UNIVERSITEIT VAN PRETORIA UNIVERSITY OF PRETORIA !..._...,..~ YUNIBESITHI YA PRETORIA ~ Faculty of Ve!Brinary Science

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1 100 0 UNVERSTET VAN PRETORA UNVERSTY OF PRETORA !..._...,.. YUNBESTH YA PRETORA Faculty of Ve!Brnary Scence

2 FACULTY DAY Faculty of Veternary Scence Unversty of Pretora 4 September 2008 Bref Hstory of Faculty Day Faculty Day of the amalgamated Faculty of Veternary Scence at the Unversty of Pretora reflects a proud tradton, whch had been nurtured by the orgnal Facultes of Veternary Scence of both Medunsa and the Unversty of Pretora, of advertsng the research actvtes of staff and students on a specal, dedcated occason. Snce the ncepton of the Faculty of Veternary Scence at Medunsa n the early 1980s, the staff, and later students, were nvolved n the actvtes of the "Academc Day" whch amed at hghlghtng the research actvtes of the Unversty as well as exposng young researchers to a conference envronment. The Faculty of Veternary Scence of the Unversty of Pretora at Onderstepoort followed ths trend shortly thereafter and the frst "Faculty Day", whch focused on the research actvtes of the faculty, was held on 5 September 1984, sponsored by the then Dean, Prof JMW le Roux. The combned research sklls of the two orgnal nsttutons are today reflected n the proceedngs of the Faculty Day held each year n the sprng at the Onderstepoort campus Front Cover desgned by Estelle Mayhew Programme Desgn by Marte Smt Faculty of Veternary Scence Unversty of Pretora

3 Sponsorshps The Faculty of Veternary Scence wshes to express ts sncere thanks to the followng sponsors for ther very generous contrbuton towards the support of the 2008 Faculty Day Programme: "X'"J Bayer HealthCare A/ Anmal Health Bayer (Pty) Ltd Anmal Health Pfzer Anmal Health (Pty) Ltd nstavet mport & Export (Pty) Ltd A/rvet (Pty) Ltd (l NOVARTS ANMAL H EAt.TH Novarts South Afrca (Pty) Ltd Onderstepoort Bologcal Products Blanco Anmal H ea/th, a Dvson of El Llly SA (Pty) Ltd Meral SA (Pty) Ltd Hll's Hll's Pet Nutrton, nc. South Afrcan Veternary Assocaton Faculty of Veternary Scence Unversty of Pretora

4 Contents Message from the Dean: 1 Prof GE Swan Currculum Vtae 2 Dr G Bruckner Programme 3 Sr Arnold Theler Memoral Lecture: Dr G Bruckner "New challenges for the veternary professon n global anmal dsease control and the trade n anmals and anmal products" 7 Research Programme: Oral Presentatons Canne paedatrc gastrontestnal ultrasonography 9 N Stander, W M Wagner, A Goddard The effect of respratory phase on radologcal tracheal dmensons n normal Thoroughbred horses 0 A Carstens, R M Krberger, R J Grmbeek Morphology of the Emu (Dromaus novaehollandae) tongue 11 M R Crole, J T Soley Causes and clncal outcomes of after-hours equne admssons at a unversty referral hosptal ( ) 2 A Vljoen, M N Saulez, B Gummow, C M Donnellan, L Bester dentfcaton of a novel Thelera speces from Afrcan buffalo usng 8S rrna gene sequence analyss 13 M E Chas, KP Sbeko, M Troske, NE Collns, MC Oosthuzen Determnng the genetc dversty of Thelera equ and Babesa caball n Zebra (Equus quagga and Equus zebra) 14 R Bhoora, B L Penzhorn, A J Guthre, N E Collns Molecular dentfcaton of Mycobacterum tuberculoss complex n lvestock and humans n Ngera 15 A 0 Jenkns, L Strecher, S B Cadmus, E H Venter, J Godfrod A challenge study to determne the effcacy of Avnew Newcastle dsease vaccne aganst challenge wth goose paramyxovrus 16 D G Bwala, S P R Bsschop, A van Wyk The BrEMA gene: a tool for correlatng Babesa ross genotypes and clncal manfestaton of canne babesoss 17 P T Matjla, B Carey, A L Lesewtz, T Schetters, F Jongejan, B L Penzhorn C-reactve proten n canne babesoss and ts assocaton wth outcome 18 L S Koster, M Van Schoor, A Goddard, M Kjelgaard-Hansen, P N Thompson Lver dysfuncton rather than adrenal falure contrbutes to hypoglycaema n canne babesoss 19 J P Schoeman, P Rees, M E Herrtage Faculty of Veternary Scence Unversty of Pretora

5 Contents Research Programme: Posters A novel Babesa speces found n cheetahs (Acnonyx jubatus) n South Afrca 20 A-M Bosman, M C Oosthuzen, E H Venter, B L Penzhorn n vtro and n vvo evaluaton of fve low molecular weght protens of E. rumnantum as potental vaccne canddates for heartwater 21 S Sebatjane, A Pretorus, H Steyn, J Lebenberg, M Yan Kleef The evaluaton of the susceptblty of Trypanosoma congolense solates collected from cattle and buffalo n KwaZulu-Natal to sometamdum chlorde and dmnazene aceturate 22 J F du Plesss, J Masumu, A R Nkuna, B L Penzhorn, P T Matjla, P van den Bossche! An update of the bovne trypanosomases stuaton at the edge of Hluhluwe Mfoloz Park, KwaZulu-Natal Provnce, South Afrca 23 R Nkuna, J Esterhuzen, T Matjla, B L Penzhorn, S Geerts, T Marcotty, P van den Bossche Molecular analyss of M. bovs solated from buffaloes n Hluhluwe Mfoloz f Park, South Afrca 24 A 0 Jenkns, L Strecher, E H Venter, D Cooper, J Godfrod Genetc characterzaton of dog rabes vruses from Ngera M F Ogo, L H Nel, C T Sabeta dentfcaton of a small Babesa speces found n a dog mported from Tawan M T roske, N Mabogoane, 0 Matthee, B L Penzhorn Determnaton of the mnmum protectve dose for bluetongue serotype 2, 4 and 8 vaccnes n sheep J Modumo, E H Venter Detecton of felne coronavrus n cheetahs usng real-tme PCR 28 A-M Bosman, M van Yuuren, J S Peck, J M Bernard, M Kennedy Serum bochemstry changes n vrulent canne babesoss 29 J P Schoeman,Y McClure Admsson serum bochemcal parameters are not assocated wth mortalty n puppes wth parvo vral darrhoea 30 J P Schoeman, M van Schaar Prevalence of and rsk factors for felne hyperthyrodsm n Hong Kong C S de Wet, C T Mooney, P N Thompson, J P Schoeman Major outer membrane protens of Ehrlcha speces are mostly polymorphc and have evolved by gene duplcaton and genetc drft wthout postve selecton pressure 3 2 BA Allsopp STR analyss: solatng DNA from semen smears on mcroscope sldes 33 A Berman, C Harper, M Schulman, A Nel, Vorster Membrane specalsatons n the efferent ducts of the ostrch epddyms 34 M Z J Elas, J T Soley, TA Are, L du Plesss Admxture and founder orgns n captve cheetahs (Acnonyx jubatus) detected usng spatal Bayesan clusterng S P Sasdharan, C K Harper, A Ludwg, Vorster, A Guthre S Faculty of Veternary Scence 11 Unversty of Pretora

6 Message from the Dean These achevements are exemplfed by the work of Sr Arnold Theler, the frst Dean of the Faculty of Veternary Scence of the Transvaal Unversty College, now Unversty of Pretora, and Drector of Veternary Research and many other world famous veternarans that followed hm. The Unversty of Pretora s n the mdst of ts centenary celebraton whch makes Faculty Day ths year even more specal. t also concdes wth the centenary year of the Onderstepoort Veternary nsttute from whch veternary tranng n South Afrca had ts orgn n Veternary Scence has contrbuted sgnfcantly to the academc stature of the Unversty of Pretora n the early years of ts development and contnues to do so. As the only Faculty of Veternary Scence currently n South Afrca t gves credblty to the noton of the Unversty that t wshes to be locally relevant and havng a local mpact. As part of the Veternary Research nsttute, now OV, the orgnal Faculty of Veternary Scence became nternatonally renowned for outstandng research achevements n anmal dseases and dsease control. Faculty Day has formed the focal pont of our academc year for some 24 years. t provdes a forum for ts staff and post graduate students to share the exctement of ther research fndngs or experence wth both student and colleague. Faculty Day has contrbuted sgnfcantly to our research growth over these years. The Sr Arnold Theler Memoral Lecture remans a hghlght of the proceedngs presented by an esteemed veternary scholar, scentst or researcher and n honour of the contrbuton made to the promoton of veternary scence and educaton. Ths year we honour Dr Gdeon Bruckner, Deputy Drector of the World Organsaton for Anmal Health (OE), a graduate of the Faculty, for hs outstandng contrbuton to the promoton of veternary scence. t also celebrates the teachng and research achevements of our academc staff and award varous undergraduate student przes for performance excellence. Welcome to Faculty Day and many thanks to the organsers and sponsors of the day, Your contrbutons and commtment are nstrumental n makng ths day possble. PROF GERRY SWAN DEAN Faculty of Veternary Scence 1 Unversty of Pretora

7 Currculum Vtae n February 2006 he accepted an offer from the World Organsaton for Anmal Health (OE) to become Head of the Scentfc and Techncal Department of the OE n Pars, France. n October 2007 he was promoted to Deputy Drector General (Anmal Health and nternatonal Trade) of the OE. Dr Gdeon Bruckner Gdeon Bruckner was born n Cradock n the Eastern Cape and qualfed as a veternaran at the Unversty of Pretora (Onderstepoort) n 1972 and thereafter also obtaned a B.Admn degree n Publc Admnstraton at the Unversty of South Afrca and a B.Admn (Hons) (cum laude) n nternatonal Admnstraton at the Unversty of Pretora. He s marred to Elsabe and has 3 chldren and 3 grandchldren. Durng hs 34 years n the Government veternary servce of South Afrca he worked as a state veternaran n varous localtes n the country before he moved to the headquarters of Veternary Servces n Pretora n He proceeded through the ranks and held the postons of Drector of Veternary Publc Health, Drector of Anmal Health and Drector of Veternary Servces n the Natonal Department of Agrculture before he accepted the post of Chef Drector of Veternary Servces n the Western Cape Department of Agrculture n Dr Bruckner has spent hs entre career as a veternaran wthn provncal, natonal and nternatonal veternary servces. He was responsble for the management of several major anmal dsease outbreaks n South Afrca such as foot and mouth dsease, rabes, avan nfluenza, swne fever and Corrdor dsease. He has publshed 39 scentfc artcles of whch 30 as senor author and contrbuted to chapters n two textbooks on anmal dseases and postgraduate courses on anmal dsease control at the RCVS n the Unted Kngdom. He represented South Afrca and the OE on numerous mssons and nternatonal conferences and served n an expert advsory capacty to nternatonal organsatons such as the Food and Agrcultural Orgnasaton (FAO), World Health Organsaton (WHO) and the World Trade Organsaton (WTO). He was Presdent of the OE Permanent Workng Group on Anmal nformatcs and Epdemology from 1990 to He chared several ad hoc expert Groups of the OE and was an elected member of the Scentfc Commsson for Anmal Dseases of the OE from 2003 to n 2005 he was honoured wth the Presdents Award of the South Afrcan Veternary Assocaton. Faculty of Veternary Scence 2 Unversty of Pretora

8 Programme 08:00 to 08:30 Regstraton and Coffee Master of Ceremones: Dr CH Annandale 08:30 to 08:45 Welcome and Openng Address Dean: Prof GE Swan 08:4 5 to 09:4 5 Research Programme: Oral Presentatons Sesson Charperson: Prof H B Groenewald Canne paedatrc gastrontestnal ultrasonography N Stander, WM Wagner, A Goddard The effect of respratory phase on radologcal tracheal dmensons n normal thoroughbred horses A Carstens, R M Krberger, R J Grmbeek Morphology of the Emu (Dromaus novaehollandae) tongue M R Crole, J T Soley Causes and clncal outcomes of after-hours equne admssons at a unversty referral hosptal ( ) A Vljoen, M N Saulez, B Gummow, C M Donnellan, L Bester 09:45 to 10:30 Sr Arnold Theler Memoral Lecture: Dr G Bruckner "New challenges for the veternary professon n global anmal dsease control and the trade n anmals and anmal products" 10:30 to 11:00 Awards Presentaton Lecturer of the Year Young Lecturer of the Year Nursng Lecturer of the Year Researcher of the Year Young Researcher of the Year Przes for academc achevements 11:00 to 11:45 Tea Vewng of Posters, Commercal Exhbts and Photographc Exhbton Faculty of Veternary Scence 3 Unversty of Pretora

9 Programme 11:45 to 12:45 Research Programme: Oral Presentatons Sesson Charperson: Dr M C Oosthuzen dentfcaton of a novel Thelera speces from Afrcan buffalo usng SS rrna gene sequence analyss M E Chas, K P Sbeko, M Troske, N E Collns, M C Oosthuzen Determnng the genetc dversty of Thelera equ and Babesa caball n Zebra (fquus quagga and fquus zebra) R Bhoora, B L Penzhorn, A J Guthre, N E Collns Molecular dentfcaton of Mycobacterum tuberculoss complex n lvestock and humans n Ngera A 0 Jenkns, L Strecher, S B Cadmus, E H Venter, J Godfrod A challenge study to determne the effcacy of Avnew Newcastle dsease vaccne aganst challenge wth goose paramyxovrus D G Bwala, S P R Bsschop, A van Wyk 12:45 to 13:45 Lght Lunch - Cafetera 13:45 to 14:45 Research Programme: Oral Presentatons Sesson Charperson: Prof M van Vuuren The BrfMA gene: a tool for correlatng Babesa ross genotypes and clncal manfestaton of canne babesoss PT Matjla, B Carey, A L Lesewtz, T Schetters, F Jongejan, B L Penzhorn C-reactve proten n canne babesoss and ts assocaton wth outcome LS Koster, M Yan Schoor,A Goddard, M Kjelgaard-Hansen, P N Thompson Lver dysfuncton rather than adrenal falure contrbutes to hypoglycaema n canne babesoss J P Schoeman, P Rees, M E Herrtage Faculty of Veternary Scence 4 Unversty of Pretora

10 Programme 14:45 to 16:00 Research Programme: Presentaton of Posters Sesson Charperson: Prof E H Venter P. A novel Babesa speces found n cheetahs (Acnonyx jubatus) n South Afrca A-M Bosman, M C Oosthuzen, E H Venter, B L Penzhorn Pl. n vtro and n vvo evaluaton of fve low molecular weght protens of E. rumnantum as potental vaccne canddates for heartwater S Sebatjane, A Pretorus, H Steyn, J Lebenberg, M Van Kleef Pl. The evaluaton of the susceptblty of Trypanosoma congolense solates collected from cattle and buffalo n KwaZulu-Natal to sometamdum chlorde and dmnazene aceturate J F du Plesss,J Masumu,A R Nkuna, BL Penzhorn, PT Matjla, P van den Bossche P4. An update of the bovne trypanosomases stuaton at the edge of Hluhluwe-Mfoloz Park, KwaZulu-Natal Provnce, South Afrca R Nkuna, J Esterhuzen, T Matjla, B L Penzhorn, S Geerts, T Marcotty, P van den Bossche PS. Molecular analyss of M. bovs solated from buffaloes n Hluhluwe Mfoloz Park, South Afrca A 0 Jenkns, L Strecher, E H Venter, D Cooper, J Godfrod P6. Genetc characterzaton of dog rabes vruses from Ngera M F Ogo, L H Nel, CT Sabeta P7. dentfcaton of a small Babesa speces found n a dog mported from Tawan M Troske, N Mabogoane, 0 Matthee, B L Penzhorn PB. Determnaton of the mnmum protectve dose for bluetongue serotype 2, 4 and 8 vaccnes n sheep J Modumo, E H Venter P9. Detecton of felne coronavrus n cheetahs usng real-tme PCR A-M Bosman, M van Vuuren, J S Peck, J M Bernard, M Kennedy P 0. Serum bochemstry changes n vrulent canne babesoss J P Schoeman,V McClure Faculty of Veternary Scence 5 Unversty of Pretora

11 Programme P. Admsson serum bochemcal parameters are not assocated wth mortalty n puppes wth parvo vral darrhoea J P Schoeman, M van Schoor P 2. Prevalence of and rsk factors for felne hyperthyrodsm n Hong Kong C S de Wet, CT Mooney, P N Thompson, J P Schoeman P 13. P 14. P 5. P 16. Major outer membrane protens of Ehrlcha speces are mostly polymorphc and have evolved by gene duplcaton and genetc drft wthout postve selecton pressure BAAllsopp STR analyss: solatng DNA from semen smears on mcroscope sldes A Berman, C Harper, M Schulman, A Nel, Vorster Membrane specalsatons n the efferent ducts of the ostrch epddyms M Z J Elas,J T Soley,T A Are, L du Plesss Admxture and founder orgns n captve cheetahs (Acnonyx jubatus) detected usng spatal Bayesan clusterng S P Sasdharan, C K Harper, A Ludwg, Vorster, A Guthre 16:00 to 16:30 TEA Vewng of Posters, Commercal Exhbts and Photographc Exhbton 17:00 Cocktal Functon & Prze Gvng Durng the cocktal functon the followng awards wll be presented: Best Scentfc Paper; Best Scentfc Poster; Photography przes The followng exhbtons are on vew n the foyer of the Sr Arnold Theler Buldng throughout the day:. Photographc Exhbton An exhbton of photographs taken by staff and students.the submtted work wll be judged by experenced photographers. 2. Exhbts by Sponsors 3. Scentfc Posters Faculty of Veternary Scence 6 Unversty of Pretora

12 Sr Arnold Theler Memoral Lecture New challenges for the veternary professon n global anmal dsease control and the trade n anmals and anmal products Gdeon Bruckner (g.bruckner@oe.nt) Deputy Drector General, World Organsaton for Anmal Health (OE), 12 Rue de Prony, 75017, Pars, France The Faculty ofveternary Scence of the Unversty of Pretora, s today one of the few veternary facultes n the world that has the prvlege to look back at JOO years of turmol, essental changes and the dedcaton and achevements of ts gallery of emnent researchers, teachers, academa and students who all contrbuted to earn ths faculty ts worldwde recognton as a veternary nsttute of ndsputable excellence. n dong so s also acceptng that past successes provde sold evdence for what can be acheved n the future. However, the rapd changes n the global epdemology of anmal dseases do not offer the professon the luxury to rumnate on these past achevements, as the challenges facng the veternary world today, pose n more than one way the challenges of the past 100 years compacted nto one package that s already puttng our sklls, current perceptons, ablty to change and ablty to nnovate, to the test and wll ncreasngly do so n the next fve to ten years. Several warnng lghts were flashed to us durng the past 10 to 15 years - not so much by the dseases themselves that occurred but by the crcumstances under whch they occurred, the underlyng causes for ther rapd global spread and the way n whch the professon reacted. But also ncreasngly so - the ntensve way n whch the publc at large and other professons and dscplnes reacted to our way to deal or not to deal, wth these events. The veternary professon has been placed under publc scrutny as seldom before and n dong so, also demonstratng a global nterest and awareness n the role of the professon n promotng anmal health and ts lnkage to safeguardng human health. The World Organsaton for Anmal Health (OE) n realzng ths new focus on the delvery of veternary servces has through the ntatve of ts current Drector General, Dr Bernard Vallat, urged the nternatonal communty to accept the delvery of veternary servces as a global publc good. Whle the professon s obvously thrlled by the growng nternatonal percepton that the delvery of veternary servces, ether publc or prvate, s now ncreasngly accepted globally as a publc good, t Faculty of Veternary Scence also calls for the realzaton of the mpled oblgaton that global publc goods are those whose benefts should n prncple be enjoyed by the governments and peoples ofall states. But also equally mportant, that operatng n a world of global publc good s also to accept operatng n a world of shared rsks and common opportuntes grounded n the realtes of mutual dependence and growng nterconnecton'. Acceptng the challenge of operatng n an envronment of global publc good, s also acceptng the nevtable consequences and challenges of practcng a scentfc dscplne n an envronment that wll be questoned on non-scentfc and very often also poltcal grounds. t may have started wth the BSE crss n the late l 980's, but other events such as the foot and mouth dsease outbreaks almost smultaneously n South Afrca, the Unted Kngdom and Europe n 2000 and 2001; West Nle fever; SARS; NPAH vrus; the unprecedented rapd spread of hghly pathogenc avan nfluenza over 4 contnents n less than three years; classcal swne fever n South Afrca; Afrcan swne fever n Georga and Azerbajan; bluetongue n Europe and most recently the re-occurrence of Rft Valley fever n Afrca and Madagascar. These are but a few examples warnng us that events that were prevously perceved as beng exclusvely of veternary concern and responsblty are now also beng clamed as the concern of poltcans, the publc at large and of many other dscplnes that mght sometmes have or not have an nterest or a role to play. These ncdents also ndcate clearly that we should be senstve to realtes such as: that dseases now have the potental to spread across the globe faster than the average ncubaton perod of a dsease as there s no place n the world from whch we are remote anymore or from whom we are dsconnected; that 60 percent of human pathogens are zoonotc and 7 5 percent of emergng dseases are zoonotc; that 80 percent of agents 1 nternatonal Task Force on Global Publc Goods Meetng Global Challenges: nternatonal Cooperaton n the Natonal nterest. Fnal report. Stockholm, Sweden. 7 Unversty of Pretora t s

13 Sr Arnold Theler Memoral Lecture havng a potental boterrorst or agr-terrorst potental are zoonotc pathogens; that the estmated annual llegal trade n anmals s estmated at US$ 4 to 6 bllon and that changes n human demographcs and behavor and changed patterns of land use are contrbutng sgnfcantly to the spread of anmal dseases and pathogens - the so-called ruralsaton of the urban envronment. Ths calls for a dfferent way n whch we wll have to look at dseases n the future: by lookng for example beyond the classcal post mortem lesons of a Rft Valley fever case and to also see the weather map of predcted clmatc changes that preceded the outbreak or warned aganst new threats; by apprecatng that an outbreak of anthrax n a dary herd mght also block the exports of products of other non-affected farms or herds; when detectng mpurtes n vaccnes to also acknowledge that t mght lessen the acceptance of guarantees to prove absence of dsease and by falng to make a possble epdemologcal lnk between mgratory brds sharng meals wth an ostrch herd could also lead to falure to explan an outbreak of avan nfluenza some months later. The nternatonal communty s expectng the professon to look dfferently at the dsease envronment. They also expect that the responsblty for declarng an export safe for anmal or human use - whether t s the lve anmal or a product of that anmal - represents a scentfc approach to survellance by not only the certfyng veternaran but by every veternaran that was n some stage of the producton cycle, drectly or ndrectly nvolved. Operatng n a global publc good envronment and therefore also n an envronment where there s a growng realzaton of the strong lnk between the occurrence of anmal dseases and human health, has also resulted n a pressng and urgent dentty and postonng challenge to the veternary professon. n dealng wth the global avan n-fluenza crss, the OE has mantaned ts poston that the only sure way of preventng a human pandemc crss of avan nfluenza, s to control and eradcate the dsease at the anmal source. Ths also holds true for most of the other zoonotc and emergng zoonotc dseases but wth an mportant prerequste that all countres whether developed, developng or transtonal, should strengthen the ablty of ther veternary servces to move towards complance wth nter- natonal santary standards and good veternary governance. Ths challenge was also accepted by the nternatonal donor communty n makng avalable substantal fundng to assst the OE n assessng the performance of veternary servce delvery and ther needs to move towards complance wth nternatonal santary standards. A total of 62 of the 172 OE Member countres have been evaluated of whch 31 of them n Afrca alone. However, the realzaton of the close lnk between the control of anmal dseases and especally human health; the ncreased mportance of the anmal/human/wldlfe pathogen nterface; the realzaton by the publc of the crtcal role to be played by the veternary professon and the realzaton by also the medcal professon that control of these dseases as hghlghted by the avan nfluenza crss can best be acheved n a multdscplnary way, has resulted n ncreasng calls for support of the so called One world, one health concept. Whle ths s an exctng and commendable development, the professon should approach ths wth an open and ratonal mnd realzng the fnancal, consttutonal and other related mplcatons. But more mportantly, to accept the need to mantan the dentty, the role and the unque responsblty of the professon when consder takng hands wth other professons n gettng closer to a multdscplnary approach to address the new exctng challenges to our professon. r have more than suffcent reason to beleve that the Faculty of Veternary Scence of ths Unversty s ready to take that challenge as t so excellently dd for the past 1 00 years. r also beleve that there s a full realzaton of the new responsbltes and also a senstvty for old responsbltes that present themselves dfferently than n the past; that we wll look wth a new acknowledgement and realzaton f t s sad that food securty s also the responsblty of all veternarans; that creatng a buffer between the anmal source of dsease and human health s also our responsblty; that wldlfe s no more the only responsblty of wldlfe specalsts or conser-va-tonsts; that ensurng the safety of anmal products n the shoppng trolley of the consumer s no more only the responsblty of the veternary publc health veternaran and lastly to apprecate that beng accepted as delverers of a global publc good, s also to acknowledge that the oblgaton to reman n that envronment, s to delver the goods expected from us. Faculty of Veternary Scence 8 Unversty of Pretora

14 Oral Presentatons Research Programme Canne paedatrc gastrontestnal ultrasonography 1? N Stander, WM Wagner, A Goddard - (wencke.wagner@up.ac.za) M 1 Dagnostc magng Secton, and 2 Clncal Pathology Secton, Department of Companon Anmal Clncal Studes, Faculty of Veternary Scence, Unversty of Pretora, Prvate Bag X04, Onderstepoort 0110, South Afrca The normal ultrasonographc appearance of the adult canne gastrontestnal tract has been well descrbed. The am of ths study was to document the normal ultrasonographc appearance of the gastrontestnal tract n puppes less than 12 weeks old. n addton, mesenterc lymph node sze and appearance as well as assessment of any free abdomnal flud n normal puppes were also documented. These parameters are frequently examned when evaluatng the presence of gastrontestnal dsease. Sxteen normal Beagle puppes from a research colony wth no hstory of prevous gastrontestnal dsease were used n ths study. The mean age of the puppes was 8.3 weeks(± 1.7 weeks SD) and mean weght 2.9 kg(± 0.4 kg SD). The anmals were consdered clncally normal based upon physcal examnaton and laboratory evaluaton. They were starved for 16 hours pror to ultrasonographc examnaton. Stomach, jejunal, duodenal and colonc wall thckness were measured ultrasonographcally. Addtonally duodenal and jejunal mucosal wdth were also measured. The number of perstaltc contractons per mnute was recorded for each bowel segment f possble. The amount and echogencty of any free abdomnal flud was noted. The number, echogencty and maxmum thckness of the mesenterc lymph nodes was documented. Drect comparsons between the duodenal, jejunal and colonc walls as well as the duodenal and jejunal mucosal thcknesses were made by means of pared % t-tests. Sgnfcance was set atp <0.05. Mean, 1 standard devaton and range were calculated { for each varable measured. Lnear regresson t,j models were used to assess the affect of puppy age and weght on each of the varables. n all puppes, one to fve mesenterc lymph nodes could easly be vsualsed. They were hypoechoc to the surroundng tssue and ther mean thckness was 7.5mm (± 2.0mm SD). A mld amount of anechoc free abdomnal flud was observed n all puppes. 1 The duodenal wall was sgnfcantly thcker than that of the jejunum (P <0.0001); smlarly the duodenal mucosal thckness 3 was sgnfcantly thcker than the jejunal mucosalthckness (P <0.0001). The jejunal and duodenal walls were statstcally thcker ft m than the colonc wall (P < respectvely). There was a sgnfcant effect of puppy age on duodenal and stomach wall! thckness (P=0.042 and P=0.045 respectvely). There was no perstaltc actvty observed n 10 of the 16 puppes. To date, there are no publshed normal reference ranges for anmals of ths age or weght however changes n paedatrc gastrontestnal wall thckness from the stomach to the colon follow smlar trends to adult cannes. Promnent mesenterc lymph nodes and a mld amount of anechoc free abdomnal flud can be normal fndngs.. m puppes. f! & w Anatomcal Ste Stomach wall Duodenal wall Duodenal mucosa Jejunal wall Jejunal mucosa Colon wall Mean± SD [mm] 2.8 ± ± ± ± ± ± 0.2 Range± SD [mm] Total number measured (88%) (100%) 16/16 (100%) 16/16 (100%) 16/16 (100%) 14/16 (88%) Faculty of Veternary Scence 9 Unversty of Pretora

15 Research Programme Oral Presentatons The effect of respratory phase on radologcal tracheal dmensons n normal Thoroughbred horses 2 A Carstens, RM Krberger, R J Grmbeek (ann.carstens@up.ac.za) Secton Dagnostc magng, Department Companon Anmal Clncal Studes Faculty of Veternary Scence, Unversty of Pretora, Prvate Bag X04, Onderstepoort 0110, South Afrca 2 Department of Statstcs, Unversty of Pretora, South Afrca Respratory condtons causng poor performance n horses are usually as result of upper respratory dseases (URT) or of pulmonary orgn. The trachea, beng the condut between these two areas, s often overlooked, snce t s rarely a cause of prmary respratory problems n the horse. Tracheal dmensons, partcularly heght (TrH), however, may be useful n recognzng problems n the URT and lungs due to the dfferental pressures occurrng n the URT and lungs wth pathology. Nothng on the normal tracheal dmensons durng expraton (E) and nspraton () n the normal horse, has been publshed. Standng lateral radographs of the cervcal and thoracc trachea of 15 Thoroughbred horses (TH), three to sx years old, wth clncally normal respratory systems, were made at peak nspraton and end expraton. Maxmum heght of the larynx (LH), trachea at the level of the thrd cervcal vertebra (TrHC3), trachea at C5 (TrHC5), trachea at the thoracc nlet (TrHT), the carna (CarH) and the left and rght prmary bronch (LBrH and RBrH) were measured. Ratos oflh and TH relatve to adjacent vertebral body lengths (VBL) were made for normalzaton. Known sze metallc markers were used to determne magnfcaton-corrected (MfC) tracheal heghts n the sagttal plane and effect of body mass and heght at the wthers on TH. The table shows the mean values of arway heght (cm), wth no sgnfcant dfferences between expraton and nspraton seen. No effect of body mass or heght on TH were seen n ths study, contrary to prevously publshed fndngs where mass of dfferent mammalan speces was related to TH, although the horse masses n ths study had a small range, from 421 to 559 kg. 1 There s lttle radologcal dfference n tracheal heght of the Thoroughbred horse at nspraton and expraton. Ths study n normal horses may serve as a reference when radologcally evaluatng cases such as recurrent arway obstructon or URT dsease, where these dmensons may dffer sgnfcantly due to dfferences n arway resstance and bomechancs. Ths s part of a larger study where other parameters of thoracc radographs n these horses s beng evaluated. References 1. Leth DE 1983 Mammalan tracheal dmensons: scalng and physology. Journal of Appled Physology 55: LH TrHC3 TrHCS TrHTl CarH LBrH RBrH E E E E E E E Non-Mf'C MfC LH - TrH heght/ VB length Faculty of Veternary Scence 10 Unversty of Pretora

16 Oral Presentatons Research Programme Morphology of the Emu (Dromaus novaehollandae) tongue MR Crole. J T Soley (martna.crole@up.ac.za) Department of Anatomy and Physology, Faculty of Veternary Scence, Unversty of Pretora, Prvate Bag X04, Onderstepoort 0110, South Afrca Prevous studes would seem to suggest that the rudmentary tongue ofrattes has a lmted functon, namely, to depress the floor of the oral cavty durng feedng. Reports on the morphology of the tongue are sketchy and lmted to descrptons of ts shape and superfcal appearance. The am of ths study was to document the morphologcal features of the tongue of the emu n order to better understand ts functon. The heads of twenty month-old emus obtaned from a local abattor were mmerson-fxed n buffered formaln for at least 48 hours. All the heads were used for macroscopc descrptons of the tongue. Three tongues were dssected to reveal the lngual skeleton and hyobranchal apparatus. Fve tongues were cut nto ongtudnal and transverse sectons and routnely processed for lght mcroscopy. H & E and PAS-staned sectons were examned, descrbed and dgtally recorded. The tongue was dorso-ventrally flattened and trangular or dagger-shaped, wth the apex pontng rostrally. The surface was pgmented and appeared grey/brown n formaln-fxed specmens. The lateral margns dsplayed a varable number of caudo-laterally drected papllae whch progressvely became longer and more slender from the apex caudally, gvng the lateral margns a serrated appearance. The caudal margn revealed 1-4 caudal papllae. A trangular, connectve tssue :frenulum attached the ventrum of the tongue to the floor of the oral cavty. The root of the tongue appeared to be represented by a trangular structure stuated at the laryngeal entrance and lyng wthn the arms of the Ceratobranchale. The apex of ths structure (facng the laryngeal entrance) dsplayed a Faculty of Veternary Scence 11 rased, rounded, sometmes pgmented, projecton. The Paraglossum (dorsally) and the rostral projecton of the Bashyale! (ventrally) formed the lngual skeleton. The tongue was covered by a lghtly keratnsed (dorsally) and non-keratnsed (ventrally) stratfed squamous epthelum. Pgment-contanng dendrtc cells, manly confned to the stratum basale, were only present n the dorsal epthelum. Pgment was also present n the underlyng connectve tssue, manly assocated wth blood vessels. The most promnent feature of the underlyng connectve tssue was the presence of large, smple branched tubulo-alveolar, mucoussecret ng glands. Clated columnar epthelum was occasonally seen to lne the secretory duct of the glands. solated structures resemblng taste buds were nfrequently seen n the epthelum of the ventrum and tongue root, and were assocated wth the mucous gland openngs. Numerous Herbst (Pacnan) corpuscles were closely assocated wth the glandular tssue. Dffuse lymphod tssue occurred between the glands on the ventrum and was organsed as nodules at the tp of the frenulum. t was evdent from ths study that the functon of the emu tongue s not restrcted to depresson of the mouth floor when swallowng (by vrtue of ts assocaton wth the hyobranchal apparatus). The ubqutous mucous glands would provde lubrcaton and protecton, whereas the lymphatc tssue would fulfl an mmunologcal fu(hnctrbon. The num) erouluds pressure receptors e st corpusc 1 es co assst n dstngushng the type or texture of food to be ngested as well as ts correct postonng for swallowng, and the taste J. receptors may assst n food selecton. Unversty of Pretora

17 Research Programme Oral Presentatons Causes and clncal outcomes of after-hours equne admssons at a unversty referral hosptal ( ) A VUoen,. MN Saulez, B Gummow, CM Donnellan, L Bester (ad.vljoen@up.ac.za) 1 Department of Companon Anmal Clncal Studes, and "secton of Epdemology, Faculty of Veternary Scence, Unversty of Pretora, Prvate Bag X04, Onderstepoort 0110, South Afrca The am of ths study was to determne the reasons for admsson, clncal fndngs, length of hosptalzaton, cost and outcome n horses admtted after-hours as an emergency to the Equne Clnc of the Onderstepoort Veternary Academc Hosptal over a 10-year perod. The medcal records of all after-hours equne admssons durng 1998 to 2007 were revewed and classfed as ether a true emergency or not. Data extracted from the medcal records ncluded age, sex, breed, reason for admsson, pre-admsson treatment, clncal presentaton, procedures performed, fnal dagnoses, complcatons occurrng n hosptal, length of stay, cost of hosptalzaton and outcome. Of the 1136 after-hours admssons, 820 records were avalable and 75% of admssons were classfed as true emergences. Most horses orgnated from the Gauteng provnce (7 6%) wth Thoroughbred, Araban, and Warmbloods representng 47%, 12% and 7% of horses. Horses had a medan age of 7 years and were predomnantly male (62%). Gastro-ntestnal (49%) and musculoskeletal (28%) related dsorders were the prmary reasons for admssons. Most horses receved ant-nflammatores (64%), sedaton (23%) and antbotcs (21 %) before admsson. On admsson, the majorty of horses had medcal nterventon (76%) whle surgcal nterventon was performed n 1 7% of horses. ntravenous catheterzaton ( 48% ), rectal examnaton ( 46% ), nasogastrc ntubaton (42%), abdomnocentess (24%) and ultrasonography (14%) were the procedures performed most frequently. Surgcal and medcal colcs consttuted 21 % and 20% respectvely of the overall dagnoses confrmed n the hosptal, whle babesoss was dagnosed n 4% of horses. Post-admsson complcatons occurred n <2% of horses. The medan length of stay and cost of hosptalzaton was 5 days (95% C: 1to23 days) and ZAR 2,007 (95% C: 72 to 12,325 ZAR) respectvely. Eghty one percent of all horses admtted after-hours survved to dscharge, whle 16% were euthanased and 4% ded. Ths study demonstrated that the majorty of after-hours equne admssons to a unversty referral hosptal requred medcal nter-venton and were mostly due to gastrontestnal related dsorders. Overall, the survval rate for after-hours admssons was good. Ths study may assst n the afterhours emergency plannng and tranng of personnel. Faculty of Veternary Scence 12 Unversty of Pretora

18 Oral Presentatons Research Programme dentfcaton of a novel Thelera speces from Afrcan buffalo usng 18S rrna gene sequence analyss 1,2 ME Chas, KP Sbeko, M Troske, NE Collns, MC Oosthuzen (s @tuks.co.za) 1 Department of Veternary Tropcal Dseases, Faculty of Veternary Scence, Unversty of Pretora. Prvate Bag X04, Onderstepoort 0110, South Afrca 2 Department ofbology, Natonal Unversty of Lesotho, Roma 180, Lesotho The Afrcan buffalo (Syncerus cajfer) s the natural reservor host ofboth pathogenc and non-pathogenc Thelera speces. Corrdor dsease, caused by Thelera parva, s a controlled dsease n South Afrca. Buffalo are the natural reservor host of ths paraste, whch s transmtted by Rhpcephalus appendculatus andr. zambezenss. Buffalo also appear to be the orgnal hosts of two other Thelera speces nfectng cattle, the relatvely bengn T mutans and the apathogenc T. velfera, both of whch are transmtted by Amblyomma hebraeum. Thelera buffel and the htherto uncha-racterzed Thelera sp. (buffalo) have thus far only been dentfed n some buffalo populatons n South Afrca 1 Very lttle s known about Thelera sp. (buffalo) whch was frst recognsed n an solate from a buffalo n Kenya 2 Thelera parastes usually occur as mxed nfectons and although the bengn and non-pathogenc forms do not have any sgnfcant economc mportance, they can nterfere wth the dagnoss of the pathogenc forms (e.g. T. parva n South Afrca) and therefore confuse ther epdemology. Recently, buffalo blood samples (n= 198) orgnatng from the Kruger Natonal Park and the Hluhluwe Mfoloz Park were screened for Thelera speces usng the Reverse Lne Blot hybrdzaton (RLB) assay. The RLB results demonstrated the presence of T. parva, T. mu tans, T. velfera, T. bujfel and Thelera (sp.) buffalo, ether as sngle nfectons or as mxed nfectons. n a number of samples the PCR products dd not hybrdze wth any of the Babesa or Thelera speces-specfc probes present, only wth the Babesa/Thelera genusspecfc probe suggestng the presence of a novel speces or varant of a speces. Fulllength 18S rdna of two of these were amplfed, cloned and the recombnants were sequenced. Sequencng data were analysed wth the Staden package, algned wth publshed sequences of related genera usng ClustalX and a phylogenetc tree was constructed usng neghbour-jonng n combnaton wth the bootstrap method. Sequence smlarty analyss ndcated that a Thelera speces nfecton was present showng hghest smlarty ( 98%) wth T. mutans. A speces-specfc RLB olgonucleotde probe was desgned n the hypervarable V4 regon of the 18S rrna gene and wll be used to screen buffalo samples to determne the prevalence of ths paraste n buffalo n South Afrca. References 1. Stoltsz W H 1996 Theleross n the Afrcan Buffalo. Proceedngs ofa Symposum on the Afrcan Buffalo as a Game Ranch Anmal Onderstepoort, South Afrca. 2. Allsopp BA, Bayls HA, Allsopp MT E, Cavaler Smth T, Bshop RP, Carrngton D M, Sohanpal B, Spooner P 1993 Dscrmnaton between sx speces of Thelera usng olgonucleotde probes whch detect small subunt rbosomal DNA sequences. Parastology 107: Faculty of Veternary Scence 13 Unversty of Pretora

19 Research Programme Oral Presentatons a! Determnng the genetc dversty of Thelera equ and Babesa caball n Zebra (Equus quagga and Equus zebra) 2 R Bhoora, BL Penzhorn, A J Guthre, NE Collns (raksha.bhoora@up.ac.za) 1 Department of Veternary Tropcal Dseases, and 2 Equne Research Centre, Faculty of Veternary Scence, Unversty of Pretora, Prvate Bag X4, Onderstepoort 0110, South Afrca Equne proplasmoss s caused by two ntraerythrocytc protozoal parastes, Thelera equ and Babesa caball. Both parastes are tck-transmtted and nfect horses, mules, donkeys as well as zebras. n a prevous study on the characterzaton of the 18S rrna gene of T equ and B. caball n horses, we found that the nucleotde sequences of two zebra samples from the Bontebok Natonal Park n the Western Cape, showed a hgh degree of smlarty to a prevously publshed T equ-lke sequence. Ths genotype was not detected n any of the South Afrcan solates from horses, suggestng that there s more varaton n T equ genotypes n zebra n South Afrca. A study was thus undertaken to determne the level of genetc varaton n the 18S rrna genes of zebras nfected wth T equ and/or B. caball. Seventy blood samples n EDTA, collected from Plans zebra (Equus quagga) and Mountan zebra (Equus zebra), were obtaned from the Kruger Natonal Park (n=20), the Wldlfe Breedng Research Centre (n=14), and the Equne Research Centre (n=36). Samples were screened for the presence of paraste DNA usng the reverse lne blot hybrdzaton (RLB) assay, and a B. caballspecfc TaqMan MBG real-tme PCR test was used to confrm the presence of ths paraste. The V 4 hypervarable regon of the 18S rrna gene from the postve samples was amplfed, cloned and sequenced. Phylogenetc relatonshps were determned usng dstance, maxmum parsmony and Bayesan nference methods. Reverse lne blot hybrdzaton (RLB) results ndcated that 45 samples were negatve for the presence of proplasms. Seventeen samples were postve for T equ, whle no samples hybrdzed to the B. caball probe. Eght samples hybrdzed to the Thelera/ Babesa genus-specfc probe only and not to any of the speces-specfc probes. Thrteen of the 17 zebra samples that were T equ postve, also hybrdzed to the Babesa genusspecfc probe but not to the B. caball specesspecfc probe. These results ndcate ether a possble mxed nfecton wth B. caball at a level below the detecton lmt of the B. caball RLB probe, or the presence of a novel Babes a speces or genotype. However, a real-tme PCR assay specfc for the detecton of B. caball nfectons, was able to detect B. caball paraste DNA n fourteen of the 25 RLB postve samples. Nucleotde sequence data was obtaned from 15 of the postve samples and BLASTN analyss revealed that the sequences were most smlar to T equ genotypes and not B. caball genotypes. Although Babesa parastes were present n some of these samples, the parastaema may have been too low to allow detecton by clonng of PCR products from a mxed nfecton. Based on these fndngs and our prevous results obtaned for solates from horses, we conclude that there are three groups of T equ 18S rrna genotypes n South Afrca. One genotype has only been solated from horses n South Afrca, another genotype has thus far only been dentfed n zebra n South Afrca, whle the thrd genotype s present n both horses and zebra. Faculty of Veternary Scence 14 Unversty of Pretora

20 Oral Presentatons Research Programme Molecular dentfcaton of Mycobacterum tuberculoss complex n lvestock and humans n Ngera 2 3 A 0 Jenkns, L Strecher, SB Cadmus, EH Venter, J God.frod (s @tuks.co.za) 1 Department of Veternary Tropcal Dseases, Faculty of Veternary Scence, Unversty of Pretora, Prvate Bag X04, Onderstepoort 0110, South Afrca 2 Dvson of Molecular Bology and Human Genetcs, Department of Bomedcal Scences, Faculty of Health Scences, Stellenbosch Unversty, Tygerberg Department of Publc Health and Preventve Medcne, Unversty of badan, badan, Ngera 3 The true pcture of the prevalence of tuberculoss and zoonotc tuberculoss n Ngera s not accurately presented. One of the reasons s that the tradtonal technques currently use for the dagnoss and the dentfcaton of the members of the Mycobacterum tuberculoss complex (MTBC), are not senstve enough. Ths study ams at hghlghtng the relevance of molecular based tools n the dentfcaton of mycobacteral solates obtaned from cattle and humans wth dverse rsk factors n badan, southwestern Ngera. Samples were obtaned from organs of lvestock after slaughter, patents dagnosed wth pulmonary tuberculoss, extrapulmonary tuberculoss and HV, as well as feces from nfants, and cattle traders. Samples were processed usng the Becton Dcknson procedure; noculated onto Lowensten Jensen meda wth pyruvate and glycerol and ncubated at 37 C for 8-12 weeks. DNA was obtaned from culture postve solates by bolng at 80 C for 30 mns. DNA was then screened by a multplex PCR that amplfed the RD4 and RD9 regons. Further screenng was done by amplfyng the RD 1 mc and RD2 seal regons usng prevously publshed prmers. Spolgotypng was also done on these samples as descrbed by Kamerbeek et al., (1998). Sequencng data obtaned were analysed usng Boedt and Mega 4.0 for sequence algnments and blast usng the BLASTN. Faculty of Veternary Scence 15 After RD4 and RD9 deleton analyss performed on 53 cattle, 12 pg, 6 goat and 141 human solates, 5 cattle and 2 human solates were "classcal" M bovs (RD4 and RD9 deleted) and 30 human solates were M. tuberculoss (RD9 and RD4 mc seal. present). The RDl and RD2 delet10n analyss revealed M afrcanum (RD 1 mc 1 present; no amplfcaton at RD2seat) n 1 1 pg, 3 cattle and 20 human solates. Forty. one cattle, 35 human, 11 pg and 5 goat solates could not be further descrbed mc seal (presence of RD 1, RD2 an? RD4).. Sequencng analyss of the RD2sea band n solates from cattle and humans resulted n dentcal nucleotde sequences algnng wth several M tuberculoss and M bovs! sequences. Spolgotypng confrmed these unque solates as M bovs (absence of. spacers 3, 9, 16, 39-43) on a panel of representatve solates; furthermore, an undescrbed M. bovs spolgopattern ( and Spo1Db4 database). was dentfed. These results ndcate that molecular tools are useful n presentng a clear pcture of the array of speces responsble for tuberculoss nfectons n humans and anmals. Routne applcaton of molecular technques n clncal and research settngs s therefore recommended, especally n a tuberculoss endemc country lke Ngera. Unversty of Pretora..

21 Research Programme Oral Presentatons A challenge study to determne the effcacy of Avnew Newcastle dsease vaccne aganst challenge wth goose paramyxovrus 1,1 1 1 D G Bwala, SP R Bsschop, A van Wyk (s @tuks.co.za) 1 Poultry Reference Centre, Faculty of Veternary Scence, Unversty of Pretora, Prvate Bag X04, Onderstepoort 0110, South Afrca 2 Natonal Veternary Research nsttute, Pmb 01, Yorn, Plateau State, Ngera, A velogenc vscerotropc stran ofnewcastle, dsease vrus (NDV) known as "goose ; paramyxovrus" (GPMV) and belongng to the genotype Vd s reported to have been ntroduced nto South Afrca n about Snce then GPMV has caused numerous ' 1 outbreaks of Newcastle dsease among both commercal and backyard poultry n South Afrca. The dsease s characterzed by hgh 1 morbdty and mortalty resultng n massve a economc loss to the poultry ndustry. The vrus has also proved to be more persstent than prevous strans and s known to cause,.. dsease n waterfowl whch prevous strans ofndv were not known to do. Control of the dsease has proved dffcult wth vaccnes appearng not to be completely effectve n controllng the dsease n the feld, thus rasng concerns regardng the ablty of commercally avalable vaccnes to protect flocks aganst ths stran. The am of ths tral was to determne f there are dfferrences n the level of protecton offered by Avnew Newcastle dsease vaccne aganst challenge wth GPMV (CP of 1.85) as compared to another velogenc stran of Newcastle dsease solated from a prevous outbreak n South Afrca n 1995 known as the "Ranbow challenge vrus" (CP of2.0 and genotype V). :S Sx groups of eghteen specfc pathogen free (SPF) chckens were hatched, rased n solaton unts and then vaccnated wth doses of , and ED 50 of Avnew vaccne at 10 days of age. Two extra groups of eght SPF chckens served as unvaccnated controls. All the chckens were then challenged at 4 weeks of age ntramuscularly wth GPMV and "Ranbow challenge vrus" (RCV) at a dose rate of 0.2 ml, allowng for a total dose of ED 50 per brd, for both the vruses. Brds were observed twce daly and ther clncal status scored as ether 0 (normal), 1 (sck) or 2 (dead). Dead and euthanzed brds were necropsed and gross pathologcal lesons observed and recorded. Data was subjected to statstcal analyss and the protectve dose (PD 50 and PD ) 90 of the vaccne aganst challenge by both the vruses were calculated. No sgnfcant dfference could be found n the protecton offered by Avnew vaccne aganst GPMV challenge and RCV challenge. At the recommended dose of ED 50 the vaccne gave almost 100% protecton aganst both the challenge vruses. The PD 90 of Avnew aganst GPMV was calculated at versus that of RCV at Ths dfference was not found to be statstcally sgnfcant. Overall mortaltes were slghtly hgher for the group challenged wth the Ranbow vrus than wth the GPMV. The hgher number of mortaltes and the hgher PD 90 values for the groups challenged wth Ranbow vrus confrms the slghtly hgher pathogencty of the Ranbow vrus as earler ndcated by the CP values. However, vaccnaton wth Avnew ND vaccne even at ED 50 (optmal recommended feld dose) was only able to protect aganst clncal dsease and mortalty but not aganst nfecton and replcaton of the vruses; as some degree of gross lesons were evdent even n apparently healthy brds that survved the challenge wthout any clncal sgns. Analyss of pathologcal lesons showed that more organs were affected n groups challenged wth GPMV than groups challenged wth RCV. Ths data was however not subjected to statstcal analyss. Faculty of Veternary Scence 16 Unversty of Pretora