5.1. What do we need to know before we start planning a canine rabies control programme?

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Zoe Stanley
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1 5.1. What d we need t knw befre we start planning a canine rabies cntrl prgramme? Yu need t knw abut: The epidemilgy f rabies in yur area The reservir species in yur area Hw rabies is transmitted. This sectin cntains infrmatin n the fllwing: The epidemilgy f rabies What is epidemilgy? Why is epidemilgical infrmatin imprtant? What if we d nt have surveillance r epidemilgical data? What data can prvide the necessary epidemilgical infrmatin? What ther data can be useful? The reservir species Which animal species shuld be targeted? Are there ther animals besides dgs that can transmit rabies (e.g. cats, cws, hrses, sheep, pigs, gats, wildlife, bats, etc.)? Why is it imprtant t knw the relatinship between man and dg in yur cuntry/area? What kind f dgs are present in the target area/cuntry? What is the ttal number f dgs in the target area/cuntry? Hw rabies is transmitted Hw is rabies transmitted? What exactly is an expsure t rabies? Hw lng is the incubatin perid after an expsure ccurs? Can rabies be transmitted thrugh fd (i.e. by eating milk r meat)? Can rabies be transmitted by feeding street dgs? Can rabies be transmitted while butchering animals? Can I get rabies frm a patient that had rabies if I shared fd and water with him/her?

2 The epidemilgy f rabies This sectin cntains infrmatin n the fllwing: What is epidemilgy? Why is epidemilgical infrmatin imprtant? What if we d nt have surveillance r epidemilgical data? What data can prvide the necessary epidemilgical infrmatin? What ther data can be useful? What is epidemilgy? Essentially, rabies epidemilgy is the study f the ccurrence (i.e. hw prevalent it is), transmissin and cntrl f rabies in yur cuntry/regin/cntinent in animal and human ppulatins. Dcumenting the epidemilgy f rabies in yur cuntry requires a surveillance system in place as described here and the facilities/capability t crrectly diagnse rabies as described here Why is epidemilgical infrmatin imprtant? Rigrus epidemilgical surveillance gives insight int hw relatively rare r cmmn rabies is. This infrmatin is necessary t determine hw rapidly rabies spreads and where rabies is mst persistent and prevalent. This infrmatin is als essential t plan (targeted) rabies cntrl measures and demnstrate hw effective they are What if we d nt have surveillance r epidemilgical data? Pr rabies diagnsis, surveillance and lack f reprting f cases lead t lw levels f awareness f rabies. Rabies will be given a lw natinal pririty if the level f awareness is lw and there is a lack f supprting epidemilgical data. Withut surveillance, the effectiveness f any cntrl strategy cannt be measured r prven. Read this sectin t find ut hw yu can btain epidemilgical data What data can prvide the necessary epidemilgical infrmatin? Rabies surveillance is dependent upn the effective reprting f human and animal rabies cases (clinical data) and submissin and labratry testing f samples (frm dgs and ther affected species). The cllectin f animal-bite injury data, which shuld be ntifiable as described here, shuld als be included and is an imprtant means f indirectly measuring incidence. Evaluatin f PEP [1] usage can be useful twards demnstrating the disease burden. Read this sectin t find ut hw yu can btain this infrmatin. [1] Pst-expsure prphylaxis What ther data can be useful? Human ppulatin size (e.g. frm natinal censuses) t make extraplatins abut dg ppulatin sizes and als t help judge ppulatins at risk. Dg ppulatin size, which can be estimated using these techniques, t estimate the amunt f vaccines needed fr campaigns.

Administrative bundaries, tpgraphical and eclgical features t help determine when and where t implement campaigns and t effectively evaluate gegraphically specific surveillance data.

3 Administrative bundaries, tpgraphical and eclgical features t help determine when and where t implement campaigns and t effectively evaluate gegraphically specific surveillance data. Dg mvements, including sites that culd be used t mnitr dg mvements (e.g. z-sanitary inspectin pints and plice check-pints) fr targeting surveillance effrts. Infrmatin n the management f ther zntic diseases The reservir species This sectin cntains infrmatin n the fllwing: Which animal species shuld be targeted? Are there ther animals besides dgs that can transmit rabies (e.g. cats, cws, hrses, sheep, pigs, gats, wildlife, bats, etc.)? Why is it imprtant t knw the relatinship between man and dg in yur cuntry/area? What kind f dgs are present in the target area/cuntry? What is the ttal number f dgs in the target area/cuntry? Which animal species shuld be targeted? Cntrl effrts shuld be directed at cntrlling rabies in the species mstly respnsible fr maintaining the epidemic. This can be the dg, r wild carnivres r bats. If the disease is maintained by wildlife species it is still imprtant t vaccinate dgs (and cats) since they are an imprtant interface transmitting the disease t peple. Pht curtesy f Serengeti Carnivre Disease Prject Are there ther animals besides dgs that can transmit rabies (e.g. cats, cws, hrses, sheep, pigs, gats, wildlife, bats, etc.)? Any mammal can cntract rabies and if rabid can transmit disease t humans. Affected livestck are generally infected by rabid dgs r vampire bats in certain parts f the wrld.

5.1.2.3. Why is it imprtant t knw the relatinship between man and dg in yur cuntry/area? Because traditins and perceptins may influence vaccinatin strategies (e.g. hw dgs are kept, accessibility f dgs, willingness f wners t vaccinate their dgs).

4 Why is it imprtant t knw the relatinship between man and dg in yur cuntry/area? Because traditins and perceptins may influence vaccinatin strategies (e.g. hw dgs are kept, accessibility f dgs, willingness f wners t vaccinate their dgs). Pht curtesy f Ad Vs What kind f dgs are present in the target area/cuntry? Fr effective vaccinatin campaigns t be rganized in an area it is imprtant t knw the structure f the dg ppulatin in terms f their accessibility as it may have an impact n yur vaccinatin strategy. Infrmatin n the rati f wned dgs vs unwned dgs (abandned/lst wned dgs and dgs brn as unwned raming dgs) is imprtant in establishing the vaccinatin cverage, which can be estimated fllwing the methds described here. Nte that dgs that are seen raming n public prperty may nt necessarily be unwned. In many cuntries the majrity f raming dgs d have wners, but they are allwed t ram freely n public prperty fr sme f the day and night. There may als be a ppulatin f cmmunity dgs which d nt have ne single reference husehld, but that are prvided sme level f care by several members f the lcal cmmunity. Infrmatin n unwned dgs is imprtant because they may nt be accessed easily, hence strategies ther than parenteral vaccinatin may be necessary (ral vaccines). Read here abut available vaccinatin strategies What is the ttal number f dgs in the target area/cuntry? In sme situatins, fr effective rabies cntrl at least 70% f the dg ppulatin need t be vaccinated, as shwn in this study. This threshld culd be higher in very dense ppulatins r lwer in areas where mst dgs are restricted in their mvements. Campaign efficacy needs t be established ideally by bth cmparing the number f vaccinatins given t the riginal ppulatin estimates and pst-vaccinatin surveys. Husehld and eclgical surveys shuld be cnducted befre the campaign is started t prvide mre precise infrmatin fr planning campaigns and t btain infrmatin n the accessibility f dgs fr vaccinatin, e.g. wned/unwned r restrained/nn-restrained. Methds fr these surveys are prvided here. If this is nt pssible (utbreak, urgent situatin), it shuld be understd that human:dg ratis usually fall within specific ranges, depending n culture and cmmunity type (i.e. rural, urban etc.) and s rapid first estimates f dg ppulatins can usually be made. Click here t find infrmatin

5 n these ratis frm specific study areas. Once a vaccinatin campaign is underway, mre detailed infrmatin shuld be cllected thrugh pst-vaccinatin husehld and street surveys, as described here, that will als prvide infrmatin in relatin t dg vaccinatin cverage. These data will help imprve subsequent campaigns and indicate whether supplementary vaccinatin is needed. Yu culd use vaccinatin campaigns fr peratinal research n dg ppulatin size and dg accessibility by marking vaccinated dgs with special cllars r temprary clrants fr rebservatins in streets and in husehlds Hw rabies is transmitted This sectin cntains infrmatin n the fllwing: Hw is rabies transmitted? What exactly is an expsure t rabies? Hw lng is the incubatin perid after an expsure ccurs? Can rabies be transmitted thrugh fd (i.e. by eating milk r meat)? Can rabies be transmitted by feeding street dgs? Can rabies be transmitted while butchering animals? Can I get rabies frm a patient that had rabies if I shared fd and water with him/her? Hw is rabies transmitted? The bite rute is still cnsidered the mst imprtant mde f transmissin leading t infectin, but mre rarely ther types f expsures t infectin can ccur as described here. Rabies is transmitted when virus enters an pen wund r mucus membrane What exactly is an expsure t rabies? An expsure t rabies ccurs when the virus infected saliva r ther ptentially infectius material (e.g. neural tissue), is intrduced int fresh, pen cuts in skin r nt mucus membranes. Click here fr mre infrmatin n hw t prevent r deal with an expsure. Indirect cntact (petting r handling an animal, cntact with bld, urine r feces, and cntact f saliva with intact skin) are nt expsures Hw lng is the incubatin perid after an expsure ccurs? The incubatin perid may vary accrding t several factrs including the severity and lcatin f the bite, but the average is three t eight weeks after expsure in humans, and dmestic and wild animals, althugh much lnger incubatin perids (up t 6 years) have been reprted.

6 Can rabies be transmitted thrugh fd (i.e. by eating milk r meat)? Rabies virus is killed by heating, therefre eating pasteurized milk r cked meat (including dg meat) is nt an expsure. Hwever, drinking unpasteurized milk frm a rabid cw/gat is cnsidered an expsure Can rabies be transmitted by feeding street dgs? N. Rabies cannt be transmitted in this manner unless the street dg bites the persn r licks brken skin Can rabies be transmitted while butchering animals? Expsure t rabies as a result f butchering, prcessing r cnsuming a rabid animal is pssible. Butchering f unvaccinated dgs and cats, fr example, has been recgnised as an increasing human health risk in cuntries where cnsumptin f dg and, t a lesser extent, cat meat is cmmn (e.g. many Asian cuntries), as shwn in this study. Pints f entry f the rabies virus in these cases might be several: cntaminatin f cuts r abrasins, especially f the hands; remval and preparatin f the animal brain, which culd generate large amunts f infectius rabies virus with transmissin ccurring via mucus membranes; and cnsumptin f brain meals. Ways f preventing expsure in these cases include wearing prtective clthing and aviding cnsumptin f uncked meat (read als here). Click here fr mre infrmatin n hw t prevent r deal with an expsure in these and ther circumstances Can I get rabies frm a patient that had rabies if I shared fd and water with him/her? It is unlikely that rabies will be transmitted thrugh sharing fd and water but if saliva frm the infected patient came in cntact with yur mucus membranes (muth), then this wuld be an expsure and yu shuld seek treatment.

examined in dogs from Boksburg

examined in dogs from Boksburg 32 Table 3.1 Number and results f bld samples and adhesive tape swabs examined in dgs frm Bksburg Test Number tested Number psitive Percentage (%) Thin bld smears (Diff Quick) 132 1 (Babesia canis).8 Thick