Entomophagy in Vienna a Vision for Our Future?

Transcription

1 Authr: Tutr: Le Stöger Barbara Wegscheider Entmphagy in Vienna a Visin fr Our Future? Are the Viennese Ready t Eat Insects? Feb 11, 2017 Bundesrealgymnasium Wien XVIII Schpenhauerstraße 49, 1180 Wien Realgymnasium mit ergänzendem Unterricht in Bilgie und Umweltkunde, Physik swie Chemie (mit schulautnmer Schwerpunktsetzung Mathematik, Naturwissenschaften)

2 Abstract Insects, the fd f ur future? Insects present a mre eclgically attractive surce f prtein in cmparisn t cnventinal meat as they require less water and feed, and a greater prprtin f their bdies can be eaten. Als, they prvide an energy supply tw t three times higher than cnventinal meat. Many peple wrldwide have had a lng traditin f cnsuming insects, which are high in valuable prteins and healthy plyunsaturated fatty acids. Hwever, Eurpeans still seem t shw reluctance due t a culturally induced feeling f disgust twards thse dirty and infectius creatures. If mre peple were educated abut these miscnceptins, they might be mre easily cnvinced t ingest insects. Are the Viennese ready t eat insects? We asked them. A survey with ver 2,000 participants shwed that rughly a quarter have already tried insects, mstly grasshppers r mealwrms, and in general the taste was described as gd. We als fund that apprximately 20 t 25 percent plan t regularly cnsume insects in the future; this willingness t cnsume insects psitively crrelates with the participants knwledge abut the eclgical advantages f eating insects, having already been ffered insects, and being in ne s twenties r thirties. Yes, sme Viennese are ready, mre might fllw sn. 2

3 Acknwledgements This paper culd nt have been written withut all the diligent participants in my survey: 2,006 peple dedicated tw t seven minutes each t fill ut my pll altgether abut tw and a half days. Thank yu fr taking yur time! Secndly, there were many supprtive peple wh helped me imprve, distribute and evaluate my questinnaires: Special thanks t Anna, Drthee, Gerg, Jhanna, Marlene and Wilfried! Mrever, thanks t Christph Thmann fr allwing me t interview him! Last but nt least, I wuld like t thank my tutr, histry and English teacher Magistra Barbara Wegscheider, wh helped me imprve my English skills during the last seven and a half years and thus made it pssible fr me t write this paper in English. Als, she never stpped encuraging me during the last year and tk plenty f time t supprt me and answer all my questins. 3

4 Table f Cntents 1. INTRODUCTION ECOLOGICAL, ECONOMIC AND SOCIOLOGICAL ASPECTS OF INSECTS AS FOOD FOR HUMANS ECOLOGICAL ASPECTS OF CONSUMING INSECTS Chemical Cmpsitin f Insects with Regard t Their Nutritive Value Insects in Cmparisn t Cnventinally Bred Meat in Eurpe Slaughtering Prcess ECONOMIC ASPECTS OF EDIBLE INSECTS Insect Farms and Prices in Eurpe Bred at Hme Statutry Regulatins Cheap in Rearing Chitin as a By-Prduct SOCIOLOGICAL ASPECTS Cultural Histry f Entmphagy Ratinal Reasns METHODOLOGY OF THE SURVEY GATHERING THE DATA INFORMATION ASKED EVALUATION OF THE DATA INACCURACIES IN MEASUREMENT RESULTS OF THE SURVEY THE VIENNESE VIEW ON ENTOMOPHAGY Experiences with Insects Prepared fr Fd Reasns fr Nt Wanting t Cnsume Insects Precnditins fr Eating Insects GENERAL RESULTS AND CORRELATIONS WITH REGARD TO THE READINESS TO CONSUME INSECTS IN THE FUTURE General Readiness in Vienna

5 4.2.2 Impact f Gender n the Willingness t Cnsume Insects Impact f Age n the Willingness t Cnsume Insects in the Future Influence f Knwledge n the Willingness t Eat Insects in the Future Influence f Having Been Offered Insects as Fd The Viennese in Cmparisn t Peple f Other Origins DISCUSSION TARGET GROUPS FOR ENTOMOPHAGY IN THE FUTURE WAYS OF PROMOTING AND ADVERTISING INSECTS AS FOOD Overcming Cncerns Fulfilling Imprtant Precnditins Educating the Viennese abut the Advantages f Entmphagy OUTLOOK AND VISION FOR THE FUTURE Ptential f Entmphagy in the Future Outlk int the Viennese Habits f Eating Insects in the Future CONCLUSION ECOLOGICAL BENEFITS OF EATING INSECTS CURRENT SITUATION IN EUROPE ENTOMOPHAGY IN VIENNA IMPROVEMENTS FOR THE FUTURE BIBLIOGRAPHY LIST OF CHARTS LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS APPENDIX A: GERMAN QUESTIONNAIRE (ONLINE VERSION) APPENDIX B: GERMAN PRINT-OUT QUESTIONNAIRES APPENDIX C: INTERVIEW WITH CHRISTOPH THOMANN APPENDIX D: TWO EXTRA CHARTS EIGENSTÄNDIGKEITSERKLÄRUNG

6 1. Intrductin Eating insects?! Why wuld anyne write a paper abut entmphagy, the human cnsumptin f insects? What might seem revlting and absurd at first may turn ut t be a valuable chance fr ur future: Insects culd be cnsumed as a cheap, sustainable, and high quality surce f prtein, replacing a lt f ur cnventinal meat. Already a part f human diet in many parts f the wrld tday, and presumably knwn as fd since the dawn f humanity, insects certainly are wrth being cnsidered as an innvative part f ur diet as well. Yet amng the winged insects that g n all furs yu may eat thse that have jinted legs abve their feet, with which t hp n the grund. - Leviticus 11:21 This paper is aimed at evaluating bth whether eating insects is reasnable in principle, and, specifically, t what extent and depending n what factrs the Viennese might want t cnsume insects in the future. First, the paper lists eclgical, ecnmic and scilgical infrmatin regarding insects as fd fr humans retrieved frm several bks and nline surces, as well as frm an interview with a purveyr f insects. Then, a survey abut peple s attitudes twards entmphagy with ver 2,000 participants will be presented and the results analysed. The paper finally cncludes with a discussin cncerning the future f entmphagy in Vienna and ideas fr imprvements t prmte entmphagy. 6

7 2. Eclgical, Ecnmic and Scilgical Aspects f Insects as Fd fr Humans 2.1 Eclgical Aspects f Cnsuming Insects Chemical Cmpsitin f Insects with Regard t Their Nutritive Value Of all species f animals described until tday, it is estimated that mre than half (1,000,000 f 1,730,725) are insects (Internatinal Unin fr Cnservatin f Nature and Natural Resurces, 2014, p. 1). Of thse, between 1,000 (G. R. DeFliart, 1997, p. 110) and 1,900 species (Jngema, 2015) have been reprted t be suitable fr human cnsumptin. Accrdingly, the quantity f nutrients cntained in insects varies, depending n the respective species. Apart frm that, ther factrs like the metamrphic state f an insect, its habitat, diet and hw it was prcessed r prepared (Van Huis et al., 2013, p. 67) als alter an insect s nutrient cntent even within ne species. This explains the wide range f nutritinal values stated in the fllwing Prteins Prteins are vital cmpnents in ur diet, as they are essential in assembling enzymes, hrmnes, haemglbin and antibdies, shifting imprtant substances in the human bdy and supplying energy (Chen, Feng, Zhang, & Chen, 2010, p. 86). In general, insects cnsist f substantial amunts f raw prteins, ranging frm 20 t 70 percent (Berghfer, Schönlechner, & Schmidt, 2016, p. 43) r, as yielded by a Mexican study, even frm 15 t 81 percent (Rams Elrduy et al., 1997). Mrever, they appear t cntain abut 35 t 50 percent f all types f amin acids (Chen et al., 2010, p. 86), which cntributes psitively t a balanced diet. Accrding t G. DeFliart (1992, p. 396) they are als high in the essential amin acids lysine, which, fr instance, aids in the prductin f antibdies (Hawwa, 2013), and threnine, which can help cmbat depressin, digest fat and speed wund healing (ibid.). 7

8 Fat Apart frm shielding and supprting rgans as well as string energy, fat als plays an imprtant rle in the absrptin f vitamins (Chen et al., 2010, p. 87). While n average 10 t 50 percent f an insect cnsist f fat (Mlcek, Rp, Brkvcva, & Bednarva, 2014, p. 150), this varies depending n the insect s metamrphic state: During imag its fat cntent is lwer than during its larva r pupa state (Chen et al., 2010, p. 87). Apart frm that, il derived frm insects seems t be rich in plyunsaturated fatty acids and frequently cntains the essential linleic (r mega-3) and α-linlenic (r mega-6) acids (Wmeni et al., 2009, p. 234), which the bdy cannt prduce by itself and which can, therefre, nly be btained thrugh fd Carbhydrates Prducing heat, aiding in detxificatin and being a cnstituent material in the human bdy, carbhydrates are vital fr living. Hwever, t large quantities f them shuld be avided (Chen et al., 2010, p. 89). Other than prtein and fat, nly small amunts f carbhydrates may be fund in insects: Nt taking the plysaccharide chitin int accunt (which in literature is mstly cnsidered as fibre despite its chemical classificatin), insects have a carbhydrate cntent between 1 and 10 percent (Berghfer et al., 2016, p. 43; Chen et al., 2010, p. 89) Fibre The mst cmmn frm f fibre in insects is chitin, which is a majr cnstituent f insects exskeletns (Van Huis et al., 2013, p. 74). It is claimed t, fr example, enhance wund healing as well as prevent thrmbus (Chen et al., 2010, p. 89). Between 5 t 20 percent f a dried insect might cnsist f Chitin (Chen et al., 2010, p. 89; Gdman, 1989, p. 2; Mlcek et al., 2014, p. 151; Rams-Elrduy, 2005). Hwever, shuld cnsuming prtein cncentrates made ut f insects becme cmmn, insects might be dechitinised, leaving a valuable by-prduct (G. DeFliart, 1992, p. 397), which culd find its use in several areas, which will be further discussed in Chapter

9 Minerals Minerals are vital fr the cnstitutin f enzymes, hrmnes and bdy cells. Irn is cntained in the haemglbin in bld cells, which shift xygen frm the lungs t the whle bdy. Zinc is essential in the cltting prcess f bld and imprves the functin f the immune system (Sukhsatej, n.d.). Depending n the species, insects can be high in irn, cpper, magnesium, manganese, phsphrus, ptassium, selenium and zinc and als include smaller amunts f sdium and calcium (Chen et al., 2010, p. 90; G. DeFliart, 1992, p. 396; Rumpld & Schlüter, 2013; Chen & Feng, 1999, p. 23). Accrding t the WHO (Wrld Health Organisatin), due t their substantial irn cntent, insects culd play an imprtant rle in fighting the irn deficiency anaemia, the mst cmmn and widespread nutritinal disrder (WHO, 2016), currently affecting 2 billin peple wrldwide (ibid.) Vitamins Vitamins, which cannt be synthesised in the human bdy and, therefre, need t be supplied by fd, are, amng ther things, necessary fr metablism (Chen et al., 2010, p. 91) and maintaining healthy teeth (Wax, 2015). Insects might cntain thiamine (vitamin B1), ribflavin (vitamin B2), pantthenic acid (vitamin B5), pyridxine (vitamin B6), bitin (vitamin B7), flic acid (vitamin B9), cbalamin (vitamin B12) as well as vitamin D, E, K and C (Bukkens, 2005, pp ; G. DeFliart, 1992, p. 396; Mlcek et al., 2014, p. 151; Rumpld & Schlüter, 2013). 9

10 2.1.2 Insects in Cmparisn t Cnventinally Bred Meat in Eurpe It is ften claimed that insects 1 are a super-fd, due t having an extrardinarily high prtein cntent and energy supply in cmparisn t the meat Eurpeans are used t cnsuming (which will be referred t as cnventinal meat in the fllwing). Mrever, they might require nly very few resurces fr rearing. This chapter will try t evaluate, whether thse claims are actually true General Nutrient Cntent Chart 1 shws abslute nutrient cntents. It is f special imprtance t pint ut that the insects listed were analysed after being dried, whereas cnventinal meat still cntains a lt f water. Apart frm that, infrmatin regarding the water 2, vitamin and ash cntent f the insects was nt available. Nutrient Cntent per 100g [g] grasshppers mealwrms crickets buffalwrms beef prk chicken fish prtein fat carbhydrates fibre minerals vitamins water ash Chart 1: Nutrient Cntents f Insects in Cmparisn t Cnventinal Meat (created by Le Stöger (2016), data retrieved frm Calrie Calculatr: beef, prk, chicken, fish, 2015; Damman, 2016) 1 Accrding t Christph Thmann, an expert fr health management wh sells insects in Vienna, fur types f insects are currently (as f 2016) permitted t be bred and sld fr cnsumptin in Eurpe and will therefre receive special attentin in this chapter: These are mealwrms, buffal wrms, grasshppers and crickets. (cf. Appendix C: Interview with Christph Thmann, p. 5, translated by Le Stöger). 2 presumably almst zer due t having been dried 10

11 The results shw that the insects dealt with cntain larger amunts f prtein and fat than the cnventinal meat due t the higher water cntent in the latter. T eliminate thse disparities regarding different prcessing and data available, Chart 2 des nt take water, ash and vitamins int accunt, but nly cmpares t which percentage the different kinds f meat and insects cnsist f the ther cntents, assuming they were the sle cmpnents. Chart 2: Nutrient Cntents f Insects in Cmparisn t Cnventinal Meat (created by Le Stöger (2016), data retrieved frm Calrie Calculatr: beef, prk, chicken, fish, 2015; Damman, 2016) This chart makes it bvius that the abve-mentined insects and mst f the ther types f meat are high in prtein and fat, except fr beef which appears t be especially lw in fat Fatty Acids T indicate the quality f the fats in these fds, Chart 3 analyses the cntents f saturated and unsaturated fatty acids: The higher the degree f unsaturatin, the healthier the fd (Van Huis et al., 2013, p. 71). Plyunsaturated, r essential fatty acids, are f special imprtance as they cannt be prduced by the human bdy, but, instead, have t be prvided by fd (Weber, 2011). 100% in Chart 3 is defined as all the fat cntained in the respective type f fd. 11

12 Chart 3: Fatty Acid Cntent f Insects in Cmparisn t Cnventinal Meat (created by Le Stöger (2016), data retrieved frm Calrie Calculatr: beef, prk, chicken, fish, 2015; Damman, 2016) Tgether with fish and chicken, insects cntain many plyunsaturated fatty acids, which makes them significantly healthier than prk and beef in this aspect Energy Supply The amunt f energy supplied by fd is measured in kilcalries. As visible in Chart 4, which is based n the same surces as Chart 1, 2 and 3 and therefre deals with dried insects versus nn-dried meat, insects prvide three r almst fur times as much energy as cnventinal meat. 12

13 Chart 4: Energy Supply Measured in Kilcalries per 100g f Bdy Mass Differences between Insects and Cnventinal Meat (created by Le Stöger (2016), data retrieved frm Calrie Calculatr: beef, prk, chicken, fish, 2015; Damman, 2016) Resurces Required fr Rearing Chart 5 aims t cmpare insects with cnventinal meat by cnsidering hw bth are reared: Fr building ne kg f high-quality animal prtein, insects require substantially less fd than cnventinal meat. Despite n precise data being available s far, the insects use f water is estimated t be cnsiderably lwer, t. Whilst gaining ne kg f bdy mass, insects prduce either slightly less than r rughly the same amunt f CO2, which is assumed t trigger glbal warming, as cnventinal meat. Hwever, data differs depending n the respective surce; sme experiments even yield that insects emit far smaller amunts f CO2 and ther greenhuse gases when reared (Thmann, 2016b; cf. Van Huis et al., 2013, p. 63). Additinally, a significantly larger prprtin f the insects bdies is edible. crickets mealwrms lcusts chicken pigs beef cattle fd [kg/kg weight increase] water [l/kg f animal prtein] ,300 3,500 22,000-43,000 CO2-emissins [g/weight increase] 1,468 ±971 1,031 ± ± ,194 2,835 edible parts [%] Chart 5: Rearing Insects in Cmparisn t Cnventinal Meat (created by Le Stöger (2016), data retrieved frm Onincx et al., 2010; Van Huis et al., 2013, pp ) 13

14 Higher feed-cnversin efficiencies 3 f insects in cmparisn t cnventinal meat (cf. Chart 5) might stem frm insects being pikiltherms and, therefre, nt using their metablism t maintain a certain bdy temperature (Onincx et al., 2010) Slaughtering Prcess Insects are lw animals, lacking a well-established nervus system. Therefre, accrding t the current standard f knwledge, they d nt experience pain r stress. Insects are pikiltherm animals and adapt t the ambient temperature. In nature, mst insects die frm cld during winter. When they are killed fr fd, they are simply frzen and after ne t tw hurs they pass away peacefully (cf. Appendix C: Interview with Christph Thmann, p. 6). 2.2 Ecnmic Aspects f Edible Insects Insect Farms and Prices in Eurpe Tday, a number f insect farms have been established in Eurpe: Fr instance, in the suth f France Micrnutris rears insects (Auril, 2015), in Ermel (NLD) the Prti-Farm claims t be the wrld s first fully autmated high-tech lesser mealwrm prductin facility (de Bruin, 2016), in Feldkirch (AUT) the "Perfect Insect Insektenfarm Khlberger e.u. (WKO, 2015) has abut insects in their breeding bxes (cf. Appendix C: Interview with Christph Thmann, p. 5) and in the UK bth the Edible Bug Farm in Birmingham (Matt, 2015) and Zphbas Red in Crnwall ( Zphbas Red, 2014) breed mealwrms and ther insects. Altgether, there are currently nly very few insect farms, which causes the price f edible insects t be quite high and, in further cnsequence, curbs demand (cf. Appendix C: Interview with Christph Thmann, p. 2). T give an example, n August 17 th, 2016, nly 100g f mealwrms cst 17,90 in Vienna (Thmann, 2016a), which 3 an animal s capacity t cnvert feed mass int increased bdy mass (Van Huis et al., 2013, p. 59) 14

15 was abut six times the price f the mst expensive rganic beef available at Billa Online Shp n that day, a tenderlin at 4,49 per 100g (Billa Online Shp, 2016) Bred at Hme If insects culd be bred at hme, they wuld prvide a cheap surce f fd fr everybdy, thus making them particularly attractive t less affluent parts f the ppulatin. In spring 2017, at $699 the wrld s first desktp hive fr edible insects, a device designed fr easily rearing mealwrms at hme, will be placed n the market, empwering yu t grw a fd revlutin straight ut f yur kitchen (Unger, Kaisinger, Vance, & Reed, 2016) Statutry Regulatins Until 2018 the EU Nvel Fd Regulatin is in place: «Nvel Fd» means any fd that was nt used fr human cnsumptin t a significant degree within the Unin befre 15 May 1997 ( Regulatin (EU) n Nvel Fds, 2015, p. 7). It is imprtant that the fd des nt, n the basis f the scientific evidence available, pse a safety risk t human health (ibid.). If insect salesmen wish t place insects n their cuntry s market fr the first time, they will have t prve that thse insects are safe fr human cnsumptin thrugh a cmplex and prtracted prcedure. Briefly put, they have t apply fr authrizatin, hand in all the infrmatin necessary t supprt their applicatin and finally, nce the Eurpean Unin agrees, they still have t submit t the respective apprval prcess f the EU member state where they want t distribute their prduct (ibid.). Accrding t Christph Thmann, wh apparently already went thrugh that prcess, smene wh wants t sell insects fr human cnsumptin has t abide by the same laws and cnditins that apply t all types f fds in Austria, fr example, with regard t the cling chain. (cf. Appendix C: Interview with Christph Thmann, p. 2, translated by Le Stöger) 15

16 2.2.4 Cheap in Rearing Feeding insects might be extremely cheap: Yu can feed the mealwrms with yur kitchen scraps! (Unger et al., 2016). Hwever, accrding t Christph Thmann we cannt be sure yet, whether we will be allwed t actually use rganic waste. [ ] Nevertheless, if we call it agricultural surplus instead f waste and use nly the things that we thrw away, while they are still gd, then we have a huge ptential here, because in Eurpe large amunts f fd that wuld have been perfectly edible fr us are thrwn away. (cf. Appendix C: Interview with Christph Thmann, p. 1, translated by Le Stöger). In additin, insects require high temperatures during rearing causing high energy csts (ibid., p. 2). Hwever, if they are bred in the Suth f Eurpe, in Greece fr instance, thse csts wuld be remarkably lwer (ibid., p.4) Chitin as a By-Prduct If insects are bred fr their prtein nly, the chitin left ver may be utilized fr different purpses, fr example fr prducing tugh, highly muldable, transparent, water absrbing cntact lenses (Gdman, 1989, pp. 7 8) r it culd help remve metallic pllutants frm industrial waste water, due t chitin derivatives interacting with thse harmful substances (ibid.). 2.3 Scilgical Aspects My mther tld me that I mustn t eat what crawls n the flr. (cf. Appendix C: Interview with Christph Thmann, p. 3, translated by Le Stöger) It is ften assumed that Eurpeans feel scared and disgusted when they even think f insects. Despite that nt being ttally true (as seen in Chapter 4), it cannt be denied that many peple frm develped cuntries tend t dislike the idea f being ffered packed insects in the supermarket and eating them fr dinner. The fllwing chapter will try t determine, where this attitude stems frm. 16

17 2.3.1 Cultural Histry f Entmphagy The histry f entmphagy dates back thusands f years: As early as the eighth century BC, servants in the Middle East used t prepare lcusts arranged n skewers fr ryal banquets (Bdenheimer, 1951). Accrding t Van Huis (2013, p. 41), eating insects, cicadas in particular, n Eurpean sil first became ppular in Greece, as Aristtle ( BC) mentined in his Histria Animalium. Hwever, since the tenth century AD arthrpds, including insects, have been cnsidered carriers f disease and illness in Eurpe (Davey, 1994, p. 17). Peple frm ther cntinents are ften nt s biased against eating insects, due t having had insects n their plates fr a lng time, which is the case in parts f Central and Suth America (fr example in Mexic, Brazil and Clumbia), Africa (Zimbabwe, Cng, Zambia) and Asia (Thailand, Indnesia, Vietnam) (G. DeFliart & Emeritus, 2002). Eurpeans, hwever, did nt use t eat insects. When sushi was intrduced t the Eurpean market twenty years ag, it caused hesitatin and disgust and a lt f effrt was needed t dispel the prejudices f the prspective custmers. Therefre, new prducts like insects, especially when they remind ne f revlting, slick wrms and huge hairy spiders, might raise suspicin and ppsitin even if they are actually clean, tasty and served in an appealing way Ratinal Reasns Even if peple d nt find insects disgusting, they might dislike eating them due t hygiene cncerns. As a matter f fact, insects may carry germs. Hwever, the dmestic animals we are used t deriving ur meat frm are als ptential fmites (pultry, fr instance, may carry salmnella germs). Nevertheless, during prcessing thse pathgens are killed by heat (Harris, 1988, p. 174). 17

18 Nevertheless, it shuld be mentined that allergies might exist: Peple wh are allergic t prteins, crustaceans, shellfish and huse dust mite, culd shw allergic reactins t insects. Hwever, I have invited several thusand peple t try s far and nthing has ever happened. (cf. Appendix C: Interview with Christph Thmann, p. 5, translated by Le Stöger) Cncluding, Bequaert effectively sums up, why the Eurpeans dislike insects: [It] can be attributed nly t prejudice, that civilized man f tday shws such a decided aversin t including any six-legged creatures in his diet. [ ] What we eat and what we d nt eat is, after all, mre a matter f custm and fashin than anything else. (Bequaert, 1921) 18

19 3. Methdlgy f the Survey 3.1 Gathering the Data In rder t cllect as much data as pssible regarding peple s attitude twards insects as fd, different ways f interviewing were used: 153 peple filled ut a print-ut questinnaire (cf. Appendix B). Three nline questinnaires 4 with identical cntents in German (accessible as Appendix A), English and French, which were distributed ver scial netwrks (Facebk and WhatsApp) and ther messenger services ( and SMS) and by their internet link being pullerly displayed in Vienna 5, received abut 1,882 answers altgether. (The French questinnaire was answered by tw peple, the English by 76 and the German by 1,804.) The whle survey lasted frm March 13 t August 9, 2016, hwever, the nline questinnaire was nt available befre the 6 th f June. 3.2 Infrmatin Asked Every participant was asked t state their gender, age, rigin and, althugh nt used during the evaluatin, jb. As an indicatr f his r her state f knwledge regarding insects as fd, the interviewees then specified whether they knew that insects required less water and emitted fewer greenhuse gases during rearing than cnventinal meat, cnsisted f valuable prteins and were cnsumed in many parts f the wrld. After that, the participants had t prtray their attitude tward insects as fd, describe their taste experiences, if applicable, and, mrever, estimate hw ften in the future they planned t cnsume insects. Finally, they were asked t assess, which 4 created with Ggle Frms 5 mstly in tram statins in the 1 st, 9 th and 18 th district 19

20 precnditin they fund necessary t be fulfilled, befre they wuld be prepared t cnsume insects. 3.3 Evaluatin f the Data T simplify the analysis f the data assembled, all nn-german nline answers were transferred int the German nline versin f the questinnaire by hand. The same prcess was applied t the answers f the printed questinnaires. Answers in English and French were translated t German during that prcess. Then the 2,035 answers were exprted t and later evaluated in Excel. After deleting all dubius and identical streams f data, 2,006 were left. Thse will be dealt with in the fllwing chapters. 3.4 Inaccuracies in Measurement Of curse, thse 2,006 answers d nt prperly reflect the attitude and experience f the average Viennese citizen. This is exemplified by the fact that 73 f thse interviewed were surveyed during a tasting, where grasshppers, mealwrms, crickets and buffal wrms were available, which, therefre, exaggerates the rati f participants wh have already been ffered insects as fd. Mrever, the kind f peple interviewed cannt be cnsidered representative in cmparisn t the cmpsitin f the Viennese ppulatin. Fr instance, the average age f the participants f the survey is 28.8 years, while the average age f Vienna s inhabitants is 42.3 years ( Bevölkerung nach Alter und Geschlecht, 2016). The standard f knwledge, which might influence peple s attitude twards living envirnmentally friendly is nt representative, t, due t a large percentage f the interviewees cming frm rather well educated backgrunds. Apart frm that, illgical answers might distrt the results f the evaluatin. T give an example, peple claimed that they were nt cntent t eat insects, but planned t cnsume them rarely in the future. Significantly, ne shuld cnsider that peple wh feel disgusted by insects wuld rather nt wish t answer a questinnaire dealing with them. Cnversely, thse wh 20

21 cnsider the tpic relevant and reasnable will certainly be mre willing t fill in the questinnaire, which creates the impressin that the readiness t eat insects is higher than the average willingness f a mre representative, better-strewn sample. 21

22 4. Results f the Survey Of the 2,006 streams f valid data, 1,126 stem frm Viennese respndents. Chapter 4.1 will deal nly with their experiences, cncerns, and attitudes, while Chapter 4.2 is ging t have a lk at bth the willingness f the Viennese t ingest insects and hw that willingness differs depending n several factrs, like gender, age and rigin. 4.1 The Viennese View n Entmphagy Experiences with Insects Prepared fr Fd Of all 1,126 Viennese interviewed mre than a third (436) stated that they had already had the pprtunity t taste insects at least nce in their life. Rughly tw ut f three f thse wh had already had the chance, tk advantage f it, wherefre, the percentage f thse wh had been willing t try insects when they were ffered sme is almst 66%. In cntrast, the theretical willingness t try insects amng thse wh had nt been ffered insects as fd s far was significantly lwer: Less than half said they wuld be willing t try insects, if they had the pssibility (cf. Chart 6). Chart 6: The Experiences f the Viennese with Insects as Fd (created by Le Stöger (2016)) 22

23 Of thse wh had already eaten insects, slightly mre than tw ut f three had tried them nly nce. The majrity f the thers had eaten them several times (cf. Chart 7). Therefre, 8% f all Viennese interviewed have already eaten insects mre ften than just nce. Chart 7: Frequency f Having Tried Insects fr Fd (created by Le Stöger (2016)) When the 436 interviewees wh had already had the chance t try insects were asked which species f insects they had been ffered, grasshppers were mentined by mre than half and mealwrms by slightly mre than a quarter f them. In cmparisn, nly a small number f peple (95) had been ffered crickets, ants r buffal wrms. The categry ther cnsists f flies, grubs, termites, beetles and ther insects as well as unclear answers, prvided by peple wh had been ffered smething, but culd nt exactly remember what it was (cf. Chart 8). 23

24 Chart 8: Species f Insects Offered (created by Le Stöger (2016)) Sme f thse wh had already tried grasshppers described their taste experience by selecting what the grasshppers taste, smell and visual impressin was like n a scale frm very gd t very bad. As visible in Chart 9, the taste was cnsidered quite appealing, mstly described as either gd r neutral. In cntrast, the grasshppers lk was perceived as rather unappetizing. Peple had the clearest pinin with regard t the lcusts smell: Apprximately tw thirds characterized it as neutral. Chart 9: Grasshppers Taste Experience (created by Le Stöger (2016)) 24

25 Despite the test sample f the taste experience with mealwrms being fur times smaller sized than the grasshppers it displays similar results: Mealwrms taste rather gd, lk bad and smell neutral. Chart 10: Mealwrms Taste Experience (created by Le Stöger (2016)) Reasns fr Nt Wanting t Cnsume Insects All Viennese participants f the survey wh had declared that they did nt want t eat insects were asked fr their reasn(s). Quite ppular causes apart frm feeling disgusted, which mre than half f thse wh did nt want t try selected, were either cncerns pertaining t the insects impacts n the human bdy, like that insects might carry germs, r taking the attitude that eating insects was ethnically bjectinable and shuld, therefre, be avided (cf. Chart 11). 25

26 Chart 11: Reasns fr Nt Wanting t Eat Insects (created by Le Stöger (2016)) In rder t pint ut what prejudices and miscnceptins sme Viennese have when thinking f insects here are sme chsen answers: Tt würde ich sie schn essen. Warum sllte ich? Ich finde es nicht sinnvll, Insekten zu essen, da diese nicht nahrhaft sind. Ich kann mir nicht vrstellen, dass der Keratin [sic!] Panzer gut für die Verdauung ist. Wieder s ein Hype, Hauptsache schckierend, widerlich und ekelhaft! Ich würde sie nicht essen, wenn sie lebendig wären. [Ich würde Insekten nicht essen,] slange es nch genug Fleisch vn Vieh, Schweinen und Hühnern gibt. Mein Fleisch isst Insekten. Vn denen wird man nicht satt. Obviusly, sme peple assumed that insects might be eaten while they are still alive, and thers thught that they were harmful t r nt nutritius enugh fr humans. Still thers appeared nt t be infrmed abut the valuable substances sme insects cntain. Therefre, it is nt surprising that thse peple are reluctant t try insects Precnditins fr Eating Insects At the end f the survey, everyne theretically willing t eat insects at least rarely in their future was asked which precnditins he r she felt needed t be fulfilled t ensure that eating insects wuld actually becme a feasible ptin fr them. Mentining several precnditins was pssible. Frm the 658 willing Viennese, ver 26

27 three ut f fur claimed that the insects had t taste appealing. Fr 68.4 percent it was necessary that the insects were safe fr human cnsumptin regarding hygiene. Less than every third persn named availability at a reasnable price as a precnditin and nly every fifth mentined that it was imprtant fr them that the insects culd nt be sptted in the fd. While 26 peple utlined that fr them n precnditins at all were f imprtance, sme als stated that the insects shuld be bred lcally and apprpriately fr their species as well as travel nly shrt distances t the cnsumer (8 peple). Mrever, 9 peple declared that they wuld theretically readily cnsume insects, given that this was vital fr surviving. (cf. Chart 12) Chart 12: Precnditins fr Eating Insects (created by Le Stöger (2016)) 4.2 General Results and Crrelatins with Regard t the Readiness t Cnsume Insects in the Future General Readiness in Vienna As already mentined in the previus chapter, at the end f the survey each participant was asked hw ften in the future he r she planned t eat insects. Nt cnsidering that the results shwn in Chart 13 d nt prperly reflect the view f the average Viennese inhabitant, but nly the unweighted answers f thse surveyed, mre than a third f the Viennese might be willing t rarely cnsume insects in their future. Mrever, almst a furth wants t eat insects nw and then r even mre 27

28 ften : If s many peple were regularly ging t purchase edible insects in the future that wuld put insects in huge demand. 0,7% 1,8% 0,4% 21,0% 34,5% 41,6% never rarely nw and then nce per week several times per week daily Chart 13: General Willingness f the Viennese t Eat Insects in the Future (created by Le Stöger (2016)) Impact f Gender n the Willingness t Cnsume Insects Of all the 1,126 data results frm Viennese peple, 430 were answered by men and 696 by wmen. When separately analysing them with regard t their willingness t eat insects in the future, there is a strng crrelatin between the male gender and an increased willingness: While almst every secnd wman interviewed planned nt t eat any insects in her future, nly a third f the men shared that attitude. The rati f men and wmen wh want t cnsume insects rarely in the future differs within nly five percent in favur f the men. Males wh plan t eat insects nw and then (25.3%) are mre cmmn than wmen assuming that (18.4%). Als, there are mre than twice as many men than wmen wh plan t eat insects several times a week when prjecting the percentages t a grup with equal numbers f each gender. Therefre, men are significantly mre willing t eat insects than wmen. 28

29 Chart 14: Dependency f the Willingness t Eat Insects in the Future (Vienna): Gender (created by Le Stöger (2016)) Impact f Age n the Willingness t Cnsume Insects in the Future Despite the authr s initial assumptin that the readiness t cnsume insects decreases with higher age the results f Chart 15 d nt picture a clear trend. This might als be due t the fact that the participants dealt with in sme categries are quite lw in number. Chart 15: Dependency f the Willingness t Eat Insects in the Future (Vienna): Age (many categries) (created by Le Stöger (2016)) 29

30 Therefre, in Chart 16 the categries were cmbined t better visualise a trend, if existing. Althugh nt t prminent, there seems t be a slightly negative crrelatin between higher age and planning t eat insects in the future. It shuld als be nted that there is a strnger differing within the age grup f 20 t 49 years: In cmparisn t the yunger age grup, they less ften said they planned t rarely eat insects in their future, but mre ften chse never r nw and then. This might be explained by the hypthesis that the lder ne gets, the mre distinguished his r her pint f view becmes: Either ne finds insects inedible and selects never r ne has cme t the cnclusin that insects are, fr example, eclgically beneficial and shuld therefre be eaten mre ften than just rarely. Chart 16: Dependency f the Willingness t Eat Insects in the Future (Vienna): Age (few categries) (created by Le Stöger (2016)) Influence f Knwledge n the Willingness t Eat Insects in the Future As entmphagy is linked t substantial eclgical benefits (as utlined in Chapter 2) it was als analysed whether and hw knwledge abut thse advantages influences the willingness t cnsume insects in the future. Therefre, during the survey each participant was asked which f the fllwing statements he r she had already knwn t be truthful. Depending n the statements, the interviewees were assigned pints: Fr knwing that insects cnsisted f valuable prteins they gt tw pints. Fr being aware f the fact that insects are already eaten in many parts f the wrld als tw 30

31 pints were accredited. Fr being cnscius f insects requiring less water and emitting fewer greenhuse gases they were awarded three pints each. Altgether, the participants pints, therefre, ranged frm zer t ten (withut the numbers 1 and 9), which made it pssible t frm categries visualising hw much their knwledge influenced their willingness t eat insects in the future. Everyne wh had reached zer t three pints was put in categry A, thse with fur t seven pints were assembled in categry B and the elite with eight r ten pints were dealt with as C. As visible in Chart 17, the readiness f the Viennese t eat insects in the future seems t be directly cnnected t the amunt f knwledge the interviewees had: While 67.1 percent f thse frm categry A claimed they planned t never eat insects, that attitude was shared by nly 42.7 percent f thse frm categry B and by nly 23.3 percent f thse frm categry C. It is wrth mentining that f the latter mre than a third (37.1 percent) planned t eat insects nw and then r even mre ften in the future. The mre peple knw abut insects, the mre willing they are t integrate them int their diet. In ther wrds, the better the educatin f the public regarding the benefits f eating insects, the larger the number f ptential cnsumers. Chart 17: Dependency f the Willingness t Eat Insects in the Future (Vienna): Knwledge (created by Le Stöger (2016)) 31

32 4.2.5 Influence f Having Been Offered Insects as Fd As the results f the analysis in Chapter 4.1 clearly pinted ut, the willingness t eat insects seems t differ depending n whether the persn interviewed had already had a chance t try insects r nly imagines hw being ffered insects might appeal t them. This chapter will try t have a mre detailed lk at this matter and attempts t determine if having tried certain species f insects als has an influence n the readiness t cnsume them in the future. T start, if there had been a face-t-face encunter with insects prepared fr fd, the future willingness t eat them mre frequently than never was abve tw thirds (68.3 percent). Hwever, almst ne in tw f thse wh had had n chance t try insects s far planned never t eat insects in the future (47.8 percent) (cf. Chart 18). Chart 18: Dependency f the Willingness t Eat Insects in the Future (Vienna): Pssibility (created by Le Stöger (2016)) Apart frm this crrelatin, there als seems t be a clear trend regarding the species f insects ffered s far (cf. Chart 19): Thse wh were ffered grasshppers shw the lwest rate f unwillingness t eat insects in the future, cnsidering that nly 26.7 percent f them plan t never cnsume insects. An nly slightly higher rate f unwillingness is t be detected when analysing thse wh were ffered any insects ther than nly mealwrms r nly grasshppers r anther cmbinatin f insects than nly mealwrms and grasshppers tgether. Hwever, when taking int accunt 32

33 that their willingness t eat insects nw and then, as well as t eat them several times per week, is rather high in cmparisn t thse wh were ffered grasshppers nly, their average willingness is the mst prnunced. This might be due t sme f thse peple having deliberately searched fr different species f insects, perhaps als in ther cuntries, because f persnal interest in entmphagy. Furthermre, thse wh had had n chance t try any insects were nt as unwilling t cnsume insects in the future as thse wh were nly ffered mealwrms, which establishes the hypthesis that mealwrms make a rather negative impressin in cmparisn t grasshppers, as grasshppers apparently trigger an increased willingness t eat insects in the future, while mealwrms d nt. Nevertheless, the fact that nly a small number f peple were ffered mealwrms might cause the results f that categry t be statistically rather meaningless. Chart 19: Dependency f the Willingness t Eat Insects in the Future (Vienna): Type f Insects (created by Le Stöger (2016)) The Viennese in Cmparisn t Peple f Other Origins Due t insects being a majr cnstituent f many peple s diets wrldwide, this chapter intends t analyse hw the interviewees rigins influence their willingness t cnsume insects in the future. In rder nt t have many small and statistically insignificant categries, peple f certain rigins were assembled int larger grups: Grup L1 cnsists f Africans, Asians and Australians as well as peple frm Nrth, 33

34 Suth, and Central America 6. E\{A, G} stands fr peple frm Eurpean cuntries ther than Austria r Germany; and A\{V} cntains Austrians frm utside f Vienna. Surprisingly, accrding t Chart 20 the peple frm L1 shw the mst prnunced unwillingness t ever cnsume insects amng all the grups, despite the authr s prir expectatin that they wuld be quite used t eating insects. Within the ther categries, the willingness des nt differ greatly: Slightly mre than every secnd persn surveyed stated they wuld be willing t cnsume insects in the future. Chart 20: Dependency f the Willingness t Eat Insects in the Future: Origin (created by Le Stöger (2016)) 6 statistically insignificant due t nly 69 participants 34

35 5. Discussin 5.1 Target Grups fr Entmphagy in the Future We have shwn that men are mre willing t eat insects in the future than wmen. Despite n age grup being ttally unsuitable as a ptential target grup in the future, especially peple aged frm 20 t 39 can be expected t cnsume insects rather regularly; f all age grups, they were mst inclined t include insects in their diet nw and then r mre ften in the future. Presumably, peple better educated abut the eclgical benefits f insects as fd will represent the mst significant market fr entmphagy in the future. We cnclude that in Vienna well-educated men in their twenties and thirties are mre likely t cnsume insects cmpared t any ther parts f the Viennese ppulatin. 5.2 Ways f Prmting and Advertising Insects as Fd Overcming Cncerns Cnsidering that disgust and hygienic cncerns were the main wrries and reasns fr resentment mentined by thse unwilling t ever try insects, thse tw inhibitrs need t be eliminated frm peple s minds when aiming at making them mre ready t try insects. On the ne hand, a certain feeling f fear r disgust r even greater revulsin can smetimes nt be eradicated thrugh being ratinally prven wrng. Fr instance, sme peple are afraid f harmless little spiders even if they are being shwn that the spider cannt cause any harm t humans. On the ther hand, disgust smetimes des vanish when ne realises that there is nthing t be disgusted f. This is exemplified by the higher readiness t cnsume insects f the peple wh have already had the pssibility t try insects in cmparisn t thse wh have nt. Having seen the insects actually being available as fd might have led t either the absence f disgust r, at least, sme decrease f the disgust, making it pssible t better cnsider ther aspects f insects as fd as well. 35

36 Therefre, prviding such peple with the chance t try insects significantly increases their willingness t try them, as well as the ptential market fr entmphagy. T address the hygienic cncerns, apart frm seeing the clean and perhaps tastylking insect, prper infrmatin abut methds f rearing and preparing insects under increasingly strict statutry regulatins might als psitively cntribute t erasing the myth f the dirty, creepy crawlies when thinking f insects as fd Fulfilling Imprtant Precnditins Whether insects are f an appealing flavur r nt is a matter f persnal taste. Therefre, as shwn in Chapter 4.1.1, pinins n the experience f tasting insects diverge; nevertheless, n average the Viennese interviewed fund the insects they had tried s far rather tasty. It will be the task f experts in the fd industry t imprve the taste f fd cntaining insects even further. While the price f insects needs t be dramatically reduced in rder t make insects attractive fr human cnsumptin, the hygienic standards f insects are guaranteed just like thse f any ther fd sld in Austria (cf. Appendix C: Interview with Christph Thmann, p. 2). Hwever, they als need t be mre readily available t enable ptential custmers t purchase prducts cntaining insects. Anther way f decreasing peple s disgust f insects is t prepare the latter cncealed frm the eye: When the cnsumers are nt able t identify the insects included in their fd, they might be less reserved twards trying that fd Educating the Viennese abut the Advantages f Entmphagy Our data shws a strng crrelatin between having knwledge f the eclgical benefits f insects and being willing t cnsume them in the future. Clearly, better educatin abut the eclgical advantages f insects will strengthen their future imprtance n the market. 36

37 5.3 Outlk and Visin fr the Future Ptential f Entmphagy in the Future In the future, insects as fd fr humans will be f increasing imprtance due t their eclgically superir efficiency in resurce utilisatin and lwer emissins f greenhuse gases, cunteracting bth upcming fd shrtages and glbal warming. Fr instance, while cattle might die f thirst during a drught, insects, requiring substantially less water, are mre likely t survive. Apart frm that, in rather rich industrial cuntries different insects f varius cntents f prteins culd be reared t perfectly fit the requirements f either bese r slim peple as prtein supplements Outlk int the Viennese Habits f Eating Insects in the Future First, with regard t Chart 13, certain dubt needs t be expressed: Despite nly 41.6 percent declaring they wuld nt eat insects in their future, the remaining 58.4 percent may nt actually represent a large future market - many f thse wh selected rarely presumably nly plan t try insects nce ut f curisity instead f regularly including them in their diet. Therefre, we wuld expect nly abut percent f all Viennese (thse wh selected smething frm nw and then t daily cf. Chart 13) t be ptential custmers, when prjecting the small, unweighted sample f peple surveyed nt the Viennese ppulatin. Due t sme f the inaccuracies in measurement, as utlined in Chapter 3.4, the actual future market f Viennese purchasing insects might be smaller. Nnetheless, thrugh prper educatin and the ther measures mentined in the previus chapter, the number f ptential buyers culd again be increased. 37

38 6. Cnclusin 6.1 Eclgical Benefits f Eating Insects Insects are fairly high in prtein (20-70 percent) and fat (10-50 percent), but lw in carbhydrates. They als cntain varius vitamins and minerals as well as chitin (5-10 percent). Overall, they supply tw t three times mre kilcalries per 100 grams than cnventinal meat can prvide. In cmparisn, insects als require substantially less water and fd during rearing, are expected t prduce less greenhuse gases, cnsist f edible parts t larger prprtins and experience n stress r pain when being slaughtered. Therefre, insects as fd are definitely mre eclgically friendly than cnventinal meat and must be prmted as a sustainable fd surce in the future. 6.2 Current Situatin in Eurpe Insects fr human cnsumptin need t be reared accrding t the same strict hygiene regulatins that apply t meat prductin in general. Only a few insect farms have been established in Eurpe s far; therefre, the price f the insects available is quite high. Hwever, insects can be fed n kitchen scraps and reared at hme s that the current shrtage f insects might easily be vercme. 6.3 Entmphagy in Vienna As estimated in the survey dealt with in Chapter 3 and 4 featuring 1,126 Viennese participants, apprximately every third Viennese has had the chance t try insects s far, mstly grasshppers r mealwrms, and tw in three f thse wh were ffered insects actually tk the chance. It was stated that the insects tasted rather gd, smelled mre r less neutral and lked slightly bad. When asked hw ften they planned t cnsume insects in the future, 42 percent f the Viennese interviewed selected never, ver ne third chse rarely, and almst a 38

39 furth stated nw and then r mre ften, shwing a ptential target grup fr entmphagy f apprximately percent within the Viennese ppulatin. The readiness f the Viennese t cnsume insects in the future psitively crrelates with their knwledge abut the eclgical advantages f insects as fd fr humans, being male, and having already been ffered insects. Cnversely, the unwillingness t cnsume insects in the future increases with higher age and lack f experience with insects as fd fr humans. 6.4 Imprvements fr the Future T make insects mre attractive fr cnsumers, their price needs t be reduced and they need t becme mre easily available n the market. Mrever, regulatins fr insect salesmen trying t start a business shuld be lsened, in rder nt t scare entrepreneurs away, but t pave the way fr insect farms all ver Eurpe. In additin, a lt f research wrk needs t be cnducted in rder t find ut hw t feed and breed large quantities f insects prperly. Apart frm that, Eurpeans need t vercme their culturally induced feeling f disgust twards insects and understand that insects are nt dirty and infectius prvided that they are prduced and cnsumed under hygienic cnditins. Als, disguising the shape f the insects during their preparatin will certainly decrease peple s revulsin against cnsuming fd that cntains insects. Einfach prbieren, sich eine eigene Meinung bilden, über den eigenen Schatten springen, Vrteile versuchen wegzutun und den Kpf ausschalten und dann, glaub ich, kann man diesem Ekel auch in weiterer Flge entgegentreten. (cf. Appendix C: Interview with Christph Thmann, p. 3) 39

40 Bibligraphy Auril, C. (2015). Micrnutris. Créateur d alimentatin durable. Retrieved August 16, 2016, frm Beef (cured, dried), Prk (cured, ham, Lw sdium, lean and fat, cked), Fried chicken (breast, meat nly, skin and breading remved), Fish (sheefish, raw (Alaska Native)). (2015). Retrieved August 13, 2016, frm Bequaert, J. (1921). Insects as Fd. Hw They Have Augmented the Fd Supply f Mankind in Early and Recent Times, 21, Berghfer, E., Schönlechner, R., & Schmidt, J. (2016). Neue und neuartige Rhstffe und Lebensmittel. BMGF. Retrieved frm /lebensmittel_verfahren_teil3.pdf Bevölkerung nach Alter und Geschlecht. (2016, January 1). Retrieved August 30, 2016, frm elkerung/bevelkerungsstruktur/bevelkerung_nach_alter_geschlecht/index.h tml Billa Online Shp. (2016, August). Hfstädter Rindslungenbraten Steak Darfresh. Retrieved August 17, 2016, frm Bdenheimer, F. S. (1951). Insects as human fd: a chapter f the eclgy f man. The Hague: Dr. W. Junk Publishers. Bukkens, S. G. F. (2005). Insects in the human diet: nutritinal aspects. In M.G. Paletti, ed. Eclgical implicatins f minilivestck; rle f rdents, frgs, snails, and insects fr sustainable develpment (pp ). New Hampshire: Science Publishers. Chen, X., & Feng, Y. (1999). The edible insects f China. Beijing: Science and Technlgy Publishing Huse. Chen, X., Feng, Y., Zhang, H., & Chen, Z. (2010). Review f the nutritive value f edible insects. In Frest insects as fd. Humans bite back (p. 94). Bankk: FAO. Damman, F. (2016). Insekten Nährwerte. Retrieved Nvember 8, 2016, frm ff9a819cee81.sf/de_de/?objectpath=/shps/fde33375-a d94- ff9a819cee81/categries/warum_insekten_essen%3f/insekten_naehrwerte 40

41 Davey, G. C. L. (1994). The disgusting spider: The rle f disease and illness in the perpetuatin f fear f spiders, 2(1), de Bruin, H. (2016). Prti-Farm. Retrieved August 16, 2016, frm DeFliart, G. (1992). Insects as human fd: Gene DeFliart discusses sme nutritinal and ecnmic aspects. Crp Prtect. 11: Butterwrth-Heinemann. DeFliart, G., & Emeritus. (2002). The Human Use f Insects as a Fd Resurce. University f Wiscnsin-Madisn. Retrieved frm DeFliart, G. R. (1997). An verview f the rle f edible insects in preserving bidiversity: Eclgy f Fd and Nutritin, Vl. 36, pp (Vl. 36). Amsterdam: OPA. Gdman, W. G. (1989). Chitin: a magic bullet?, 2(3), 2 7. Harris, M. (1988). Whlgeschmack und Widerwillen. Die Rätsel der Nahrungstabus. Stuttgart: Klett-Ctta. Hawwa, R. (2013, August 26). Lysine & Threnine. Retrieved December 8, 2016, frm Internatinal Unin fr Cnservatin f Nature and Natural Resurces. (2014). IUCN Red List versin : Table 1: Numbers f threatened species by majr grups f rganisms ( ). Jngema, Y. (2015). Wrld list f edible insects Wageningen University. Matt, A. (2015). Edible Bug Farm. Retrieved August 16, 2016, frm Mlcek, J., Rp, O., Brkvcva, M., & Bednarva, M. (2014). A Cmprehensive Lk at the Pssibilities f Edible Insects as Fd in Eurpe a Review. De Gruyter. Official Jurnal f the Eurpean Unin. REGULATION (EU) 2015/2283 OF THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT AND OF THE COUNCIL f 25 Nvember 2015 n nvel fds, amending Regulatin (EU) N 1169/2011 f the Eurpean Parliament and f the Cuncil and repealing Regulatin (EC) N 258/97 f the Eurpean Parliament and f the Cuncil and Cmmissin Regulatin (EC) N 1852/2001. (2015). Publicatins Office f the Eurpean Unin. Onincx, D. G. A. B., van Itterbeeck, J., Heetkamp, M. J. W., van den Brand, H., van Ln, J., & van Huis, A. (2010). An explratin n greenhuse gas and ammnia prductin by insect species suitable fr animal r human cnsumptin, g(12). Retrieved frm 41

42 Rams Elrduy, J., Pin, J. M., Prad, E. E., Perez, M. A., Oter, J. L., & Guevara, O. L. (1997). Nutritinal value f edible insects frm the state f Oaxaca, Mexic, (10), Rams-Elrduy, J. (2005). Insects: a hpeful fd surce. In M.G. Paletti, ed. Eclgical implicatins f minilivestck; rle f rdents, frgs, snails, and insects fr sustainable develpment (pp ). New Hampshire: Science Publishers. Retrieved frm Rumpld, B., & Schlüter, O. (2013). Nutritinal cmpsitin and safety aspects f edible insects: Abstract, 57(5), Sukhsatej, B. (n.d.). Imprtance f Trace Elements in the Human Bdy. Retrieved December 8, 2016, frm Thmann, C. (2016a). Mehlwurm (Tenebri Mlitr). Retrieved August 17, 2016, frm Thmann, C. (2016b). Öklgische und Öknmische Vrteile gegenüber dem Fleischknsum. Retrieved August 16, 2016, frm Unger, K., Kaisinger, J., Vance, K., & Reed, M. (2016). LIVIN Farms Hive. Retrieved August 1, 2016, frm Van Huis, A., Van Itterbeeck, J., Klunder, H., Mertens, E., Hallran, A., Muir, G., & Vantmme, P. (2013). Edible insects. Future prspects fr fd and feed security. Rme: FAO. Wax, E. (2015). Vitamins. Retrieved August 17, 2016, frm Weber, M. (2011). Ungesättigte Fettsäuren. Retrieved August 16, 2016, frm WHO. (2016). Micrnutrient deficiencies: Irn deficiency anaemia. Retrieved December 8, 2016, frm WKO. (2015). Perfect Insect Insektenfarm Khlberger e.u. Retrieved August 16, 2016, frm 470a-8930-e1e13857a645 Wmeni, H. M., Linder, M., Tiencheu, B., Mbiap, F. T., Villeneuve, P., Fanni, J., & Parmentier, M. (2009). Oils f insects and larvae cnsumed in Africa: ptential surces f plyunsaturated fatty acids, 16(4),

43 Zphbas Red. (2014). Retrieved August 16, 2016, frm 43

44 List f Charts Chart 1: Nutrient Cntents f Insects in Cmparisn t Cnventinal Meat (created by Le Stöger (2016), data retrieved frm Calrie Calculatr: beef, prk, chicken, fish, 2015; Damman, 2016) Chart 2: Nutrient Cntents f Insects in Cmparisn t Cnventinal Meat (created by Le Stöger (2016), data retrieved frm Calrie Calculatr: beef, prk, chicken, fish, 2015; Damman, 2016) Chart 3: Fatty Acid Cntent f Insects in Cmparisn t Cnventinal Meat (created by Le Stöger (2016), data retrieved frm Calrie Calculatr: beef, prk, chicken, fish, 2015; Damman, 2016) Chart 4: Energy Supply Measured in Kilcalries per 100g f Bdy Mass Differences between Insects and Cnventinal Meat (created by Le Stöger (2016), data retrieved frm Calrie Calculatr: beef, prk, chicken, fish, 2015; Damman, 2016) Chart 5: Rearing Insects in Cmparisn t Cnventinal Meat (created by Le Stöger (2016), data retrieved frm Onincx et al., 2010; Van Huis et al., 2013, pp ) Chart 6: The Experiences f the Viennese with Insects as Fd (created by Le Stöger (2016)) Chart 7: Frequency f Having Tried Insects fr Fd (created by Le Stöger (2016)) Chart 8: Species f Insects Offered (created by Le Stöger (2016)) Chart 9: Grasshppers Taste Experience (created by Le Stöger (2016)) Chart 10: Mealwrms Taste Experience (created by Le Stöger (2016)) Chart 11: Reasns fr Nt Wanting t Eat Insects (created by Le Stöger (2016)) Chart 12: Precnditins fr Eating Insects (created by Le Stöger (2016)) Chart 13: General Willingness f the Viennese t Eat Insects in the Future (created by Le Stöger (2016)) Chart 14: Dependency f the Willingness t Eat Insects in the Future (Vienna): Gender (created by Le Stöger (2016)) Chart 15: Dependency f the Willingness t Eat Insects in the Future (Vienna): Age (many categries) (created by Le Stöger (2016)) Chart 16: Dependency f the Willingness t Eat Insects in the Future (Vienna): Age (few categries) (created by Le Stöger (2016)) Chart 17: Dependency f the Willingness t Eat Insects in the Future (Vienna): Knwledge (created by Le Stöger (2016))

45 Chart 18: Dependency f the Willingness t Eat Insects in the Future (Vienna): Pssibility (created by Le Stöger (2016)) Chart 19: Dependency f the Willingness t Eat Insects in the Future (Vienna): Type f Insects (created by Le Stöger (2016)) Chart 20: Dependency f the Willingness t Eat Insects in the Future: Origin (created by Le Stöger (2016)) Chart 21: The Visual Impressin f Insects (Viennese) (created by Le Stöger (2016)) 61 Chart 22: The Viennese Attitude twards Entmphagy (created by Le Stöger (2016))

46 List f Abbreviatins AD BC cf. et al. g ibid. kg l ann dmini (after Christ) befre Christ cmpare et alii (and thers) gram ibidem (in the same place) kilgram liter n. d. n date (year unknwn) sic! WHO mistake frm qute taken ver Wrld Health Organisatin 46

47 Appendix A: German Questinnaire (nline versin) Appendix A shws the infrmatin asked in the German nline questinnaire. The English and the French versin featured the same cntents. Insektenverzehr in Wien Diese Umfrage dient der Datenerhebung für eine vrwissenschaftliche Arbeit (ein Teil der Matura). Die Fragestellung der Arbeit lautet: Ist die Wiener Bevölkerung bereit, Insekten zu essen? Alle Daten werden annym und vertraulich behandelt. Mit Ihrer Teilnahme leisten Sie einen wichtigen Beitrag. Vielen Dank für Ihre Mithilfe! :) * Erfrderlich 1) Geschlecht * Bitte wählen Sie nur ein Feld aus. männlich weiblich 2) Alter * Bitte wählen Sie nur ein Feld aus. [Felder mit Zahlen vn 6 bis 110 auswählbar] 3) Beruf * 4) Herkunft * Bitte wählen Sie nur ein Feld aus. Wien anderes österreichisches Bundesland als Wien Deutschland anderes eurpäisches Land Asien Afrika Nrd-, Süd- der Mittelamerika Australien 47

48 5) Mir war schn vr dieser Befragung bekannt, dass Insekten (mehrere Kästchen auswählbar) Wählen Sie alle zutreffenden Antwrten aus. bei der Züchtung als Nahrungsmittel weniger Wasser als herkömmliches Fleisch benötigen. weniger Treibhausgase bei der Züchtung emittieren als herkömmliches Fleisch. zu einem Grßteil aus wertvllen Prteinen bestehen. in vielen Teilen der Welt gegessen werden. 6) Hatten Sie schn jemals die Möglichkeit, Insekten zu essen? * Bitte wählen Sie nur ein Feld aus. ja Weiter mit Frage 7 nein Weiter mit Frage 16 Ich hatte schn die Möglichkeit, Insekten zu essen. 7) Welche Insekten wurden Ihnen schn angebten? * Wählen Sie alle zutreffenden Antwrten aus. Mehlwürmer Heuschrecken Buffalwürmer Heimchen Snstiges: 8) Haben Sie schn mindestens ein Insekt gekstet? * Bitte wählen Sie nur ein Feld aus. ja Weiter mit Frage 9 nein Weiter mit Frage 17 Mein Geschmackserlebnis 9) Ich habe bisher Insekten explizit als Speise * Bitte wählen Sie nur ein Feld aus. einmal gegessen. ein paar Mal gegessen. ft gegessen. 10) Bitte nennen Sie ein Insekt, das Sie schn gegessen haben! 48

49 11) S war mein Geschmackserlebnis mit dem eben genannten Insekt: Markieren Sie nur eine Antwrt pr Zeile. Geschmack Geruch ptischer Eindruck sehr gut gut neutral schlecht sehr schlecht 12) Weitere Anmerkungen zum Geschmackserlebnis mit dem eben genannten Insekt (ptinal): 13) Bitte nennen Sie ein weiteres Insekt, das Sie schn gegessen haben (falls zutreffend)! 14) S war mein Geschmackserlebnis mit dem eben genannten Insekt: Markieren Sie nur eine Antwrt pr Zeile. Geschmack Geruch ptischer Eindruck sehr gut gut neutral schlecht sehr schlecht 15) Weitere Anmerkungen zum Geschmackserlebnis mit dem eben genannten Insekt (ptinal): Weiter mit Frage 19 Ich hatte nch nie die Möglichkeit, Insekten zu essen. 16) Wenn Sie die Möglichkeit hätten, Insekten zu prbieren, würden Sie diese ksten? * Bitte wählen Sie nur ein Feld aus. Ich wäre dazu bereit. Weiter mit Frage 19 Ich wäre nicht dazu bereit. Weiter mit Frage 17 49

50 Ich möchte keine Insekten essen. 17) Wies möchten Sie keine Insekten essen? * Wählen Sie alle zutreffenden Antwrten aus. Ich finde Insekten ekelhaft. Ich esse grundsätzlich kein Fleisch. Ich habe hygienische Bedenken. Snstiges: 18) Weitere Gründe (ptinal): Weiter mit Frage 19 Meine Einstellung zu Insekten 19) Ich finde den Gedanken, Insekten zu essen: Wählen Sie alle zutreffenden Antwrten aus. ekelerregend neutral innvativ sinnvll Snstiges: 20) Optisch wirken Insekten auf mich: Wählen Sie alle zutreffenden Antwrten aus. ekelerregend beängstigend neutral Snstiges: Weiter mit Frage 21 50

51 Ein Blick in die Zukunft 21) In Zukunft habe ich vr, Insekten zu essen: * Bitte wählen Sie nur ein Feld aus. nie selten ab und zu einmal pr Wche mehrmals pr Wche täglich 22)... unter der Vraussetzung, dass diese Wählen Sie alle zutreffenden Antwrten aus. preiswert erhältlich sind. unter hygienisch unbedenklichen Umständen zu verzehren sind. mir schmecken. im Nahrungsmittel ptisch nicht erkennbar sind. Keine Vraussetzungen sind für mich ntwendig. Snstiges: GESCHAFFT! :) Vielen Dank für Ihre Hilfe! Bei Fragen können Sie sich gerne an die flgende Mail-Adresse wenden: < WIRD AN DIESER STELLE AUS DATENSCHUTZGRÜNDEN NICHT ANGEZEIGT >. 23) Falls Sie möchten, haben Sie nun nch die Möglichkeit, einen Kmmentar zu hinterlassen. 51

52 Appendix B: German Print-Out Questinnaires Appendix B cnsists f tw German questinnaires, bth t be filled ut in hardcpy, nt electrnically: ne especially designed fr peple present at a degustatin (B1), and anther ne fr peple wh were nt being ffered insects at the mment f being surveyed (B2). Hwever, the first versin was als filled in by peple nt attending the degustatin, due t the fact that the secnd questinnaire was created sme time later. 52

53 53

54 54

55 Appendix C: Interview with Christph Thmann On June 6 th, 2016 Le Stöger interviewed the Austrian purveyr f insect Mr. Thmann t gain an insight int several aspects f entmphagy. 55

56 56

57 57

58 58

59 59

60 60

61 Appendix D: Tw Extra Charts During the survey, each participant was asked hw insects ptically appealed t them and what their general attitude twards entmphagy was. Due t the impsed limit f characters, tw charts dealing with the answers t thse tw questins culd nt be integrated int the main paper, but will be briefly discussed here. Accrding t Chart 21, wmen and peple with limited knwledge (A t C - increase f knwledge) f the eclgical benefits f insects as fd fr humans find insects scarier than their reference grup. This als applies t interviewees under the age f 20 r ver the age f 70. Apart frm that, the lder the peple surveyed were the less ften they characterised insects as ptically disgusting. While the percentage f peple describing the ptical impressin f insects as disgusting des nt substantially vary within the cmparisn grups f different knwledge, wmen find insects cnsiderably mre disgusting than men. Chart 21: The Visual Impressin f Insects (Viennese) (created by Le Stöger (2016)) Chart 22 depicts the Viennese attitude twards entmphagy in dependency f the same variables: gender, age and eclgical knwledge. Again, wmen and peple wh lack the educatin abut the eclgical advantages f insects find entmphagy mre disgusting than their reference grups. Hwever, the previusly discussed crrelatin 61

62 regarding age is nt that clearly visible: peple aged between 40 and 49 seem t be mst disgusted by the idea f entmphagy while their ten-year-yunger r lder peers are the least disgusted age grups. Althugh quite bvius, the mre knwledge peple have regarding the eclgical benefits f insects, the mre likely they are t cnsider entmphagy reasnable, which might explain why peple frm C display such a significantly higher willingness t eat insects in the future in cmparisn t the peple assembled in A and B (cf. Chart 17) despite the similarly disgusting ptical impressin f insects (cf. Chart 21). Chart 22: The Viennese Attitude twards Entmphagy (created by Le Stöger (2016)) 62

63 Eigenständigkeitserklärung Ich, Le Stöger, erkläre hiermit eidesstattlich, dass ich diese vrwissenschaftliche Arbeit selbstständig und hne Hilfe Dritter verfasst habe. Insbesndere versichere ich, dass ich alle wörtlichen und sinngemäßen Übernahmen aus anderen Werken als Zitate kenntlich gemacht und alle verwendeten Quellen angegeben habe. Wien, Le Stöger 63