sinurat AP, Susanti T Indonesian
More informationHaematological and Biochemical Changes in Japanese Quails Coturnix coturnix Japonica and Chickens Due to Ascaridia galli Infection
Interntionl Journl of Poultry Science 7 (7): 704-70, 2008 ISSN 682-8356 Asin Network for Scientific Informtion, 2008 Hemtologicl nd Biochemicl Chnges in Jpnese Quils Coturnix coturnix Jponic nd Chickens
More informationTHE POTENTIAL OF ARTIFICIAL NESTING SITES FOR INCREASING THE POPULATION DENSITY OF THE BLACK CACAO ANTS
The Indonesin potentil Journl of rtificil of Agriculture nesting sites 3(1),... 21: 45-5 45 THE POTENTIAL OF ARTIFICIAL NESTING SITES FOR INCREASING THE POPULATION DENSITY OF THE BLACK CACAO ANTS Meldy
More informationEFFECT OF DEXAMETHASONE ON THE CHANGES OF SEMEN QUALITY INDUCED BY ENDOTOXIN IN STALLION
Bull Vet Inst Pulwy 5, 581-589, 8 FFCT OF DXAMTHASON ON TH CHANGS OF SMN QUALITY INDUCD BY NDOTOXIN IN STALLION JANUSZ DANK Deprtment of Animl Reproduction nd Animl Helth Protection, University of Technology
More informationPharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic modelling of NSAIDs in a model of reversible inflammation in the cat
British Journl of Phrmcology (25) 146, 642 653 & 25 Nture Pulishing Group All rights reserved 7 1188/5 $3. www.nture.com/jp Phrmcokinetic/phrmcodynmic modelling of NSAIDs in model of reversile inflmmtion
More informationEffects of Management of Domestic Dogs and Recreation on Carnivores in Protected Areas in Northern California
Contriuted Pper Effects of Mngement of Domestic Dogs nd Recretion on Crnivores in Protected Ares in Northern Cliforni SARAH E. REED AND ADINA M. MERENLENDER Deprtment of Environmentl Science, Policy &
More informationOriginal Article. E Oz 1, *H Cetin 1, J E Cilek 2, O Deveci 3, A Yanikoglu 1
Irnin J Pul Helth, Vol. 39, No.3, 2010, Irnin pp. 102-108 J Pul Helth, Vol. 39, No.3, 2010, pp. 102-108 Originl Article Effects of Two Temperture Storge Regimes on the Efficcy of 3 Commercil Gel Bits ginst
More informationPrevalence of Cattle Diseases and Productive and Reproductive Traitsof Cattle in Ilu Aba Bora Zone, South Western Ethiopia
Glol Veterinri 10 (5): 614-619, 2013 ISSN 1992-6197 IDOSI Pulictions, 2013 DOI: 10.5829/idosi.gv.2013.10.5.6687 Prevlence of Cttle Diseses nd Productive nd Reproductive Tritsof Cttle in Ilu A Bor Zone,
More informationPerformance of Broiler Breeders as Affected by Body Weight During the Breeding Season 1
Performance of Broiler Breeders as Affected by Body Weight During the Breeding Season 1 H. R. WILSON and R. H. HARMS Department of Poultry Science, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611 (Received
More informationMarketing of Exotic Chicken Products and Constraints under Small Scale Intensive Urban Poultry Production in Addis Ababa
World Journl of Agriculturl Sciences 14 (1): 17-24, 2018 ISSN 1817-3047 IDOSI Pulictions, 2018 DOI: 10.5829/idosi.wjs.2018.17.24 Mrketing of Exotic Chicken Products nd Constrints under Smll Scle Intensive
More informationFattening performance, carcass and meat quality of slow and fast growing broiler strains under intensive and extensive feeding conditions
Fattening performance, carcass and meat quality of slow and fast growing broiler strains under intensive and extensive feeding conditions M.A. GRASHORN* Dept. of Poultry Science (470c), Inst. of Animal
More informationInsecticide Resistance of the Green Rice Leafhopper, Nephotettix cincticeps, to the Systemic Insecticides Used for Seedling-Box Application
ScienceAsi 31 (25): 151-158 Insecticide Resistnce of the Green Rice Lefhopper, Nephotettix cincticeps, to the Systemic Insecticides Used for Seedling-Box Appliction Jirpong Jirin,* Nouki Kojim nd Toru
More informationPrevalence of Darkling Beetles (Alphitobius diaperinus) and Bacterial Load in Broiler Litters
Interntionl Journl of Poultry Science 6 (6): 440-444, 007 ISSN 168-8356 Asin Network for Scientific Informtion, 007 Prevlence of Drkling Beetles (Alphitoius diperinus) nd Bcteril Lod in Broiler Litters
More informationEffects of litter quality and climate change along an elevation gradient on litter mass loss in an alpine meadow ecosystem on the Tibetan plateau
Plnt Ecol (21) 29:257 268 DOI 1.17/s11258-9-9714- Effects of litter qulity nd climte chnge long n elevtion grdient on litter mss loss in n lpine medow ecosystem on the Tietn plteu Gungping Xu Yigng Hu
More informationThe preventive effects of two nutraceuticals on experimentally induced acute synovitis
Equine Veterinry Journl ISSN 0425-1644 DOI: 10.1111/evj.12629 The preventive effects of two nutrceuticls on experimentlly induced cute synovitis E. VAN DE WATER *, M. OOSTERLINCK, M. DUMOULIN, N. M. KORTHAGEN,P.R.VAN
More informationWater Requirements of Livestock
Wter Requirements of Livestok http://www.omfr.gov.on./english/engineer/fts/07-023.htm#t2 Wter Requirements of Livestok Tle of Contents PDF Version - 267 KB 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. Diry Cttle Beef
More informationPLASMA CORTISOL LEVEL AND MAIN METABOLISM EVOLUTION IN PREGNANT EWE
PLASMA CORTISOL LEVEL AND MAIN METABOLISM EVOLUTION IN PREGNANT EWE N. Dojnă, Iulin Codrenu, Costin Budică Fculty of veterinry medicine Buchrest, Romni, dojn2001@yhoo.com. Abstrct The purpose of this reserch
More informationPerformance Comparison and Lysine Requirements of Seven Commercial Brown Egg Layer Strains During Phase One
Interntionl Journl of Poultry Siene 7 (8): 806-8, 008 ISSN 68-8356 Asin Network for Sientifi Informtion, 008 Performne Comprison nd Lysine Requirements of Seven Commeril Brown Egg Lyer Strins During Phse
More informationComparisons of antifeedancy and spatial repellency of three natural product repellents agains horn flies
United Sttes Deprtment of Agriculture From the SelectedWorks of Dvid B Tylor 14 Comprisons of ntifeedncy nd sptil repellency of three nturl product repellents gins horn flies Junwei J. Zhu, USDA-ARS Agroecosystem
More informationEDUCATION AND PRODUCTION. Layer Performance of Four Strains of Leghorn Pullets Subjected to Various Rearing Programs
EDUCATION AND PRODUCTION Layer Performance of Four Strains of Leghorn Pullets Subjected to Various Rearing Programs S. LEESON, L. CASTON, and J. D. SUMMERS Department of Animal and Poultry Science, University
More informationRobert H. Six 1*, William R. Everett 2, Melanie R. Myers 1 and Sean P. Mahabir 1
Six et l. Prsites & Vectors (2016) 9:93 DOI 10.1186/s13071-016-1374-z RESEARCH Comprtive speed of kill of srolner (Simpric ) nd spinosd plus milbemycin oxime (Trifexis ) ginst induced infesttions of Ctenocephlides
More informationJ. Wat. Treat. Biol. Vol.37 No.2
Direct Observtion biilm's surfce bcteril prt pcked n clerly seen B), ct section s spheres rods (Fig., frequently 10μm size. smooth boundries clumps where ded s process. A polymer drk-light res All structure
More informationHow do cuckoos find their hosts? The role of habitat imprinting
ANIMAL BEHAVIOUR, 1998, 56, 1425 1433 Article No. r980931 How do cuckoos find their hosts? The role of hbitt imprinting YVONNE TEUSCHL, BARBARA TABORSKY & MICHAEL TABORSKY Konrd Lorenz-Institut für Vergleichende
More informationTraditional Poultry Supply and Marketing in the City of N Djamena in Chad
Interntionl Journl of Poultry Science 11 (5): 341-348, 2012 ISSN 1682-8356 Asin Network for Scientific Informtion, 2012 Trditionl Poultry Supply nd Mrketing in the City of N Djmen in Chd 1.3 2 1 3 Iss
More informationDragon genetics, pt. II: Monohybrid crosses
Lesson 6.4 Drgon genetics, pt. II: Monohybrid crosses Nme Dte Period Key Terms Monohybrid cross Dominnt trit Recessive trit Engge BCKGROUND: long time go, in world fr, fr wy, gret rce of beings lived on
More informationObservations of cattle use of prairie dog towns
J. Rnge Mnge. 56: 41-417 Septemer 23 Oservtions of cttle use of pririe dog towns DEBRA A. GUENTHER AND JAMES K. DETLING Authors re Reserch Associte, Nturl Resource Ecology Lortory (NREL) nd Professor,
More informationFactors associated with West Nile virus disease fatalities in horses. (Traduit par Docteur André Blouin) Can Vet J 2007;48:
Article Fctors ssocited with West Nile virus disese ftlities in horses Tsh Epp, Cheryl Wldner, Keith West, Hugh Townsend Astrct In 2003, the occurrence nd loction of horses with clinicl signs of West Nile
More informationEffects of mercury exposure on the reproductive success of tree swallows (Tachycineta bicolor)
Ecotoxicology (2008) 17:133 141 DOI 10.1007/s10646-007-0163-z Effects of mercury exposure on the reproductive success of tree swllows (Tchycinet bicolor) Rebeck L. Brsso Æ Dniel A. Cristol Accepted: 20
More informationUnit C: Poultry Management. Lesson 2: Feeding, Management and Equipment for Poultry
Unit C: Poultry Management Lesson 2: Feeding, Management and Equipment for Poultry 1 1 Terms Grit Palatability 2 2 I. Properly feeding poultry will supply all of the nutrients the birds need to adequately
More informationThe physiology of hibernation in common map turtles ž / Graptemys geographica
Ž. Comprtive Biochemistry nd Physiology Prt A 130 001 331340 The physiology of hierntion in common mp turtles ž / Grptemys geogrphic Scott A. Reese, Crlos E. Crocker,,c, Mry E. Crwile, Donld C. Jckson
More informationPrevalence and reproduction of Tropilaelaps mercedesae and Varroa destructor in concurrently infested Apis mellifera colonies
Prevlence nd reproduction of Tropilelps mercedese nd Vrro destructor in concurrently infested Apis mellifer colonies Buwngpong, N., de Guzmn, L. I., Khongphinitunjong, K., Frke, A. M., Burgett, M., & Chntwnnkul,
More informationSELECTED LIFE HISTORY ASPECTS AND HABITAT USE BY MERRIAM'S WILD TURKEYS IN OREGON
SELECTED LIFE HISTORY ASPECTS AND HABITAT USE BY MERRIAM'S WILD TURKEYS IN OREGON by Robert Scott Lutz A THESIS submitted to Oregon Stte University in prtil fulfillment of the requirements for the degree
More informationHigh Frequency of Antimicrobial Resistance in Human Fecal Flora
ANTIMICROBIAL AGENTS AND CHEMOTHERAPY, Dec. 1988, p. 181-186 66-484188112181-6$2./ Copyright 1988, Americn Society for Microbiology Vol. 32, No. 12 High Frequency of Antimicrobil Resistnce in Humn Fecl
More informationA retrospective study of the causes of morbidity and mortality in farmed elk (Cervus elaphus) Murray R. Woodbury, John Berezowski, Jerry Haigh
A retrospective study of the cuses of morbidity nd mortlity in frmed elk (Cervus elphus) Murry R. Woodbury, John Berezowski, Jerry High Abstrct A survey of North Americn frmed elk (Cervus elphus) producers
More informationKNOWLEDGE, ATTITUDES AND PRACTICES ABOUT ANTIBIOTIC USE AMONG THE GENERAL PUBLIC IN MALAYSIA
KNOWLEDGE, ATTITUDES AND PRACTICES ABOUT ANTIBIOTIC USE AMONG THE GENERAL PUBLIC IN MALAYSIA Frid Islhudin, Aly Mdihh Ahmd Tmezi nd Norid Mohmed Shh Fculty of Phrmcy, Universiti Kebngsn Mlysi, Kul Lumpur,
More informationDaily and seasonal rhythms in the respiratory sensitivity of red-eared sliders (Trachemys scripta elegans)
3339 The Journl of Experimentl iology 212, 3339-3348 Pulished y The Compny of iologists 29 doi:1.1242/je.27698 Dily nd sesonl rhythms in the respirtory sensitivity of red-ered sliders (Trchemys script
More informationEffects of season on plasma progesterone profiles in repeat breeding cows
Veterinrni Medicin, 60, 2015 (5): 227 234 Originl Pper Effects of seson on plsm progesterone profiles in repet reeding cows M.E. Ghnem 1, M. Nishiori 2 1 Fculty of Veterinry Medicine, Suez Cnl University,
More informationImpact Assessment of Different Litter Depths on the Performance of Broiler Chickens Raised on Sand and Wood Shaving Litters
World Journl of Zoology 2 (2): 67-72, 2007 ISSN 87-3098 IDOSI Pulitions, 2007 Impt Assessment of Different Litter Deps on e Performne of Broiler Chikens Rised on Snd nd Wood Shving Litters 2 2 E.K. Asniyn,
More informationMeasurement 1: Surface Area and Volume
Mesurement 1: Surfce Are nd Volume Student Book - Series M-1 Mthletics Instnt Workooks Copyright Mesurement 1: Surfce re nd volume Student Book - Series M Contents Topics Topic 1 - The re of prts of circle
More informationComparison of the Incidence of Post-operative Wound Infection between Skin Staples and Conventional Sutures in Abdominal Skin Closures
Print ISSN: 2321-6379 Online ISSN: 2395-1893 DOI: 10.17354/SUR/2016/52 Originl Article Comprison of the Incidence of Post-opertive Wound Infection etween Skin Stples nd Conventionl Sutures in Adominl Skin
More informationExperimental examination of behavioural interactions between free-ranging wild and domestic canids
Behv Ecol Sociobiol (2009) 64:279 287 DOI 10.1007/s00265-009-0845-z ORIGINAL PAPER Experimentl exmintion of behviourl interctions between free-rnging wild nd domestic cnids Abi Tmim Vnk & Mri Thker & Mtthew
More informationAppropriateness of antimicrobial therapy: a multicentre prevalence survey in the Netherlands,
Surveillnce nd outbrek reports Appropriteness of ntimicrobil therpy: multicentre prevlence survey in the Netherlnds, 28 29 I Willemsen 1, T vn der Kooij 2, B vn Benthem 2, J Wille 3, J Kluytmns (jnkluytmns@gmil.com)
More informationThe Anatomy of Sea Turtles
Close this window to return to the previous pge or go to www.ivis.org The Antomy of Se Turtles Jenette Wyneken, Ph.D. Illustrted y Dwn Witherington Close this window to return to the previous pge or go
More informationFeeding the Commercial Egg-Type Replacement Pullet 1
PS48 Feeding the Commercial Egg-Type Replacement Pullet 1 Richard D. Miles and Jacqueline P. Jacob 2 TODAY'S PULLET Advances in genetic selection make today's pullets quite different from those of only
More informationPatch choice of avian herbivores along a migration trajectory From Temperate to Arctic
Bsic nd Applied Ecology 8 (2007) 354 363 www.elsevier.de/be Ptch choice of vin herbivores long migrtion trjectory From Temperte to Arctic A.J. vn der Grf,, J. Sthl b, G.F. Veen c, R.M. Hving, R.H. Drent
More informationFaculty of Veterinary Medicine, USAMV Cluj-Napoca, 3-6 Calea Mănăştur, Cluj-Napoca, România,
Bulletin UASMV, Veterinry Medicine, 69(1-2)/2012 Print ISSN 1843-5262; Electronic ISSN 1843-5378 Comprtive study of the internl conformtion of the posdiphrgmtic digestive trct in the dog (Cnis lupus fmiliris)
More informationIMPACT OF OIL-SANDS BASED WETLANDS ON THE GROWTH OF MALLARD (ANAS PLATYRHYNCHOS) DUCKLINGS
Environmentl Toxicology nd Chemistry, Vol. 2, No. 2, pp. 7 3, 200 200 SETAC Printed in the USA 0730-728/0 $12.00.00 IMPACT OF OIL-SANDS BASED WETLANDS ON THE GROWTH OF MALLARD (ANAS PLATYRHYNCHOS) DUCKLINGS
More informationThis article appeared in a journal published by Elsevier. The attached copy is furnished to the author for internal non-commercial research and
This rticle ppered in journl pulished y Elsevier. The ttched copy is furnished to the uthor for internl non-commercil reserch nd eduction use, including for instruction t the uthors institution nd shring
More informationThe Effect of Location and Season on Free Water Intake of Livestock under Field Condition in Ginchi Watershed Area, Ethiopia
World Journl of Agriulturl Sienes 8 (1): 38-42, 2012 ISSN 1817-3047 IDOSI Pulitions, 2012 The Effet of Lotion nd Seson on Free Wter Intke of Livestok under Field Condition in Ginhi Wtershed Are, Ethiopi
More information