The. Feeding Value of

Transcription

1 The. Feeding Vlue of,e9cv Pcific Northwest Grown Soybens for Mrket Turkeys Specil Re December 1977 Agriculturl Experiment Sttion Oregon Stte University,

2 AUTHORS: P. L. Prdis, J. A. Hrper, H. S. Nkue nd G. H. Arscott, Deprtment of Poultry Science, Oregon Stte University, Corvllis. Acknowledgment: These studies were supported in prt by the Oregon Stte Deprtment of Agriculture, Slem, nd the Pcific Northwest Regionl Commission.

3 THE FEEDING VALUE OF PACIFIC NORTHWEST GROWN SOYBEANS FOR MARKET TURKEYS P. L. Prdis, J. A. Hrper, H. S. Nkue nd G. H. Arscott REVIEW OF LITERATURE Soybens re not grown intensively in the Pcific Northwest s they re in the Midwest becuse of generlly unsuitble climtic nd soil conditions. However, few thousnd cres of soybens hve been grown successfully in southwestern Wshington on irrigted lnd. Interest in soybens hs been generted becuse of this venture nd becuse.of possible reduction of high freight costs from the Midwest. Soyben mel is the mjor source of protein in poultry feeds nd Oregon poultry frmers import pproximtely 6, tons of it nnully. With the dded freight cost (pproximtely $43/ton), the poultrymen spend bout $2.5 million nnully for this feed. Loclly grown soybens offer potentil svings to poultrymen nd consumers. Effects of feeding rw soybens to turkeys hve been observed to be similr to those seen in other poultry species. Bird et l.(1948); Richrdson nd Blylock (195); Sxen et l. (196); Linerode et l.(1961,b) nd Griffith et l.(1965) ll hve reported on the detrimentl effects of feeding rw soybens to turkeys: typiclly depressed growth, reduced feed consumption nd feed efficiency nd mrked pncretic hypertrophy. Bird et l.(1948) nd Richrdson nd Blylock (195) reported rw soyben diets supplemented with fish mel improved growth rtes over soyben diets. Since fish mel is good source of methionine, this erly work indicted methionine supplementtion helped improve rw soyben diets for turkey poults. This ws lter proved to be true, when Sxen et l. (196) nd Linerode et l.(1961,b) showed tht diets contining rw soybens supplemented with methionine were effective in producing good body weight gins in turkey poults. Further work by Behrends nd Wibel (1975) showed tht the methionine nd cystine requirement for turkeys decreses with ge. This ws thought to be prt of the reson why older turkeys cn utilize rw soybens more efficiently. In recent yers, ttention hs been given to full-ft soybens in poultry rtions becuse of development of more efficient high energy rtions (Rogler nd Crrick, 1961). Buescher (1969) pointed out tht full-ft soybens in turkey growing rtions hve been comprble to conventionl rtions contining solvent extrcted soybens. Shen et l.(197) fed turkey poults cooked fullft soybens nd found these diets supported stisfctory growth rtes, lthough not quite s good s weight gins of turkeys fed commercil soyben mel. Morn et l.(1973) supported these findings in their work, showing extruded soybens were comprble to solvent extrcted soybens in grower rtions. However, during the ltter stges of the growth period, extruded soyben diets ppered to be poorer. The use of high levels of dietry oils hd n dverse effect on finish in terms of softer ft, but these were not found to be objectionble. However, if proportions of the body ft contined too much unsturted ftty cid the crcss my be less desirble in ppernce nd cooking qulity. Morn et l.(1973b) proposed differences in crcss ft content s fctor responsible for differences in eting qulity of turkeys becuse body ft from birds fed extruded soybens or solvent extrcted soybens with

4 dded oil hd higher degree of unsturtion - nd thus higher drip loss - when the bird ws cooked. This ws compred to ft from birds fed soyben mel nd dded niml tllow cusing birds to hve ft with lower degree of unsturtion. Turkey Poults EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE Five hundred nd forty Medium White (Wrolstd) turkey poults, htched t the OSU Turkey Frm, were grown to four weeks of ge in this experiment. The birds were housed in Jmeswy bttery brooders with wire floors nd provided with 24 hours of light dily. Feed, wter nd insoluble grit were provided d libitum. Room temperture ws strted t minimum of 23 C (73 F) for the first two weeks then reduced to 21 C (7 F). Nine experimentl rtions were ech fed to four replicte lots of 15 birds ech. Ech group of 6 birds ws fed either solvent soyben mel (SBM), extruded soyben (ESB) or rw soyben (RSB)* rtion supplemented with or without either 5 g/ton zinc bcitrcin (zn bc) or 1 g/ton procine penicillin (pro pen). These rtions re listed in Tble 1. Poults nd feed were weighed t four weeks nd verge body weight (grms) nd feed conversion (lbs of feed/lb of bird) clculted. At this time, two poults from ech replicte were rndomly selected nd scrificed. The pncret from eight poults per tretment were excised, blotted with pper towel nd weighed. Results nd Discussion The results of the experiment re presented in Tble 2. The poults fed RSB were significntly smller (P4:.5) nd used significntly more (P4:.5) feed per pound of bird thn did poults fed SBM or ESB. The observed effects of feeding RSB were in greement with findings by Bird et l. (1948); Richrdson nd Blylock (195); Sxen et l. (196); Linerode et l. (1961,b) nd Griffith et l. (1965) who ll found rw soybens inferior to ESB or SBM for supporting growth in young turkeys. Poults fed ESB were significntly smller (P4t.5) thn those fed SBM. This indictes extruded soybens still contined some ctive trypsin inhibitors. This finding lso ws supported by the significntly lrger (P4:.5) pncret in ESB fed poults compred to SBM fed poults. Birds fed ESB lso hd significntly reduced (P4..5) feed conversion s compred to SBM fed birds. *Rw nd extruded soybens were supplied by Oregon Stte Deprtment of Agriculture nd prepred by McDniel Grin nd Feed Compny, McMinnville, Oregon. -2-

5 Tble 1. Composition of diets fed turkey poults Ingredient SBM ESB RSB Corn, yellow Soyben mel (44% protein) Soyben, extruded Soyben, rw Soyben oil 1. - Filler snd Fish mel (7% protein) Met nd Bone mel (5% protein) Alflf mel (17% protein) Limestone flour Defluorinted phosphte Slt Vitmin premix l Trce minerl mix Coccidiostt d, 1-methionine Clculted Anlyses 4 Protein, % M.E. (kcl/kg) Clcium, % Avil. Phos., % Lysine, % Methionine, % Met. + Cys., % Contributes/kg of rtion: vit A, 668 I.U.; vit D, 2223 I.C.U.; riboflvin, 66 mg; d-pntothenic cid, 11.2 mg; nicin, 44. mg; choline, 382 mg; vit B 12, 11.2 mg; vit E, 2.2 I.U.; vit K, 1.1 mg; folcin,.44 mg. 2. Contributes/kg of rtion the following; C, 195 mg; Mn, 12 mg; Fe, 4 mg; Cu, 4 mg; I, 2.4 mg; Zn, 55 mg. 3. Amprolium, Merck nd Compny, Rhwy, N.J. 4. These rtions were not isocloric nd isonitrogenous since they were hnd clculted with vlue of 41 percent protein for RSB nd ESB. The computer printout of the rtion bove ws different becuse of l ger progrmmed whole soyben protein vlue. -3-

6 Adding zn bc or pro pen in RSB nd SBM rtions filed to increse body weights or improve feed conversion. However, zn bc fed with ESB did produce significntly lrger (P4.5) body weight thn the unsupplemented ESB group. Pro pen ws not effective with ESB rtions for improving body weight. Mrket Turkeys Three hundred nd sixty Lrge White (Nichols) mle poults were grown from dy old to eight weeks of ge in 12 pens 2.4 m X 2.7 m (8 ft X 9 ft) with 3 birds per pen. The poults were brooded under Rdint Ry brooders. Temperture ws held t 24 C (75 F) with the id of room heters for the first two weeks nd then lowered to 21 C (7 F) for the next two weeks. After four weeks, the birds received no supplementl het, nd temperture ws bout mbient t 4-18 C (4-65 F). The mle poults were fed stndrd corn nd whet bse turkey strter rtion until eights weeks of ge. Wter nd feed were supplied d libitum from utomtic wterers nd round bulk metl feeders. Artificil light ws supplied 24 hours per dy from single 6 wtt incndescent lmp for ech pen. Three hundred nd sixty femle poults of the sme htch nd strin were strted in three pens 4.9 m X 4.9 m (16 ft X 16 ft) with 12 birds per pen. The poults were brooded under electric hovers with strting temperture of 35 C (95 F). The temperture ws lowered 5 F per week until 21 C (7 F) ws reched t the end of the fifth week. These poults received similr light nd feed tretment s the mles. At eight weeks of ge, the birds were moved into two wire-sided pole houses for initition of the soyben experiment. The mles were plced in one house nd the femles in nother. All birds were rndomly ssigned to 3 m X 3 m (1 ft X 1 ft) pens with 2 birds per pen. The poults received no supplementl light; the only light vilble ws from nturl dy length under summer conditions. Feed nd wter were vilble d libitum from bulk feeders nd continuous flow wterers. Tempertures in the house were bout mbient (4-18 C or 4-65 F). Seven experimentl rtions were fed in three phses (shown in Tbles 3, 4 nd 5), 8 to 12 weeks; 12 to 16 weeks nd 16 to 18 or 16 to 2 weeks. Ech rtion ws fed to replicte groups of 2 mles nd 2 femles. Poults were fed 1 percent SBM, ESB nd RSB rtions nd lso combintions of either 1/3 or 2/3 replcement of ESB or RSB with SBM. All rtions were blnced isocloriclly nd isonitrogenously. SBM rtions were supplemented with dded soyben oil since SBM is lower in energy thn either ESB or RSB. ESB nd RSB supplied 1 percent of the supplementl protein supplied by SBM. In ddition to the seven experimentl rtions, 2 mles nd 2 femles in replicte lots lso were fed three regulr OSU turkey grower rtions (Tble 6). All birds were weighed t 8, 12 nd 16 weeks of ge. The femles were weighed nd mrketed t 18 weeks; the mles were weighed nd mrketed t 2 weeks of ge. Unused feed ws weighed bck t these times nd feed conversion clculted s pounds of feed per pound of bird. At the end of the experiment, finl verge body weights nd cumultive feed conversions were clculted. -4-

7 Tble 2. Averge body weight, feed conversion nd pncretic weights for turkey poults fed solvent soyben mel (SBM) nd extruded (ESB)nd rw (RSB) full-ft soybens with nd without dded zinc bcitrcin (zn bc) nd procine penicillin (pro pen) t 4 weeks of ge Tretment Ave. B.W.1 (gms) F.C. 2 Ave. Pncretic wt. (gm/1gms B.W.) SBM f.32 b SBM + zn bc ef 38 b SBM + pro pen ef 36 b ESB 351 b 1.54 cd.57 ESB + zn bc 3 ESB + pro pen 3 RSB RSB + zn bc de b 1.56c.53 c b c c.6 RSB + pro pe b 1. Vlues with differing superscripts re significntly different (P E..5). 2. Averge pounds of feed consumed per pound of bird. 3. Zinc bcitrcin level; 5 g/t, Procine penicillin level 1 g/t. -5-

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11 Tble 6. Composition of grower diets fed mrket turkeysl Ingredients Regulr Developer Corn, yellow 6. Soyben mel (44% protein) 2. Met nd bone mel (5% protein) 8.5 Whey, dried 2.5 Alflf mel (17% protein) 5. Limestone flour 1.5 Defluorinted phosphte 1.5 Slt.5 Vitmin Premix 2.35 Trce minerl mix.5 d, 1-methionine.1 Clculted Anlyses Protein, % 2.21 M.E. (kcl/kg) 279. Clcium, % 2.4 Phosphorous, % Feed 9-13 weeks of ge, mix 6# corn with 14# developer = 17% protein for feeding weeks of ge, mix 1# corn with 1# developer = 15% protein for feeding weeks of ge. 2. Contributes/kg of rtion the following: vit A, 5782 I.U.; vit D, 1927 I.C.U.; riboflvin, 5.78 mg; d-pntothenic cid, 9.64 mg; nicin, mg; choline, 334 mg; vit B 12, 9.64 mg; vit E, 1.92 I.U.; vit K..96 mg; folcin,.38 mg. 3. See Tble 1 for minerls contributed. -9-

12 The viscer of five rndomly selected birds from four experimentl tretments (1 percent SBM, ESB, RSB nd OSU grower) were obtined from the processing plnt. Pncres, proventriculus, gizzrd, liver nd bdominl ft were excised, blotted with pper towels nd weighed. Averge weights were determined nd expressed s grms of orgn per 1 grms body weight. Adipose tissue nd feed smples from ech of these four tretments were tken to the Deprtment of Agriculturl Chemistry, Oregon Stte University, for nlyses of ftty cids. These smples were extrcted using the method of Bligh nd Dyer (1959). From these extrcts, smll portion of ech ws methylted by modifiction of the procedure of Sddler et l. (1966) nd nlyzed using Hewlett-Pckrd model #7 gs chromtogrph equipped with dul hydrogen flme detectors. The columns used were 2 feet by.3 inch ID wll-coted open tubulr columns, coted with ethylene glycol succinte polymer, prepred s described by Lowry nd Tinsley (1975). Reltive pek res were clculted by the method of Crroll (1961). Results nd Discussion The results of feed conversion nd body weight re presented in Tbles 7, 8 nd 9. The body weights nd feed conversion in four-week intervls re presented for mles (Tble 7) nd femles (Tble 8). There were no significnt differences in body weight t ny weighing period between birds fed SBM nd ESB. However, birds fed RSB gined significntly less (P<.5) nd converted feed to body weight numericlly poorer thn birds fed either SBM or ESB. However, with both mles nd femles, feed conversion ws better during the ltter stges of growth for birds fed RSB. This ws becuse s the birds grew older they becme more efficient in utilizing rw soybens. Behrends nd Wibel (1975) ttribute this observtion to the fct tht s birds grew older their methionine requirement becomes less criticl nd protein becomes less importnt in terms of growth. In considering the overll results of body weights nd feed conversion (Tble 9), feeding 1 percent RSB cuses growth retrdtion nd poor feed conversion. However, birds fed either ESB or SBM were not significntly different in body weight. It lso is importnt to note tht mle birds fed 33 percent RSB did not hve significntly smller body weights thn mle birds fed either ESB or SBM. This suggests tht, under these conditions, RSB cn be included in turkey rtions t lest up to one third of the soyben totl without detrimentl effects on body weights nd feed conversion. The results of orgn weights re presented in Tble 1. Feeding RSB cused mrked pncretic hypertrophy. Birds fed RSB hd significntly lrger (P4.5) pncret, livers nd gizzrds. There were no other significnt differences. The nlyses of feed smples nd dipose tissue for ftty cids re presented in Tbles 11 nd 12. The SBM, ESB nd RSB rtions hd lipids with higher degree of unsturtion thn did OSU grower diets (Tble 11). This ws becuse the OSU rtions (Tble 6) hd no dded soyben oil while the SBM, ESB nd RSB rtions hd either supplemented oil or high levels of nturl oil, respectively. The result indicted tht the birds fed OSU grower rtions hd higher level of sturted ftty cids s compred to the dipose tissue from birds fed either SBM, ESB or RSB (Tble 1). According to Morn et l. (1973b) -1-

13 Tble 7. Averge body weight nd feed conversion for mle mrket turkeys fed solvent soyben mel (SBM), extruded (ESB) nd rw (RSB) full-ft soybens t 12, 16 nd 2 weeks of gel Age (weeks) Tretment B.W. 2 F.C. 3 B.W. 2 F.C. 3 B.W. 2 F.C. 3 SBM ESB %SBM-67%ESB %SBM-33%ESB RSB c c %SBM-67%RSB b %SBM-33%RSB b Vlues with differing superscripts re significntly different (PL.5). 2. Averge body weight in pounds. 3. Averge mount of feed consumed per pound of bird in pounds.

14 Tble 8. Averge body weight nd feed conversion for femle mrket turkeys fed solvent soyben mel (SBM), nd extruded (ESB) nd rw (RSB) full-ft soybens t 12, 16 nd 18 weeks of ge Age (weeks) Tretment B.W. 2 F.C. 3 B.W. 2 F.C. 3 B.W. 2 F.C. 3 SBM b b 4.65 ESB %SBM-67%ESB %SBM-33%ESB b b 5.15 RSB 8.1 d d %SBM-67%RSB 8.8c c c %SBM-33%RSB 9.2 b b b Vlues with differing superscripts re significntly different (PA:.5). 2. Averge body weight in pounds. 3. Averge mount of feed consumed per pound of bird in pounds. -12-

15 Tble 9. Averge body weight nd feed conversion for mle nd femle mrket turkeys fed solvent soyben mel (SBM), extruded (ESB) nd rw (RSB) full-ft soybens t 18 nd 2 weeksl Tretment Body Weight2 Feed Conversion3 Mles Femles Mles Femles SBM ESB %SBM-67%ESB %SBM-33%ESB RSB c 2.2 d %SBM-67%RSB 22.5 b 14.6 c %SBM-33%RSB 24.1 b Vlues with differing superscripts re significntly different (Pe:.5). 2. Body weights re the verge of two replicte lots of 2 birds ech in pounds. 3. Feed conversion in pounds of feed consumed per pound of bird. -13-

16 Tble 1. Averge orgn weights for mle nd femle turkeys t mrket ge fed solvent soyben mel (SBM), extruded (ESB) nd rw (RSB) full-ft soybens for 1 or 12 weeks Grms/1 grms body weightl Tretment Pncres Proventriculus Gizzrd Liver Abdominl Ft Mles SBM ESB bc b b b.9 c b 1.45 b.95 b.42 RSB c b b OSU grder Femles SBM b.132 ESB.137 RSB.277 OSU grder b b b b b b Vlues with differing superscripts re significntly different (P4.5). Mrket ge for femles ws 18 weeks; for mles it ws 2 weeks. -14-

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19 birds hving higher level of unsturted fts (SBM, ESB nd RSB fed birds) will be less desirble becuse of higher drip loss when cooking. This would imply, in this experiment, tht birds fed SBM with supplementl oil, ESB or RSB would be less desirble becuse of soft ft. SUMMARY Experiments were conducted to test the feeding vlue of Pcific Northwest grown soybens for poults nd mrket turkeys. Poults fed rw soybens in the rtion from to 4 weeks of ge weighed significntly less (pproximtely hlf) thn those provided extruded or solvent soyben mel in diets. There ws no beneficil effect from the ddition of either 5 g/ton of zinc bcitrcin or 1 g/ton of procine penicillin to ny of the three types of soyben rtions. Mrket turkeys were fed from 8 to 18 or 2 weeks of ge using rtions with 1 percent solvent soyben mel, extruded soybens or rw soybens nd lso either 1/3 or 2/3 replcement of extruded or rw soybens with solvent soybens. The processed soybens used in this experiment were found stisfctory for supporting cceptble performnce when fed to mrket turkeys. Prticulrly, extruded soybens, when properly processed, were found equl in feeding vlue to solvent extrcted soybens. Feeding rw soybens cused mrked reduction in body weight nd feed conversion s well s pncretic hypertrophy. However, 1/3 rw soybens in growing rtions did not show grthretrding effects. Feeding solvent soyben mel with dded oil or extruded nd rw full-ft soybens to mrket turkeys my cuse n overbundnce of unsturted ftty cids in dipose (ft) tissue cusing crcsses to be less desirble when cooked. REFERENCES 1. Behrends, B. R. nd P. E. Wibel, Effect of ge on methionine plus cystine requirements of turkeys. Poultry Sci. 55: Bird, H. R., S. J. Mrsden nd W. L. Kellogg, Supplements for soyben mel in turkey diets. Poultry Sci. 27: Bligh, E. G. nd W. J. Dyer, A rpid method of totl lipid extrction nd purifiction. Cn. Biochem. J. 37: Buescher, R. G Full-ft soybens in the Northwest. Proceedings of the fourth nnul Pcific Northwest Animl Nutrition Conference. The Dunes Ocen Resort, Lincoln City, Oregon. Nov. 6-7, pp Crroll, K. K Quntittive estimtion of pek res in gs-liquid chromtogrphy. Nture 191: Griffith, M., R. J. Young nd M. L. Scott, Influence of soyben mel on growth nd phosphorous vilbility in turkey poults. Poultry Sci. 45:

20 7. Linerode, P. A., P. E. Wibel nd B. S. Pomeroy, Effects of rw soyben nd supplementtion with ntibiotics, mino cids, zinc nd enzymes on growth of turkey poults. Poultry Sci. 4: Linerode, P. A., P. E. Wibel nd B. S. Pomeroy, 1961b. Effects of ntibiotics, mino cids, zinc nd enzymes on growth depression in the turkey produced by rw soybens. J. of Nutr. 75: Lowry, R. R. nd I. J. Tinsley, Open tubulr columns for gs liquid chromtogrphy: clening nd recoting procedures. J. Amer. Oil Chem. Soc. 52: Morn, E. T., J. Summers nd E. Lrmond, Full-ft soybens for growing nd finishing lrge white turkeys. 1. Live performnce nd crcss qulity. Poultry Sci. 52(5): Morn, E. T., J. Summers nd E. Lrmond, 1973b. Full-ft soybens for growing nd finishing lrge white turkeys. 2. Effect on tissue ftty cids nd orgnoleptic evlution. Poultry Sci. 52(5): Richrdson, L. R. nd L. G. Blylock, 195. Supplements to soyben nd cottonseed mel diets for poults nd growing turkeys. Poultry Sci. 29(5): Rogler, J. C. nd C. W. Crrick, Studies with unextrcted soybens for chickens nd turkeys. Feedstuffs 33(4) : Sddler, J. B., R. R. Lowry, H. M. Kruger nd I. J. Tinsley, Distribution nd identifiction of the ftty cids from the Coho slmon, Ancorhynchus kistuch. J. Amer. Oil Chem. Soc. 43: Sxen, H. C., L. S. Jensen nd J. McGinnis, 196. Growth inhibition by rw soyben mel for chicks nd turkey poults. Poultry Sci. 4: Shen, T. F., H. R. Bird nd M. L. Sunde, 197. Cooked full-ft soybens for turkey poults. Poultry Sci. 49(6):