Diapsida. BIO2135 Animal Form and Function. Page 1. Diapsida (Reptilia, Sauropsida) Amniote egg. Membranes. Vertebrate phylogeny

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1 Diapsida (Reptilia, Sauropsida) 1 Vertebrate phylogeny Mixini Chondrichthyes Sarcopterygii Mammalia Pteromyzontida Actinopterygii Amphibia Reptilia!! Amniota (autapomorphies) Costal ventilation Amniote egg Keratinized skin Temporal fenestra in the skull 2 AM Amniote egg Membranes Yolk sac Amnion Allantois Chorion 3 Page 1

2 Amniote eggs Amnion Amnionic cavity Allantoic cavity Allantois Albumin Yolk Chorion 4 Keratinized skin Alpha-helix Paired alpha-helecies Protofilaments Filaments (4 protofilaments) 5 Temporal fenestra Anapsids Diapsids (Anapsids) Dinosaurs, pterosaurs, birds, snakes and lizards Turtles Synapsids Modern mammals 6 Page 2

3 Major diapsid groups Archosauria Pterosaurs (e) Dinosaurs (e) Crocodiles and birds Lepidosauria Snakes, lizards, and turtles (?) 7 Vertebrate phylogeny Mixini Chondrichthyes Sarcopterygii Mammalia Pteromyzontida Actinopterygii Amphibia Reptilia!! Reptilia, Sauropsida, or Diapsida (autapomorphies) Diapsid skull Faveolar lung Beta-keratinized scales, claws and feathers 8 AM Scales and feathers 9 Page 3

4 Beta-keratinized scales, claws and feathers Cornified layer Scale Epidermis Dermis Chromatophores 10 Growth of a feather 11 Evolution of feathers 12 Page 4

5 Feather structure Barbs Shaft Shaft (Vane) Barb Barbule Hooklets Quill 13 Feathers Bristles Down feathers Contour feathers Filoplumes 14 Moulting 15 Page 5

6 Origins of flight Insects Bats Pterosaur flight Bird flight 2 theories tree-down theory ground up theory 16 Pterosaur flight Video 6:00 17 Archaeopteryx (Transition fossil) 18 Page 6

7 Feathers 2nd Digit 4th Digit 3rd Digit Humerus Radius Ulna 19 Sternal keel Scapula Humerus Tendon Wing elevator muscle (Supracoracoideus muscle) Wing depressor muscle (Pectoralis muscle) Sternal keel Aerodynamics of flight Learning to fly 20 Body temperature Heat source External Internal Regulation No Yes Ectothermic heterotherm Ectothermic homeotherm Endothermic heterotherm Endothermic homeotherm 21 Page 7

8 Environmental heat exchange Loss Respiratory evaporation Surface evaporation Conduction Long wave radiation Convection (wind) Gain Radiant Metabolic Conduction BIO 2125 Animal Form and Function 22 Walking and respiration BIO2135 Animal Form & Function 23 AM Crocodiles Lung Liver Diaphragm muscle 24 Page 8

9 Turtles and tortoises 25 Turtle skeleton Carapace Fused vertebrae Ribs Plastron 26 Extinct Diapsids Saurischian dinosaurs Pb Il Ac Is Albertasauris, Tyrell Pb pubis Is Ischium Il Ilium Ac Acetabulum T rex, ROM BIO1130 Organismal Biology 27 AM Page 9

10 Extinct Diapsids Saurischian dinosaurs BIO1130 Organismal Biology 28 AM Extinct diapsids Ornithischian dinosaurs Il Ac Is Pb Pb pubis Is Ischium Il Ilium Ac Acetabulum Lambeosaurus lambei, ROM BIO1130 Organismal Biology 29 AM Extinct diapsids Ornithischian dinosaurs BIO1130 Organismal Biology 30 AM Page 10

11 Skeletal organization Neck vertebrae Fused trunk vertebrae Sternal keel Reduced tail vertebrae 31 Perching 32 Air sacs Lungs Trachea Anterior air sac Syrinx Posterior air sac 33 Page 11

12 Avian lungs 34 Bird songs the syrinx 1,3,5,7 and 9 cartilaginous tracheal rings 5 and 6 membrane 4 pessulus 35 Circulatory system 3 chambered heart Most reptiles 4-chambered heart Crocodiles and birds 36 Page 12

13 Reptilian heart To lungs From lungs From body To body 37 Circulatory system Carotids Pulmonary artery Lung Pulmonary vein Systemic arch Dorsal aorta 38 Arterial circulation Anterior mesenteric Coelic Gonadal Renal Iliac Carotid Caudal Systemic Pulmonary Subclavian Dorsal aorta Posterior mesenteric 39 Page 13

14 Venous circulation Anterior vena cava Internal jugular External jugular Hepatic portal Hepatic Renal portal Subclavian Posterior vena cava Pulmonary Lateral abdominal Kidney Femoral Iliac Iliac 40 Circulatory system Innominate Carotids Pulmonary artery Lung Systemic arch Pulmonary vein Dorsal aorta 41 Arterial circulation Pulmonary Innominate Carotid 4. Subclavian Systemic 6. Renal (Gonadal) Anterior mesenteric Coelic Dorsal aorta Femoral (external iliac) Sciatic (external iliac) Posterior mesenteric Internal iliac Caudal 42 Page 14

15 Venous circulation Hepatic portal Pulmonary Renal portal Subclavian Coccygeal mesenteric Jugular Anterior vena cava Hepatic Posterior vena cava Caudal Internal iliac Renal Common iliac Femoral 43 Crushing jaws 44 Snake venoms 45 Page 15

16 Snake s jaw 46 Bird beaks 47 Digestive system Liver Pancreas Esophagus Crop Proventriculus Gizzard Intestine Cloaca 48 Page 16

17 Reproduction 49 Female Follicle with eggs Ovum Kidney Oviduct Ureter Uterus & Shell gland Cloaca 50 Parental care BIO1130 Organismal Biology 51 AM Page 17