[THE EUROPEAN WILDLIFE DISEASE ASSOCIATION SEEKS TO

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3 HUMAN DRIVERS f EMERGING DISEASES Prceedings f the 6 th EWDA Student Wrkshp Veyrier-du-Lac, France, 26 th t 29 th f March 2015 [THE EUROPEAN WILDLIFE DISEASE ASSOCIATION SEEKS TO PROVIDE A FORUM FOR THE EXCHANGE OF INFORMATION ON WILDLIFE DISEASES AND THEIR MANAGEMENT. THROUGH THE PROVISION OF OPPORTUNITIES FOR NETWORKING, COLLABORATIVE RESEARCH AND TRAINING WE SEEK TO RAISE THE PROFILE OF WILDLIFE DISEASE RESEARCH AND MANAGEMENT.

4 COLOPHON Cver design: Jenny Lithner Layut design: Catharina Vendl, Mariella Aalt-Araneda Editing: Jenny Lithner, Lidewij Wiersma, Catharina Vendl

5 CONTENTS Welcme 5 Cmmittees 6 Spnsrs 7 Cnference lcatin 8 Internatinal WDA cnference Prgram 11 Special sessins 14 Small grup wrking sessins 16 Speakers 20 Student presentatin abstracts 29 Student sessins: Tpics and timetable 48 Cntact infrmatin participants 50 List f presenting authrs 54 [THE EWDA STUDENT WORKSHOP WAS FOUNDED IN 2005 IN FRANCE; THE SECOND EDITION WAS HELD IN 2007 IN GREECE, AFTER WHICH IT HAS BEEN HELD BIENNIALLY (2009, 2011, 2013) IN FRANCE] Human Drivers f emerging diseases 4

6 [THE BOARD OF THE EWDA STUDENT CHAPTER ESTELLE ROUSSELET (CHAIR), JENNY LITHNER AND CATHARINA VENDL (WORKSHOP COORDINATION AND COMMUNICATION), LIDEWIJ WIERSMA (PAST-CHAIR)] WELCOME On behalf f the Student Chapter f the Eurpean Wildlife Disease Assciatin (EWDA) it is an hnur and a privilege t welcme yu t the 6 th EWDA Student Wrkshp, held frm March 26 th t 29 th, 2015, at the Cnference Centre Les Pensières, Veyrier-du Lac, France! Mre than 70% f the zntic emerging infectius diseases are caused by pathgens with a wildlife rigin. In additin, wildlife species are imprtant reservirs fr pathgens f dmestic animals, with devastating sci-ecnmic impacts. Wildlife disease research therefre represents a crnerstne in ur effrts t prtect and enhance glbal health, and illustrates the urgent need fr a multidisciplinary One Wrld One Health apprach. Wildlife health scientists will have an increasing rle t play in public health research and decisin-making as the hlistic apprach cmbining the health f humans, animals and the envirnment becmes ever mre ppular. Therefre we, wildlife health students, must understand and embrace the full scpe f wildlife research. Brad understanding f pathgens' impact n individuals and ppulatins, as well as slid scientific skills, are critical fr cnducting research t imprve glbal health, and fr acquiring the ability t cmmunicate and interact cnstructively with researchers frm different fields. The EWDA Student Chapter was created in 2005 t ffer wildlife health students the pprtunity t share the knwledge and experience f leading glbal health scientists, t understand the imprtance f the One Wrld One Health apprach, t acquire brad knwledge n wildlife diseases and their impact n human and dmestic animal health, and t develp int rigrus and critical scientists. The mst imprtant tl the EWDA SC ffers t achieve this, is the biennially rganized internatinal EWDA Student Wrkshp. The 6 th EWDA Student Wrkshp is rganized fr and by students t strengthen the scientific educatin f students with varius backgrunds wrking n wildlife diseases in its bradest sense. With 39 highly mtivated students (19 PhD, 5 Master s and 6 bachelr s students and 9 thers (residents, graduated vets etc.)) frm 18 different cuntries, and 9 internatinally renwned speakers, rganized at a histric cnference centre n the shres f Lake Annecy, this editin is already a success. Dear clleague, attending this wrkshp is an amazing pprtunity! The lectures, the small grup wrking sessins and the panel discussins are incredibly educatinal and f the highest scientific level. Meeting and interacting with fellw wildlife health students allws yu t share experiences and extend yur netwrk glbally. Realize that the participating experts are usually stuck in their ivry twers, hard t reach fr students like yu, s grab yur chance t talk t them and ask them anything yu want t knw! Mrever, make the mst f this pprtunity given, and enjy yur stay in France! Human Drivers f emerging diseases 5

7 COMMITTEES The EWDA Student Chapter Organizing cmmittee Estelle Russelet - University f Flrida, USA Catharina Vendl - University f Zurich, Switzerland Jenny Lithner - Swedish University f Agricultural Science, Sweden Lidewij Wiersma - Erasmus University Rtterdam, the Netherlands Fundraising assistant Pierre-Alexandre Jlly - Natinal Veterinary Schl f Alfrt, France Scientific advisry cmmittee Dr. Becki Lawsn - Zlgical Sciety f Lndn, UK Dr. Leslie Reperant - Artemis One Health Research Fundatin, the Netherlands Dr. Steven van Beurden - Utrecht University, the Netherlands [THE SCIENTIFIC ADVISORY COMMITTEE REVIEWED THE ABSTRACTS SUBMITTED BY STUDENTS AND ADVISED ON SUITABILITY FOR ORAL OR POSTER PRESENTATION] Human Drivers f emerging diseases 6

8 SPONSORS Special thanks t ur spnsrs! This wrkshp wuldn t take place withut their kind supprt. Diamnd spnsrs Fndatin Mérieux Gld spnsrs Silver spnsr Eurpean Wildlife Disease Assciatin Wildlife Disease Assciatin Brnze spnsrs Bela-pharm GmbH Merial IDT Bilgika Virbac Animal Health Instrumetl VetAgr Sup Human Drivers f emerging diseases 7

9 CONFERENCE LOCATION Situated n the shres f Lake Annecy, Les Pensières Cnference Centre ccupies buildings that were part f the Tallires Abbey in the 16th century. Established by Dctr Charles Mérieux n the land f his family prperty in Veyrier-du-Lac, the Centre sn became ne f the mst recgnized cnference centres amng scientists and researchers. Over the years, Fndatin Mérieux has extended the premises t accmmdate the ever increasing number f scientific cnferences and sympsia. Fndatin Mérieux is an independent family fundatin created in 1967 with fficial charitable status. Fndatin Mérieux fcuses its expertise in clinical bilgy t further the fight against infectius diseases amng vulnerable ppulatins. It wrks directly with lcal actrs t create and strengthen bilgy labratries, and link them tgether via a netwrk t allw them t develp their lcal capacities in the lng term. The Fundatin helps t disseminate and increase awareness f scientific innvatins thrughut the wrld by hlding training and cnferences fr the internatinal public health cmmunity at Fndatin Mérieux Cnference Centre, Les Pensières. Les Pensières Cnference Centre is a wrld-class facility devted t glbal public health that was funded by Fndatin Mérieux t encurage new ideas and prmte exchange amng leading scientists. In prmting the spread f scientific innvatin and infrmatin within the internatinal cmmunity, the Centre is helping the Fundatin achieve ne f its primary bjectives. Stimulating cperatin between researchers, clinical staff, health practitiners and business executives, the Centre is passinately dedicated t nurturing new ideas and strengthening ties between the industrialized and develping wrld in the glbal fight against infectius diseases. Human Drivers f emerging diseases 8

10 Annuncement f the 64th Internatinal Cnference f the Wildlife Disease Assciatin The 2015 Wildlife Disease Assciatin Internatinal Cnference will be held at the Nvtel Twin Waters Resrt, at Marchydre in Queensland, Australia. The cnference will run frm Sunday the 26th f July t Thursday the 30th f July, Marchydre is lcated n Queensland s Sunshine Cast and is knwn fr its relaxed atmsphere, family friendly beaches and prximity t sme f Queensland s best natural attractins. The Nvtel Twin Waters Resrt is a mdern, wrld class yet lw key resrt that nestles in 14 hectares f castal heathland adjacent the Marchy River. Lcal attractins include whale watching, the Eumundi markets, Australia Z, the Blackall Range and Nsa and Cnndale Natinal Parks. The cnference theme is Wildlife Disease Driving Evlutin with wrld renwned plenary speakers leading sessins n One Health, Emerging Wildlife Diseases in Australasia, Wildlife Disease and Evlutin and Marine Ecsystems Health. With a day f wrkshps and fur days f presentatins n cutting edge wildlife health and disease tpics this a cnference yu cannt affrd t miss. S why nt cnsider cming t jin us dwn under in 2015 and cmbine a fantastic and educatinal scientific prgram with a relaxing stay n Queensland s aptly named Sunshine Cast. WDA - All wildlife disease, all cnservatin, all One Health, all the time!! Human Drivers f emerging diseases 9

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12 PROGRAM OF THE 6 th EWDA STUDENT WORKSHOP Thursday 26 th f March 2015 Time Place Activity Presenter Tpic 11:30 L Registratin pens 12:00 R Lunch 13:00 LH Student mixer 15:30 L Tea break 16:00 LH Opening 16:10 LH Presentatin Fndatin Merieux and its histry 16:25 LH Presentatin Dlres Gavier-Widén WDA, EWDA, EWDA SC 16:40 LH Shrt talk Katinka de Balgh Intrductin f FAO 16:50 LH Keynte lecture Katinka de Balgh Emerging diseases and fd security: lking int the future 17:50 LH Shrt break 18:00 LH Lecture Christian Grtazar Wildlife management: Anthrpgenic factrs f spillver, spillback and persistence f disease 19:00 R Dinner 20:00 Science Trivia Night Friday 27 th f March 2015 Time Place Activity Presenter Tpic 08:00 LH Opening 08:10 LH Student sessin 08:50 LH Lecture Gabr Czirjak Anthrpgenic drivers f wildlife disease emergence: an immunlgical perspective 09:40 LH Student talk Kim Grützmacher Using a Field Labratry as Preventive Measure t Prtect Wild Habituated Great Apes frm Anthrpzntic Respiratry Infectin 09:55 L Cffee break 10:15 LH Shrt talk Jan Semenza Intrductin f ECDC 10:25 LH Keynte lecture Jan Semenza Drivers f infectius disease threats in Eurpe and hw t deal with them [ THE MISSION OF THE WILDLIFE DISEASE ASSOCIATION IS TO ACQUIRE, DISSEMINATE AND APPLY KNOWLEDGE REGARDING HEALTH AND DISEASE OF WILD ANIMALS IN RELATION TO THEIR BIOLOGY, CONSERVATION AND ECOLOGY, INCLUDING INTERACTIONS WITH HUMAN AND DOMESTIC ANIMALS] Human Drivers f emerging diseases 11

13 Time Place Activity Presenter Tpic 11:25 L Shrt break 11:35 LH Student sessin 12:15 LH Lecture Marc Artis Ethics, Scial Science and Plicy: Breaking mre than just the species barrier? 13:05 R Lunch 14:30 LH Dynamic slide shw 15:10 LH Pster presentatin 16:00 L Tea break 16:20 LH Student sessin 17:00 LH Lecture Leslie Reperant Human hst and pathgen evlutin: predictably unpredictable? 17:50 L Shrt break 18:00 LH Shrt talk Albert Osterhaus Backgrund f Ebla 18:15 LH Presentatin Catharina Vendl, Miguel Mendes Veiga Intrductin f cuntry rep system, pen psitins, electin f new student bard etc. 18:30 LH Panel discussin "Wmen in science" etc. 19:15 R Dinner 20:30 Mvie night Saturday 28 th f March 2015 Time Place Activity Presenter Tpic 08:00 LH Opening 08:10 SR Small grup wrking sessin part 1 10:00 L Cffee break 10:20 SR Small grup wrking sessin part 2 12:20 R Lunch 13:50 LH Student talk Helen Esser Hst parasite cextinctin: evidence frm tick-hst cmmunities and implicatins fr disease transmissin 14:05 LH Lecture Dlres Gavier-Widén Early detectin and characterizatin f emerging diseases: the fascinating rle f pathlgy 14:55 L Shrt break 15:00 LH Student sessins 15:40 LH Presentatin Christian Grtazar Scientific presentatin sessin 16:15 LH Tea break 16:35 LH Student sessins 17:25 LH Shrt talk Gabr Czirjak Intrductin f IZW 17:40 L Shrt break 17:50 LH Presentatin Christian Grtazar, Science as career -intrductin Leslie Reperant, Lidewij Wiersma 18:40 LH Panel discussin Hw t start a career in science and gvernment agencies, applicatins, Interviews etc. Human Drivers f emerging diseases 12

14 Time Place Activity Presenter Tpic 19:20 Preparatin fr student act-ut 20:30 D Final Banquet incl. Auctin Sunday 29 th f March 2015 Time Place Activity Presenter Tpic 08:30 LH Opening 08:40 LH Student act-ut Presentatins f small grup wrking sessins 09:50 LH Shrt talk Christian Grtazar Intrductin/research fcus f IREC 10:05 L Cffee break 10:25 LH Student sessin 11:10 LH Keynte lecture Albert Osterhaus Human drivers n viral evlutin and emergence, what t expect in the future? (Are we prepared fr what we may cause?) 12:10 R Lunch 13:10 LH Student sessin 13:50 LH Lecture Francis Diaz OIE activities related t wildlife and bidiversity 14:40 L Shrt break 14:50 LH Clsing sessin Lidewij Wiersma What have we learned 15:20 LH Prfessinal panel discussin Resume, pen questins t speakers, critique etc. 15:50 LH Clsure 16:00 Wrkshp ends Timing and tpics f student sessins refer t page 48. [KEYNOTE LECTURES BY Katinka de Balgh (THU 16:40), Jan Semenza (FRI 10:15), Ab Osterhaus (Sun 11:10)] Human Drivers f emerging diseases 13

15 SPECIAL SESSIONS Student mixer and science trivia night (Thursday March 26 th ) The Student mixer is rganized prir t the Wrkshp t get t knw the ther participants during a relaxing activity. If weather allws, the Student mixer will take place utdrs. The science trivia night will serve as an ice breaker in additin t the student mixer. Students and speakers will spend a relaxed evening building up teams and cmpeting in a science trivia. Dynamic slide shw (Friday March 27 th ) T make pster presentatins mre appealing and exciting, the students will present snappers that will cnsist f a maximum f tw slides t be presented in n mre than 2 minutes sharp. The aim f the snapper is t make ther participants willing t cme, see and discuss the psters during cffee and tea breaks. This is yur chance t be riginal and reveal just enugh f yur wrk t get peple craving t see mre! Scientific presentatin sessin (Saturday March 28 th ) This sessin will serve as an pprtunity t get generalized feedback and advice abut presenting science be it speaking, writing r creating visual displays. There will be time fr questins and cmments frm the audience. The students will be given a chance t apply the tips acquired frm this sessin during the Student act-ut n Sunday mrning! Student Sessins During the student sessins the student participants will get the pprtunity t practice their skills in public speaking. Tw weeks in advance every student was assigned a paper r a tpic related t the wrkshp tpic fr presentatin. As the time f the talk is limited t 5 min., the students have t fcus n the mst imprtant aspects f their subject. In many cases the audience will als get sme insight int the tpic f the students research prject, as the students talks are ften related. The talks will be held in a relaxed learning envirnment. Small grup wrking sessins (Saturday March 28 th ) The bjective f the small grup wrking sessins is t strengthen the scientific apprach f participating students, using specific tls and methds intrduced by the experts. Small grups f students will be led by an invited speaker n a research prject that will take abut fur hurs t be cmpleted: frm dreaming up a scientific research prject t presenting scientific results. Fr this purpse, the invited speakers have prepared a prject utline and recmmended literature t read in advance. The idea is that the tpics f the individual grups cver a variety f aspects related t wildlife disease research: frm surveillance t disease cntrl, frm evaluating study-design t mathematical mdelling, frm human factrs affecting disease emergence t emerging diseases effects n wildlife cnservatin. Students can chse their tpic and expert, s that the speakers will end up nly with highly interested and mtivated students. A platfrm fr sharing f knwledge is prvided, but students are respnsible themselves fr squeezing all infrmatin ut f the speakers during their time tgether! During the small grup wrking sessins, students will be intrduced t the speaker s field f expertise. A wildlife health related prblem will be identified, and the tls t reslve it will be prvided t the students by the sessin leader. Grup discussins will g in depth int the theretical backgrund, and determine the strengths and shrtcmings f the thery. A real-life situatin will then be presented t the students and it will be up t them t reslve it with the newly acquired skills. The inner wrkings f the sessins are mstly left up t the sessin leader. The utcme f the sessin will be a 5-minute presentatin t be given during the Student act-ut the fllwing day. Students are invited t prepare this 5-minute talk t summarize the research discussed and cnvey what they learnt during their small grup sessin. Theretical and practical backgrunds will be Human Drivers f emerging diseases 14

16 presented t the ther students in a cncise manner. Students shuld keep nly the essentials fr the presentatin, as 5 minutes are shrt. Fllwing the ral cmmunicatin, there will be sme time fr questins asked by the audience. Science as a career sessin (Saturday March 28 th ) This sessin is initiated t infrm students abut the mtivatin and drive f different generatins f researchers within the field f wildlife diseases. In shrt, fur wildlife health scientists (a PhD-student, a resident, pstdc and a (retired) prfessr) will tell why they chse a career in science and hw they see their wrk as part f their life. Time fr persnal questins will be limited t 10 min. There will be additinal time t ask questins during the fllwing panel discussin. Prfessinal panel discussin (Friday March 27 th and Saturday March 28 th and Sunday 29 th March) This panel will bring tgether the invited prfessinals t discuss imprtant messages cnveyed during the wrkshp as well as additinal matters f relevance. The main tpic during the Friday s sessin will be Wmen in science. Speakers are invited t talk abut their persnal experience in regards t the tpic. The sessin n Saturday will fcus n Hw t start a career in science and gvernment agencies; jb applicatins, interviews etc.. This will be an pen sequel f the Science as a career -sessin giving the students the pprtunity t address their questins t the speakers. The last sessin n Sunday will ffer a platfrm t summarize the lessns learnt during the fur days f lectures. Students and speakers will be invited t cmment n the wrkshp rganizatin and express critique. It als serves as the pprtunity t pen a last scientific discussin between the students and the prfessinal participants. During the panel discussins, students are invited t ask prfessinal and persnal questins t invited speakers in a relaxed atmsphere t learn mre abut their persnal philsphy f science! Student act-ut (Sunday March 29 th ) During the Student act-ut the students will present a summary f the research discussed during the small grup wrking sessins the day befre. The Student act-ut shuld result in an verview f the grup wrk tpics, but mre imprtantly in an verview f different areas f wildlife health research. During the talk, students shuld apply the tips and guidelines discussed in the Scientific Presentatin sessin n Saturday. Students shuld keep nly the essentials fr the presentatin, as 5 minutes are shrt. Fllwing the ral cmmunicatin, there will be sme time fr questins asked by the audience. Human Drivers f emerging diseases 15

17 SMALL GROUP WORKING SESSIONS 1. Marc Artis Abundance index and estimatin f prevalence in cmmensal mammals Zntic diseases and livestck diseases maintained and transmitted by wild animal infectins are difficult t cntrl. An bjective risk analysis frequently leads t the cnclusin that a unique ptin available fr the mitigatin f the expsure f humans r livestck, t the pathgen, is the culling f wild animal reservir. The lack f epidemilgical backgrund t base a decisin and the usually pr efficiency f a lethal cntrl is a cmmn lessn f decades f disappinting attempts t manage the infectins f wildlife. Nevertheless, the public demand, namely the need t supprt farmers in great ecnmic difficulties urges health authrities and veterinary services t d smething The apparently best cmprmise in efficiency, visibility and limited csts is frequently t encurage animal killing r rganize large scale destructin f free living animals. In this talk, I suggest that bjective risk analysis, is nt the nly pssibility t assess the balance between ptins (eradicate, cntrl, mitigate r d nthing). A subjective risk analysis can shw that interests which are in cmpetitin are influenced by cultural, histrical, scilgical and philsphical (ethical) perspectives. By cnsidering the place we, humans, are giving t animals, the argument that culling is the nly ptin t slve the prblem can be debated. Since arbitratin is necessary between medical, scial, ecnmic and ethical issues, health and veterinary authrities shall take in accunt the ethical dimensin and learn t manage difficult epidemilgical situatins by supprting farmers, and cnserving natural resurces. References Crzier, G. and A. I. Schulte Hstedde (2014). "The ethical dimensins f wildlife disease management in an evlutinary cntext." Evlutinary applicatins 7(7): Kirkwd, J. and A. Sainsbury (1996). "Ethics f interventins fr the welfare f free-living wild animals." Animal Welfare 5(3): Littin, K. and D. Mellr (2005). "Strategic animal welfare issues: ethical and animal welfare issues arising frm the killing f wildlife fr disease cntrl and envirnmental reasns." Revue Scientifique et Technique-Office Internatinal des Epizties 24(2): McCallum, H. and B. A. Hcking (2005). "Reflecting n ethical and legal issues in wildlife disease." Biethics 19(4): Upshur, R. (2008). "Ethics and infectius disease." Bulletin f the Wrld Health Organizatin 86(8): Kaplan, S. (1997) The wrds f risk analysis. Risk analysis 17 (4): Brewer, N.T., Hallmann, W.K. (2006) Subjective and bjective risk as predictrs f influenza vaccinatin during the vaccine shrtage pf Clinic infectius Diseases 43: Human Drivers f emerging diseases 16

18 2. Katinka de Balgh The rle f educatin in achieving One Health bjectives Katinka de Balgh is a senir fficer in charge f Veterinary Public Health and One Health activities at the FAO. T prepare fr her sessin and t gain additinal infrmatin please refer t links and references mentined belw. Links Abut Katinka de Balgh s area f expertise: Abut the animal health netwrk sectin f the FAO: References Ortega, C., Parilla, G., de Balgh, K. et al. (2007) New appraches fr educatin and training in veterinary public health: The SAPUVET prjects. Jurnal f Veterinary Medical Educatin 34: De Rsa, M. and de Balgh, K. (2005) Experiences and difficulties encuntered during a curse n veterinary public health with students f different natinalities. Jurnal f Veterinary Medical Educatin 32: Dlres Gavier-Widén Design a natinal wildlife health surveillance prgram fr yur cuntry Yu are asked by the gvernment f yur cuntry t lead a team that will wrk n designing a natinal wildlife health surveillance prgramme. The bjective f the prgram is t detect and mnitr emerging infectius diseases in wildlife with especial fcus n diseases with a high zntic, ecnmic r scial impact. The resurces that will be made available t the prgram are limited. Yu have t chse well! Here are sme key wrds fr yur planning: -general (passive) surveillance, targeted (active) surveillance -interdisciplinarity -priritizatin f pathgens/diseases and r wildlife hsts -scientific netwrks, cllabratin -diagnstic tls, test validatin -natinal, EU and internatinal rganizatins and agencies -field wrk, sampling -reprting -infrmatin and cmmunicatin plan and tls -new technlgies References Tuiken, T, Ryser-Degirgis, M.-P, Gavier-Widén, D. and Grtázar, C. (2011) Establishing a Eurpean netwrk fr wildlife health surveillance. Scientific and Technical Review f the Office Internatinal des Epizties 30: Ciliberti, A., Gavier-Widén, D., Yn, L., Hutchings, M.R., Artis, M. (2015), Preventive Veterinary Medicine 118: Gavier-Widén, D., Grtázar, C., Stâhl, K., Neimanis, A.S., Rssi, S., Hâed av Segerstad, C., Kuiken, T. (2015) African swine fever in wild bar in Eurpe: a ntable challenge Human Drivers f emerging diseases 17

19 4. Christian Grtázar Practical wildlife disease issues and the future rle f humans in their cntrl Practical wildlife disease issues and the future rle f humans in their cntrl In this wrking sessin we will analyze 2-4 current wildlife disease issues in terms f (1) the true rle f wildlife (as ppsed t dmestic animals r ther actrs) in infectin maintenance; and (2) ptins fr interventin under different scenaris, e.g. limited funding vs. n limits. After this initial discussin, we will design interventin experiments paying attentin t the scientific perspective and als t the health management perspective. The final discussin will deal with the mre philsphical questin, whether interventin n natural systems is justified, r nt. References Barasna, J.A., Latham, M.C., Aceved, P., Armenters, J.A., Latham, A.D.M., Grtazar, C., Carr, F., Sriguer, R.C., Vicente, J. (2014) Spatitempral interactins between wild bar and cattle: implicatins fr crss-species disease transmissin. Veterinary Research 45: 122 Barasna, J.A., Muler-Pázmány, M., Aceved, P., Negr, J.J., Trres, M.J., Grtazar, C., Vicente, J. (2014) Unmanned aircraft systems fr studying spatial abundance f ungulates: relevance t spatial epidemilgy. PlS One 9(12): e di:10.137/jurnal.pne Grtázar, C., Reperant, L.A., Kuiken, T., de la Fuente, J., Badella, M. et al. (2014) Crssing the interspecies barrier: Opening the dr t zntic pathgens. PLS Pathgens 10(6): e Di: /jurnal.ppat Ruiz-Fns, F., Sánchez-Matamrs, A., Grtázar, C., Sánchez-Vizcaín, J.M. (2014) The rle f wildlife in bluetngue virus maintenance in Eurpe lessns learned after the natural infectin in Spain. Virus research 182: Grtázar, C., Diez-Delgad, I., Barasna, J.A., Vicente, J., de la Fuente, J., Badella, M. The wild side f disease cntrl at the wildlife-livestck-human interface: a review. Frntiers in Veterinary Science di: /fvets Albert Osterhaus Human viruses emerging frm the animal wrld Zaki AM, van Bheemen S, Bestebrer TM, Osterhaus AD, Fuchier RA. Islatin f a nvel crnavirus frm a man with pneumnia in Saudi Arabia. N Engl J Med Nv 8;367(19): Osterhaus AD, Fuchier RA, Kuiken T. The aetilgy f SARS: Kch's pstulates fulfilled. Phils Trans R Sc Lnd B Bil Sci Jul 29;359(1447): de Graaf M, Osterhaus AD, Fuchier RA, Hlmes EC. Evlutinary dynamics f human and avian metapneumviruses. J Gen Virl Dec;89(Pt 12): The tpic f Albert Osterhaus small grup wrking sessin may still be subject t changes. Human Drivers f emerging diseases 18

20 6. Leslie Reperant Taming mdelling t wrk ut the wrking wheels f disease dynamics Imprtant nte: Students need t bring their wn laptps with XLS installed! Mathematical mdelling prvides an amazing tl arsenal fr the study f disease dynamics, frm evlutinary and epidemilgical patterns at the grand ppulatin scale t evlutinary and pathgenesis patterns within hsts. It can help yu define hyptheses, test assumptins n the wrking wheels f disease dynamics and design yur experiments r field studies. If yu can dream it, yu can mdel it, even if yu dn t have data yet! But, yes, mathematical mdelling may lk scary with its frnt lines f equatins and armies f Greek letters. The secret: all these scary lks are decys. During this small grup sessin, yu will realize that the knts and blts f mdelling can be tamed readily, and within a few hurs yu will be able t develp withut fear r pain a mathematical mdel, wrkable in Micrsft Excels. References Grenfell, B.T., Lnergan, M.E. & Harwd, J. Quantitative Investigatins f the Epidemilgy f Phcine Distemper Virus (Pdv) in Eurpean Cmmn Seal Ppulatins. Sci Ttal Envirn 115, (1992). Swintn, J., Harwd, J., Grenfell, B.T. & Gilligan, C.A. Persistence threshlds fr phcine distemper virus infectin in harbur seal Phca vitulina metappulatins. J Anim Ecl 67, (1998). Grenfell, B.T., et al. Unifying the epidemilgical and evlutinary dynamics f pathgens. Science 303, (2004). Mide, N., Alizn, S. & Day, T. Linking within- and between-hst dynamics in the evlutinary epidemilgy f infectius diseases. Trends Ecl Evl 23, (2008). Reperant, L, Kuiken, T, Grenfell B.T., Osterhaus, A.D.M.E. The immune respnse and within-hst emergence f pandemic influenza virus. The Lancet 384(9959): (2014) Human Drivers f emerging diseases 19

21 [MARC ARTOIS IS PROFESSOR AT VETAGROSUP, LYON. BESIDES HIS FASCINATION FOR ANIMAL BEHAVIOUR, HE SEES HIMSELF AS A VETERINARY PUBLIC HEALTH SCIENTIST INVOLVED IN RESEARCH ALLOWING HUMANS TO PROTECT THEMSELVES AND THEIR DOMESTIC ANIMALS AGAINST PATHOGENS TRANSMITTED BY COMMENSAL ANIMALS. MARC.ARTOIS@VETAGROSUP.FR] MARC ARTOIS Educatin Veterinarian (since 1976) with a first university degree (PhD) in eclgy (impact n rabies n fx ppulatin demgraphy r vice versa) and a secnd degree (PhD) in bilgy f behaviur (fx behaviur and rabies transmissin). Diplmate f the Eurpean Cllege f Veterinary Public Health, ppulatin medicine. Research interests and psitins held After 20 years spent at the French reference labratry n rabies (currently ANSES Nancy), I mved in the year 2000 t the frmerly called Veterinary schl f Lyn, nw called VetAgr Sup, t becme a prfessr. I ve spent near 40 years wrking n behaviural eclgy f synanthrpic wild animals, such as the Eurpean red fx, the wild and feral cats, the feral and stray dgs, the Mallard, the Eurpean bank vle and finally the brwn rat. My interest is n the cmmunicable pathgens these animals can carry and spread t ther ppulatins, including humans and cattle r pultry. I ve tried t find the mst efficient behaviur traits allwing the pathgens t be transmitted, either directly r thrugh an indirect cntact (called by David Macdnald r Malclm Bennett dangerus liaisns as a paraphrase f the Lacls famus nvel). Besides my fascinatin fr animal behaviur, I see myself as a Veterinary Public Health scientist invlved in research allwing the human beings t prtect themselves and their dmestic animals against sme pathgens that the abve cmmensal animals maintain. During years, I was invlved in health surveillance f free living wildlife as well. It is relatively recently, that I realised this activity needs a scientific apprach t be adapted t the very specific cnstraints f mnitring pathgens in wildlife. Trying t vercme challenges psed by data cllectin and infrmatin management, is the way I try t keep my bnes ff the tiring life f a field eclgist, but maintaining a link t my frmer prfessinal life Lecture given at the 6 th EWDA Student Wrkshp Friday, 27 th March, 12:15, lecture: Ethics, Scial Science and Plicy: Breaking mre than just the species barrier? Selected publicatins Ciliberti, A., Gavier-Widén, D., Yn, L., Hutchings, M.R., Artis, M. (2014) Pririsatin f wildlife pathgens t be targeted in Eurpean surveillance prgrammes: Expert-based risk analysis fcus n ruminants Artis, M., J. Blancu, et al. (2011). "Sustainable cntrl f zntic pathgens in wildlife: hw t be fair t wild animals?" Revue scientifique et technique (Internatinal Office f Epiztics) 30(3): 733. Warns-Petit, E., E. Mrignat, et al. (2010). "Unsupervised clustering f wildlife necrpsy data fr syndrmic surveillance." BMC Veterinary Research 6(1): 56. Human Drivers f emerging diseases 20

22 KATINKA DE BALOGH Backgrund and Educatin Katinka de Balgh is f Dutch and Hungarian rigins and grew up in Latin-American. She studied veterinary medicine in Berlin and Munich and btained her dctrate in trpical parasitlgy frm the Trpical Institute f the University f Munich in She als specialized in trpical animal prductin and health (France) and in Veterinary Public Health (VPH) (Netherlands). [KATINKA DE BALOGH IS A SPECIALIST IN VETERINARY PUBLIC HEALTH AT THE HEADQUARTERS OF THE AGRICULTURE ORGANIZATION OF THE UNITED NATIONS (FAO) IN ROME, ITALY. HER FOCUS IS ONE HEALTH. KATINKA.DEBALOGH@FAO.ORG] Expertise and psitins held After a shrt career as a z veterinarian in the Rtterdam Z she mved t Africa where she wrked fr 9 years as a district veterinary fficer in rural Zambia and lecturer at the veterinary faculties f Lusaka (Zambia) and Maput (Mzambique). After psitins at the Wrld Health Organizatin (WHO) and at the Utrecht veterinary faculty in the Netherland, she mved in 2002 t Rme (Italy) t take up a psitin at the Headquarters f the Fd and Agriculture Organizatin f the United Natins (FAO). After wrking n pr-pr livestck plicy and in crisis management presently she leads the glbal Veterinary Public Health activities f FAO and she is fcal pint fr One Health. Lectures given at the 6 th EWDA Student Wrkshp Thu, 26 th March 16:40, shrt talk: Intrductin f FAO 16:50, keynte lecture: Emerging diseases and fd security: lking int the future Selected publicatins Lemb, T., Attlan, M., Burhy, H., de Balgh, K. et al. (2011) Renewed glbal partnerships and redesigned radmaps fr rabies preventin and cntrl. Veterinary Medicine Internatinal 2011 Ortega, C., Parilla, G., de Balgh, K. et al. (2007) New appraches fr educatin and training in veterinary public health: The SAPUVET prjects. Jurnal f Veterinary Medical Educatin 34: De Rsa, M. and de Balgh, K. (2005) Experiences and difficulties encuntered during a curse n veterinary public health with students f different natinalities. Jurnal f Veterinary Medical Educatin 32: Human Drivers f emerging diseases 21

23 [GABOR CZIRJAK IS A RESEARCH SCIENTIST AT THE LEIBNIZ INSTITUT FOR ZOO AND WILDLIFE RESEARCH (IZW). HIS RESEARCH FOCUS INCLUDES IMMUNOLOGY OF CAPTIVE AND FREE-LIVING WILDLIFE SPECIES. AS A STUDENT GABOR ATTENDED THE VERY FIRST EWDA WORKSHOP IN CZIRJAK@IZW-BERLIN.DE] GABOR CZIRJAK Educatin In 2004 Gábr Czirják received his veterinary degree Dctr f Veterinary Medicine (DVM) and in 2007 his Masters degree in Animal pathlgy and public health frm the University f Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine Cluj-Napca in Rmania. He cnducted his PhD thesis in Veterinary Medicine & Eclgy, Bidiversity and Evlutin at the University f Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine Cluj-Napca in Rmania and at the University Paul Sabatier in Tuluse, France. Current psitin held Research scientist, head f wildlife immunlgy grup at the Leibniz Institute fr Z and Wildlife Research (IZW) in Berlin, Germany since 2010 Research interest Immunlgy f captive and free-living wildlife species bth frm evlutinary eclgical, disease and cnservatin pints f views; mdels: bats, carnivres, rdents and birds Effect f envirnmental pllutants n health status f free-living species Hst bacteria/fungi interactins Lectures given at the 6 th EWDA Student Wrkshp Fri., 27 th March, 08:50, lecture: Anthrpgenic drivers f wildlife disease emergence: an immunlgical perspective Sat., 28 th March, 17:25, shrt talk: Intrductin f the IZW Selected publicatins Tian J.D., Curtil A., Schneeberger K., Greenwd A.D., Czirják G.Á. (2015) Circulating white bld cell cunts in captive and wild rdents are influenced by bdy mass rather than testes mass, a crrelate f mating prmiscuity. Functinal Eclgy in press. Bcharva NA *, Treu G *, Czirják GÁ *, Krne O, Stefanski V, Wibbelt G, Unnsteinsdóttir ER, Hersteinssn P, Schares G, Drnina L, Gltsman M, Greenwd AD (2013) Crrelates between feeding eclgy and mercury levels in histrical and mdern arctic fxes (Vulpes lagpus). PLS ONE 8(5): e * Shared first authrs Schneeberger K, Czirják GÁ, Vigt CC (2013) Measures f the cnstitutive immune system are linked t diet and rsting habits f Netrpical bats. PLS ONE 8(1): e Human Drivers f emerging diseases 22

24 [FRANCOIS DIAZ HOLDS UNIVERSITY DEGREES IN PHARMACY AND LAW AND INTERNATIONAL LAW. HE HAS WORKED FOR THE WORLD ORGANIZATION FOR ANIMAL HEALTH (OIE) SINCE FRANCOIS DIAZ Eduçatin Francis Diaz was brn in France and received a dctral degree in pharmacy. He als hlds a Master s degree in internatinal law and law f internatinal rganizatins. Psitin held He wrks as chargé de missin at the Headquarters f the Wrld Organisatin fr Animal Health (OIE) in the Scientific and Technical Department in Paris, France. He has been emplyed at the OIE since Lecture given at the 6 th EWDA Student Wrkshp Sun., 28 th March, 13:50, lecture: OIE activities related t wildlife and bidiversity Human Drivers f emerging diseases 23

25 DOLORES GAVIER-WIDÉN Educatin Assciated Prfessr (dcent in Pathlgy), Faculty f Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Swedish University f Agricultural Sciences (SLU), Dctr f Philsphy (Pathlgy), University f Califrnia at Davis, Master f Science (Pathlgy), University f Califrnia at Davis, DVM, Veterinary Faculty, Buens Aires University, February Research interests and psitins held Current psitin: Deputy Head f Department, Natinal Veterinary Institute (SVA), Department f Pathlgy and Wildlife Diseases, Uppsala, Sweden. SVA, Department f Wildlife, 1999 t 2007 and Veterinary Labratry Agency, Veterinary Research Officer (Pathlgist) 1996-t Natinal Veterinary Institute (INTA) Pathlgist, Research interests include infectius diseases f wildlife, pathlgy and pathgenesis, emerging infectins, neurpathlgy. Tuberculsis, tularemia, prin diseases, viral encephalitis, calicivirus infectin f leprids, avian influenza. Lectures given at the 6 th EWDA Student Wrkshp Thu., 26 th March, 16:25, presentatin: Intrductin f the WDA, EWDA, EWDA SC Sat., 28 th March, 14:05, lecture: Early detectin and characterizatin f emerging diseases: the fascinating rle f pathlgy Selected publicatins African swine fever in wild bar in Eurpe: a ntable challenge. Gavier-Widén, D., Neimanis, A.S., C. Grtázar, C. et al. The Veterinary Recrd, : Tularaemia in Nrwegian dgs. Nrdstga, A., Haneland, K., Gavier-Widén, D. et al Veterinary Micrbilgy 173: 3-4 Infectius Diseases f Wild Mammals and Birds in Eurpe. Ed D. Gavier-Widén, Paul Duff and Anna Meredith. 52 chapters, 55 cntributrs, 554 pages, Wiley-Blackwell, published in August [DOLORES GAVIER-WIDÉN IS AN ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR IN PATHOLOGY AT THE SWEDISH UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURAL SCIENCES. SHE IS ALSO THE PAST CHAIR OF THE WILDLIFE DISEASE ASSOCIATION. DOLORES.GAVIER-WIDEN@SVA.SE] Human Drivers f emerging diseases 24

26 CHRISTIAN GORTAZAR Educatin Christian Grtazar (San Sebastián, 1967) gt a Degree in Veterinary Sciences at Universidad de Zaragza, in 1990, and a PhD (n the rle f diseases in red fx ppulatin dynamics) at the same University in Research interests and psitins held [CHRISTIAN GORTAZAR IS PROFESSOR AT THE NATIONAL WILDLIFE INSTITUTE IREC. HE HAS ACTED AS PRINCIPAL RESEARCHER IN NUMEROUS NATIONAL AND INTERNATIONAL GRANTS AND CONTRACTS ON WILDLIFE EPIDEMIOLOGY AND DISEASE CONTROL. CHRISTIAN.GORTAZAR@UCLM.ES] Since 1999, he is Prfessr at IREC, a multidisciplinary research institute dealing with cnservatin and management f wildlife and their habitats ( His lecturing n wildlife diseases is part f IRECs MSc and PhD prgrams, where he has mentred 15 successful internatinal PhD students. He has acted as principal researcher in numerus grants and cntracts n wildlife epidemilgy and disease cntrl. Research interests include viral, bacterial and parasitic diseases f wildlife, with emphasis n the epidemilgy and cntrl f relevant diseases shared with livestck and humans, such as tuberculsis. Christian Grtazar is the Past-Chairman f the Eurpean Sectin, Wildlife Disease Assciatin ( ). Mre infrmatin: Lectures given at the 6 th EWDA Student Wrkshp Thu., 26 th March, 18:00, lecture: Wildlife management: Anthrpgenic factrs f spillver, spillback and persistence f disease Sat., 28 th March, 15:40, presentatin: Scientific presentatin sessin Sun., 29 th March, 09:50, shrt talk: Intrductin/research fcus f IREC Selected publicatins Grtázar, C., Diez-Delgad, I., Barasna, J.A., Vicente, J., de la Fuente, J., Badella, M. (2015) The wild side f disease cntrl at the wildlife-livestck-human interface: a review. Frntiers in Veterinary Science di: /fvets Barasna, J.A., Muler-Pázmány, M., Aceved, P., Negr, J.J., Trres, M.J., Grtazar, C., Vicente, J. (2014) Unmanned aircraft systems fr studying spatial abundance f ungulates: relevance t spatial epidemilgy. PlS One 9(12): e di:10.137/jurnal.pne Falcni C, López-Olvera JR, Badella M, Camarena J, Rsell R, Alcaide V, Vicente J, Sánchez-Vizcaín JM, Pujls J, Grtázar C (2012). Evidence fr BTV-4 circulatin in free-ranging red deer in Cabañers Natinal Park, Spain. Veterinary Micrbilgy 159: Human Drivers f emerging diseases 25

27 AB OSTERHAUS Educatin MSc: Utrecht University, Veterinary faculty, 1973 (cum laude) PhD: Utrecht University, Veterinary faculty, 1978 Research interests and psitins held As prfessr f Virlgy in Rtterdam and Utrecht, The Netherlands, and in Hannver, Germany, Ab Osterhaus has a lng track recrd as scientific researcher and PI f numerus majr scientific prjects. At Erasmus MC he ran the >40 persns virlgy diagnstic lab and the > 100 persns virlgy research lab. His research prgram fllwed a nvel integrated virscience cncept, bringing tgether wrld leading scientists in mlecular virlgy, immunlgy, epidemilgy, pathgenesis, and interventin studies n human and animal virus infectins. [AB OSTERHAUS RUNS A STATE-OF-THE-ART RESEARCH PROGRAM, WHICH FOLLOWS A NOVEL INTEGRATED VIROSCIENCE CONCEPT. HE FIRMLY BELIEVES SCIENTISTS HAVE A ROLE TO PLAY IN SOCIETY BY TRANSLATING THEIR KNOWLEDGE FOR THE BENEFIT AND PROTECTION OF THE PEOPLE. A.OSTERHAUS@ERASMUS.NL] After having handed ver the chairmanship f the Erasmus MC Virscience lab in 2014, he is currently establishing new One Health Institutes in Utrecht and Hannver. Majr perfrmances include the discvery f mre than 50 new viruses f humans and animals (e.g. human metapneumvirus, crnaviruses, influenza viruses), elucidatin f the pathgenesis f majr human and animal virus infectins, and develpment f nvel interventin strategies. This has enabled health authrities like WHO, t effectively cmbat disease utbreaks like SARS and avian influenza. The spin-ff, Virclinics Bisciences BV, is anther scietally relevant success, allwing effective testing and refining f diagnstic tls and ther interventin strategies. Awards, prizes, guest lecture invitatins, (c-)rganisership f internatinal meetings and editrships f scientific jurnals further highlight his internatinal recgnitin. He has acted as PhD mentr fr mre than 60 students, hlds several key patents and is the authr f mre than 1000 papers in peer-reviewed jurnals, tgether cited mre than 50,000 times, and his H index is mre than 90. Mst f all, Ab Osterhaus firmly believes scientists have a rle t play in translating their knwledge fr the benefit and prtectin f sciety Lectures given at the 6 th EWDA Student Wrkshp Fri., 27 th March, 18:00, shrt talk: Backgrund f Ebla Sun., 29 th March, 11:10, keynte lecture: Human drivers n viral evlutin and emergence, what t expect in the future? (Are we prepared fr what we may cause?) Selected publicatins (frm >1000 c-authrships, H index > 92) Reperant, L.A. and Osterhaus, A.D.M.E. (2014) Drmedary Mers-CV replicates in human respiratry tissues. The Lancet Respiratry Medicine di: /s (14) Reperant, L.A., Rimmelzwaan, G.F. and Osterhaus, A.D.M.E. (2014) Recent advances in influenza vaccinatin F1000 reprt 6:47 Herfst S., Osterhaus, A.D.M.E et al Aersl transmissin f avian influenza A/H5N1 virus. Science Jun 22;336(6088): Human Drivers f emerging diseases 26

28 [LESLIE REPERANT WORKS AS A RESEARCH SCIENTIST AND GRANT ACQUISITION COORDINATOR AT THE ARTEMIS ONE HEALTH RESEARCH FOUNDATION IN UTRECHT. SHE IS THE CREATOR OF THE EWDA STUDENT WORKSHOP, WHICH SHE ORGANIZED THREE TIMES IN 2005, 2007 AND L.REPERANT@ERASMUS.NL] LESLIE REPERANT Educatin Leslie Reperant graduated in veterinary medicine frm the Natinal Veterinary Schl f Lyn, France in 2005 and btained her PhD at Princetn University, Department f Eclgy and Evlutinary Bilgy, USA in Psitins held After ne year f pst-dctral research at Princetn, she mved t the Department f Virscience in Rtterdam, the Netherlands t carry ut a tw-year Marie Curie Internatinal Incming Fellwship. Since Nvember 2014, she is wrking as a research scientist and grant acquisitin crdinatr at the Artemis One Health Research Fundatin in Utrecht, the Netherlands. Research interests She is interested in the eclgy f emerging and zntic pathgens and in particular in their ability t crss species barriers. During her Marie-Curie Fellwship, she studied the epidemilgical and evlutinary dynamics f influenza viruses f different hst rigin in light f their pathgenesis within individual hsts, by use f mathematical mdelling and experimental appraches. She is currently expanding similar mdelling and experimental appraches t the study f the eclgy and evlutin f ther viruses, such as mrbilliviruses and lyssaviruses, within a One Health cntext. Lecture given at the 6 th EWDA Student Wrkshp Fri., 27 th March, 17:00, lecture: Human hst and pathgen evlutin: predictably unpredictable? Selected publicatins Reperant, L.A. and Osterhaus, A.D.M.E. (2014) Drmedary Mers-CV replicates in human respiratry tissues. The Lancet Respiratry Medicine di: /s (14) Reperant, L.A., Rimmelzwaan, G.F. and Osterhaus, A.D.M.E. (2014) Recent advances in influenza vaccinatin F1000 reprt 6:47 Reperant, L.A., Kuiken, T., Grenfell, B.T., Osterhaus, A.D.M.E. & Dbsn, A.P. Linking influenza virus tissue trpism t ppulatin-level reprductive fitness. PLS ONE 7, e43115 (2012). Human Drivers f emerging diseases 27

29 JAN C. SEMENZA Educatin Jan Semenza was initially trained in mlecular cell bilgy at the Medical research Cuncil in Cambridge, UK, where he islated an intracellular receptr fr the srting f heat-shck prteins, nw recgnized as an essential cmpnent f eukarytic cells. He extended his training int public health with an MPH frm UC Berkeley. Psitins held He directs the wrk n envirnmental and scial determinants f infectius diseases at the Eurpean Centre fr Disease Preventin and Cntrl (ECDC) in Stckhlm. He was an Epidemic Intelligence Service Officer at the U.S. Centers fr Disease Cntrl and Preventin (CDC). He als wrked with the Wrld Health Organizatin (WHO) and cnducted public health prjects in Uzbekistan, Sudan, Egypt, Denmark, Brazil, and Haiti. Prfessr Semenza was a faculty member at UC Berkeley, UC Irvine, Oregn Health and Science University, and at Prtland State University where he taught in the Oregn Master s Prgram f Public Health. Research interests His interest in reducing climate risks fr sciety at large, extents back almst 20 years; in July 1995, a recrd-breaking heat wave killed mre than 700 peple in Chicag. He led the CDC respnse t this envirnmental disaster and elucidated the underlying envirnmental, scietal, and behaviural causes f this tragic event. The findings f this study were immediately incrprated int an actin plan fr the city f Chicag with detailed measures t prevent future heat-related deaths. The heat wave emergency respnse plan fr Chicag became a blueprint fr ther climate change adaptatin plicies in ther metrplitan areas. He was subsequently awarded a Certificate f Cmmendatin by the City f Chicag fr this investigatin. He is currently wrking n envirnmental and climatic drivers f vectr-brne and water-brne disease transmissin in Eurpe. His research has been published in high-impact jurnals such as Cell, New England J f Medicine, Lancet ID, Science, Nature Climate Change and in several bks. [JAN SEMENZA LEADS THE ACTIVITIES CONCERNING SOCIAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL DETERMINANTS OF INFECTIOUS DISEASES AT THE EUROPEAN CENTER FOR DISEASE PREVENTION AND CONTROL. THE AIM OF HIS RESEARCH IS TO REDUCE CLIMATE RISKS TO SOCIETY AT LARGE. JAN.SEMENZA@ECDC.EUROPE.EU] Lecture given at the 6 th EWDA Student Wrkshp Fri., 27 th March 10:15, shrt talk: Intrductin f ECDC 10:25, keynte lecture: Drivers f infectius disease threats in Eurpe and hw t deal with them Selected publicatins Suk, J.E. and Semenza, J.C. (2014) Frm glbal t lcal: vectr-brne disease in an intercnnected wrld. Eurpean Jurnal f Public Health 24: Ebi, K.L., Lindgren, E., Suk, J.E., Semenza, J.C. (2013) Adaptin t the infectius disease impacts f climate change. Climatic Change 118: Suk, J.E. and Semenza, J.C. (2011) Future infectius disease threats t Eurpe. American Jurnal f Public Health 101: Human Drivers f emerging diseases 28

30 STUDENT ABSTRACTS STUDY OF THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN T- GONDII INFECTION AND FEED SOURCE IN SEA GULL CHICKS FROM THE MEDITERRANEAN BREEDING AREAS POSTER PRESENTATION Blanch-Lázar, Berta1; Cabezón, Oscar1,2; Cerdà-Cuéllar, Marta2; Mrera, Virginia3; García-Bcanegra, Ignaci4; Gnzález-Slis, Jacb3; Puig-Ribas, Maria1; Dubey, Jitender P5; Almería, Snia6,2,* 1 Servei d'ecpatlgia de Fauna Salvatge, Departament de Medicina i Cirurgia Animals, Facultat de Veterinaria, Universitat Autònma de Barcelna, Bellaterra, Spain. 2 Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA). IRTA, Campus de la Universitat Autònma de Barcelna, Bellaterra, Barcelna, Spain 3 Institut de Recerca de la Bidiversitat (IRBi) and Departament de Bilgia Animal, Universitat de Barcelna, Spain. 4 Departament de Sanidad Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, UCO, Córdba, Spain. 5 Animal Parasitic Diseases Labratry, Animal and Natural Resurces Institute, Agriculture Research Service, United States Department f Agriculture, Beltsville, MD, USA. 6 Departament de Sanitat i d Anatmia Animals, Facultat de Veterinària, Universitat Autònma de Barcelna, Bellaterra, Spain. Backgrund: Txplasma gndii is a zntic intracellular prtzan parasite f wrldwide distributin. Felids are the definitive hsts and warm-blded species, including birds, can be intermediate hsts. T. gndii has been recently cnsidered as a waterbrne parasite. Birds are suspected t act as dispersive agents f Txplasma int islated territries withut felines. Scavenging species regularly feeding n refuse dumps and sewage water, such as sme seagulls, are gd candidates t becme infected by Txplasma. The bjectives f the present study were (1) t assess the rle f seagulls as intermediate hsts and reservirs f T. gndii; (2) t explre factrs related t the presence f antibdies against this prtza parasite in seagulls, particularly in relatin t their feeding habits (marine, freshwater, terrestrial, refuse) and access t human waste. Methd: Serum frm yellw-legged gull chicks (Larus michahellis; n=479) frm Spain (Ebr Delta, Medes Islands, Dragnera Island, and Clumbretes Islands, Ons Island) was cllected frm 2009 t In 2011, we als sampled 47 Auduin s gull (Larus auduinii) chicks frm Albran Island. All clnies were clse t inhabited territries with the exceptin f Albran and Clumbretes. All breeding clnies, except the ne at Ebr Delta, were lcated in feline-free islands. T assess the rigin f fd (marine, freshwater, terrestrial envirnments, and refuse sites) f chicks we analyzed stable istpes (carbn (C), nitrgen (N), and sulphur (S)) frm feathers and recnstructed their diet using a triple-istpe, fur-endpint mixing mdel. Sera were examined by the mdified agglutinatin test (MAT) t detect antibdies against T. gndii. Titres f 1:25 r higher were cnsidered psitive. Results: The serprevalence in yellw-legged gulls (22.8%) was significantly higher than in Auduin s gull chicks (2.2%) (P<0.001). Serprevalence in 2009 (43.3%) was significantly greater than in 2010 (12.5%) and 2011 (11.6%) (P<0.001). Serprevalence was higher in chicks lder than 21 days f age (P<0.001). Freshwater rigin (36.5%) as main fd surce and marine rigin (50%) as secndary surce f fd shwed statistically higher risk f infectin (P<0.001). Discussin: Serprevalence f T. gndii shwed significant differences amng sampling years suggesting fluctuating rates f transmissin. Serprevalence f antibdies against T. gndii was significantly higher in chicks >21 days f age. Therefre, the presence f antibdies in these clnies indicates hrizntal transmissin thrugh their feeding. In the aquatic ecsystems, filter-feeding invertebrates r fishes are suggested t be a rute f transmissin f T. gndii t warm-blded animals linked t aquatic ecsystems. Higher serprevalences related t freshwater and marine surces f fd indicate the aquatic envirnment as ne f the main rutes f transprt and accumulatin f T. gndii cysts in the Mediterranean basin. Cnclusins: The assessment f T. gndii infectin in seagulls cnfirms the susceptibility t T. gndii infectin and assesses these bird species as intermediate hsts. Therefre, ur results suggest that gulls can act as carriers f the parasite in their migratins, having the capability t intrduce pathgens in remte islands as naïve territries and expse t ther susceptible hsts. In this sense, ur results identify the yellw-legged and Auduin s gulls as a gd sentinel species t mnitr the presence f T. gndii. Human Drivers f emerging diseases 29

31 TOXOPLASMA GONDII TRANSMISSION DYNAMICS IN THE CANADIAN ARCTIC POSTER PRESENTATION Buchard, Émilie1; Elmre, Stacey A1; Alisauskas, Ray T2; Samelius, Gustaf3,4; Al-Adhami, Batl5; Gajadhar, Alvin A5; Jenkins, Emily J1 1University f Saskatchewan, Department f Veterinary Micrbilgy, Saskatn, Canada; 2Envirnment Canada, Prairie and Nrthern Wildlife Research Centre, Saskatn, Canada; 3Swedish University f Agricultural Sciences, Department f Eclgy, Grimsö Wildlife Research Statin, Riddarhyttan, Sweden; 4Snw Lepard Trust, Seattle, USA; 5Canadian Fd Inspectin Agency, Centre fr Fdbrne and Animal Parasitlgy, Saskatn, Canada Backgrund: Txplasma gndii is a single-celled parasite infecting a wide range f birds and mammals wrldwide. It usually causes n symptms but can cause neurlgical, cular, and reprductive prblems, especially if the immune system is cmprmised r if a mammal becmes infected while pregnant. Serprevalence in sme Inuit cmmunities is much higher than in ther parts f Nrth America. Inuit are thught t be expsed thrugh handling and cnsumptin f Arctic wildlife. As T. gndii can nly prduce cysts in the intestines f felids, and wild and dmestic felids are rare in the tundra regins f the Arctic, there are ther transmissin mechanisms ccurring. Previus wrk has demnstrated that migratry birds are a ptential surce f intrductin f txplasmsis, and that fxes are likely infected thrugh carnivry. The main bjective f this research is t determine majr rutes f transmissin f T. gndii in a terrestrial Arctic ecsystem at Karrak Lake in the Queen Maud Gulf Bird Sanctuary, Nunavut. Methds: We hypthesize that T. gndii is als maintained via vertical transmissin (i.e. geese t eggs, female fxes t the pups). T test this hypthesis, we will cllect and test bld samples frm live-trapped adult and juvenile Arctic fxes, and tissues and eggs frm harvested geese. Samples are analyzed in labratries by mlecular (PCR) and serlgical methds (ELISA, IFA) develped and refined previusly. Results: Labratry wrk is nging fr bld samples cllected frm captured fxes at Karrak Lake in Results will be presented. Discussin: Numerus studies have demnstrated that T. gndii is capable f vertical transmissin in a variety f hsts, including humans, but few have examined the pssibility that strict vertical transmissin is maintained ver several generatins in natural hst ppulatins. High prevalence f Txplasma in certain hsts that are gegraphically islated frm definitive felid hsts, such as the arctic fx ppulatins are intriguing scenaris t speculate whether vertical transmissin is imprtant r nt. It may als help t determine its rigin and the extent f genetic diversity and the relative rles f sexual recmbinatin (cyste) vs clnal prpagatin (asexual reprductin). Cnclusins: This research will prvide imprtant infrmatin abut hw Arctic peples becme expsed and the health effects f txplasmsis in threatened wildlife. Mrever, we need mre infrmatin n the significance f fd-brne rutes f transmissin f T. gndii in the Nrth in rder t implement culturally apprpriate and effective lcal preventin measures. Human Drivers f emerging diseases 30

32 PLAGUE (YERSINIA PESTIS) PERSISTENCE ON PRAIRIE ON PRAIRIE DOG COLONIES IN UTAH AND THE GREAT PLANES POSTER PRESENTATION Brn, Gebbiena M. 1 ;Osri, Jrge, E. 2 ; Rcke, Tnie, E. 3 1 University f Wiscnsin, Madisn, WI, USA; 2 University f Wiscnsin, Madisn, WI, USA; 3- USGS Natinal Wildlife Health Center, Madisn, WI, USA Backgrund: Plague, caused by the bacterium Yersinia pestis, is a ptentially fatal disease fr humans and animals and is primarily transmitted by fleas. In the western United States, plague is enztic and frequently decimates prairie dg clnies during epiztics. Accidental spillvers t dmestic animals and humans als ccur. Prairie dgs (Cynmys spp.) are scial burrwing animals and keystne species f the grassland ecsystem. They have been cnsidered a Y. pestis amplifying hst, but hw the plague bacterium is maintained between epiztics is nt clear and hst-vectr-pathgen interactins are prly understd. In 2013, field efficacy trials fr a new plague management tl, the prairie dg ral sylvatic plague vaccine (SPV), started n 29 blind placeb-cntrlled paired study sites in seven US states with knwn plague histries. We have taken advantage f this unique framewrk t study plague disease eclgy, in particular the flea-hst relatinship (bilgical diversity and hst sharing). Methd: We selected 12 SPV paired study sites; 6 n black-tailed prairie dg (C. ludvicianus; BTPD) clnies (2 in Suth Dakta, 4 in Mntana) and 6 n Utah prairie dg (C. parvidens; UTPD) clnies (2 lw-elevatin and 4 high-elevatin) t determine rdent (ther than prairie dg), flea diversity and plague prevalence. During the summers f 2013 and 2014, small mammals were live-trapped, sampled and fleas cllected n each pair fr 3-5 cnsecutive nights. Results: Nearly 1700 individuals were caught and 2900 fleas were cllected. Small mammals and fleas were identified t species. A subset f fleas will be tested fr presence f Y. pestis DNA by PCR. The Nrth American deermuse (Permyscus maniculatus) and small rdent flea Aetheca wagneri were mst abundant. The grasshpper muse (Onychmys leucgaster) had the largest flea diversity, including the prairie dg flea, Orpsylla hirsuta. Cnclusins: This study will further assess the impact f SPV n nn-target small rdents. The data presented herein can begin t infrm the develpment and implementatin f management tls t limit the spread f plague epiztics, reducing cnsequent dmestic animal and human expsures. This wrk is supprted by the Mrris Animal Fundatin D14ZO-031 and D14ZO-412. Human Drivers f emerging diseases 31

33 HOST-PARASITE COEXTINCTION: EVIDENCE FROM TICK-HOST COMMUNITIES AND IMPLICATIONS FOR DISEASE TRANSMISSION ORAL PRESENTATION Esser, Helen 1,2 ; Jansen, Patrick 1,2 ; Herre, Allen 2, Bngers, Frans 1 ; Prins, Herbert 1 1 Wageningen University, Wageningen, the Netherlands; 2 Smithsnian Trpical Research Institute, Panama City, Panama Backgrund: Extinctin cascades frm ne f the mst insidius, but ften-ignred drivers f bidiversity lss. By eliminating rganisms that are essential t the survival f thers, the initial lss f keystne r hst species can catalyse secndary extinctins thrughut eclgical cmmunities. Parasites are expected t be particularly prne t lcal c-extinctin because they need minimum threshlds f hst abundance in rder t maintain viable ppulatins. This is especially likely fr parasites such as ticks, which shw strng hst specificity and have cmplex life cycles invlving multiple hst species. Hwever, despite the relevance t the transmissin f tick-brne pathgens, direct empirical tests f these hyptheses are lacking. Methds: We used drag sampling and camera trapping t survey the diversity and abundance f tick and vertebrate hst cmmunities acrss 12 previusly cnnected frest fragments in the Panama Canal. These fragments ranged 1000-fld in size, had similar vegetatin cver, and were equally ld and well-prtected frm illegal hunting. Results: Hst diversity and abundance declined strngly with fragmentatin, as predicted by thery f island bigegraphy. With lss f wildlife, tick cmmunities impverished as well, resulting in strng declines in bth abundance and diversity. Specialist tick species nly ccurred in fragments where their specific hst species were present. Further, less diverse tick cmmunities were dminated by species that are hst generalists. Discussin: Our results indicate that lss f wildlife has cascading effects n tick cmmunities thrugh lcal hst-parasite c-extinctin. Only thse tick species that are able t feed frm a wide variety f hsts are able t survive in degraded envirnments. In species-pr cmmunities, these generalist ticks may feed prprtinally mre frm small mammals such as rdents and pssums, which are ften disease reservir hsts. Hence, dminance f generalist tick species resulting frm wildlife diversity lss culd facilitate interspecies pathgen transmissin. At the same time hwever, reduced tick abundance may mitigate disease risk. The net effect f these tw cntrasting frces remains t be elucidated. Cnclusins: The results f this study suggest that lcal extirpatin f wildlife may cause c-extinctin f hst-specific tick species with remaining cmmunities dminated by species that culd facilitate interspecific pathgen transmissin. Human Drivers f emerging diseases 32

34 RESULTS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL AND BIRDS SURVEILLANCE FOR FLAVIVIRUSES IN LOMBARDY (NORTH-ITALY) DURING 2014 POSTER PRESENTATION Prsperi, Alice1; Faccin, Francesca1; Chiari, Mari1; Lelli, Davide1; Mren Martin Ana Maria1; Marc Farili2; Lavazza Antni1. 1 Istitut Zprfilattic Sperimentale della Lmbardia e dell Emilia Rmagna Brun Ubertini, Brescia, Italy 2 Public Veterinary Service, Lmbardy Regin, Milan, Italy Backgrund: The surveillance was mainly directed t detect West Nile Disease (WNDV) and Usutu viruses (USUV). WNDV is a wrldwide-diffused Flavivirus (family Flaviviridae) firstly reprted in Italy in 1998 (Tuscany) and then becme endemic in Nrthern regins. It has an enztic cycle within msquites and bth migratry and residential wild birds, and it culd cause variable clinical signs, frm fever t neurinvasive disease, in humans and hrses. USUV is anther flavivirus well distributed in Eurpe since 2001 that culd cause meningencephalitis in immuncmprmised patients. The clse antigenic crrelatin between WNDV and USUV may be a prblem in the interpretatin f diagnstic results. The aim f this study is t present the results f the first year f surveillance in Lmbardy Regin (Nrth Italy), established in rder t early identify Flaviviruses circulatin. Methds: The mnitring was dne by virlgical investigatin in bth msquites (caught using CO2-CDC trap) and wild birds (Pica pica, Crvus crne crnix, Garrulus glandarius). The different species f msquits were identified at the steremicrscpy. Culex spp were gruped in pls f 100 individuals each and then examined. At necrpsy, the birds rgans sampled fr analysis included brain, spleen, heart and kidneys. All this samples were tested in real-time RT-PCR, targeting the WNV 3 - nncding regin, which can detect als USUV, differentiated and then sequenced. Results: Real-time RT-PCR analysis was perfrmed n 647 pls f msquites. Of these, 26 and 15 resulted psitive fr WND and USUV respectively. Out f 1400 wild birds examined, 13 resulted WND psitive. In the same perid 13 WNV clinical cases in humans were diagnsed in the same areas. The time and spatial distributin f psitive cases in msquites and birds were variable, but they always ccurred befre human cases. Discussin: The diagnstic activity f this surveillance prgram has prven effective fr bth individuatin f Flaviviruses circulatin and discriminatin between WNDV and USUV. In fact, the results btained were als cnfirmed by the Natinal Reference Centre fr Animal Extic Disease f Teram. Cnclusins: The 2014 surveillance prgram supprted by the Lmbardy Public Veterinary Service represents an integrated surveillance fr the early identificatin f Flaviviruses circulatin. Having such a rapid health alarm system is f extreme value as it enables reginal infrastructures fr ptimal management f acute human cases and adptin f preventin strategies. Human Drivers f emerging diseases 33

35 CHARACTERIZATION OF A NOVEL GAMMAHERPESVIRUS IN PYRENEAN CHAMOIS (RUPICAPRA PYRENAICA PYRENAICA) POSTER PRESENTATION Fernández-Aguilar X 1, Esperón F 2, Cabezón O 1, Velarde R 1, Mentaberre G 1, Delicad V 2, Muñz MJ 2, Serran E 1, López Olvera J.R 1. 1 Servei d'ecpatlgia de Fauna Salvatge, Facultat de Veterinària, Universitat Autònma de Barcelna, Bellaterra, Barcelna, Spain. 2 Centr de Investigación en Sanidad Animal (CISA-INIA), Carretera Algete a El Casar s/n, Valdelms, Madrid, Spain. Backgrund: Gammaherpesvirus is an emerging grup f viruses f human health and veterinary interest. In natural hsts, the viruses rapidly establish latent infectins withut significant clinical signs. Acute and fatal disease may be develped in susceptible nn natural hsts, particularly in viruses frm the Malignant Catarrhal Fever grup. As part f etilgic investigatins n respiratry disease in Pyrenean chamis (Rupicapra pyrenaica pyrenaica) we have identified a nvel gammaherpesvirus in lung tissue. The aim f this study is t mlecularly describe this virus and asses its ptential pathlgical rle. Methds: Frm 2012 t 2014, lung samples frm 81 Pyrenean chamis frm the Natinal Game Reserve f Freser-Setcases (Pyrenees, NE Spain) were tested by a pan-herpesviral PCR. Five psitive samples were sequenced thrughut the glycprtein B up t de DNA plymerase gene using specifically designed primers (3500 bp). Bdy cnditin, age and sex were analysed fr individual risk factrs. Results: Thirty-seven samples (45.7%) were psitive t the PCR. The sequences btained revealed a new gammaherpesvirus clustered t the Rupicapra rupicapra gammaherpesvirus-1 (RrHV-1) int the grup f malignant catarrhal fever (MCF) viruses. N significant differences were fund in prevalence between sampling perids, sex r age class, and n lesin pattern was bserved in assciatin with the herpesvirus infectin. The chamis infected with the RpHV-1 were distributed thrughut the NGR-FS and n cluster distributin was bserved. Discussin: The high prevalence f virus fund in lung tissue withut exhibiting any clinical sign suggests that the infectin prbably remained at latency stage in mst f the chamis sampled. It is prbable that dynamics f RpHV-1 infectin in chamis resembles t its clse MCF viruses, and chamis mst prbably becme infected at perinatal perid r at the first six mnths f life. Cnsidering that RPHV-1 belngs t the MCF grup, the spillver frm chamis t sympatric ungulates can eventually ccur and susceptible incidental hst species may develp MCF syndrme. Cnclusins: In this study we have identified a nvel gammaherpevirus RpHV-1 frm the MCF grup. Epidemilgical and phyllgenetic results suggest that Pyrenean chamis is the natural hst. Prudent interpretatins f the results shuld be made and assume that RpHV-1 may act as a ptential pathgen fr Pyrenean chamis at specific cnditins. Human Drivers f emerging diseases 34

36 THE IMPACT OF HETEROGENEITY IN ENVIRONMENTS AND SOCIALITY ON MICROORGANISM DISTRIBUTION IN WILD PRIMATE POPULATIONS POSTER PRESENTATION Ggarten, Jan F.1,2,3* 1McGill University, Department f Bilgy, McGill University, Mntreal, Canada; 2Epidemilgy f Highly Pathgenic Micrrganisms, Rbert Kch Institute, Berlin, Germany; 6Department f Primatlgy, Max Planck Institute fr Evlutinary Anthrplgy, Leipzig, Germany. *This wrk represents the culminatin f a series f prjects making up my dctral dissertatin, with a large number f cllabratrs; key cntributrs t varius aspects f these prjects include: Clin A. Chapman1, Jnathan Davies1, Aerin L. Jacb1, Rman M. Wittig3, Sébastien Calvignac-Spencer2 and Fabian H. Leendertz2. Backgrund: Thery suggests there may be sme ptimum grup size fr any envirnment, at which grups are expected t stay near. Yet increasing evidence suggests envirnments are nt hmgeneus r stable, even n small spatial r tempral scales, suggesting grup sizes shuld vary acrss time and space. This is especially imprtant in light f changing climates and anthrpgenic disturbance. Thus, many aspects f scial rganizatin may be changing n a faster time scale than previusly appreciated. Hetergeneity in grup sizes and sciality shuld impact the distributin f mutualistic and pathgenic micrrganism within and between grups. These changes are expected t have cascading impacts n health and ultimately survival f individuals living in different cntexts. Methds: I investigated grup size stability fr five primate species ver 15 years in Kibale Natinal Park, Uganda. T understand mechanisms behind grup size changes bserved fr red clbus (Prclbus rufmitratus), versus the stability bserved fr ther primates, I present data n frest structure between 1990 and 2013, cnsider changes in predatr ppulatin, and explre evidence fr disease dynamics. T understand hw these changes impact individuals living in these changing grups, I present lngitudinal data frm a grup f red clbus fllwed cntinuusly fr 6 years as it increased frm 57 t 98 members. T understand hw changing scial structure might impact the distributin f micrrganisms and disease, I examine retrviral and bacterial cmmunities in a grup f sty mangabeys (Cerccebus atys) in Taï Frest, Cte d Ivire using nn-invasive assays and genetic appraches. Results: Surveys indicate grup sizes did nt change fr mst species, with the exceptin f red clbus, where grup sizes increased. The cumulative size f red clbus fd trees increased, suggesting changing fd availability was an imprtant factr, while predatin and disease seemed t play lesser rles. Lngitudinal data suggest increasing grup sizes resulted in altered activity budgets; individuals spent less time feeding and scializing, and mre traveling, whiling increasing diet diversity. Surprisingly, increasing grup size did nt shw a relatinship with female fecundity. Preliminary results suggest scial netwrk structure impacts the distributin and evlutin f micrrganisms in sty mangabey grups. Discussin: Overall, results suggest that the Kibale primate cmmunity is in a nn-equilibrium state. Behaviral changes appear t allw animals t cmpensate fr the greater cmpetitin apparent at larger grup sizes. Evidence frm mangabeys suggests these changes may ultimately impact pathgen evlutin and transmissin dynamics, prviding evidence fr a strng link between sciality and health. Human Drivers f emerging diseases 35

37 USING A FIELD LABORATORY AS PREVENTIVE MEASURE TO PROTECT WILD HABITUATED GREAT APES FROM ANTHROPOZOONOTIC RESPIRATORY INFECTION ORAL PRESENTATION Grützmacher, Kim1; Leendertz, Fabian1 1Rbert Kch Institute, Berlin, Germany Backgrund: Respiratry disease, due t infectin with cmmn human pathgens, such as human metapneumvirus (HMPV) and human respiratry syncytial virus (HRSV), have been shwn t cause high mrbidity and cnsiderable mrtality in wild great apes habituated t humans fr research r turism. In recent years, many great ape habituatin prjects have implemented hygiene rules such as verall limited numbers f peple with cntrlled health status entering great ape habitat, the wearing f surgical masks r respiratrs, minimum viewing distance f seven metres, amng thers. Establishing field labratries at great ape habituatin sites fr n-site and real time testing f pathgens can be used fr utbreak investigatins as well as a management tl. Methds: A field labratry was set up in a western lwland grilla (Grilla grilla grilla) field site in the Central African Republic. The labratry equipment allwed fr DNA/RNA extractin frm thrat swabs, feces r tissue, cdna syntheses, cnventinal PCR and gel electrphreses. 10 f 18 grilla fecal samples and 20 f 81 human thrat swabs were tested in the field labratry. All samples, including separate sets f thse already tested in the field, were re-tested at Rbert Kch Institute (RKI) under cntrlled labratry cnditins fr validatin. Results: In fur f the 18 grilla fecal samples and fur f the 81 human thrat swabs RSV was detected and genetically identical between grilla and human samples. Additinally, a rhinvirus and HMPV was detected in tw different human thrat swabs. 97% (29/30) f the results frm the field culd be cnfirmed at the RKI. 83% (5/6) f humans in whm a respiratry virus was detected, had shwn respiratry symptms. Discussin: Being able t reprduce 97% f the results frm the field supprts the efficacy f a field labratry. The fact that three cmmn human respiratry viruses were circulating amng prject emplyees demnstrate the necessity fr effective preventive measures. Excluding symptmatic peple frm appraching great apes is ne f the mst effective preventin tls, as it reduces the ccurrence f human respiratry pathgens at the human great ape interface. Hwever, detectin f HMPV in an asymptmatic human shws, that evaluating the health status f humans slely by absence f respiratry symptms is nt sufficient t rule ut virus shedding. Cnclusins: Even thugh perating a field labratry is highly cst and labur intensive, it shuld be cnsidered as an effective ptin t prevent infecting wild habituated great apes with cmmn human respiratry pathgens. Human Drivers f emerging diseases 36

38 CONSTITUTIVE INNATE IMMUNE RESPONSE OF SIX SYMPATRIC AFRICAN CARNIVORES POSTER PRESENTATION Heinrich, Snja K. 1 ; Wachter Bettina 1 ; Czirják, Gábr A. 1 1 Leibniz Institute fr Z and Wildlife Research, Berlin, Germany Backgrund: Diseases can greatly impact species ppulatins by causing temprary r permanent declines in abundance. Carnivres, amngst thse canids and felids, are especially threatened by infectius diseases. One reasn fr this might be that infectins spill ver frm dmestic animals t wildlife. Determining the immuncmpetence f threatened ppulatins is f imprtance because it is a critical aspect f disease resistance and will thus help identifying thse vulnerable t nvel pathgens. Methds: Between 2002 and cheetahs, 38 lepards, ten lins, ten caracals, eight black-backed jackals and eight brwn hyenas were immbilized and sampled n Namibian farmland and in Namibian Natinal Parks. We tested the bacterial killing capacity f serum against Escherichia cli, a functinal test f the innate immune respnse. We adapted previusly published prtcls t fit ur research species. Using ur adapted prtcl it is nw pssible t cnduct cmparative studies n many different species. The results f this study were als cmpared t previusly published results f different taxa. Results: Species differed significantly in their bacterial killing capacity, with feline species having much strnger bacterial killing capacity than canid species. Bacterial killing capacity was related t phylgenetic distances f the species, rather than scial system, bdy mass r fraging behaviur. Bacterial killing capacity f all felids was exceptinally high cmpared t canids and all ther taxa. Discussin: A higher transmissin risk f pathgens is likely t be reflected in the immune respnses because pathgen infectin impses a strng selective pressure n their hsts. Althugh scial species, like the lin, have a higher expsure prbability t pathgens this was nt reflected in their bacterial killing capacity. A higher intake f carrin r a larger bdy mass was neither reflected in the bacterial killing capacity. Instead we fund that the immune respnses culd be explained by the phylgenetic relatedness f the species. As the bacterial killing capacity nly tests innate immunity, it is pssible that adaptive immunity better reflects transmissin risk, whereas innate immunity is related t phylgeny, as it is the evlutinary lder part f the immune system. Cnclusins: The results f this study shw a strng innate immune respnse by feline species cmpared t all ther species and des suggests that they are well equipped t handle infectins that spill ver frm dmestic animals. Human Drivers f emerging diseases 37

39 SANITARY ASPECTS OF GAMEBIRD PRODUCTION AND RELEASE IN SPAIN: THE RED- LEGGED PARTRIDGE AND AVIAN NEWCASTLE DISEASE VIRUS (NDV) POSTER PRESENTATION Lima, Jse F.1,2; Barasna, Jse A.1 ; Gnzalez, David1; Camach, Mari C.1; Höfle, Ursula1. 1Institut de Investigación en Recurss Cinegétics (IREC, CSIC-UCLM), Ciudad Real, Spain; 2 SABIOtec spinff, Ciudad Real, Spain. Backgrund: In the recent past the number f captures f red legged partridge (Alectris rufa), the mst imprtant small game specie in central and suthern Spain and a staple prey fr endangered predatrs, is underging a cntinuus decline despite the increasing amunt f releases. The release f farm-reared partridges is a criticised management tl fr several reasns. The mst imprtant arguments against partridge releases are the sanitary risk fr natural ppulatin and pr survival f released partridges. Newcastle Disease (NDV) due t pathgenic strains f apmv-1 is a wrldwide distributed viral disease that causes serius lsses and is strictly cntrlled in pultry. Much less is knwn in gamebirds, that are generally clsely related and species and are raised under similar cnditins. In this study we aim t evaluate the expsure f red-legged partridges frm different rigins t apmv-1. Methds: Fr this purpse, 551 red legged partridge sera cllected frm 2005 t 2014 were analysed. Including samples frm 385 farmed partridges, 73 partridges harvested in hunting estates where partridges are released regularly and 93 samples frm partridges hunted r captured in release-free hunting estates. The sampling cvers mst f natinal territry f Spain. A cmmercial cmpetitin ELISA kit was used t test the sera. Suitable ELISA psitive samples were tested by hemaglutinatin inhibitin against apmv-1. Results: High prevalence f antibdies against NDV were fund in farmed partridges (14,8 %) and the nes frm the estates with releases (21,9 %). These serprevalences were significantly higher (Χ2 test, p<0,05) than thse in partridges frm release-free states (4,3 %). Discussin: High prevalence f antibdies against NDV in the farmed and release estates partridges culd be explained by an increased expsure t and transmissin f NDV due t the intensive management and aggregatin. The rle f NDV in the survival rate f released partridges is nt yet clear but it may be an additinal factr in a multifactrial cntext. Cnclusins: With this study we demnstrate a higher expsure t apmv-1 in red legged partridges bred intensively and after release int hunting states. Expsure culd be enhanced by aggregatin and intensive management in captivity. NDV infectin culd have an effect n the survival rate f released partridges. Wrk funded by the Spanish Ministry fr research and cmpetitivity (AGL ) and the reginal gvernment f Castilla - La Mancha (POIC P). Human Drivers f emerging diseases 38

40 IDENTIFICATION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF FRINGILLA COELEBS PAPILLOMAVIRUS IN ITALY POSTER PRESENTATION Prsperi, Alice1; Gallina, Laura2; Casà, Givanni2; Chiari, Mari1; Albrali, Givanni Lris1; Scagliarini, Alessandra2; Lavazza, Antni1. 1 Istitut Zprfilattic Sperimentale della Lmbardia e dell Emilia Rmagna Brun Ubertini, Brescia, Italy 2 Università degli studi di Blgna Dipartiment di Scienze Mediche Veterinarie Backgrund: The Fringilla celebs Papillmavirus (FcPV) belngs t the family f Papillmaviridae, which includes different species capable t infect bth man and animals, causing epithelial prliferative lesins, usually self-limiting and ften evlving in spntaneus regressin. T date, nly fur species f avian papillmavirus have been islated: Fringilla celebs papillmavirus (FcPV), Psittacus erithacus papillmavirus (PePV), Franclinus leucscepus papillmavirus (FlPV) and the nt yet classified Pygscelis adeliae papillmavirus 1 (PaCV1). Papillmavirus virins are spherical, with a diameter f nm, with n envelpe and with a cnstant mrphlgy regardless t the site and the type f injuries. They have a circular dsdna genme f abut 8000 bp, which encdes fr six early prteins (E1, E2, E4, E6, E7, E9) and tw late nes (L1, L2). The incidence f this disease is usually lw (1.3%), but when it cmes ut in a cmmunity it usually infect the main part f the individuals. Clinically the lesins induced by FcPV lk like squamus papillmas, mainly lcated in ft and tarsus-metatarsus. Early reprts f lesins referable t papillmavirus in chaffinches and bramblings date back t 1969, but nly few data are available n the genme f these viruses and in particular there are n references abut the strains circulating in Italy. Methds: Sme chaffinches were cnferred t the diagnstic department f IZSLER, with a picture f severe pddermatitis. Samples frm these animals were examined using negative staining electrn micrscpy. The genme was amplified using RCA (Rlling Circle Amplificatin) and analysed using restrictin enzymes; restrictin fragments were then clned and sequenced. Results: Clinical signs and lesin initially led t a presumptive diagnsis f acarisis, but birds did nt recver after specific therapy. By EM bservatin a high amunt f virins mrphlgically resembling Papillmavirus. By genmic analysis the sequence f the genes E1, E2 and E7 were defined. Discussin: The EM allwed the identificatin f the etilgical agent. The genes E1, E2 and E7 f the Italian FcPV, shwed a high percentage f identity whit the nly sequence available in the database, crrespnding t a strain islated in USA. Cnclusins: This study represents the first characterizatin f FcPV circulating in Italy, shwing a high hmlgy with the USA ne. This is als an example f the still imprtance f EM as diagnstic tl. Human Drivers f emerging diseases 39

41 ENDOPARASITES AND IMMUNITY OF NATIVE AND INVASIVE WATERFOWL IN GERMANY POSTER PRESENTATION Prüter, Hanna1; Czirják, Gábr Árpád1; Krne, Oliver1 1Leibniz Institute fr Z and Wildlife Research, Berlin, Germany Backgrund: Invasive species have dramatically expanded their range because f increasing glbalizatin and parasites have been cnsidered t play an imprtant rle in the invasin prcesses. Several hyptheses have been prpsed such as the enemy release, nvel weapn r the immuncmpetence advantage. Accrding t the enemy release hypthesis, invasive animals lse their natural pathgens and parasites during establishment in new habitats, cnferring them cmpetitive advantage cmpared with lcal species. The nvel weapn hypthesis assumes that invasive species carry pathgens which are highly pathgenic t native species. The immuncmpetence advantage hypthesis suggests that species which evlved strng immune defences are the prime candidates fr successful invasin. Mst f these hyptheses have been tested in heterthermic animal species r passerines, despite the successful invasin f Eurpe by several water birds, such as the Egyptian gse (Alpchen aegyptiaca) r the ruddy duck (Oxyura jamaicensis). Methds and aims: Our prject aims t study water birds in its native and invasive range. Frm 2015 t 2017 we will measure the endparasites and immune functin f free-living Egyptian geese and mallards (Anas platyrhynchs) bth in their native and invaded habitats. Parasites will be determined using mrphlgical identificatin keys and PCR fr genetic identificatin, while the different branches f the immune system will be assessed by several assays develped fr free-living wild birds. Results: The results f this study will lead t a better understanding f the impact f water bird invasin n native ecsystems with fcus n parasitic infectins and immunity. Additinally the study will prvide data n the differences in immune functins between native and invasive Egyptian gse ppulatins, and will test the different parasite-assciated hypthesis f invasive species. Discussin: Human driven phenmena such as climate change and glbal mvement may intensify and accelerate the prcess f invasin. As invasive waterfwl ppulatins are rapidly increasing in Eurpe, the impact n native species, n their habitats and health status are f great research interest bth frm cnservatin and public health pints f views. Ptential displacement f native species by invaders needs t be evaluated in rder t develp science driven cnservatin measurements and implementatin strategies. Human Drivers f emerging diseases 40

42 TRACKING TOXOPLASMA GONDII IN FRESHWATER ECOSYSTEMS: INTERACTION OF THE PARASITE WITH THE EXOTIC MUSTELID AMERICAN MINK (NEOVISON VISON) IN SPAIN POSTER PRESENTATION Cabezón, Oscar 1 ; Blanch-Lazar, Berta 1 ; Puig-Ribas, Maria 1 ; Alarcia-Alejs, Olga 2 ; Gómez, Asunción 3, Palazón, Santiag 4 ; Pdra, Madis 5 ; Mañas, Sisc 4 ; Lavín, Santiag 1 ; Dubey, Jitender 6 ; Almería, Snia 7 1 SEFaS, Departament de Medicina i Cirurgia Animals, Universitat Autònma de Barcelna (UAB), Bellaterra, Spain; 2 Dirección General del Medi Natural. Junta de Castilla y León, Valladlid, Spain, 3 TRAGSATEC, Área de Vida Silvestre Madrid, Spain, 4 Bidiversity and Animal Prtectin Service, Catalnia Gvernment, Barcelna, Spain; 5 Institute f Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Tallinn University, Tallinn 10120, Estnia; 6 Parasite Bilgy, Epidemilgy and Systematic Labratry, ARS, USDA, Beltsville, MD, USA; 7 Departament de Sanitat i Anatmia Animals and CReSA, UAB, Bellaterra, Spain. Backgrund: Txplasma gndii is a zntic prtzan that causes serius illness in humans and infects animals wrldwide. Felids are the definitive hsts, excreting cysts in faeces t the envirnment. Several authrs have suggested the imprtant rle f water-brne transmissin f the parasite. The bjective f the present study was t analyze the serprevalence f T. gndii in American minks (Nevisn visn), a widely distributed invasive species living in freshwater ecsystems in Spain. Methds: Serum samples were cllected frm 526 American minks frm Nrthern Spain frm 2011 t Antibdies t T. gndii were assayed by the mdified agglutinatin test (MAT titres 1:25). Results: Antibdies were fund in 409 (77.76%) American minks. N significant differences were fund between gegraphical lcatins (Catalnia (72.00%), La-Rija (85.71%) and Castilla-León (77.82%)). Cnclusin: This study shws high and widespread natural expsure f American minks t T. gndii in freshwater habitats in Spain. Water-brne transmissin f cysts may be an imprtant mde f transmissin fr American minks, which culd be a sentinel species fr T. gndii cntaminatin in aquatic habitats. Human Drivers f emerging diseases 41

43 SPREAD OF ESCHERICHIA COLI THROUGH A LEMUS POPULATION POSTER PRESENTATION Springer, Andrea 1 ; Fichtel, Claudia 1 ; Mellmann, Alexander²; Kappeler, Peter M. 1,3 1 Behaviral Eclgy and Scibilgy Unit, German Primate Center, Göttingen, Germany; ;2 Institute f Hygiene, University Hspital f Münster, Münster, Germany; ³Department f Scibilgy and Anthrplgy, University f Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany Backgrund: Increased expsure t infectius disease is assumed t be ne f the majr csts f grupliving. Epidemilgical mdels allw predicting the ptential impact f infectius diseases n hst ppulatins and the effectivity f cntrl measures, but they may prduce dramatically different predictins depending n whether cntact hetergeneities arising frm scial behaviur are taken int accunt, especially with regard t threshld ppulatin sizes fr disease invasin and transmissin and mrtality rates. It can be difficult, hwever, t assess whether the cntact patterns that have been measured in wildlife are actually meaningful fr pathgen transmissin. Methds: In rder t shed light n this questin, we used Escherichia cli as a mdel rganism fr faecalrally transmitted pathgens in a wild ppulatin f primates, Verreaux s sifakas (Prpithecus verreauxi), in their natural habitat in Madagascar and investigated whether its transmissin wuld be influenced by hst scial structure and ranging behavir. We used a mlecular epidemilgical apprach, multi-lcus sequence typing (MLST), t investigate genetic similarities between E. cli bacteria frm different individuals and grups t infer transmissin pathways. We then used netwrk analysis t test the influence f different predictr variables, including grup membership, intergrup encunter rates and a measure f space-use sharing (Utilizatin Distributin Overlap Index, UDOI), n the prbability f E.cli sequence type sharing. Additinally, all islates were tested fr multidrug-resistance due t the presence f extended-spectrum beta-lactamases (ESBL). Results: Frm 39 individuals belnging t ten scial grups, a ttal f 29 different MLSTs were islated. Sharing f E.cli MLSTs was significantly crrelated with belnging t the same scial grup. Intergrup encunter rate and UDOI were equally ptent explanatry factrs fr E.cli type sharing between scial grups. Nne f the islates prduced ESBL. Discussin: E.cli appears t be transmitted via scial relatinships in this ppulatin f lemurs and may serve as a mdel rganism fr ther faecal-rally transmitted infectius agents in this species. Hwever, it cannt be distinguished whether transmissin requires direct cntact between the individuals r whether shared space-use is sufficient. As sifakas scent-mark and vermark by means f rubbing their perianal regin n trees, this cnstitutes a likely rute f intergrup transmissin. Spill-ver f E.cli frm humans and dmestic animals t this ppulatin seems t be lw, as n multidrug resistance due t ESBL was fund. Cnclusin: Our results demnstrate that scial relatinships play an imprtant rle fr the spread f faecalrally transmitted infectius agents in this species f lemurs. Mre generally, we shw that integrative field studies n the health status f wild primate ppulatins are feasible and that they can ptentially shed light n central questins linking sciality, eclgy and cnservatin. Human Drivers f emerging diseases 42

44 GENOTYPING OF COXIELLA BURNETII FROM DOMESTIC RUMINANTS AND HUMAN IN HUNGARY POSTER PRESENTATION Sulyk, Kinga M 1 ; Kreizinger, Zsuzsa 1 ; Dán, Ádám 2 ; Hrnstra, Heidie M 3 ; Pearsn, Talima R 3 ; Keim, Paul S 3 ; Balla, Eszter 4 ; Gyuranecz, Miklós 1 1 Institute fr Veterinary Medical Research, Centre fr Agricultural Research, Hungarian Academy f Sciences, Budapest, Hungary; 2 Veterinary Diagnstic Directrate, Natinal Fd Chain Safety Office, Budapest, Hungary; 3 Center fr Micrbial Genetics and Genmics, Nrthern Arizna University, Arizna, USA; 4 Natinal Center fr Epidemilgy, Budapest, Hungary Backgrund: Cxiella burnetii, the causative agent f Q fever, is a zntic intracellular bacterium with wrldwide distributin. Dmestic ruminants are the main reservirs f the agent with usually subclinical manifestatin f the disease, but may suffer frm reprductive disrders, and abrtin and stillbirth can ccur. In humans, Q fever is typically an acute febrile illness with nn-specific clinical signs, such as atypical pneumnia and hepatitis. The aim f the study is t describe the genetic diversity f C. burnetii in Hungary and the genetic investigatin f a Q fever utbreak that ccurred in Hungary during the spring f Methds: A ttal f 14 samples: (cattle, n=6, sheep, n=7 and human, n=1) cllected frm acrss Hungary were studied by 10-lci multispacer sequence typing (MST) and 6-lci multiple-lcus variable-number f tandem repeat (TR) analysis (MLVA). Results: Fur MST gentypes were identified: the previusly described ST20 frm cattle, the knwn ST28 and the nvel ST37 frm sheep, and ST18 frm sheep and human samples riginating frm the epidemic exclusively. All MST gentypes yielded different MLVA gentypes, with tw and three different MLVA types within the ST18 and ST20 samples, respectively. Three nvel MLVA types were defined in the vine materials crrelated with ST18, ST28 and ST37 and ne nvel was described frm human bld crrelated with ST18. The MLVA pattern f the sheep and human samples f the epidemic differed nly in ne TR. The phylgenetic analysis shwed clustering based n hst species, suggesting hst-specific adaptatins. Discussin: The present study prvides infrmatin abut the gentypic diversity f C. burnetii ccurring in Hungary. Frm the examined 14 C. burnetii samples riginating frm cattle, sheep and human fur MST types (cntaining ne nvel prfile) and seven MLVA types (including fur nvel prfiles) have been identified. The btained gentypes clustered based n hst species, suggesting hst-specific evlutinary adaptatins. Althugh limited number f samples was analysed, this study revealed high genetic diversity amng C. burnetii in Hungary. Cnclusin: Understanding the backgrund genetic diversity is essential in identifying and cntrlling utbreaks. Our results prvide data fr the Eurpean surveillance and epidemic investigatins and add infrmatin abut the status f Q fever in the Central Eurpean regin. Human Drivers f emerging diseases 43

45 PREVALENCE AND DIVERSITY OF ADENOVIRUSES IN FREE-LIVING LIZARDS OF THE IBERIAN PENINSULA AND OF VARIOUS CAPTIVE REPTILIAN AND AMPHIBIAN CARCASSES POSTER PRESENTATION Szirvicza, Lenóra1; Pénzes, Judit1; Martin, Jsé2; Harrach, Balázs1 1Institute fr Veterinary Medical Research, Centre fr Agricultural Research, Hungarian Academy f Sciences, Budapest, Hungary 2 Dept. Eclgia Evlutiva, Muse Nacinal de Ciencias Naturales, CSIC, Madrid, Spain Backgrund: Adenviruses are medium-sized, nn-envelped viruses with a duble-stranded DNA genme. In spite f the fact that they are ubiquitus pathgens f all majr vertebrate classes, the individual types pses narrw hst spectra. Genus Atadenvirus is ne f the five accepted genera within family Adenviridae knwn fr its mixed hst rigin, yet they are cnsidered t have c-evlved with squamate reptiles. In this study we screened samples f varius rigins i.e. thse f free-living and f captive hsts. Methds: Samples f captive animals had been btained frm lcal pet stres and private pet wners whereas we acquired a vast number f clacal swabs f varius endemic, free-living Iberian lizard species as well. The PCR screening f 253 swabs and 62 (38 reptilian, 24 amphibian) carcasses was carried ut in ttal. DNA was islated frm internal rgans, i.e. liver, lung, kidney and the intestine. Swabbing tk place during a faunistic examinatin. We utilized a nested PCR methd with cnsensus primers t perfrm the screening fr the presence f adenviruses, targeting a fragment f apprx. 300 bp frm the DNA-dependent DNA plymerase gene. PCR amplified fragments were sequenced, the sequences were aligned, then submitted t phylgenetic tree recnstructin based n the maximum likelihd methd. Results: 13 ut f the 253 swabs turned ut t be psitive, which implies an average prevalence f 5.1% in ttal. A nvel, hithert unknwn adenvirus was derived frm tw specimens f Iberian green lizard (Lacerta schreiberi). Tw variants f anther nvel adenvirus were btained frm altgether 11 specimens f Iberian wall lizard (Iberlacerta cyreni). These variants were nly 92% identical at amin acid level. As fr the carcasses, 9 ut f the 38 reptilian (23.6%), and tw ut f 24 amphibian (8.3%) samples prved t be psitive. Out f the amphibian carcasses tw were fund t be psitive, bth frm pisn dart frgs (Phyllbates vittatus and Dendrbates auratus, respectively). The frmer ne is identical t the pisn dart frg adenvirus that had been derived by ur research team (unpublished). The latter ne, hwever, is a new variant. As fr the reptilian carcasses, we detected tw nvel adenviruses; ne frm a veiled chamelen (Chamaele calyptratus) and ne frm a heavily autlysed Chinese water dragn (Physignathus ccincinus), respectively. Seven ut f the eight bearded dragn crpses prved t be infected by three different gentypes f agamid adenvirus 1, which is a well-knwn infectius agent f agamid species wrldwide. Accrding t the phylgenetic calculatins, all f the new viruses belng t genus Atadenvirus. Discussin: Besides revealing fur cmpletely new adenviruses and variants f previusly detected nes, this is the first time that a study n the prevalence and diversity f free-living reptiles has been carried ut. It is already well-knwn that adenviruses are rather cmmn infectius agents f squamates, hwever, all such bservatins are limited exclusively t dead individuals. Mrever, the fact, that these viruses have been derived frm endemic and vulnerable species f the Iberian Peninsula, may have significance frm a cnservatin perspective as well. Cnclusin: Our study cnfirms the cmmn presence f adenviruses in squamates, even in healthy individuals that may nt display any remarkable clinical signs. The high prevalence, hwever, nticed in case f carcasses f captive rigin suggests that the human drive (i.e. individuals f varius but clsely related species ften kept in mutual enclsures, stress factrs that arise in captivity) play a crucial rle in adenvirus evlutin and pathgenicity. This is supprted by the multiple gentypes present in almst every bearded dragn in Hungary as well as wrldwide. As far as the pisn dart frgs are cncerned, adenvirus infectin was detected exclusively if multiple species were placed in the same enclsure at pet stres. Such a practice was usually fllwed by mass mrtality f these frgs. We cannt say fr sure, whether the adenvirus infectin is the right candidate t blame, nevertheless, awareness is the first step t prevent such events, even in a natural habitat, t ccur. (Supprt: Hungarian Scientific Research Fund OTKA NN107632) Human Drivers f emerging diseases 44

46 EVOLUTION OF AVIAN VIRUS PREVALENCE IN A SMALL SPANISH WETLAND USING NON- INVASIVE METHODS POSTER PRESENTATION Trrntegui, Olalla 1 ; Alvarez, Vega 1 ; Gerrikagitia, Xeider 1 ; Höfle, Ursula 2 ; Barral, Marta 1 1 NEIKER-Institut Vasc de Investigación y Desarrll Agrari. Deri-Bizkaia, Spain; 2 Institut de Investigación en Recurss Cinegétics. IREC (CSIC, UCLM, JCCM). Ciudad Real, Spain Backgrund: Waterfwl (Anserifrmes) and shrebirds (Charadriifrmes) represent the main natural reservirs fr Avian Influenza Virus (AIV). Understanding AIV persistence and transmissin dynamics is crucial fr nging surveillance n predicting emerging pathgenic strains and imprving preventin f utbreaks. The aim f this wrk was t mnitr the evlutin f AIV in its natural envirnment in regard t the eclgy f its reservir hsts. Methds: During a 30 mnth perid (March September 2014) the relatin between AIV and wild bird ppulatin mvements was studied in a small inland wetland (209 Ha) f the Basque Cuntry (Spain) where different AIV subtypes and high AIV prevalences had previusly been recrded. Sampling was perfrmed mnthly by cllecting fresh bird faeces and AIV detectin was carried ut by rrt-pcr. Likewise, avian censuses and meterlgical data were gathered. Results: A ttal f 2725 samples were analysed and AIV was detected in 0.26%. The highest prevalence ccurred alng the breeding seasn (0.47%) and autumn migratin (0.43%). All psitive samples cntained lw pathgenic strains. Detected prevalence was significantly lwer (p<0.0001) when cmpared t a similar study carried ut at the same place between In the frmer, prevalence reached a ttal 6.6%, with als high utcmes during breeding seasn (28.26%) and autumn migratin (21.74%). Discussin: The cncentratin f psitive results thrughut the afrementined perids may be related t tw scenaris in wild bird eclgy; firstly, a high water bird aggregatin densities and therefre a greater virus titre input t the envirnment during migratin and secndly, fledging chicks appearance with a less efficient immune system. Yet, bserved prevalence decrease when cmpared t the previus study, culd be related t bth influenza s natural dynamic cycles and ther inherent epidemilgical factrs. In this regard, nging research cncerning the mlecular hst species identificatin in psitive samples alng with the study f the hst migratry traits will certainly help n a better understanding f the cmplex epidemilgy f AIVs. Cnclusin: Althugh it is difficult t elucidate why AIV s prevalence is subjected t such variatin, this large scale wrk may cntribute t a better understanding f the cmplex epidemilgy f this pathgen in the ecsystem. Nevertheless, the need f cntinuus surveillance f AIV in the wild is still deemed necessary. Wrk funded by Spanish Natinal Institute fr Agricultural and Fd Research and Technlgy (INIA) (RTA C03-03) and Department f Agriculture and Fisheries (Basque Gvernment). Olalla Trrntegui is recipient f a predctral grant frm INIA. Human Drivers f emerging diseases 45

47 EFFECTS OF HUMAN-INDUCED HABITAT CHANGES ON EMERGING PARASITE INFECTIONS IN LEMURS POSTER PRESENTATION de Winter, Iris 1, Heitkönig, Ignas 1, van Hft, Pim 1, Pleger, Harm 2, Wright, Patricia 3 1 Resurce Eclgy Grup, Disease Eclgy, Wageningen University, Wageningen, the Netherlands (iris.dewinter@wur.nl); 2 Department f Infectius Diseases and Immunlgy, Clinical Infectilgy Divisin, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands; 3 Department f Anthrplgy and Centre ValBi, Cnservatin f Trpical Envirnments, Stny Brk University, New Yrk, United Stated f America Backgrund: Besides habitat lss and hunting, new threats fr primate survival are emerging including diseases and parasite infectins. Madagascar s natural frests are hme t a grup f the mst threatened primate species in the wrld; lemurs. With increasing frest destructin, peple and wildlife get t live clser tgether and parasites may spread mre rapidly with ptentially large impacts n ppulatin viability and public health. Our main questin is hw human-induced habitat changes influence the ccurrence f parasite infectins. We als aim t understand the link between parasite infectins and lemur health, t develp effective cnservatin guidelines. Methds: Methds included the nn-invasive cllectin f health parameters and faecal samples that were screened fr parasitic eggs and larvae. Results: Three genuine parasitic whip- and pinwrms (Callistura, Trichuris and Lemuricla spp.) and tw prtza species (Giardia and Cryptspridium) were fund. Parasite infectins were relatively lw in lemurs ccurring in mderately disturbed areas cmpared t ppulatins that live in very disturbed r pristine habitats. We fund n parasite transmissin between lemurs and livestck. Discussin: In mderately disturbed areas with a higher canpy penness, parasite survival is lwer thrugh higher desiccatin rates. In additin, the presence f intrduced fruit trees appeared t result in cnsiderably higher bdy cnditin scres and immune status in lemurs. Cnclusins: We emphasize the imprtance f mnitring the relatin between human-induced habitat changes and parasite infectins, the current and future distributin and transmissibility f parasites within lemur ppulatins and f incrprating these insights int cnservatin effrts. The prtectin f intermediately disturbed frests des nt nly benefit lemurs, but als prves t be crucial fr bth their and ther frest-dependent species survival. Human Drivers f emerging diseases 46

48 INTERFERON-ß RESPONSE AGAINST LYSSAVIRUS IN EUROPEAN BAT SPECIES POSTER PRESENTATION Yaquing Zhu 1 ; Alvarez, Xiacui He 1, Bernd Köllner 1 1 Institute f Immunlgy, Friedrich-Leffler-Institut (FLI), Federal Research Insitute fr Animal Health, Greifswald- Insel Riems, Germany Backgrund: Lyssaviruses are the causative agents f rabies, a fatal zntic disease f nerve system. Eurpean bats harbur tw specific types f Lyssaviruses, Eurpean Bat Lyssavirus (EBLV-1 and -2). Althugh cases f rabies caused by EBLV-1 r -2 are described, there are n reprts abut epidemics in bats. Due t the lng c-evlutin between bats and EBLV s, innate immune pathways might cntribute t this disease resistance in Eurpean bats. Interferns (IFNs) play a majr rle in such defences against viral infectin. There are glycprteins released by hst cells in respnse t pathgens and mediate a cmplex respnse which interferes with the viral replicatin. Methds: Mytis mytis IFN-ß was clned and sequenced. Recmbinant IFN-ß expressed frm M. mytis cell lines were used t investigate their signalling pathway and t further characterize IFN-ß induced genes. Furthermre, their antiviral activities against different lyssaviruses (EBLV-1, EBLV-2 and RABV) were analysed. Finally, established M. mytis cell lines which display different susceptibility t Lyssaviruses were used t evaluate the invlvement f IFN-ß in lyssavirus resistance. Results: IFN-ß is highly cnserved amng bat species, and shares high sequence and structural similarity with ther mammalian IFN-ß. Plyl:C as simulant fr viral infectin induced a strng IFN-ß expressin in M. mytis IFN-ß inhibited lyssavirus replicatin in a virus-strain and cell type depending manner. In a brain derived micrglia cell line (MmBr) IFN-ß was induced even after infectin with Lyssaviruses. Discussin: M. mytis IFN-ß is as very effective in blcking lyssavirus replicatin as ther mammalian IFN s. The ability f MmBr cells t prduce IFN-ß after infectin might be ne mechanism that bats can survive after lyssavirus infectin withut clinical symptms. Cnclusin: After infectin f lyssavirus the M. mytis cells can express IFN-ß and induce IFN stimulated genes in vitr, but with different levels in different cell lines. The invlvement f ther IFN s in an effective immune defence against viral infectin in regards t the special transmissin pathway in bat cmmunities will be further investigated. Human Drivers f emerging diseases 47

49 STUDENT SESSIONS: TOPICS AND TIMETABLE Student Date Time Name Tpic sessin N. 1.1 Friday, 27th 08:10 Anne-Fleur Brand Gatherer et al. 2014_The 2014 Ebla virus utbreak in West Africa :15 Barbara Vgler Emergence f West Nile virus infectins in wild birds in Eurpe and hw t deal with it :20 Andreia Crreia da Csta Jnes 2008_Glbal trends in emerging infectius diseases :25 Snja Heinrich Emerging diseases f mammalian tp predatrs in Africa (e.g. distemper in lins) and their ptential human drivers :30 Andrea Springer Emerging diseases in lemurs and their human drivers 2.1 Friday, 27th 11:35 Hanna Prüter Impacts f invasive bird species n ecsystems in Eurpe and its human drivers :40 Sfia Mlala Janes et al. 2012_Emerging infectius diseases_the rle f scial science :45 Lenra Szirvicza Shrt intrductin f chytridimycsis in frgs based n Skerratt et al. 2007_Spread f Chytridimycsis has caused the rapid glbal decline and extinctin f frgs :50 Martin Heilmann Wildlife-lifestck disease interface in Africa based n 'Kck 2005_What is this infamus Wildlife-Lifestck Disease interface-a review fr the current situatin in Africa' :55 Jan Ggarten Ebla in human primates - an update 3.1 Friday, 27th 16:20 Venla Jhanssn Artis 2008_What is the future f wildlife rabies cntrl in Eurpe :25 Olalla Trrntegui The current situatin f Avian Influenza in wild birds in Eurpe and its human drivers :30 Tuva Vambrg Grtazar et al. 2012_The status f tuberculsis in Eurpean wild mammals :35 Alice Prsperi Aceved-Whitehuse 2009_Effects f envirnmental change n wildlife health :40 Frencesca Marie Cntadini Mackenzie 2013_Reservirs and vectrs f emerging viruses 4.1 Saturday, 28th 15:00 Francesca Faccin Hahn 2000_AIDS as a znsis_scientific and Public health implicatins :05 Pierre-Alexandre Jlly Shrt intrductin f Hendra virus infectins in Flying fxes, hrses and peple and its human drivers based n 'Plwright 2011_Urban habituatin, eclgical cnnectivity and epidemic dampening; The emergence f Hendra virus frm flying fxes' :10 Valérie Baede Bradley 2007_Urbanisatin and the eclgy f wildlife diseases :15 Elias Salem Human drivers f znses in Libann :20 Jrdi Martinez Guijsa Hlmes 2013_What can we predict abut viral evlutin and emergence Human Drivers f emerging diseases 48

50 5.1 Saturday, 28th 16:35 Émilie Buchard Txplasma gndii: Human-wildlife interface and pathgenesis in peple :40 Jan Lakemeyer Human impacts n marine mammal health in German waters :45 Gebbiena M. Brn The plague is still alive - an verview f current yersinia pestis endemics wrldwide :50 Xavier Fernández Aguilar Hunting and its public health implicatins in Spain :55 Diana Patricia Mra Bustamente A shrt verview f the cllabratin f WHO/FAO/OIE shwn by means f an example :00 Kinga Mária Sulyk A shrt verview f the current Q feversituatin within the human-lifestck-wildlife interface in Eurpe :05 Yaqing Zhu Bats as reservirs f emerging disease pathgens based n 'Smith 2013_Bats and their virme; an imprtant surce f emerging viruses capable f infecting humans' 6.1 Sunday, 10:25 Ilna Judhiant Human drivers f znses in Indnesia 29th :30 Anastasis Xeidakis Grtazar 2011_Establishing a Eurpean netwrk fr wildlife health surveillance :35 Jeyhun Aliyev Human drivers f znses in Azerbaijan :40 Luke Nyakarahuka Wrking in the Ugandan task frce fighting Ebla/Marburg-Virus- a persnal reprt :45 Jse Francisc Lima Barber A shrt verview f the SARS epidemic - its rigin and human drivers 7.1 Sunday, 29th 13:10 Stuart Pattersn Culling prgrams fr badgers fr TB preventin in the UK - useful r nt? :15 Berta Blanch Làzar Wlfe 2005_Bushmeat hunting, defrestatin and predictin f zntic disease emergence :20 Iris de Winter Human drivers f znses in Madagascar :25 Miguel Mendes Veiga Raj et al. 2014_MERS; emergence f a nvel human crnavirus :30 Maria Puig Ribas Thmpsn 2013_Parasite znses and wildlife; One Health, spillver and human activity Human Drivers f emerging diseases 49

51 LIST OF PRESENTING AUTHORS (POSTER AND ORAL ABSTRACT PRESENTATIONS) Name Kind f presentatin Page Berta Blanch Lázar Pster 28 Émilie Buchard Pster 30 Marc Artis Lecture 19 Katinka de Balgh Keynte lecture 20 Gebbiena Brn Pster 31 Gabr Czirjak Lecture 21 Francis Diaz Lecture 22 Helen Esser Oral cmmunicatin 32 Francesca Faccin Pster 33 Xavier Fernández Aguilar Pster 34 Dlres Gavier-Widén Lecture 23 Jan Ggarten Pster 35 Christian Grtazar Lecture 23 Kim Grützmacher Oral cmmunicatin 36 Snja Heinrich Pster 37 Jse Francisc Lima Berber Pster 38 Albert Osterhaus Keynte lecture 25 Alice Prsperi Pster 39 Hanna Prüter Pster 40 Maria Puig Ribas Pster 41 Leslie Reperant Lecture 25 Jan Semenza Keynte lecture 26 Andrea Springer Pster 42 Kinga Mária Sulyk Pster 43 Lenóra Szirvicza Pster 44 Olalla Trrentegui Pster 46 Iris de Winter Pster 47 Yaquing Zhu Pster 48 Human Drivers f emerging diseases 53

52 Human Drivers f emerging diseases 53