8/19/2013. Topic 5: The Origin of Amniotes. What are some stem Amniotes? What are some stem Amniotes? The Amniotic Egg. What is an Amniote?
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1 Topic 5: The Origin of Amniotes Where do amniotes fall out on the vertebrate phylogeny? What are some stem Amniotes? What is an Amniote? What changes were involved with the transition to dry habitats? What are the three main groups of Amniotes? Where are Amniotes on the vertebrate phylogeny? (3) (4) What is the sister group of Amniota? What taxa comprise the Amniota? What are some stem Amniotes? Palaeontological tree: Anthracinosauria, Seymouriamorpha, and Diadectomorpha as extinct outgroups to Amniotes Split between Amniota and Amphibia ~360 Mya What are some stem Amniotes? Anthracinosauria Seymouriamorpha Diadectomorpha Diverse and terrestrial Mainly predators Benton 1997 Fig 4.21 Benton 1997 Fig 4.18 What is an Amniote? Synapomorphies & associated membranes fertilization maxillary teeth Contains extraembryonic membranes (4): Amnion Chorion Allantois Yolk sac Various other skull and limb characters 1
2 Surrounds embryo Forms space filled with amniotic fluid exchange embryo Dessication Concussion Chorion Allantois Yolk sac Amnion Outer-most membrane Forms placenta in placental mammals Allantois Yolk sac Amnion Chorion Sac formed from posterior part of GI tract Collects during development, growing as it fills Involved in formation of in placental mammals Yolk sac Amnion Chorion Allantois Filled with yolk, which is the nutrient source for the embryo Shrinks as yolk is used up What about the shell? The other membranes Form outside embryo Connected to embryo The shell is deposited by the Can be calcified and hard or leathery and soft Involved in: of the embryo What changes were involved with the transition to dry habitats? Amphibians began moving away from the water Many are terrestrial However: Skin is still highly to gases and water Reproduction is mainly limited to Photo KP Bergmann Photos KP Bergmann, PJB 2
3 What changes were involved with the transition to dry habitats? Amniote lifecycle of water Many live in very dry habitats Facilitated mainly by adaptation of the: (amniotic) What changes were involved with the transition to dry habitats? Adaptations of the Egg Amnion, Chorion, Shell Protect embryo from Forces are more jarring on land Protect embryo from Less permeable to water Photos PJB Photo KP Bergmann What changes were involved with the transition to dry habitats? Adaptations of the skin: Deposition of in epidermis Evolved independently in several groups, feathers, hair All act to limit water loss What are the three main groups of Amniotes? Three different amniote conditions Different patterns of temporal fenestration Temporal region of the skull is posterior to the orbit A fenestra is an opening without a structure running through it (L. window ) An~ none Syn~ one Di~ two Photo PJB What are the three main groups of Amniotes? No temporal fenestrae One temporal fenestra Surrounded by postorbital, jugal and squamosal bones Two temporal fenestrae Lower one Homologous to synapsid Upper one Surrounded by postorbital, squamosal and parietal bones What are the three main groups of Amniotes? Synapsida and stem mammals Anapsida and stem turtles Diapsida Archosauria (birds & crocodilians), Lepidosauria (squamates and rhynchocephalians) and various stem groups Synapsida Anapsida Diapsida Benton 1997 Fig
4 What are the three main groups of Amniotes? Biodidac Which condition is ancestral? Derived? What implications do the alternative placements of Testudines (A or B) have on the evolution of the anapsid condition? What kinds of data might be brought to bear on this problem? 1
5 Which condition is ancestral? Derived? A: B: What implications do the placements of Testudines (A or B) have on the evolution of the anapsid condition? A: B: 2
6 What kinds of data might be brought to bear on this problem? Each has been used and says something slightly different Traditional hypothesis: A Mainly based on extant taxa and data Includes only some fossil taxa Assumes that all are related 3
7 8/19/2013 Traditional hypothesis: A Hypothesis B: Based on extensive fossil sampling and no a priori assumptions of relationship Testudines have a anapsid condition with Parareptiles Sister to Sauropterygia Basal anapsids Parareptiles Pareisaurs Procolophids Pough et al. Fig 2-9 Benton Fig 5.15 Hypothesis B: What do data have to say? Limitation: no can be included Testudines are placed within (support for B) BUT: Testudines cluster with the, not the Lepidosauria Who are the sauropterygians? Plesiosaurs Ichthyosaurs Aquatic Only temporal fenestrae B Hypothesis C? C Testudines A Testudines Modified from Pough et al. Fig 2-9 Benton Fig. 6.7 B So, where do Testunides fit in? Within the Molecular and morphological data suggest convergence with Parareptiles C Testudines Who are the Amniota? Crocodilians Birds Rhynchocephalia Squamata A Snakes Lizards Amphisbaenia Testudines Modified from Pough et al. Fig 2-9 1
8 Mammalia synapomorphies: Synapsid Atlas vertebra 3+ sacral vertebrae cervical vertebrae Mammary Glands Etc. Mammalia Not dealt with further in this course Photos PJ Bergmann Reptilia (5) Includes the remaining amniotes to be monophyletic Archosauria synapomorphies: Muscular Diaphragm Without birds is Many obscure synapomorphies 2 ventricles in heart _ No urinary bladder They have (even birds on feet) No vomeronasal organ Aves (Birds) Birds are dinosaurs, & dinosaurs are Archosaurs Aves have many synapomorphies: No teeth Wings Feathers (shared with some dinos) Reptilia Lots of diversity ~8000 spp. without birds Online Reptile database: Testudines 300 Rhynchocephalia 2 Squamata 7,750 Crocodylia 23 Aves 8,700 TOTAL ~ 17,000 Not covered further in this course Nature 421, (2003) Photos PJB & KP Bergmann 2
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