Each day there is a morning and evening puja (worship) carried out by the temple attendants or by the pujari.

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THE TEMPLE General The traditinal infrastructure which frmerly managed the cmplex n lnger exists and the cmmunity are n lnger capable f maintaining the buildings r functins fr which they were

Originally incme generated frm land bequeathed t the temple prvided fr all religius activities and maintained the pujari and his assistants.

1 THE TEMPLE General The traditinal infrastructure which frmerly managed the cmplex n lnger exists and the cmmunity are n lnger capable f maintaining the buildings r functins fr which they were riginally intended. The breakdwn in management has resulted partly due t the cllapse f the riginal temple guthi and the mre recent adaptatin in the 1970s f the Guthi Sansthan's respnsibilities. Originally incme generated frm land bequeathed t the temple prvided fr all religius activities and maintained the pujari and his assistants. Tday there are n funds and in thery maintenance is dependent n a small budget frm the Guthi Sansthan and a budget fr maintenance frm the Department f Archaelgy. lf the temple and its cmmunity are t survive there is a necessity t lk int new slutins t cntemprary prblems and t find answers and sme initial seed funding t prvide an impetus fr develping prgrammes that can be self sustainable. Descriptin The temple is typical f its kind with a three tiered rf cnstructin built in the traditinal Newari style but dating frm the Shah Perid. The plan is based n the cncept f the Panchayan, whereby Shiva is surrunded by fur demigds. The main Mahadev temple is set high n fur diminishing brick platfrms and there are für smai'i tw tiered temples lcated at the crners f the secnd platfrm which huse fur special diviríities representing Ganesh, Vishnu, Surya, and Bhagawati. Fig. 36. Suth Elevatin i Tripureshwar Temple. 2 J ~ # n1..,fig. 37. Gi'õu11d Plan, Tripureshwar Temple. r

2 Fig. 33. Teku Thapathali map; lcating Tripureshwar Temple Cmplex, Thapathali, Kathmandu. TRIPURESHWAR MAHADEV MANDIR HISTORICAL DATA Name: Lcatin: Funder: Te mple Built: Sattals Built: Temple & Sattals rebuilt: Religin: Divinity: Owne rship: T ripureshwar Mahadev Mandir Thapathali, Ward n.1 1 Queen Lalit Tripura Sundari 1818 AD (1875 BS) 1820 AD (1877 BS) 1937 AD after the 1934 earthquake Hindu Shiva Previusly Raj Guthi nw Guthi Sansthan. T ripureshwar Temple was funded by Oueen Lalit Tripura Sundari and in 1818 AD, it was placed under the wnership f the Raj Guthi. At that time 781 Rpani f land was dnated by the ryal fa mily t the Raj Guthi fr the maintenance f the temple and its daily wrship. The exact Jcatin f the guthi land at that time is nt clear. Only a fractin f this land remains tday as part f the curtilage t the temple and a sectin f arable land/market garden that leads dwn t the ri ve r. Each day there is a mrning and evening puja (wrship) carried ut by the temple attendants r by the pujari. Each lunar mnth Pradsh Puja (special wrship) is perfrmed tw days befre full mn and tw days befre n mn. The special annual wrship f Barsha Bandhan Puja takes place n the temple's fundatin day during the mnths_f April and May. Als at arund this time Satu and Sarbat, (barl ey flur and sherbet), ar.e ffered t residents and visitrs. During Nvember the Akash Deep Puja takes place at which time a flaming vessel is raised n a lng bamb ple. Twards the end f Octber and the beginning f Nvember, vari us divinities are washed and fd fferings are made. A ceremny takes place at lhe end f Nvember during which the main image f the Shiva Lingam is bathed in ht water. The cycle f wrship is cmpleted in March with the puja f su PP ressin. Added t the specific pujas listed abve there are, each year, a series f annual pujas taking place th rughut the kingdm which are als bserved at the Tripureshwar Temple. They are : Teej Brata - a festival in August/September especially bserved by wmen wh require ritual cleansing in the Bagmati River. Krishna Astami Puja - in hnur f the birthday f Krishna at the end f August, all night wrship takes place in the temple cmplex. Dashain Puja - the mst imprtant religius family festival which lasts fr nine days in Octber. Shivaratri Puja - ne f the mst imprtant festivais fthe Kathmandu Valley in hnur f Lrd Pashupati, (patrn f the Valley and prtectr f animais). Wrship takes. place ali day and all ni ght fr tw cnsecutive nights between the end f February and the beginning f March. Temple The temple huses the main divinity f the cmplex, a Shiva lingam, which is wrshipped regularly by the pujari r by his assistants. The smaller shrines placed arund the temple huse the attendant divinities f Ganesh, Surya, Bhagawati and Vishnu which are wrshipped n a daily basis by the lcal inhabitants. Curtyard. As in Newari dmestic architecture the temple curtyard is a public space in which many f the activities f daily, secular and religius life are perfrmed. The curtyard which is paved with the traditinal brick laid in different patterns is a fine pen space. During all the big festivais the curtyard is used fr different religius activities and each day it serves as the cmmunal space fr the ccupants f the sattal. These cmmunal activities help t bind the cmmunity tgether. Within the cu rtyard there are 18 different attendant shrines, the sacred fundatin stne,and tw pillars, ne f whlch suppr~5 the image f the funding Queen Lalit while the ther supprts Nandi, the buli - Shiva's vehicle. Garden Traditinally the surrunding land was a cultivated garden where flwe rs, vegetables, etc., were grwn and used during religius festivais assciated with the temple. =bj ai:.~ D \\ a 110 c e. aji.. a..., Jl u "'...lii[ ';,' º º TRIPUR ESHWAR TEMPLE COMP EX RELI GIOUS ACTIVITIES T he temple is dedicated t the Hindu divinity, Lrd Shiva, the mst pwerful Gd f the Hindu panthen. The image in the central shrine is a lingam and there are fur assciated shrines set arund the base f. the main platfrm aind 18 attendant shrines in the curtyard itself. Despite the lack f spnsrship, the pujari (priest), wh is emplyed as an fficer in the Guthi Sansthan,. cntinues t practice the daily wrship and t fuffilrthe réíigius respnsibilities. Sattal Traditinally the saltai su rrunding the temple prvided accmmdatin t fa milies undertaking the religius respnsibilities f the templ e. Public space prvided shrt term accmmdatin fr pilgrims, the hmeless and transient fami lies. Between 1913 and 1973 AD certain prtins f the sattal were used as an rphanage. Space was als used t stre religius paraphernalia fr ceremnies and feasts as well as shared agricultura! implements. 1 BAGMATI RIVER 10. i 40 sm 1 1 Fig. 34. Tripureshwar Temple Cmplex and its immediate surrundings.

3 The lwer sectin i lhe temple is frmed with drways leading inl a circumambulatin enclsing the inner sanctum where the lingam is hused. The sanctum is accessible thrugh a set f tripie drways n all fur sides. The lwest rf is supprted by timber musi (rafters) and 28 carved tunasi (struts) which describe lhe main characters f the Mahabarat epic. The twenty tunasi f the secnd rf reveal lhe lilc: i Krishna while lhe twelve tunasi at lhe third levei depict the Matrika gddesses. These tw upper. rfs are cvered with gilded cpper sheets. Crwning the tp rf, is lhe gilded metal gajur {pinnacle) cnsisting i tive pinnacles benéath a decrative umbrella. Present Cnditin The rfs are i traditinal timber cnstructin supprted ff externai wnlls and a central brick cre which in tum carries the upper tw r Is. The lwer rf is cvered wi th lhe traditinal Jhingati tile set in <1 thick bed f clay, lhe upper tw rfs are cvered with cpper sl1eeting (and riginally gilded). The externai walls f the temple structure are cnstructed with the special d appa (traditinal wedge shaped bricks) that hide the mrtar jints, severa! i which have been rcplaced with simple handmade bricks. The carved Tunasi t all lhe rfs and the 28 elabrately carved windws and fur carved tripie dr are. except where damaged by water penetratin, in reasnably ad cnditin. Repair Recmmendatins A cmpiete and thrugh structural survey f lhe temple is nt pssible withut scafflding. Frm initial investigatins it seems that. in general, the upper tw metal rf structures are in reasnable cnc1itin. Hwever it is anticipated thal many f lhe musi (rafters) will lwve rtted under the metal cvering and will need t be replaced. lt is recmmended therefre t remve the rf cvering, lhe phalek (tirnber bardiag) and t check lhe cnditin f lhe timber rafters and th eir fixings. When lhe slructural timbers, such as lhe supprting beams carrying the uppermst rf structure are expsed, they shuld élls be thrughly checked fr structural integrily. lt is likely that lhe barding t bth the rfs will require almsl cmplete renewal. Tlie lwest rl cvered with jhingati tiles is, thrugh Jack f rn0intenance requiring a ttal verhaul. lt is recmmended that th e structural integrity i lhe wall plales is carelully checked an d if necessary they shuld be repl aced wilh a carefully designed cncrete ring beam which can be hidden wilhin the presenl struclure. The ld tirnbers sl1uld be treated against infestalin in silu. New timbers in all the rfs and lher timber structural elemenls s l1uld be chemically treated against wd bring insects and fungai ;1tté1cks. When replacing lhe clay bed fr lhe tiles, the clay shuld be trcated with a special herbicide t preveni the grwth f vegetatin ;ind tl1e tiles shuld. be dipped in a silicne preparatin t preveni l1 11cJue rainwater absrptin. Tlle brickwrk requires sme careful cnservatin and replacement. lt is recrnrnended that a careful assessment is made f the r0placement requirements and new bricks are specially rdered frm, th e kiln t replace them. 1 Fig. 38. Nrth-Suth Sectin; Tripureshwar Temple m

4 TH E SATTAL General Assessment The Internai elevatins f the saltai were nce impressive, with finely carved balcny windws at the upper levei supprted n rws f duble carved clumns which pen up the lwer half f the building as patis fr public ccupatin. The riginal pitched rfs were cnstructed t create a unifrm pitch which was cleverly detailed t prvide symmetry ver ditterent widths f structure. The upper flrs riginally prvided accmmdatin fr the temple attendants. Over the decades and in particular since the 1934 earthquake the cnditin f the sélttal has deterirated due t earthquake damage, general misuse, lack f spnsrship and negligible maintenance. A nce thriving cmmunity f priests and temple assistants has dwindled t a handful f peple sme f whm are paid t carry ut the rituais assciated with the temple. The remaining shelter has been adapted by the pr and needy t prvide accmmdatin (See Figs. 39 & 41 ). ln the fllwing paragraphs the cnditin f the saltai is described by elevatin and prpsals are set ut fr its repair and rehabilitatin t prvide mre apprpriate accmmdatin fr ali thse presently staying within the cmplex and liberating the traditinal pati space. Existing Internai Elevatins Nrth Wing The Nrth elevatin has remained largely intact fllwing the 1934 earthquake and is perhaps the mst cmplete example tday f the design and style f the riginal structure. The 14 bay pati has been given ver cmpletely t living space. At least 75% f the riginal traditinal rf structure f this wing remained intact until August 1993 at which time a tire destryed a further 25%. The central paanch jyaal (tive bay carved windw) and tw smaller windws which previusly dminated this facade have been replaced With three, mre Simple carved timber WindOWS, (two Of Which were destryed in the recent tire). Suth Wing This wing was largely destryed by the earthquake in 1934, leaving nly ne ri gi nal dr and tw windws at the western end. A small sectin f adjining pati has been partially rebuilt t prvide half-height strage space n the upper leve! where religius bjects cnnected with temple's rituais are stred. Bth the pati and the ruined sectin have been cmmandeered fr living space. D II III NORTH WING SOUTH WING EAST WING East Wing This wing is undubtedly the mst intact. While a large part f the existing rf is f the riginal design, it is in a severe state f dilapidatin - whilst an attempt has been made t depict the present cnditin f these elevatins the cllapse f the central sectin has cntinued thrughut the prductin f this repr!. Apart frm replacing the nrthern balcny windw with a simple timber ne, much f the timber and brickwrk is riginal. Fr the mst part the pati has been cmmandeered and bricked up t prvide accmmdatin. West Wing The 1934 earthquake caused extensive damage t the nrthern sectin f this sattal. As a result the upper flr was prly recnstructed t frm a half height space with rugh brickwrk, and primitive windw details. A mn-pitched timber r.f structure is cvered with crrugated tin sheeting. This cramped and prly lit upper leve! makes fr intlerable living cnditins with the added disadvantage f having t minimise habitable space with the prvisin f a crridr linking fur separate living quarters t cmer staircases. There remain tw sectins f riginal cnstructin in the nrth cmer at grund flr leve! as well as the central sectin f the pati, bth f which have been bricked up and ccupied by individual fa milies. The suthern sectin f the saltai was recnstructed at the sarne ti me as the upper fl r leve! using pr1mitive dr and windw details. WEST WING Fig. 39. Existing Internai Elevatins; Tripureshwar Temple sal/a/.

NORTH & SOUTH WING EAST & WEST WING Prpsed Internai Elevatins Nrth & Suth Wings Alter a careful study f the remaining riginal sectins and fllwing the precept that traditinal architecture strngly

5 NORTH & SOUTH WING EAST & WEST WING Prpsed Internai Elevatins Nrth & Suth Wings Alter a careful study f the remaining riginal sectins and fllwing the precept that traditinal architecture strngly adhered t symmetry, it has been pssible t recnstruct measured drawings f the riginal nrth and suth facades. As a result f its research and discussins with the Guthi Sansthan and the Department f Archaelgy, TTRG has develped a brief t recnstruct the traditinal sattal arund the temple making nly a few necessary mdernisatins and adaptins t cntemprary life. The nrth facade requ ires partia! recnstructin which includes the replacement f the highly carved windws n lhe upper leve! and the recnstructin f the eastern half f the rf t match the existing sectin. The Suth Wing requires majr rebuilding fllwing lhe prpsed drawing which includes severa! carved windws, the recnstructin f the riginal rf frm and the reestablish ment f the frmer pati space. East & West Wings Althugh in a state f i mminent cllapse, the East Wing still retains its riginal cmpsitin. This has served as a guide fr the recnstructin f bth the east and west elevatins. General repairs t the East Wing are cmparatively straight frward requiring the replacement and partia! recnstructin f tw carved windws and the pening up f the public pati space. The rf will require partial replacement and a ttal renvatin. The upper leve! f the West Wing, including the rf will require ttal recnstructin with the prvisin f the replacemen! f a carved drway and tw flanking windws at the lwer leve!. The public pati space will be restred t its riginal cnditin (See Fig. 40). Fig. 40. Sketch Prpsal fr Internai Elevatins fllwing restratin. Fig. 41. The pr cnditin f the East Wing.

Prpsed Externai Elevatins Nrth Wing The externai nrth facade was perhaps at the time f its riginal fundatin an impsing elevatin which gave nt the principie radway and prvided the main access t lhe

The large drways prviding access t lhe curtyard wuld have been clsed at.night., Tday, hwever, the scene lks very different with a mdem seven strey blck niy 3 metres away.

6 Prpsed Externai Elevatins Nrth Wing The externai nrth facade was perhaps at the time f its riginal fundatin an impsing elevatin which gave nt the principie radway and prvided the main access t lhe temple cmplex. The heavy grund fl r arches are indicative f the imprtance f the elevatin and beneath the arches were n dubt easily accessible patis fr pilgrims and travellers. The large drways prviding access t lhe curtyard wuld have been clsed at.night., Tday, hwever, the scene lks very different with a mdem seven strey blck niy 3 metres away. These buildings twer ver the rflain entrance, denying it daylight r space. ln recgnitin f the present cnditin f this frmer main entrance, it is recmmended therefre t repair and cnslidate nly the present brick and timber structure withut replacing the traditinal windw and dar details (See Fig. 42). Suth Wing Due t the exigencies f time and the 1934 earthquake there remains little evidence t suggest hw this facade riginally lked. The upper flr has been changed beynd recgnitin and the prly built additins d little t prvide inspiratin as t the riginal frm f what must have been a striking facade. The dramatic apprach t lhe temple uphill frm the river makes it imprtant t re-create the riginal cncept f lhe facade as it is nw used as the principie entrance. Using lhe existing clurnn bays frming the riginal externai patis as a starting pint, Fig. 43 shws a sketch prpsal f what it might have lked like as a guideline f hw it culd be rebuilt. East & West Wings The east elevatin f the East Wing verlks a pedestrian lane t the river and has remained virtually intact. lt needs nly minar interventins t repair the riginal carved windws, central drway <1nd t cnslidate the brickwrk. Fig. 43. Sketch Prpsal fr Suth Elevatin fllwing restratin. lt is recmmended that the externai west elevatin is remdelled and lhe fact that it verlks the plice barracks shuld be taken int cnsideratin. Fenestratin n this elevatin shuld be discrete and prvide su fficient daylight t the internai spaces. Fig. 42. View i Tripureshwar Temple Cmplex frm T.ripureshwar Marg shwing mde~ n- encrachment. Fig. 44. View i Suth Entrance t T ripureshwar Temple Cmplex.

7 Sattal Sectins - A Cmparisn lt is interesting t cmpare the cnstructin techniques f the riginal style sattal and its alteratin and adaptatin atter the damage caused by the 1934 earthquake. The Nrth an.d Suth Wings are f a duble bay cnstructin with a central supprting ~all, whereas the. East and West Wings are f a single bay cnstruct1n. The adaptat1n f the rf pr.file n the West and Suth Wings has made living in the upper streys difficult - there is virtually n headrm fr accmmdatin in either f these wings. By returriin g t the riginal prfiles as seen in the Nrth and East wings it will be pssible t expand accmmdatin n the upper leveis an re=establish the public pati spaces fr cmmunal use. Fig. 45. Exisling salta/ Seclin thrugh lhe Wesl Wing; shwing lack i space in Upper levels fllwing inadequale recnslruclin alter lhe 1934 Earthquake.,~/ Fig. 47. Exisling saltai Seclin lhrugh lhe Easl Wing; shwing lhe lradilinal, single bay cnstruclin wilh ~ large upper level space. Fig. 46. Existing salta/ Seclin thrugh lhe Sulh Wing; lllwing inadequale recnstruclin alter the 1934 Earthquake. Fig. 48. Exisling satta/seclin thrugh the Nrth Wing; shwing the tradilinal, duble bay cnstruclin wilh enclsed space facing lhe curtyard at grund level.

8 ., 4- -~ Q g ÇJ ~ ~ ~ IO [ Existing Sattal Flr Plans Tw hundred and ten peple live in the saltai and the existing fl r plans shw lhe exceedingly cramped living space available t each fa mily. Under present cnditins lhe average space available per persn a munts t ju st ver fur square metres. Almst ali f lhe frmer public spaces used fr cmmunal activities have been cmmandee red by the present ccupants by creating makeshift walls f brick r plythene sheeting t blck -lhe penings between the carved wden clumns. The living ex>nditins at present in lhe sattal are appalling. Mst f the ccupants cmplain f dampness n the grund flrs, rainwater penetratin thrugh the rfs; infestatin f vermin and a lack f any basic services. Ali amenities are lcated utside thé cmpund but the water supply is insufficient and lhe nly tilet facilities are prly maintained. The strmwater and kitchen wate r drainage is persistently blcked, cau sing lhe retentin f stagnant water in lhe curtyard.! :..,.,...,.,,... llm....-li,_...! -...,,,,_, _,,,.,,_..'! r-! -ti~;-.-=... ~--_,_... =i::..., ;;;limi...! ~! i 1 1 la;;;;,.... Accmmdatin n lhe upper levei is limited by lhe partial cllapse f the Suth Wing and lhe deterirating cnditins and pr recnstru ctin f lhe remaining wings. D El El ~ li is wrth nting that a cmmercial enterprise - a mm and tea shp - ccupies the nrth east uter cmer f the saltai. The prprietr and his family live in the sattal and pay rent t lhe Guthi Sansthan. lt is likely, due t the quality f its cnstructin, that this space has always served thi s functin. The guardian lins which riginally flanked lhe entrance staircase t the suth elevatin were ai sme time remved. Casual enquiries have led the TTRG t believe that the lins are nw guarding the entrance t lhe Huse f Representatives and it is hped as a gdwill gesture they will be returned t their riginal lcatin. :: -.: - r... j ; r r r......,.,. - _ ~.._._._._.._._.-]L.. : _._.. ir _... 1 : :,w. :. -. _:_:_:. _.. ~_-_: J. r.-.--~_ _11..:.. ~..-.~_-: ~.:..:_::.: _. _._-_:_:_ _11_.-_.:.:.:, _:._-._..:..... ~.. ~.. :~ ~ ~.. ª..... h ~... ª ~.. -~ ~ ~ ~ ~... ~ l m / Fig. 49. Exlsting Grund Flr Plan; shwing encrachment i the nce pen, public pati spaces. Fig. 50. Existing First Flr Plan; much i this levei is at present unusable, duet rl damage, lack i space and instability i lhe structure. '

9 um..-~..-.ivii-... _._.._. ~ ~ ~ ~.-.J : l(!;ijl g g Çl ~ -=-~J Ci.. j ILI Recmmended Space Planning By replanning the interir spaces t mre r less their riginal plan, it is pssible t prvide a much larger area f living space. The cmer sectins will be refurbished and used fr living space at grund flr level and the rehabilitated upper flr level will prvide alternative accmmdatin t thse at present ccupying the lwer pati space. This space will then becme available fr its traditinal use by the cmmunity and prvide temprary night shelter nce again fr pilgrims, travellers, and the hmeless. The additin f new staircases lcated withín the pati will prvide access t newly planne living quarters n the upper level. As can be seen n the accmpanying drawings these spaces can be easily separated with traditinal, demuntable stud wall partitins. These simple interventins have been designed t cause minimal interference t the riginal saltai design and structure, whilst maximising the use f the upper flr space. These design recmmendatins are tentativa and will be develped with the residents and the Guthi Sansthan. cu / D El El &l.-.. :====-======== :::'ê:j~-==---=--~ :..::. ~=----~~~.::- 7. Fig. 51. Sketch Prpsal fr lhe Grund Flr Plan; families ccupying pati space n lhe grund llr have been relcated in the nw restred upper levei. Public pati space is reclairned fr traditinal and pssibly new crnrnunity uses. Fig. 52. Sketch Prpsal fr the First Flr Plan; fllwing restratin, the whle f the upper levei can be used t prvida irnprved accrnrndatin fr the existing residents and better strage 'fr lhe trac'litinal paraphernalia. Traditinal stairladders prvida direct access t lhe upper levei, reducing the need fr crridrs. Living space will be created using traditinal partitins.

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