1. Place the slide on the stage of your microscope and examine it using the low power first. Look for a group of cells.

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1 Extensions The next pages have a TON of labs, ativities, websites, and ideas to inspire you as you think about what to do next, whether you re at amp, or at home after amp is over. 1. Mirosope lab examining plant and animal ells 2. Exploring phylogeneti trees: a set of web-based ativities to learn how to ategorize organisms, aording to their relatedness. 3. Tree of life: a series of web-based readings and ativities to explore the evolving way that sientists are thinking about the ways that they ategorize organisms. 4. The Fossil Reord: web-based readings and ativities to explore how fossils are made, how sientists determine the age of fossils and other related work. 5. Darwin s Journey: so muh of what we now understand about the role of evolution, natural seletion, and diversity are the result of what Darwin disovered and shared with the world. Here a olletion of web-based readings and ativities to take you through his travels, journals, what we urrently know, et. 6. Intro to DNA 7. Build a model of DNA: This is an ativity that will take you through the steps of onstruting a model of DNA using andy and/or art supplies. 8. Genetis, inheritane, and probability reading. This reading will give you more information about these foundational topis, and will take you step-by-step through the proess of ompleting a simple Punnett Square. 9. All in the Family: an ativity to determine the /traits of a set of parents, the probability of how their offspring will inherit these traits, and the reation of this Paper Pet Family. 10. Making Pedigrees: learning how to make a family pedigree and trak the appearane of speifi traits in a family tree andMe extensions: a series of web-based 23andMe extensions to investigate more details about musle omposition, sientifi explanations, et. 12. Literary extensions: a series of ideas to translate what you re learning into a variety of written formats (poems, artiles, lessons, hildren s books, letters, et.

2 Mirosope extensions: Bring something from home that s realllllly small that you d like to look at under a mirosope, and reate a piee of art using what you see on multiple magnifiations. Onion/Cheek Cell Lab The Lab Part One: The Onion Materials: Mirosope Slide Cover Slip Toothpik (round) Dropper Tweezers 5% sodium hloride solution Freshly ut onion hunk Lugol solution (iodine) Proedure: 1. Cut an onion in half. It doesn t have to be a red onion. Any onion will do! 2. Using tweezers or your fingers, arefully peel a thin layer of the onion from the inside surfae of one of the rings of the freshly ut onion hunk. 3. Make a temporary wet-mount slide from this layer of onion. Use a toothpik to spread out the onion on the slide. Make sure that the onion is not folded or it will be too thik to see through with your mirosope. 1. Plae the slide on the stage of your mirosope and examine it using the low power first. Look for a group of ells. Are all of the ells basially the same shape?

3 Desribe the shape or shapes of the ells that you see Some objets are too transparent to see under the mirosope. You an stain them to give them olor. After they are stained you will be able to see them with your mirosope. There are many kinds of stains. Lugol solution is a stain ontaining iodine. You will use Lugol solution to help you to see some additional parts of the ells. 2. Carefully remove the slide from the stage of your mirosope. 3. Remove the over slip and gently plae a drop of Lugol s solution on the onion layer. 4. Carefully plae the over slip bak on the onion and return the slide to the stage of your mirosope. 5. Examine the slide using low, medium and high power. Desribe the parts of the ell that you an see now that were not visible to you in the unstained slide Why did you use Lugol s solution? Draw what you see in these these irles for both low and high power. Label what you see (you might have to do some researh to do this!). Speimen Name Magnifiation Speimen Name Magnifiation Did you see hloroplasts*? Why/Why Not? *You re probably gonna need to figure out what a hloroplast is, whih you should definitely do beause it s important and interesting.

4 Part Two: Cheek Cells Materials: Mirosope Slide Cover Slip Toothpik (flat) 50 ml beaker Alohol Dropper Lugol solution Proedure: 1. Plae about 20 ml of alohol in a lean 50 ml beaker. Tilt the beaker and plae the flat end of the toothpik into the alohol in the beaker to sterilize the toothpik. Leave the toothpik in the alohol for a minute or two. 2. Gently rub the flat end of the sterilized toothpik on the inside of your heek, inside your mouth. 3. Spread the material from the toothpik onto the enter setion of a lean slide. Try to spread out the material to an area slightly smaller than the size of a over slip. 4. Plae a drop of Lugol s solution on the enter of the slide and put a over slip over the solution. Why was the toothpik sterilized before sraping the inside of your heek? 5. Examine the slide under low power. Look for a few ells that are not piled up on top of eah other. Are all of the ells basially the same shape? Desribe the shape or shapes of the ells that you see In what way(s) are these ells the same as the onion ells? How are these ells different from onion ells?

5 Draw and label what you see on low power. Speimen Name Magnifiation Speimen Name Magnifiation 6. Examine the ells using high power. Draw and label what you see on high power. Speimen Name Magnifiation Speimen Name Magnifiation

6 Anthropology 201 Extension Ideas Human Evolution d.subjet%3a%22evolution%22 What did it take to survive for early hominids? Cooperation (no, really!)! And Read more about the Tree of Life ) Exploring Phylogeneti Trees g-tree-life Using DNA to reate phylogeneti trees Fossil Reord: (lots of ideas/things to try) Darwin s Journey: (shortut to Darwin s handwritten journals)

7 Intro to DNA Goal: Beginning understanding of the struture (shape) and omponents (piees) of DNA. DNA is made up of four nulei aids: Adenine, Thymine, Cytosine and Guanine. Without exeption (in DNA) Adenine shares two bonds with Thymine, and Cytosine shares three bonds with Guanine. A piee of DNA might look like this à Question: do you think DNA atually looks like this? T=A A=T T=A CºG A=T A=T GºC CºG Both sides of the DNA have a bakbone made up of sugar and phosphate that hold it all together. So, with the sugar and the phosphate, a piee of DNA might look like this à But it doesn t look like that really! This is a model to help you make sense of the piees.

8 Making a Model of DNA Goal: A deeper understanding of the struture and omponents of DNA, and its ability to twist. The building bloks of DNA are: sugar adenine phosphate thymine ytosine guanine Materials: Twizzlers Gummy Bears (different olors) Toothpiks and/or Pipe leaners (different olors) Pony beads (different olors) Brainstorm: Before you read the instrutions, think about this: What do you already know about the struture of DNA? What do you need to represent in your model? What materials do you have? How an you use what you have to build a model of DNA? DNA is made up of (hint: write down what it s made up of): What you write ßhere will end up here I will use to represent and to represent and to represent and to represent and to represent and to represent.

9 Diretions: Candy: Use the twizzlers to represent the bakbone of the DNA. This bakbone is made up of phosphate and sugar. Pik four different olors of gummy bears, one for eah of the four bases (adenine, thymine, ytosine, and guanine). Remember that you need to have equal amounts of adenine and thymine, and equal amounts of ytosine and guanine. Do you remember why? Art supplies: Pik one olor of pipe leaner to represent the bakbone (sugar and phosphate part of DNA). Pik another olor to represent the rossway bonds. Cut this pipe leaner into smaller two inh piees. Pik four different olors of pony beads, one for eah of the four nitrogen bases (adenine, thymine, ytosine, and guanine). Reminder: you need the same number of adenine and thymine, and ytosine and guanine. Do you remember why? Make a key: Adenine Thymine Cytosine Guanine Use a toothpik to represent the bond that holds the base pairs together. Don t worry, the gummy bears an t feel anything. Don t forget that adenine and thymine are always together (see what I did there?), and ytosine and guanine are a lose group. Make sure the gummy bears are head-to-head on the toothpik and that. That will make sure that there is enough toothpik left to attah the gummy bears to the twizzlers, like this: Make a key: Adenine Thymine Cytosine Guanine Add two beads to eah two-inh piee of pipe leaner. Make sure that adenine and thymine are always together (see what I did there?), and ytosine and guanine are a lose group. Attah the two-inh piees of pipe leaner with the two pony beads to the bakbone pipe leaners. When you put together all of the piees, hold one end in your left hand, and the other end in your right hand, and twist. This will give you an idea of how DNA oils up. When you put together all of the piees, hold one end in your left hand, and the other end in your right hand, and twist. This will give you an idea of how DNA oils up.

10 Key Ideas Genes ontrol the traits passed from generation to generation. It is possible to predit the likelihood of inheritane of ertain traits. Even if it s a 100% predition, it s still not a sure thing! Heredity of Traits. The sex ells that ombine at fertilization, join to form a single ell through sexual reprodution. The new ell ontains hromosomes from eah parent. The hromosomes are made up of a series of genes (whih are made up of alleles, half from eah parent). Genes determine whih traits, or harateristis, the new organism will inherit from its parents. The passing of traits from parents to offspring is known as heredity. Some traits are ontrolled by two genes, or a gene pair. One gene is inherited from eah parent. If one gene in the pair is dominant, that gene will get expressed. The organism will show the trait of the dominant gene (remember: phenotype?!!). We only see reessive traits when the reessive alleles from both parents are reessive. If the dominant gene is present, that is what we see. A homozygous organism has two genes that are alike (homo is a prefix meaning same ) for a partiular trait. They an either be two dominant or two reessive genes. A heterozygous organism has two genes that are different (hetero, meaning different ) for a trait, one dominant and one reessive. Prediting Traits. You an predit the traits an organism might inherit if you know what gene pairs the parent has. A Punnett Square is a diagram that helps you make suh preditions. Let s take a loser look at the trait for hair texture in humans. The gene for urly hair in humans is dominant. The gene for straight hair is reessive. A apital letter is often used to represent the dominant gene; a lower ase letter is used to represent the reessive gene. In this ase, C stands for urly hair, stands for straight hair. In our example, the mother is homozygous reessive for hair texture. Her genes are represented as. Step 1 We write the first gene,, of the mother s gene pair above the top lefthand square. The seond is written above the top right-hand square. In this example, the father is heterozygous for this trait. His genes are represented as C. We show this by writing C to the side of the upper left-hand square and to the side of the lower left-hand square. See Figure à Mom Dad C Next we find the different ombinations of genes that an be inherited be the hild.

11 Step 2 In eah square, we write the gene from the side of the square next to the gene from above the square. See Figure à To the side of the top lefthand square is the first gene from the father s gene pair, C. Above the square is the first gene of the mother s gene pair,. So we write C in the top left-hand box C C Step 3 In the top right-hand box, we write the first gene from the father s pair and the seond gene from the mother s pair. We write C in that square. See Figure à C C C Step 4 To fill in the bottom left-hand box, we math the seond gene of the pair from the square s side,, with the first gene of the pair above,. C C C See Figure à There s one more step Step 5 To omplete the square, we pair the seond gene of the pair to the square s side,, with the seond gene from the pair above the square,. C C C See Figure à By using a Punnett Square, you find that two gene ombinations are possible from these two parents. The offspring will either be heterozygous (C) or homozygous reessive () for the trait of hair texture. The heterozygous person will have urly hair, the homozygous person, straight. There are many traits that are ontrolled by more than one gene pair.

12 Genetis - All in the Family: Paper Pet Projet (Digging into inheritane and probability) à If you want to do this, you will need to omplete the Key Ideas reading first (unless you already know about Punnett Squares!) Have you ever been surprised to see two people who looked alike but were not related? On the other hand, you ve probably been surprised when family members do not share the same physial harateristis. You may have wondered what auses people to look the way they do, or why their offspring ommonly look like their parents. These are the questions that genetiists are trying to answer as they study the inheritane of traits. In this projet you will explore how traits are passed from parent to offspring, from generation to generation, by reating a family of paper pets. First you will reate your own paper pet parents by hoosing its harateristis. Then you will ross their alleles using Punnett squares to identify the genotypes and phenotypes for eah of four offspring (one offspring for eah of the four squares in the Punnett square). As a final step, exhange genotype data for one of your offspring with a lassmate and omplete a seond generation (of four additional individuals) with those two pets. When you are finished you should have two parents that beome grandparents, and four offspring, for a total of six paper pets. Projet Guidelines: Use the worksheet to help you reate your paper pets. Cut out your first generation pet from the green paper (they are larger). Choose the traits for your pet: gender, eye shape, nose shape and teeth shape. Use any material you would like to deorate your pets. On the bak of your pet, write the alleles it has for eah trait (this is its genotype). Use XX for female and XY for male. For the other traits, the dominant alleles are for square eyes, triangular nose and pointed teeth; reessive traits are for square eyes, oval nose and square teeth (they are also indiated on the hart below). Using Punnett squares, ross the alleles of both parents for eah of the traits (gender, eye shape, nose shape and teeth shape). You will have four Punnett Squares to hand in with your projet. Use the information in eah of the quadrants of the Punnett squares to reate the next generation of paper pets. Be onsistent: use the upper left-hand orner for one pet, the upper right-hand orner for the seond, the lower left-hand for the third and the lower right-hand for the fourth. On the bak of the pets write the alleles it has for eah trait and deorate however you wish. Swap one of your seond generation pets with that of one of your lassmates. Pik another of your seond generation pets and ross it with the one you reeived from your lassmate. Again, you will have four Punnett Squares to hand in with your projet. Use the information in eah of

13 the quadrants of the Punnett squares to reate the third (and final) generation of your paper pets. Be onsistent: use the upper left-hand orner for one pet, the upper right-hand orner for the seond, the lower left-hand for the third and the lower right-hand for the fourth. On the bak of the pets write the alleles it has for eah trait and deorate however you wish. Make a display of your pet family, making sure to label the different generations (P, F 1, F 2 ). You will present your paper pets to the lass, sharing with us one thing that you found surprising and/or interesting. Hints Remember: if your original pet has a trait ontrolled by a dominant allele, you an hoose whether the genotype is homozygous dominant or heterozygous for the trait. Remember that eah of the offspring must inherit their traits from the parents, following the laws of genetis (for now, no mutations). Set up your display so that it is easy to turn over the pets and read their genotypes. Possible Traits Dominant (exept for sex) Reessive (exept for sex) Sex Female Male Eyes Square Round Nose Triangular Oval Teeth Square Pointed Materials Constrution paper Sissors Glue Markers Materials to deorate Proedure 1. For your first generation, ut out the pets following the printed outline. Start with the largest of the pets (this is your P generation) printed on green paper. 2. On the front of your paper pet, draw the phenotypi traits you have hosen for it. Use the table to determine how the traits should be indiated. 3. On the bak of your pet, write the alleles it has for eah trait (this is its genotype). Use XX for female and XY for male. For the other traits, the dominant alleles are for square eyes, triangular nose and pointed teeth; reessive traits are for square eyes, oval nose and square teeth Give your pet a name and write it at the top of the hart and deorate your pet as you wish (be reative and have some fun!).

14 4. Using Punnett squares, ross the alleles of both parents for eah of the traits (gender, eye shape, nose shape and teeth shape). You will have four Punnett Squares to hand for this part of your projet. Use the information in eah of the quadrants of the Punnett squares to reate the next generation of paper pets. Be onsistent: use the upper left-hand orner for one pet, the upper right-hand orner for the seond, the lower left-hand for the third and the lower right-hand for the fourth. 5. Cut out the pets for the seond generation following the printed outline on the yellow paper (this is your F 1 generation). This is the medium-sized paper pet. On the bak of the pets write the alleles it has for eah trait and deorate your pet however you wish just as you did for the first generation. 6. Make a display of your pet family, making sure to label the different generations (P, F 1, F 2 ). You will present your paper pets to the lass, sharing with us one thing that you found surprising and/or interesting.

15 Making Pedigrees A pedigree is a diagram that shows how traits are passed from generation to generation. A pedigree usually starts with a married ouple in the first generation (P), and then shows their hildren in the seond generation (F 1 ), their grandhildren in the third generation (F 2 ), and so on. Standard symbols are used to represent males (square) and females (irle), and the relationships among them (see below). Trak a trait through your family tree! Things to think about: What do you notie about who shares (or doesn t share) a trait? Does the trait skip a generation? Is the trait only visible in male/female family members? What about personality traits? Do those appear even among relatives who don t share genes? Chek these sites out: (online program to make one!) Go online a searh for Build a Pedigree Ativity Unit 6 It s a great intro

16 23andMe extensions (sientifi bakground, explanations) Want to learn more about your musle omposition? (you will have to log in) Genetially, I should be a sprinter (I am not!). What does your report say about you? How does the gene affet musle omposition? How does training hange things? Is this super impatful? Chek out the Sientifi Explanation page Is the variant a result of a mutation? Literary Thoughts: Read about the disovery/identifiation of a trait, read a person s story about their experiene with that trait (positive/hallenging), then write about your experiene with that trait. Write a Haiku about eah of the amp moments/ativities that were partiularly meaningful to you. Write a book for your lassmates or young hildren about something you would want to share with other kids. Write a newspaper artile about amp. Write a letter to a sientist you d like to meet and have a onversation with over lunh/dinner. Write a letter to a government offiial with information and suggestions to improve people s lives using and learning about siene.