WAi-TIME PRODUCTION AGRICULTURAL SUPPLIES BOARD. OTTAWA CND

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1 SPECIAL PAMPH LET No. 67 WAi-TIME PRODUCTION AGRICULTURAL SUPPLIES BOARD. OTTAWA CND C212 WPS SP PREVENTION OF DISEASE IN SHEEP (Includg Control Internl nd Externl Prsites) Cnd sheep-breeders re fortunte position not hvg contend with mny fectious diseses which frequently scourge flocks or prts world. In Estern Cnd mjor problems re diseses due ternl prsites, nd pregnncy disese. In rnge sheep Western Provces, goitre, hemorrhgic septicemi (shippg fever), contgious ecthym (sore-mouth), nd testl prsites my cuse losses. Miscellneous Conditions Merl Deficiency (cludg goitre).-in most districts nerl mixture s supplement or feed is necessry for mximum growth nd development, nd this cn usully be prepred so tht it is dequte for prevention goitre lmbs. However, those regions where goitre is prevlent, pregnnt ewes should be given one gr potssium iodide per niml dily drkg wter. A recommended merl mixture for sheep is:- Bonemel or bone chr lb. Slt lb. Potssium iodide... 3 oz. Mix first two gredients, n dissolve iodide wter nd sprkle it over mixture. Leve it front nimls t ll times. If bonemel is unobtble becuse wr needs, commercil mixture s prepred for diry cttle cn be used. If monoclcium phosphte cn be bought with gurntee freedom from hrmfui mounts fluore, followg mixture cn be prepred mnner described bove. Monoclcium phosphte lb. Ground limesne lb. Slt lb. Potssium iodide oz. There is suggestive evidence tht deficiency copper my cuse wekness lmbs colloquilly known s " swy-bck ". In districts where this occurs ddition four ounces powdered copper sulphte well mixed Published by Authority Honourble J. G. GARDINER; Mister Agriculture. Ottw M-W03-10:42

2 tioned might be beneficil. In districts is deficient, locl recommendtions peris ce loss s mnv s IuUýI >ws, or :e i -1"IV VILItut4U L3.UUIUg. if borcie cid. A veter >ss is be prevented. ls which hve be sh is must be done t lest.ls should be well fed n< prmci ilrly dngerous nd if Eetk (Sore Mouh).-Ti feedg lots. Smll blist

3 lrd s lubricnt. It is essentil keep up circultion blood udder; orwise gngrene (" Blue-bg ") will occur, nd this cn be treted only by surgicl removl udder. Sone Or Conditions "Stiff-lmb Disese ".-Insnitry conditions re conducive lmb dysentery nd rthritis. When born on mnure piles sted on clen strw, lmbs re exposed fection. The lmb is even more seriously exposed if nvel cord is not swbbed with iode, or if dirty knife nd no ntiseptie is used t dockg nd cstrtg time. Keep struments mn solution disfectnt, nd use tcture iode freely. Plnt Poisong.-Fron time time losses re cused by plnt poisong. Deth cms ppers ccount for mjority poisongs West nd wter hemlock Estern Cnd. There re or poisonous plnts, o numerous be listed here. The chief reson for plnt poisong sheep is lck grss. If sheep re turned out sprgtime before re is n dequte growth, y will hunt for ny vilble green feed. Keep m, or supply supplementry feed until growth grss is well dvnced. In times drought similr dnger exists, nd similr preventive mesures become necessry. The destruction poisonous plnts by hnd pullg is prcticble nd effective control mesure on most frms. Diseses Cused By Internl Prsites Regions Est Mnib.-In Estern Provces mny worm prsites re enceuntered sheep. However, reserch work lis been successful iu clssifyg prsitic diseses most importnce, nd n efficient system control lis been devised. Nodulr Disese.-This is cused by young worms picked up with grss from contmted pstures. The worms enter wlls sheep's testes, where nodules or knots re formed. When present gret numbers, se cuse serious terference with helth nd my ru mny flocks mu Estern Cnd. The eggs nd young worms on contmted psture lnds re destroyed by long wter frost. In testes sheep, however, nodulr worms develop mturity durg wter months nd beg lyîng ir eggs, which pss out nd g contmte pstures when sheep re turned out sprg. To prevent this recurrence nd reby protect lmbs from developg nodulr disese, it is necessry destroy egg-lyg worm lu dult sheep before nimls rech psture sprng. Smch Worm Diese.-This occurs mid-summer, chiefly lmbs tht become fected with 1,000 or more twisted-wire worms. The young worms re picked up from grss sme wy s re nodulr worms. Most, but probbly not ll, eggs nd worms on pstures re destroyed by wter freezg. Blck Scours.-This trouble occurs its most pronounced form mong flocks where crege psture is limited nd when pstures become dry nd unnutritious utumn. It is cused directly by mny thousnds lmost visible worms teste nd sometimes by complictg hookworm fection. Like nodulr nd smch worms, se prsites re picked up from contmted grss. Some eggs nd young worms re ble survive through wter months, nd consequently psture my be lightly fected sprg-time.

4 Controt Bsed on fct tht wter months hve clensed pstures nodulr worm fection nd hve lso reduced smch worm lmost fection negligible n level, highly effective medicl protects tretment lnds breedg from sck contmtion sprg. A drug known thize s is pheno- used for this purpose, nd compound tblet Cnd hs been nd developed mde vilble ll sheep owners. The system briefly, control s is, follows:- 1. Tret ll dult nimls flock with phenothize eir tblets sometime between first Februry nd one month lmbg, before or, preferbly, from four or more dys fter lmbg hours before 24 flock is turned on summer pstures. Do not pregnnt tret ewes nerer thn one month before lmbg. 2. Although this tretment usully prevents occurrence smch worms s well s preventg nodulr disese lmbs, wtch for signs smch worm July, August nd erly September. lmbs Infected my be ft, but y show ple eye membrnes nd move slowly. more When such signs pper, l lmbs should receive tretment such s drench bluesne nd nicote (Sec pge cpsules 7), tetrchlorethylene, smll dose phenothize, or or recognized ny smch-worm remedy. Repet one month if necessry. 3. Sympms dirrhoe utumn months re dvnce signs future unthriftess. Affected nimls should be treted with thize, pheno- nd if grss is dry nd sprse, supplementry feed should be provided. Instructions for Usg Phenothize Tblets Phenothize tblets re obtble through qulified throughout veterrs Cnd; lso y my be obted from followg: Co-opertive Cnd Wool Growers Ltd., Toron, nd Wesn, Ontrio, Quebec, Lennoxville, or Reg, Ssk.; Wool Growers Assocition Kmloops, bridge, B.C., Clgry, Leth- Lcombe, Edmonn, Hnn nd Vermilion, Alt., nd Creek, Mple Ssk.; Cnd Livesck Co-opertive, Moncn, N.B.; Cnd nd Livesck Mrketg Bord, Prce Edwrd Islnd. Cert defite rules nd procedures should be followed tretment. when givg this Wter or Sprg Tretment 1. Tret l] dult nimls, cludg rm. 2. The number tblets be given depends upon weight sheep, s follows: () Up 100 lb, 3 compound tblets (12, grms echl. (b) Over 100 lb, 4 compound tblets (12- grms ech). 3. Do not reduce number tblets recommended, prticulrly flocks which nodulr worm is prevlent. Summer nd Autumn Tretments 4. Flocks subject dirrhoe or scourg utumn should be treted September or t first sign dirrhoe young nimls. () Grown Animls, 3 compound tblets (124 grms ech).,b) Lmbs, 2 compound tblets (124 grms ech). 5. For smch worms summer, give 1 2 tblets.

5 How Admister Tretment The tretment will be sfely nd efficiently given if pioyed. veterr Where is em- services veterr re not structions vilble, should followg be closely followed:- 1. Pen sheep quietly nd securely for tretment. 2. Do not fst sheep before or fter dosg. 3. If tretment is given just prior turng nimis summer hold psture, flock for t lest 24 hours give drug fter chnce which re ct, is no dnger contmtg summer psture. 4. Hve n ssistnt hold sheep between his legs neck, such not wy tht shoulders, is between knees. Avoid nd slippery plce floors, sheep's hd-qurters corner gst m object wll. is The prevent niml from sittg down, from body movg from side side, or from swgg its hed sidewys. 5. Use mouth spreder, with spred bout 2¾ ches hold 2ý mouth ches, open. Admister tblet when strugglg niml violently. is not The person givg tblets opens mouth niml's nd serts mouth spreder so tht forwrd ngue underneth is held lower br spreder. Holdg between tblet thumb nd first two fgers, tblet well is n down brought root ngue by fgers, where nd it pushed is relesed over " hump " ngue by ssist centre swllowg, fger. To spreder is quickly tken out nd ssistnt mouth releses pressure from sides neck so tht hed nd niml cn lower its hed. The opertion crefully for is repeted ech tblet. Importnt-4 tblets cn be sheep given by n experienced doser 30 seconds. Note.-Creless or expert dosg my result troduction ccidentl tblet lrynx, or wdpipe; sheep such should cse, be given drench wter nd should its be shken hed down. with Alwys keep hndy drenchg bottle wter. filled Ech with person usully develops his own method tblets. dmisterg One substitute for use fgers bllg is employ gun " mde short piece rubber hose dimeter pipe ¾" with side simple wooden plunger. Precutions Phenothize hs been used for mny thousnds hs proved sheep be Cnd remrkbly nd sfe nd efficient for generl common use. with However, ll drugs, it must not be used promiscuously; not been nd used when before it on hs cert flock, it is better tret first two order or three be nimls sure tht no peculir conditions mechnicl re present prt nd tht dosg cn be donc esily. Do not tret pregnnt ewes nerer thn one month lmbg. Discolortion Wool The ure treted nimls conts lrge mounts dys fter red dosg. st for In four cse ewes tht re not not tken shorn, if prt precutions fleece re my be permnently sted. be kept The flock well-bedded should pen or yrd. Avoid bre hevy floors cly or yrds or orwise with impervious surfce. If it cn flock be shorn rrnged nd n hve treted 24 hours before beg turned dnger summer wool sts psture, will be voided. The young lmbs re likely become

6 sted with ure vrious degrees, dependg upon how y nurse. Sts on lmbs re not serlous, s y will grow out nd will not be noticeble by midsummer. Western Cnd From Mnib Pcific Cost re is no nodulr disese, nd snch worm disese is not common. However, re re two types diseses cused by worm prsites tht re importnce. One is form dirrhoe very similr " blck scours " Est; or is dirrhoe which chiefly ffects yerlgs lte wter nd erly sprg. As fective forms se prsites on grss-lnds re not completely destroyed durg wter months, estern system prevention psture contmtion s described on pges 4 nd 5, does. not produce sme spectculr results. However, it is cert tht sprg tretment dult nimls with phenothize, somewht reduced doses, is defite vlue reducg hzrds worm fections. Both forms dirrhoe tht re encountered West s result worm fections will respond tretment with phenothize. As medicl tretment lrge rnge flocks is not simple mtter, owner must use good judgment nd should obt pressionl dvice. Or Worm Prsites.-The phenothize tblets mentioned re not effective gst lungworms, tpeworms nd liver flukes. Lungworms pper cuse disese only when or more serieus troubles exist; fortuntely tretment recommended, ger with good flock mngement, ppers mke sheep resistnt this fection. Tpeworms re commonly blmed for mny ills, but reserch hs shown tht such ills re ctully cused by or prsites, prticulrly smch worms nd " blck scour " worms. The copper sulphte nd nicote sulphte drench, however, removes mny tpeworms. Liver flukes occur only very smll res on west cost nd Quebec nd re little importnce sheep Cnd. In se smll res specil tretments cn be recommended. Insect Pests Blow-flies (Screw-worm Flies).-These sects, lthough not mjor pest Cnd, do cuse trouble some regions. They deposit eggs wounds or on soiled wool, nd mggots which htch vde sk nd underlyg flesh. From lte April June is worst period for festtion British Columbi. The files ordrily breed crrion; thus crcsses should be buried or burned whenever found. When flies re prevlent, flock should be shorn erly nd clip wounds should be dressed with n ntiseptic. Scourg nimls should be properly treted for worm prsites nd soiled -wool elipped wy. A formul used South Afric for dressg mggot-fested wounds is mixture cotnseed oil, 45 prts (by mesure, not weight), benze, 40 prts, oil pe tr, 10 prts, nd crbolic cid, 5 prts. This tends prevent furr ttcks s well s killg mggots. In Austrli mixture 6 prts creosote, 20 prts turpente, nd 40 prts olive or rw lseed oil is used. If desired, pl benze cn be used kill mggots, but fly repellent should n be pplied wounds. The Nostril Fly.-This is n sect pest some importnce ll prts Cepd. The flics re relted wrble fly cttle; y re ctive durg summer months, when y deposit young grubs nostrils sheep. These grubs crwl up suses, where y grow durg wter. They re present bout 90 per cent ll dult sheep nd, unless lrge

7 f gi Sgiven te tr iý t is b [t iso losses vo W( when The

8 Be sure tht Copper Sulpfhte crystls re cler nd blue; discrd whitened crystls. Het quntity wter dissolve bluesne, vessel tht is not bre metl, n dd ýwter up full quntity. This solution will keep defitely g enmel or ernwre conter, but it is better dd 40 per cent nicote sulphte only wlen it is bout be used. The Doe Fluid Ounces Adult Sheep W ell-grown lnibs... 1 Smll lmbs No fstg before or fter tretment is necessry, but it is better keep nimls wy from wter for few hours, fter dosg. For wek nimls dose should be reduced rr thn cresed. Method Dosg A suitble drenchg bottle should be prepred so tht correct dose cn be quickly nd ccurtely mesured it. The sheep should be brought quietly snll enclosure nd operr should dose ech one by holdg hed niml between his knees, reby restrg it but not risg hed o high. A full hlf mute is needed for ech niml; strong flow liquid might cuse some it enter lungs, with serious results. Do not tret pregnnt ewes tht re with one month lnbg time. Do not tret lmbs younger thn six weeks. Sheep must lwys be hndled gently. Prepred by Science Service-Domion Deprtment Agriculture. This pmphlet replces followg pmphlets Wrte Production Series: No. 13 Control Sheep Ked. No. 44 The Prevention Losses Sheep Flocks. No. 51 Control Cert Prsitie Worms Sheep. OrrAw : Prted by EDmnox (,outmn, Prter Kg's Most Excellent Mjesty, 1942.