Traditional Poultry Supply and Marketing in the City of N Djamena in Chad

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1 Interntionl Journl of Poultry Science 11 (5): , 2012 ISSN Asin Network for Scientific Informtion, 2012 Trditionl Poultry Supply nd Mrketing in the City of N Djmen in Chd Iss Youssouf, Mopte Logtene Youssouf, Djougui Soumrkml nd Missohou Ayo 1 Institut Universitire des Sciences et Techniques d Abéché (IUSTA) 2 Lbortoire de Recherches Vétérinires et Zootechniques (LRVZ) de Frch, B.P. 433, N Djmén (Tchd) 3 Lbortoire d Alimenttion et de Nutrition Animle (LANA), Ecole Inter-Etts des Sciences et Médecine Vétérinires (EISMV) de Dkr, BP: 5077 Dkr-Fnn (Sénégl) Abstrct: The study chrcterized the supply nd the mrketing of trditionl fowls in the mrkets of the city of N Djmen. It surveyed 104 trdesmen including 29 wholeslers retilers, 61 retilers nd 14 peddlers chosen t rndom in six mrkets distributed in 5 districts of N Djmen. The crosscutting nd retrospective investigtion is crried out mong slesmen. Observtions were mde on chickens slughtered for sle t the mrket. The trdesmen ged 35.4±10.8 yers re mostly (96%) Moslem nd illiterte trdesmen (63%) who strted (75%) their trde between the 1990s nd 2000s. Wholeslers nd retilers get their supplies especilly (63%) in the Hdjer Lmis (39%), Western Tndjilé (18%) nd Estern Myo-Kebbi (6%) regions. As for the peddlers (13%), they get their supplies from the mrkets in N Djmen where the fowls re sold. Trnsporttion is done using trucks (58%) nd cbs (28%) by the other trdesmen nd on foot (14%) downtown by the peddlers. Pcking is especilly mde up of single cges (73%). Out of 542 fowls lost during trnsport, chickens constitute 91% of the losses, pigeons 8% nd guine fowls 1%. These losses re estimted t F CFA. Mjor customers re housewives (34%) while 66% of others re found especilly mong resturnt owners nd street met grill opertors. Out of 3701 fowls sold per dy, 92% re chickens of n verge live weight of 1047 G nd crcss weight of 681 G. About 2713 birds representing 73% of the fowls re slughtered nd plucked right t the mrket plces. The verge sle prices re 2660 F CFA for chicken, 2270 F CFA for guine fowl, 2990 F CFA for duck nd 715 F CFA for pigeon. The verge gross gin mde from the not well sold ducks is higher (p<0.001) thn tht from the other species. The orgniztion of the ctors nd n improvement of the constrints will llow better supply of the mrkets with trditionl poultry. Key words: Trditionl poultry, supply, mrketing, N Djmen, Chd INTRODUCTION In Afric, trditionl poultry frming plys strtegic role of giving the pesnts feeling of security through its nutritionl, economic nd socioculturl role (Provost nd Boredon, 1968; IEMVT, 1978; Almrgot et l., 1985; Grundler et l., 1988; Gueye, 1998; Mopte et l., 1998; Ly et l., 1999). In Chd, recent estimtes mde within the frmework of the review of the poultry breeding sector is 47.9 million fowls (Mopte, 2010) mde up of 99% of poultry from the trditionl sector. Chickens, ducks, guine fowls nd pigeons constitute by their order of importnce the core of this livestock. Semi-industril breeding is poorly developed nd its production does not mnge to meet the demnd by the popultion of the city of N Djmen of broilers nd eggs for their consumption. This sitution contributes to promote the prctice of fmily poultry frming by 90% of the households in Chd nd in ll the gro-ecologicl zones of the country (Mopte, 2010). The second Generl Popultion nd Hbitt Census (RGPH2) estimted the popultion in the city of N Djmen, cpitl of Chd, t inhbitnts (MEP, 2009). This popultion is chrcterized by strong per nnum growth rte, due to the movement of popultions from the rurl res to the cpitl city, n internl increse through births nd the development of new stte nd privte services. This growth of the popultion is followed by n incresingly high demnd for foodstuffs, in prticulr niml products of which the poultry products nd poses problem of supply. Moreover, the even modest improvement of the stndrd of living of city-dwellers results in trnsformtion of consumption modes. If formerly the objective of trditionl poultry frming were especilly intended for hosting visitors nd scrifices, tody the chicken nd its by-products re more nd more mrket oriented to provide the frmers some income (Alders, 2005). Corresponding Author: Iss Youssouf, Institut Universitire des Sciences et Techniques d Abéché (IUSTA) 341

2 MATERIALS AND METHODS Site of study: The study ws conducted in the city of N Djmen, cpitl of Chd. The city lies between the 12th nd the 13th degree North ltitude nd between the 15th nd the 16th degree Est longitude. N Djmen is city bordering Cmeroun, estblished t the confluence of two mjor rivers in the country, Logone nd Chri. The city is mde up of 10 districts six of which hve one mrket ech for the sle of poultry. N Djmen is the hub of politicl, economic, dministrtive, industril (especilly processing industries) nd intellectul offices (with universities, gret schools, colleges, high schools etc). The city is the set of mny diplomtic missions nd Nongovernmentl Orgniztions (NGOs). It hosts singulrly 41% of Chd urbn popultion. Thus, it constitutes significnt center for the consumption of griculturl, especilly poultryrelted products. The city enjoys dry tropicl shel-sudnin climte with one dry seson (from November to- My) nd short riny seson (from June to October). The mximum tempertures (40-45 C) re reched from April to My. They decrese with the coming of rins to minim tempertures in December, Jnury nd Februry which re the coolest months of the yer. During the months when tempertures re high, trnsporttion of the fowls nd their exposure t the vrious mrket plces constitute difficult moments resulting in mny losses. Smpling nd dt-collection methods: A preliminry survey took plce through visiting the vrious mrket plces in order to locte the sites for the sle of poultries. Moreover, contcts were mde with the delegtes of the mrkets in the district constituencies nd the representtives of the poultry sellers present t ech mrket. Cges used for trnsporting poultries t ech mrket were counted. The dt were collected by crosscutting nd retrospective investigtion pproch mong 104 poultry sellers out of the 220 listed by the Int. J. Poult. Sci., 11 (5): , 2012 In Chd, prt from the work done by Mopte (2010b), type or ctegory of ctors, mjor ctivity, frequency of very few dt exist on the contribution of trditionl ttendnce t the mrket). poultry frming to meeting the demnd for met. C Supply prctices (mrkets ttended, mens of The objective of this study ws to chrcterize the mrket trnsport used, pckging used, losses recorded supply nd the mrketing of trditionl poultry in the city during trnsporttion, etc.). of N Djmen. C Mrketing prctices (poultry species concerned, purchse nd sle prices, verge dily sles, time of selling out the stock, number of collectors, retilers nd peddlers, export of poultries towrds other res nd weekly frequencies, mjor customers, slughter of fowls bought by customers t the mrketplce, etc.). RESULTS Chrcteristics of the mrkets nd the opertors: The number of listed cges nd the mnpower of the poultry sellers per mrket provided by the mrket delegtes highlighted the importnce of Al Afi, Chmps-de-fils nd Dembé mrkets in the mrketing of the poultries mrket delegtes, representing survey rte of (Tble 1). pproximtely 47%. The surveyed trdesmen were The trde or the sle of poultries is n exclusively mle selected t rndom mong those selling t the mrkets. ctivity. Out of 104 trdesmen covered by the survey, the Interviews held with ech ctor t his work plce relted verge ge is of 35.4±10.8 yers. Depending on the to the following points: ctegories of the opertors, the verge ge vried: it ws 43.7±9.5 yers mong 29 wholeslers retilers, C Chrcteristics of the sellers (ge, sex, ethnic 34.7±8.6 yers mong 61 retilers nd 21.4±4.5 yers group, religion, length of period of ctivity, mritl mong 14 peddlers. The verge ge difference sttus, eductionl bckground, fmily structure, between these ctors ws significnt (p<0.001). The C Constrints to poultry supply nd mrketing. The weight of live chickens mrketed on the vrious mrket plces ws estimted by weighing of the fowls tken t rndom. A three-kilogrmme cpcity poultry blnce of 20 g grduted rnge ws used for this purpose. About thirty sellers tken t rndom in the surveyed mrkets were monitored during 10 dys, in order to better pprecite the number of fowls sold ech dy. Dt nlysis: The dt collected re processed using "Access" dt bse mngement softwre nd lter trnsferred onto the Winstt-Itcf processing softwre. The informtion gthered ws synthesized in terms of percentges nd verge with stndrd devitions. Vribles selected fter flt sorting out were subjected to vrince nlysis. The distribution of the verges ws mde in reltion to the stndrd fctors of sellers, customers nd gender of mrketed chickens. The significnce of the verges ws observed on the bsis of 5% threshold. The quntity of met crcss of chickens per nnum ws extrpolted on the bsis of 220 listed sellers in the vrious sle mrkets. The vrious costs relted to the expenses on chicken feed, trnsport nd dily municipl tx were clculted. The net profit mrgin ws clculted by tking into ccount these vrious costs, especilly with regrds to chickens. 342

3 Tble 1: Distribution of the number of cges nd trdesmen in seven poultry mrkets in N Djmen (Chd) District Mrket Are Number of cges Number trdesmen er 1 Frch Frch Al Afi Repos Mil Sénéglis Chmps de fils Chmps de fils Moursl Moursl Dembé Dembé Diguel Diguel Totl Fig. 1: Number (%) of the trdesmen per decde of strting the sle of poultry in Djmén (Chd) wholeslers retilers were older nd the peddlers much younger. Those who re mrried constituted 71% of the smple with n verge of 1.3±0.5 women, 4.4±2.9 children nd 2.2±1.2 ctive. In generl, the verge length of period of seniority in the trde ws 13.4±9.2 yers. The wholeslers retilers totled more yers (20.2±9.4 yers) of sle tht the retilers (12.7±7.2 yers) nd the peddlers (2.3±1.4 yers). The differences of yers or experience in selling poultry were significnt (p<0.001). The mjority of the trdesmen (76%) strted their trde in the 1990s nd 2000s (Fig. 1). Moslems belonging to ethnic groups from northern Chd constituted the mjor group of trdesmen (96%). In terms of their eductionl bckground, 63% were illiterte, s ginst 37% who got some eduction out of whom 28% received some elementry eduction nd only 9% some secondry eduction. Out of those who received some eduction, 25 were retilers, 9 peddlers nd only 4 wholeslers retilers. The gret number (96%) of trdesmen hs been selling poultries throughout the yer while 99% ttend the mrket ech dy. Poultry supply nd commercil prctices: Mens of trnsport used were minly trucks (58%) nd bush txis (28%) by the wholeslers retilers nd the retilers (Fig. 2), wheres the peddlers sell while wlking (14%) round the mrket (Fig. 3). Aprt from 13% of peddlers who got their poultry supplies t vrious mrkets in N Djmen, the mjority (87%) of the sellers ttended regionl mrkets (Tble 2). Tble 2: Attendnce (%) t the regionl supply mrkets nd N Djmen mrkets by the poultry trdesmen of this city in Chd Attendnce by the Regions nd mrkets trdesmen in % Hdjer Lmis 39 Estern Tndjilé (Kélo) 18 Estern Myo Kebbi (Bongor) 6 Bth 4 Western Myo Kebbi 3 Chri Bguirmi 3 Upper Northern Cmeroun (Kousseri) 1 Dembé mrket (N Djmen) 13*** ***Itinernt Slesmen who get their supplies from Dembé mrket in N Djmen in order to sell them t other mrkets in the city Fig. 2: Cge contining chickens on minibus (bush txi) t the Chmp-de-fils mrket in N Djmen, coming from Msskory (Chd) Fig. 3: Peddlers t the mrket of Dembé in the 5th district of N Djmen (Chd) The pckging used for poultry trnsporttion ws minly mde of single cges (73%), both cges nd 343

4 Tble 3: Averge purchse nd sle price for ll compound ctegories of sellers t the vrious surveyed mrkets in the city of N Djmen (Chd) Averge purchse Averge sle Gross mrgin Volume Number of Species price (F CFA) price (F CFA) (F CFA) of sles sellers/species Chicken 1870± ± Guine fowl 1835± ± Duck 2160± ± Pigeon 420± ± Tble 4: Absolute gross mrgin expressed s percentge depending on types' of trdesmen on the mrkets of N Djmen (Chd) Mrgin Wholesler (N = 29) Retiler (N = 61) Peddler (N = 14) Totl Slesmen (N = 104) Absolute 856.9±532.6 b 827.5±354.1 c 453.6± ±416.5 Percentge 47.0±36.0 b 46.1±19.9 c 26.6± ±25.6 The verges of the lines followed by different letters, differ significntly t 5% threshold bskets (10%), or bskets only (4%). The reminder (13%) consisted of peddlers who would crry the fowls t rm s length. Out of totl of 542 fowls lost during trnsport, 91% were chickens, 8% of pigeons nd 1% of guine fowls. The losses of 492 chickens were recorded mong 29 wholeslers retilers nd 52 retilers, representing n verge of six (6) heds for these two ctegories. The trdesmen sold on the whole 3701 poultries per dy including 92% mde up of chickens. About thirty of the trdesmen under monitoring sold n verge of 3621 heds. The distribution of the sles by species showed the importnce of chickens mong the mrketed poultry products t the mrkets (Tble 3). The verge purchse nd sle prices of ll compound ctegories of trdesmen indicted some pprecible verge gross mrgins. The verge gross mrgin gined on the sle of ducks ws significntly higher (p<0.001) thn tht on the other poultry species. The expenses on chicken feed, trnsport nd dily municipl tx were estimted t n verge cost of 195 FCFA/chicken. Thus, the net mrgin per sold chicken is therefore 595 FCFA. The sles revenues for the surveyed trdesmen were estimted t pproximtely 9.5 million F CFA dy. Depending on the types of trdesmen, the verge gross mrgins vried significntly both in bsolute vlue nd in percentge (Tble 4). Out of 693 chickens weighed in vrious mrkets nd sles outlets, the verge live weight ws ±218.9 g, ll genders being considered. Depending on the gender of the birds, the mles hve n verge weight of ±223.6 g, which is higher (p<0.001) thn tht of the femles (1017.9±211.1 g). Stocks were sold out in less thn three dys for 44% of the trdesmen mde up of the mjority of retilers nd lmost the totl number of the peddlers nd, in less thn one week for 56% of others mde up of ll the wholeslers retilers. The wholeslers retilers hd ech n verge of three suppliers. They were ssisted in the redistribution or the sle of poultries by n verge of three permnent nd trveling retilers respectively. Tble 5: Averge crcss weight (g) nd produce (%) of chickens sold t the mrkets in N Djmen (Chd) Averge Averge crcss crcss Gender weight (g) produce (%) Mle (n = 270) 712.6± ±5.8 Femle (n = 423) b 660.7± ±6.2 Totl (n = 693) 680.9± ±6.0 The verges of the columns followed by different letters, differ significntly t 5% threshold As for the retilers, 28 hve n verge of 2 suppliers, 14 lso hve 2 retilers nd only 4 worked with 3 peddlers ech. Among 34% of the trdesmen, the mjor customers were housewives, wheres mong 38% of the whole, they re both housewives, street met grill opertors or met brisers in brs nd the reminder (28%) of the customers is mixed (mde up of housewives nd resturnt opertors). Slughtering nd plucking t the mrket plce: Out of 3701 fowls sold dily t the mrkets, 2713 heds representing 73% of birds were slughtered nd plucked on the spot. This percentge relted exclusively to the poultries cquired by the wholeslers retilers nd permnent retilers. Slughtering, plucking nd clening of the poultries re crried out by young person, often reltive of the seller, to whom re pid the slughtering nd plucking fees. The young ssocites of the wholeslers retilers slughtered n verge of 53.6±24.8 poultries per dy nd mde n verge gin of 6180 F CFA. On the other hnd, those working with the retilers only slughtered n verge 19.9±10.0 heds nd gined only 2225 F CFA. The gps of the verge slughter nd income figures between these young people were significnt (p<0.001). At the verge cost of pproximtely 115 F CFA by processed poultry nd for some 2713 heds, slughtering nd plucking mde it possible to ern pproximtely F CFA per dy. For 90 young people who got involved in this ctivity, the verge dily gin ws pproximtely 3470 F. For 693 weighed 344

5 Tble 6: Estimte of the cost (F CFA) of poultry losses per ctegory of trdesmen in N Djmen, Chd Types of sellers Totl losses Averge losses Totl cost Averge cost Number Wholeslers retilers Retilers Totl Tble 7: Difficulties encountered by the ctors in supplying poultry to the city N Djmen, Chd Percentge Terms nd conditions Numbers (%) Distnce 2 2 Losses during trnsporttion Losses during storge 3 3 Losses trnsporttion nd storge Both distnce nd losses Totl Tble 8: Proposls mde by the trdesmen to improve the supply of the city of N Djmen in Chd with poultry products Terms nd conditions Numbers % Trnsport conditions nd chrges Lowering prices t the collection mrket 6 12 Improvement of breeding 2 4 Totl slughtered chickens, the verge crcss weight mens ws g nd the crcss produce ws 65%. The mjority femles (61%) hd n verge crcss weight lower thn tht of the mles (p<0.001). As for the verge crcss produce, the observtions did not indicte ny significnt differences ccording to the gender (Tble 5). Compred to the volume of chickens sold (3 405 heds) per dy, the estimtes of crcss met were 2, 318, 805 g representing pproximtely 2.32 tons per dy or tons per nnum. Compiled on the whole from 220 trdesmen listed t the mrkets, the quntity of crcss met ws pproximtely tons/yer. For n pproximte totl of one million inhbitnts in N Djmén, the nnul verge consumption ws estimted t 1.80 kg of trditionl chicken crcss met. Losses incurred during trnsporttion nd difficulties encountered: Concerning the losses due to trnsport, 90 trdesmen recorded poultry losses of n verge cost estimted t F CFA. Among the wholeslers retilers, the verge loss costs were higher thn for the retilers (Tble 6). As regrds the difficulties encountered in supplying, poultry losses during trnsporttion nd the long distnce from collection centers or mrkets were the trdesmen s mjor concerns (Tble 7). Out of 104 surveyed trdesmen, 88 representing 85% declred they hve hd difficulties during trnsporttion of poultries. The recorded losses re due to the pckging nd trnsport conditions, the distnce from the purchse zones nd the pinful ccess to the supply res. The improvement in the trnsport conditions nd the reduction of the trnsporttion costs were the mjor concern of the mjority of the trdesmen (Tble 8). The concern of the trdesmen lso bers on the construction of the rods to the supply zones. In riny seson these rods re brely prcticble. DISCUSSION The study chrcterized the supply nd mrketing of trditionl poultries t the mrkets of the city of N Djmen. A rise in the poultry trde is tking shpe in comprison of the number of trdesmen involved in poultry sle nd the volume of dily sles. In 2001, observtions were mde bout 151 trdesmen listed s being involved in poultry sle in the mrkets of N Djmen (Mopte, 2010b) s ginst 220 listed during our study. The sme pproch ws used in determining the dily poultry sle volume t the mrkets in the city. They went from 2542 poultries sold per dy in 2001 (Mopte, 2010b) to 3701 heds t the end of our work. Specificlly, the number of fowls hs been more thn doubled within period of 9 yers. They were 1,556 heds in 2001 s ginst heds currently. This lso gives n indiction of the importnce of poultries in generl nd especilly of trditionlly bred chickens in meeting the need of the city for poultry met in Chd (Mopte nd Aw, 2010). Concerning the supply bsins or zones for the mrkets in N Djmen, n increse nd some further remoteness were lso noted. In 2001, 60% of the poultry trdesmen in N Djmen ttended the mrkets of the loclities within the former Chri Bguirmi Prefecture only (Mopte, 2010b). Our results only showed 42% of them, except the peddlers in N Djmen, who hve been ttending mrkets within the newly estblished Hdjer Lmis nd Chri Bguirmi Regions, resulting from reshping the former Chri Bguirmi Prefecture. Aprt from these regions, those in Western Tndjilé nd Estern Myo-Kebbi come 2nd nd 3rd in the supplying N Djmen with poultry. It rose from the investigtions mde t the mrket of Bongor, tht pproximtely 5,800 chickens re disptched ech week to Djmén (Mopte nd Djime, 2012). The mjority of trdesmen hve hd n experience of 10 to 20 yers in the poultry sle ctivity. Tht indictes tht this ctivity is reltively old in the city of N Djmen. The concentrtion of poultry sellers nd cges in 7th, 5th nd 4th municipl districts is in connection with the importnce of the mrkets such s Dembé, Chmpdes-fils nd Al Afi mrkets in these respective districts. 345

6 City trditionl poultry trdesmen re men, which is who welcomes the customers who wish to hve their ginst the observtions mde t the weekly villge bought chickens killed on the spot. At the other mrkets, mrkets. In rurl res, one dels with people who re however, ech trdesmn hs the sold chickens both poultry producers nd sellers. For this reson, slughtered t the plce where they re sold. Thus, the women re more in chrge of production nd sle fireplce for heting wter nd the hole dug in the ctivities thn men (Albi et l., 2006; Ogunlde nd ground for blood re just next to the slesmn. Plucking Adebyo, 2009; Dink et l., 2010). At the weekly is done on bg spred out on the ground nd the mrkets, sle is often occsionl. In town, the ctors fethers piled up in bg. The cogulted blood in the present in the sle of trditionl poultry crry on this hole is scrped nd pcked in schet. The schets ctivity in permnent wy nd s trde. In nd the fethers re thrown on the rubbish dump t the N Djmen, poultry sles re regulr during the whole end of the dy. yer t the mrkets (Dembé, Al Afi, Chmp-des-fils, In spite of the chicken losses recorded during Diguel, Cerl mrket, Frch). The sme observtion trnsporttion, the trdesmen mde some benefits pointed out t other mrkets in Africn cities (Gueye, becuse the poultry trde constitutes profitble ctivity 1998). Our observtions highlighted the presence of for these ctors. some middlemen such s the suppliers nd collectors Informtion shred by some trdesmen give n in the supply zones nd the peddlers in town. The sme indiction of the fct tht poultry slughtering nd the observtions re reported by Emuron et l. (2010) in plucking hve been crried out for 31 yers t Al Afi Ugnd, Dessie nd Ogle (2001) in Ethiopi, Mlozi et l. mrket, for 24 yers t the Chmp-de-fils mrket nd for (2003) in Tnzni, Gondwe et l. (2005) in Mlwi, s 11 yers t the Cerel mrket. On the other mrkets, the well s Ouedrogo nd Zoundi (2001) in Burkin Fso. trdesmen could not remember but would recognize tht The verge number of poultries sold by the trdesmen this is quite recent prctice, fter the yer 2000, in their monitored in ten dys ws close to our results obtined respective sles mrket. It rises from need to meet the through occsionl investigtion. It lso sttes tht the incresing demnd by the consumers. Nevertheless, trdesmen hve some good experience of the number this prctice which is fr from being crried out in of dily poultry sles. suitble wy is potentilly risky one in terms of food The verge price of locl chicken bought in the supply hygiene nd disese trnsmission. zones t the time of the study ws higher thn the The high number of illitertes in the poultry trde is likely ntionl verge price (1840 F CFA) in 2008 (Mopte, to be rodblock to sensitizing on biosfety ctions t 2010). Tht would be explined by the high demnd of mrket plces. This spect must be tken into ccount poultry met. This verge price is lso higher thn for possible interventions in this sense. The those reported in Bmko, Mli (Hormn, 2004), in concentrtion of number of vrious species of frmyrd Nimey, Niger (Assoumne nd Ousseini, 2010), in birds t the mrkets cretes fvorble conditions for Dkr, Senegl (Gueye et l., 2000), but is lower thn disese propgtion. tht in Younde (Awono et l., 2008). However, the weight nd the size re the only criteri considered t the Conclusion: This study chrcterized the supply of the time of purchse t the mrkets (Teno, 2010). It is mrkets nd the mrketing of trditionl poultry in the city observed tht more femle fowls re sold thn the of N Djmen. The results showed tht the ctivity of mles. This gender-bsed selection criterion is not in selling poultry is regulr ctivity crried out during the conformity with tht which ws observed t rurl mrkets whole yer. The supply zones for the city of N Djmen in Senegl Gueye (1998) nd Mlwi (Gondwe et l., in trditionl poultry re mny nd more or less distnt 2005). This sitution would be explined by gusttory from ech other. The incresing number of the preferences for the qulity of flesh nd the fcility of trdesmen nd sold chickens shows high urbn cooking the femle birds. The crcss produce obtined demnd nd rel dynmics of the trditionl poultry in our study is lower thn tht of 80% obtined in Burkin chin. The recorded economic losses pose the problem Fso (Kondombo, 2007). Our results would led us to of poultry supply difficulties which require specil believe tht the chickens put on sle t the vrious ttention in order to better orgnize nd improve the mrkets in the city of N Djmen would overll be much supply. In light of these results, reorgniztion of the younger, therefore less hevy becuse of the pressure poultry distribution chins is necessry. This needs to due to high demnd. On the other hnd, observtions tke into considertion the strengthening of the mde in Bongor showed some 90% crcss output orgniztionl nd functionl frmework of the vrious (Mopte nd Djime, 2012). plyers in the mrketing chin. In order to meet the high Slughtering is crried out in lmost ll of the mrkets in demnd, there is need to crry out n implementtion of the city. Al Afi Mrket hs summrily set up slughter vst villge poultry frming development progrmme slb where ech trdesmn hs his own representtive in high production res. 346

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