Z O O L O G Y 2. Oldřich Sychra. University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Science Brno Department of Biology and Wildlife Diseases

Transcription

1 Z O O L O G Y 2 Oldřich Sychra University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Science Brno Department of Biology and Wildlife Diseases

2 Attention This file contains images from the Internet and books obtained without the approval of copyright holder for publication. It is therefore intended only for internal use by VFU Brno students during their preparation for exam in zoology. Further dissemination of this file is forbidden.

3 PHYLUM: CHORDATA triploblastic, deuterostomate, coelom marine, freshwater, terrestrial habitats species bilateral symmetry

4 PHYLUM: CHORDATA Notochord (chorda dorsalis) Dorsal tubular nerve cord Pharyngeal pouches and slits Endostyle or Thyroid gland Postanal tail Ventral, contractile blood vessel (heart) Complete digestive tract --postanal tail-- protostomia

5 Subphylum: Tunicata marine, solitary or colonial, adults sessile notochord, nerve cord, postanal tail reduced in adult Class: Ascidiacea (sea squirts) Class: Thaliacea (salps) Class: Larvacea salps sea squirts larvacea

6 Subphylum: Cephalochordata Lancelets, acrania Marine Fishlike body, 5-7 cm Notochord during whole life Study subjects GIT: pharynx filter feedinding R: gonochorisms

7 Subphylum: Vertebrata species vertebrae - surround nerve cord primary axial support notochord, nerve cord, postanal tail, pharyngeal slits present at least in embryonic stages

8 Phylogeny of vertebrates Tunicates Acrania Chordata Vertebrata Craniata

9 Class: Myxini hagfishes marine naked skin with slime glands sense of smell, touch, hearing, eyes degenerate Myxine glutinosa feeds on annelids, molluscs, crustaceans, dead or dying fishes 2 toothed, keratinized plates on the tongue bits of flesh from its pray Eptatretus stouti

10 Phylogeny of vertebrates unpaired fin fold Chordata Jawed vertebrates (Gnathostomata) Vertebrata Craniata

11 Class: Petromyzontida - lampreys Predators, ectoparasites, ceratinous teeth in the circular mouth, no jaws 7 gillslits Migrations, freshwater streams to breed long larval stage Petromyzon marinus problem with introduction in North America

12 Phylogeny of vertebrates Chordata Osteognathostomata Jawed vertebrates (Gnathostomata) Vertebrata Craniata

13 Class: Chondrichthyes sharks, rays and chimeras ancient, highly developed group cartilaginous skeleton, notochord persistent but reduced marine, large (average 2 m) predators - well developed sense organs, powerful jaws, swimming musculature, predaceous habits Subclass: Elasmobranchii Sharks, rays Teeth, placoid scales Spiraculum, 6 gillslits, spiral valve in gut Internal fertilisation, slow reproduction Subclass: Holocephali Chimaeras (ratfish), Fused head cartilage At sea bottom, eating hard food

14 Phylogeny of vertebrates Chordata Sarcopterygii Osteognathostomata Jawed vertebrates (Gnathostomata) Vertebrata Craniata

15 Class: Actinopterygii, Ray-finned fish bony fishes, > species freshwater, sea poikilothermic skeleton with bone jaws present dermal scales swim bladder R: gills, arches, operculum S: gonochorism, external fertilization, External development

16 migration to spawn Catadromous - lives in fresh water, spawn in sea, - eel Anadromous - salmon, lives in sea, spawn in rivers Salmo (Atlantic ocean) Oncorhynchus (pacific ocean)

17 Subclass: Chondrostei - most primitive sturgeons (caviar), paddle-fish, bichirs Subclass: Neopterygii salmons (Salmoniformes) codfishes (Gadiformes)

18 carps and minnows (Cypriniformes) herrings (Clupeiformes) Catfishes (Siluriformes) perch-likefishes (Perciformes) clownfish perch flatfishes (Pleuronectiformes) tuna

19 Phylogeny of vertebrates Chordata Choanata Sarcopterygii Osteognathostomata Jawed vertebrates (Gnathostomata) Vertebrata Craniata

20 Class: Sarcopterygii: Lobe-finned fishes lungs and gills Rhipidistians ancestors of tetrapods Coelacanths Latimeria

21 Phylogeny of vertebrates Chordata Tetrapoda Choanata Sarcopterygii Osteognathostomata Jawed vertebrates (Gnathostomata) Vertebrata Craniata

22 Class: Sarcopterygii: Lobe-finned fishes lungs and gills Rhipidistians ancestors of tetrapods Coelacanths Latimeria Lungfish

23 Phylogeny of vertebrates Chordata Amniota Tetrapoda Choanata Sarcopterygii Osteognathostomata Jawed vertebrates (Gnathostomata) Vertebrata Craniata

24 Class: Amphibia movement from water to land dependence of water for reproduction Ectotherms skeleton reduced ribs glandular skin - smooth, moist - poison glands - pigment cells R: lungs, internal nostrils skin breathing external gills in larval forms C: double circulation, 3- chambered heart (2 atria, 1 ventrile) Sense: ear - tympanic membrane eye eyelids, lachrymal glands olfactory epithelium Vocalization

25 Class: Amphibia Old lineage (390mya), 3 subclasses: Anura, spp Toads(Bufonidae), frogs (Ranidae), treefrogs(hylidae), clawed frogs(xenopus spp.) Caudata 588 spp), Northern hemisphere. Newts (Triturus spp.), salamander (Salamandra spp.) Gymnophiona, 185 spp, tropical

26 Biology of amphians Frogs External fertilisation Larva tadpole very different from adult

27 Biology of amphibians Caudates Internal fertilisation Larva similar to adult

28 Phylogeny of vertebrates Lepidosauria Archosauria Chordata Reptilia Diapsida Amniota Tetrapoda Choanata Sarcopterygii Osteognathostomata Jawed vertebrates (Gnathostomata) Vertebrata Craniata 1 temporal fenestra 1 zygomatic arch

29 Class: Reptilia First truly terrestrial vertebrates Age of reptiles (mesozoicum, 252 to 66 million years ago) Ectotermic termoregulate behaviorally tough, dry, heavily keratinized skin, scales, few glands R: lungs, no gills C: pulmonary and systemic circuits Hearth 2 atria and 2 partly separated ventricles E: metanefridic kindney S: sexes separate, internal fertilization, waterindependent reproduction, usually oviparous, no aquatic larval stages Amniotic egg Eggs covered with calcareous or leathery shells Extraembryonic membranes - amnion, chorion, allantois

30 Order: Turtles Shell - carapace - plastron long-living terrestrial, semiaquatic, aquatic, marine lack teeth oviparous, bury their eggs

31 Subclass: Diapsida Order: Squamata = lizards, snakes, worm lizard Lizards movable eyelids, external ear Iguanids Geckos small, agile, nocturnal, adhesive toe pads Chameleons arboreal, sticky-tipped tongue Skinks reduced limbs Worm lizard burrowing forms, elongated body, lack of external limbs

32 Snakes limbless mandibles joined only by muscles and skin tongue forked and protrusible left lung reduced or absent Killing the prey constriction - poison neurotoxic / hemotoxic type Order: Tuataras 2 species in New Zealand Lizard-like, slow-growing, parietal eye

33 Phylogeny of vertebrates Lepidosauria Archosauria Chordata Reptilia Diapsida Amniota Tetrapoda Choanata Sarcopterygii Osteognathostomata Jawed vertebrates (Gnathostomata) Vertebrata Craniata 1 temporal fenestra 1 zygomatic arch

34 Archosauria Order: Crocodilia crocodiles, alligators, caimans skull elongate and massive 4-chambered heart social behavior

35 Archosauria Lepidosauria Archosauria Anamnia - amphibians Mammalia turtles Squamata hateria crocodiles birds dinosaurs Reptilia Tetrapoda Amniota

36 Birds (Aves) adaptations to flight feathers (contour, plumes) increase of power - decrease of weight wings, hollow bones, keratinized bill, endothermy, large heart (4-chambered), high pressure circulation, lungs, air sacs, syrinx keen vision excellent neuromuscular coordination Repro: separate sex, left ovary internal fertilization monogamy, polygyny, polyandry nesting, amniotic egg with yolk & hard shell

37 Classification of birds: Class: Aves Superorder: Paleognathae Order: Struthioniformes ostrich Order: Rheiformes rheas Order: Casuariiformes cassowaries, emus Order: Apterygiformes kiwis Order: Tinamiformes - tinamous kiwi rhea tinamou

38 Superorder: Neognathae Order: Sphenisciformes penguin Order: Podipediformes grebe Order: Procellariiformes albatross Crested grebe albatros

39 Order: Pelecaniformes pelican, cormorant Order: Ciconiiformes heron, stork, ibis,

40 Order: Anseriformes swan, geese, ducks Orders: Accipitriformes x Falconiformes (not closely related) kestrel falcon vultrures

41 Order: Galliformes quail, pheasant, turkeys, domestic fowl Order: Columbiformes pigeon, dove Order: Psittaciformes parrots, parakeets Order: Cuculiformes cuckoo, Order: Apodiformes swift, hummingbird swift cuckoo

42 Order: Strigiformes owls Order: Coraciiformes kingfishers, hornbills Order: Piciformes woodpeckers, toucans kingfisher hornbill toukan

43 Zebra finch Order: Passeriformes swallows, thrushes, warblers, tits, ravens & crows, sparrows, estrilds, finches, buntings, larks, flycatchers, wrens, starlings starling house sparrow chafinch blackbird Great Tit raven canary crow

44 Phylogeny of vertebrates Lepidosauria Archosauria Chordata Reptilia Diapsida Amniota Tetrapoda Choanata Sarcopterygii Osteognathostomata Jawed vertebrates (Gnathostomata) Vertebrata Craniata 1 temporal fenestra 1 zygomatic arch

45 Class: Mammalia The most diverse group of animal life 5500 spp., 1300 gen. 135 fam, 25 ordo Variability of niches much broader than in any group of animals Size difference of 8 orders of magnitude grams (blue whale) 2 grams (etruscan shrew)

46 Class: Mammalia Endothermic / homeothermic Hair mammary gland milk + sweat, scent, sebaceous glands horns (skin) vs. antlers (bone) Highly developed nervous system Complex individual and social behavior skeleton 7 cervical vertebrae - pelvic bones fused teeth incisors, canines, premolars, molars complete dental pattern , with big potential for changes secondary palate muscular diaphragm (separates thoracic and abdomial cavities)

47 Classification of mammals: Class: Mammalia Subclass: Prototheria Order: Monotremata duck-billed platypus, echidnas Subclass: Theria Infraclass: Metatheria Order: Marsupialia opposum, kangaroos, koalas, wombats, thylacine adaptive radiation, analogy with Eutheria

48 Infraclass: Eutheria Supraorder: Euarchontoglires Order: Lagomorpha rabbits, hares Order: Rodentia squirrel, beaver, hamster, vole, mouse, porcupine, kapybara, guinea pig, morčatovití, chinchilla, coypu

49 Infraclass: Eutheria Supraorder: Euarchontoglires Order: Primates lemurs, bush babies monkeys, apes, humans

50 Supraorder: Afrotheria Order: Proboscidea elephant Order: Hyracoidea hyrax Supraorder: Laurasiatheria Order: Carnivora cat, dog, ferret, wolf, fox, bear

51 Order: Eulipotyphla shrews, hedgehog, mole Order: Chiroptera bat nocturnal, echolocation Order: Perissodactyla odd-toe hoofed (ungulates) - horses, zebra, tapir, rhino

52 Order: Artiodactyla - even-toe hoofed swine, camel, deer, cattle, sheep, goats Order: Cetacea whales, dolphins

53 Holarctic region Zoogeography Antarctic region

54 Animals distribution: Endemic - restricted to specific geographical unit Cosmopolitan - widely spread

55