PRODUCTION WAR-TIME =- OTTAWA CANADA ARICULTURAL,; SUPPLIES BOARD CONTROL OF CERTAIN PARASITIC WORMS IN SHEEP

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1 SPE CIAL PAMPHLET No. 51 SSERI WAR-TIME PRODUCTION ES ARICULTURAL,; SUPPLIES BOARD =- OTTAWA CANADA CONTROL OF CERTAIN PARASITIC WORMS IN SHEEP The Prevention and Control Nodular Disease and Parasites Stomach and Intestines Sheep by Phenothiazine Compound Tablet Phenothiazine* is a powerful vermicide or worm killer. Its usefulness in destroying worm parasites in stomach and intestines sheep has been determined in controlled experiments and extensive practical trials conducted by Canadian research workers who have combined this drug with certain or chemicals to produce a new compound phenothiazine tablet. With correct usage, at right tine and according to instructions given in this circular, se tablets provide an efficient and satisfactory treatinent for control nodular disease (or "pimply gut") and round worm infestaions causing unthriftiness and poor health in sheep, and especially in young lambs. Why Treatment is Effective in Canada Until now, treatment for internal parasites in sheep has taken form drenching or giving capsules during summer months. Such treatments have been effective in preventing and curing stomach worm disease caused by twisted-wire worm, but y have not acted as truly preventive measures. They have had no effect upon nodular worm Eastern Canada and have not been entirely satisfactory in control worms which cause autumn diarrhoea or scouring in all parts Dominion. Sheep farmers in Canada must control following kinds worms if losses from disease are to be prevented: (a) Nodular Disease This is caused by young worms picked up with grass from contaminated pastures. The worms enter walls sheep's intestine, where nodules or knots are formed. When present in great numbers se cause serious interference with health and may ruin many flocks Eastern Canada. The eggs and young worms on contaminated pasture lands are destroyed by long winter frost and wear conditions; but in animal host, that is, in intestines sheep. nodular worms develop to maturity during *This word îs pronounced feen-o-thi-a-zeen, with accent ou UM C212 WPS SP P-Mýhled by Authority HoN. J. G. GARDINER Minister Agriculture, Ottawa, :41

2 Lhe winter montis and begin laying eggs which contaminate pastures each spring. To prevent this recurrence and reby protect lambs from developing nodular disease, it is necessary to destroy egg-laying worm in adult sheep before animals reach pasture in spring. Phenothiazine is only drug which is known at present to be capable effective use in destroying all or most se worms. (b) Ssomach Worm Disease This occurs in mid-summer, chiefly in lambs that become infected with 1,000 or more twisted-wire worms. The young worms are picked up from grass in same way as are nodular worms. Most, but probably not all, eggs and worms on pasture are destroyed by winter freezing. The winter or spring treatinent for nodular worms will remove adult stomach worms, but on farms where large flocks sheep are kept, it may be necessary to drench lambs at beginning July. The copper sulphate and nicotine sulphate drench, tablets phenothiazine, or or effective treatments may be used for this purpose. (c) Black Scours This trouble occurs in its most pronounced form among large flocks where acreage pasture is limited and when pastures become dry and are not nutritious. It is caused directly by many thousands almost invisible worms in intestine. Like nodular and stomach worms se tiny parasites are picked up from grass. Some eggs and young worms are able to survive through winter months and consequently pasture may be partially infected; hence on badly infected farms, spring treatment with phenothiazine tablets is not entirely effective in preventing this disease. As this parasite is important in many parts Dominion, it is necessary, in order to secure quicker and more effective control black scours, to treat lambs all flocks which bave been subject to autumn diarrhoea, in addition to treating breeding animals in spring. When treatment is needed in September dose is saine as recommended in this circular. (d) Or Worms The tablets here described are not effective against lungworms, tap.worms, and liver flukes. Fortunately, lungworms appear to cause disease only when or more serious troubles exist, and treatinent here recommended, toger with good husbandry, makes sheep resistant to this infection. Tapeworms are commonly blamed for many ills, but research has shown that such ills are actually caused by or parasites, particularly stomach worms and "black scour" worms. The copper sulphate and nicotine sulphate drench, however, removes many tapeworms. Liver flukes occur only in very small areas on west coast and in Quebec and are little importance to sheep in Canada. In se small areas special treatnients can be recommended. A New Efficient and Protective Treatment Phenothiazine tables are a most effective winter treatment for control stomach and intestinal worms in sheep. They may be given any time between first February and one month before lambing, or froin 5 days after lambing to 24 hours before turning to pasture. Instructions for Dosing Certain definite rules and procedures should he followed when giving this treatment.

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Winter or Spring Treatments 1. Treat all adult animals including ram. 2. The number tablets to be given depends upon weight sheep, as follows: (a) Up to 100 lb.

5 Winter or Spring Treatments 1. Treat all adult animals including ram. 2. The number tablets to be given depends upon weight sheep, as follows: (a) Up to 100 lb. in weight, 3 compound tables (124 grams each). (b) Over 100 lb. in weight, 4 compound tables (124 grams each). 3. Do not reduce number tablets recommended for Eastern Canada or any districts where nodular worm is prevalent. Summer and Autumn Treatments 4. Flocks subject to diarrhoea or scouring in autumn should be treated mn September or at first sign diarrhoea in young animals. (a) Grown animals, 3 compound tables (1 grains each). (b) Lambs, 2 compound tables (121 grais each). 5. If phenothiazine is preferred to or drugs for -stomach worms in summer, give 1 or 2 tablets. How to Administer Treatment The treatment will be safely and efficiently given if a veterinarian employed. is Where services a veterinarian are not available, following instructions should be closely followed. 1. Pen sheep quietly and securely for treatment. 2. Sheep do not need to be fasted before or after dosing. 3. If treatment is given just prior to turning flock to summer pasture, flock should be held for at least 24 hours to give drug a chance to act, after which re is no danger contaminating summer pasture. 4. The sheep should be held between legs an assistant in such a wey that neck, not shoulders, is between knees. Avoid slippery floors, and place hind quarters in a corner or against a wall. main The object is to prevent animal from sitting down, from moving body fron side to side, or from swinging its head sideways. 5. To hold mouth open, use a mouth spreader with a spread about 2î inches to 2 inches. Endeavour to administer tablet when animal is not struggling violently. 6. The person giving tablet opens animal's mouth and inserts mouth spreader so that tongue is held forward underneath lower bar spreader. Holding tablet between thumb first and two fingers, tablet is n brought well down to root tongue by fingers, when it is released and pushed over "hump " tongue by centre finger. To assist swallowing, spreader is quickly taken out mouth and assistant releases pressure from sides head and neck so that can animal lower its head. The operation is repeated carefully for each Important--4 tablet. tables cau be given to a sheep by an experienced in doser 30 seconds. 7. Some persons have developed a method which involves use smooth a piece rubber hose into which tablets fit. A wooden plunger made is to fit hose so that it can be used to eject tablet after hoae lias been placed with opening near back animal's tongue. When this or a similar "balling-gun" is used mouthspreader may be necessary. not The best method is one which individuals find safe to and be easy for n to perform. Nora-Careless or inexpert dosing may result in accidental a tablet introduction into larnyx; in such a case, sheep should be given water a drench and should be shaken with its head down. Always keep handy bottle a drenching filled with water.

6 No Danger from Over-Dosing Phenothiazine is not a poisonous drug. There is little or nio I: m do-ing, as sheep are tolerant to iumeh larger doses than are here reconaaîeled The blood sheep has not been found to be adversely affected b> plienothiazine; in fact eells and haemioglobin ten show an appreciabfe increase after treatnient. This beneficial effeet is probably due to quick expunion blood-sneking para-îîes that were removing blood froin sheep' body. Although phenothiazine by itelf is inclined to cause constipation. thi tendency bas been corrected in coîupound tablets by inclusion a orrective ingredient in suficient anourîts to give tablets a slightly laxativu eufeet. Pregnant ewes and tliose nursing young laibs have not shown any harinfu effeets frein tie treatinent, eir in case ewes or lainbs. As a precautionarv measure, however, it i, reconnnended that pregnant ewes should not bu treated with tablets any closer than one nonth before lambing period. J is also recommended that treatment be deferred for at least 4 or 5 days afte lambing. Discoloration Wool The urine treated animals contains large aniounts a red stain for 4 days after dosing. In case ewes that are not shorn, if precautions are not takai a part fleece nay be pernanently stained. The flock should be kept in a well-bedded pen or yard. Avoid bare floors or yards with a heavy clay m orwise impervious surface. If it can be arranged to have floek shorn 'an n treated 24 hours before being turned to summer pasture, danger woo: stains will be avoided. Experiences in 1941 have indicated that re may be increased danger Aainng wool in autunn treatrments Wlen gras îs sparse and when 11a aninmis are inclined to lie down on bare surfaces chiv, etc., in snall areas, h may be safer to enclose m in a well-bedded yard or pen for three days after treatment. NoTE.- The young lanbs are likelv to becone stained with urine in variou degrees, depending upon how y nurse. Stains on lambs are not serious. as y will grow out and will net be noticeable by midsunmmer. Prepared by Dr. W. E. Swales Division Animal Pathology, Science Service, in collaboration with Institute Paraitoloqy (Macdonald College, Que.) and Live Stock and Poultry Division, Production Service. Dominion DJpartnent Aqriculture. (Yttawa. O ox liiii,tn il% IP\I<, < ' j,, t i, ' O tl Ut Mai-tl,.. 194L

EC Prevent Worms to Increase Sheep Profits

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