(Communicated at the meeting of December 17, 1927).

Transcription

1 PalaeoZoology. On the Oldest Domestc Anmal and ts sgn{cance {or Palethnology. By A. E. VAN GFFEN. (Communcated by Prof. J. F. VAN BENMELEN. ) (Communcated at the meetng of December 17, 1927). Ths paper records the frst results of a lengthy and tmeconsumng nqury regardng pre. and protohstorcal domestc anmas, notably dogs, whch, at all events, n EUFope, seem ndeed to be the oldest companons of man. One of the earlest known domestc anmals s Cans palustrs. acknowledged as such by RÜTMEYER. Besdes ths we have snce that tme gathered much nformaton concernng other prae, and protohstorcal forms from the works of JETTELES. WOLORCH, STROREL, TROUESSART. STUD ER. KELLER. WNGE, HLZHEMER, BRNKMAN, etc., etc. menton only: Ca ns palustrs ladogenss Anutschn Ca ns nostranzew Anutschn Cans matrs optmae Jetteles Cans ntermedus W oldrch Cans mk W oldrch Cans spallett Strobel Cans de e Mre H ue Ca ns lener Studer Cans putatn Studer Cans ntermedus newelsk Brauner Cans kryschtofovtsch Brauner Cans decumans Nehrng Cans molossus Kraemer,( Roman) When at the tme of the commencement of my nvestgaton of the "Terpen" 1) n the year 1908 was confronted wth a large number of protohstorcal remans of domestcated anmals was desrous to examne the materal by a smlar method to that adopted by RÜTMEYER n hs research of the fauna of the Swss lakedwellngs. Ths not only facltated my efforts. t also placed at my dsposal a number of socaled standard types. But at the tme the result of those efforts conssted only of a thess enttled "De Fauna der Wurten". The ttle s dsappontng, as t suggests much more than the contents mpart. so the addton "Tel " on the ttle page s everyway justfabe. However. the fact s that "Tel 11" has never 1) "Terpen" = the artfcal protohstorcal hlls n the low lands along the shores.

2 322 appeared, although may apologze by addng that have been busy at t, and have already gathered some materal for t. t s nto ths materal that wsh to make a dp now. How was t that the study of the domestcated " Terpen"~fauna was retarded so long, n spte of the masterly work done by RÜTMEYER, and notwthstandng the establshment of the above~named standard~types, and even despte the ncrease of our knowledge of domestc anmals. t stands to reason that varous factors may have come nto play here, as e.g. pursuts n another drecton, rrelevant prvate crcumstances, dffcultes n apprecatng osteometrcal researches, arsng from the altered vews n the genetc doman, etc., etc. t would not do, however, to ascrbe ths neglect to lack of nterest. The contrary s the fact. The true and prmary cause of the retardaton of the results of the early specfc study of domestc anmals must be looked for n the overwhelmng mass of avable materal and the doubtful sgnfcance of the standard~type, as well as n the selecton of the specal domestc anmal for a frst treatment,.e. the dog. Before long had the dsposal of a few hundreds of skulls from a large varety of dogs, not to menton other skeletal parts. The standard~types mentoned appeared not to be adequate for the determnaton of these bones. Moreover the border values of the latter, and the features consdered as typcal of them, appeared to gve rse to the greatest dffcultes. All sorts of dfferences between those types could be removed by help of that new matera!, whereas a number of forms lay qute beyond thc lmts assgned by them. All ths, added to the knowledge that dentty of phenotype does not warrant dentty of genotype, made me look out for another workng~ method. A lecture by Prof. J. W. MOLL on Darwnsm and expermental systematcs n 1909 nduced me to study the materal systematcally, n whch efforts was constantly encouraged by Prof. J. F. VAN SEMMELEN. feel specally ndebted to hm for enablng me to carry out a new nvestgaton of the Swss lake~dwellngs. We refraned from a determnaton of the avalable forms pecemea!, and worked the materal "en masse",.e. the populaton as a whoe,.c. a group of domestcated anmas. typcal of the frst half of our era. t seemed to me that t would be nterestng for the soluton of questons about orgn and affnty. f we could work and compare such groups. as they are also characterstc of other regons and of other tmes. Therefore wll make a dp nto the studed matera!, for f ths workng~method and thc concepton underlyng t. should be rght. t mght just as physco~anthropo~ logca!, prehstorc~archaeologca!, phlologcal and other methods do. furnsh an ndependent seres of supplemental and also partly new data for an nsght nto the palethnologcal problems. f am not mstaken th3 has already been shown.

3 323 A comparatve, and sofar as was possble, astatstc study was made of the results of our nvestgaton and measurement of three large populatons of dogs and of one smaller one, vz. a. from the Frsan and Gronngen "Terpen" of the late ronage; b. from the neolthc, and bronzeage Swss lakedwellngs; c. from the mesolthc OanshCmbrc Kj!6kkenm!6ddngen, and d. from the neolthcmegulthc settement of Flntholm n the sland of Alsen. For the sake of comparson we also studed recent dogs. as wel as ther recent and less recent relatons, to be found exclusvely n the neghbourhood of Thooden. the wolves and the jackals, from varous regons. Broadly outlned the results are provsonally to the followng effect:. The terpdogs nter se dsplay much smaller dvergences than the recent dogs. A later ncrease s qute ascrbable to the bulldog resp. pugtype on the one sde, and the greyhound on the ot her. The ndces mply a predomnence at the tme of large bulldogs, hounds, and the ke n our parts. Huge, greyhoundlke forms of Lener, resp. "Oeerhound" type, were, however, represented among them. They betray much wolf's blood. 2. When compared wth the dogs from the lakedwellngs the Terpdogs reveal an enormous ncrease of dvergences. The lacustrnc dogs themselves can be splt up nto two groups, (doubletopped curves wth more than ffty characterstcs). They are a large group of smaller dogs, and a small group of larger dogs. To the former belong C. palustrs. C. d e e mere, and C. spallett. to the latter C. matrs optmae. C. lener. C. nostranzew, whle C. ntermedus s to be grouped under the latter for one characterstc, and under the former for another. Furthermore t has appeared that the small group of larger dogs s absent n lakedwellngs wth pure stonecultures, whle the palustrs group characterstc of t shows fewer varatons, or rather smaller dfferences than those of the lakedwellngculture, as a whoe. For the rest as regards the faconeurocranumlengthndex, and the neurocranumwdthndex, the small group behaves ke the jackals, but the large group lke the wolves. 3. The Kj!6kkenm!6ddnger dogs wh en compared wth the dogs from the lakedwellngs collectvely, even wth those from the someage, exhbt on the contrary a consderable decrease of dvergences. Apart from the possblty th at they also admt of a d vs on nto two groups, just as the arctc dogs, ther dvergences agree completely wth those of the palustrs group of the lakedwellng of the stoneage. They are somorphous nter se, and on an average not only larger than the latter, but also larger than the wellknown European jackalforms. 4. Compared wth the dogs from the lakedwellngs, and wth the Kj!6kkenm!6ddngerdogs the Cmbrcmegalthc dogs bear a great resemblance to the latter. To express th s more dstnctly may be allowed to report here a sngle

4 324 varabltycoeffcent, more partcularly "Streuungs"coeffcent. namely o C = 100 X Ma' n ths way we can demonstrate more or less the dvergences that ncrease gradually wth age. The coehcent n queston s namely for the length of the praemolars (llv = 27), the molars + cuspd (ll = 28), the molars (111 = 29), and of the cuspd (PM..!. = 56) superor. resp. for those of the base of the jaw (ba = 62), the row of molars (llv = 66). the three molars (ll = 67). thc two posteror molars ( = 68). and of the cuspd (M. = 78). for the abovenamed canne populatons. successvely:..... Oogs Erom the Lakedwellngs Kjflkken Characterstc : "Terps" ~ together stone age m0ddnger llv = = = PM..!. = ba = llv = = = M = From the avalable comparable statstc results we may. to my thnkng. conclude already now : 1. n partcular: a. that the Cans de e mre of the French lakedwellngs s not a type of tself. but belongs to the palustrcgroup; b. that the dog of the at all events typologca. meso and neolthc culture of RyckholtSt. Geertrud, does not be long to the palustrsgroup, but to the group of larger dogs. whch elsewhere do not appear befert: the lakedwellngs of the bronze age. 2. n gen era : a. that e.g. earlest known Asatc dogs (Anau n Turkestan) do not belong to the palustrs. but to the ma/rs optmae (wld form Cans pallpes Sykes) type; b. that the earlest known European (.e. Kjs'kkenms'ddnger) dogs

5 325 A Localzaton of the measurements. PLATE 1 \. \.. M.... M. p.vr 1~ lf PM dher very lttle mutually; that they have nothng to do wth the wellknown analogous Asatc or Afrcan dogs; that they do not descend from the Cans palustrs of the lakedwellngs ; but that they may be the progentors of the praehstore. Cmbrcmegalthe (and recent arctc ) dogs. whle conversely t s dffcult to derve them from a European. nether to noneuropean jackals. They represent ether a Cans verus. a "chen su geners". or descendants from a small wolf of whch we know nothng n parteular. The research for the place of orgn. and the descent of these dogs must be of paramount mportance for palethnology. Whatever may be the sgnfcanee of the objectve facts memorzed. one thng at whch hnted at the outset. s dstnctly comng to the fore. namely. that t mports us to know what results would be yelded by d comparable statstc study of other than the prehstore groups. named J81./fEUJEL

6 Characterste CC' = 3 Length nasal bone Lakedwellng Dogs. nterval Frequeney PLATE 2. Porton belongng to the pure stoneculture Procentc num j 11 Frequency ber of all la eu "" strne dogs Stone * Copper 6 Bronze * Stoneeopper ó '* ó Stonebronze Stoneeopper bronze ,9 ~B 128 /40 e" /23 ls e.6 fo ; / J.Qh A '". ~... fb '9 " ~ 12 1; A. ~j H A ~ ~.!~.j. ll" 59 5 _ 62" ~ 68 68'.. 7/~ 7~5_ _ 80" 80~ 83" Total S /; 19 zo / o o / !(}(JO.AlnnuuTZ. VaraJlt AfaxllllUTZ. VaraJzt M All together 5~.55 Group stone age 53,67 ~o 5/,05 51, ~ Group C. palustrs 5V7 Sq82 57,75,0.6 los Es A,,!!:~ ' :< Cl.0. el) ~ 86. Ó ; Az Cs Cz 1); eaa.oae..o.e6.o..", ~~s,7 s 50 l 53$ 56 s / s 47".s0".53",56' 59" 62" /" 7" 77" 80 83" ". KJ: 43 m..m.~ 2 ~ 95 mal E, J{z Ez A A, E31{=; ls J N.B. Number ') wth A = Cans matrs optmae letteles. B')= palustrs RÜTlME/ER. C =.. nostranzew ANUTSCHN. D = " lener STUDER. Ç}P 58,87 58, Group "5 66 ~1 3,50 2,59 3, ) 'lb.z6 /9.56 /SO /(1(7.<11 Mnmum Group ~5 la/ls aanlus ~5 {á.m.:, lupus Group Jl Terpdogs af ter Rütmeyer Wdth of Jaraton *7 58 Arthm. means Group M Number wth E = Cans ntermedus WOLDRCH... K = " spallett STRO BEL. 1= decumans NEHRNG fo.oo // / 5U/% A (21+ (2~ M= zal ,067 0,0~ Maxmum S6 (6t) t) These numbers refer to tho~e n the catalogue of the remans ot dogs n the dfferent SWÎlS collteton! as delcclbed or measured by the wrter. 'l) Stoee the grtatee part conssts of CanB palwtrs. tbe letter B S omued Va lues found /;566 54/7

7 PLATE 3 Prequencycurves % Length of the two mo/ars: Jll = r,,,,,,,,,, Dfference Coeflcents C Va 1 ]7.' 501 " ~ t Pw!! 6.92 S9J s! '~ J) 64J!6 /(.J Pw 90' T 10,9b' Pwst.=Ldw.st. Pw=Ldw. 'to 30 '\ \ \ \ \, \ \ ' \ 1 \,, \1 '. W V $ l ' /,,,t' '., 1\, \ \,'.. \ '. \, \,'.. ' \ t,' \...' \ ' \' S 15 S 17 S.19 S KjflJkkenmflJddnger dogs _ _ _ Stone agelakedwellng dogs B onze agelakedwellng dofls, "...,... Terp dogs 27 S mm

8 % ld 7D 1 ~ ~ +0 JO 2D 10.,9 _ Prequencycurves Length of lowerjaw ba = 62 A \ / t! \. 11 ~ \ 1,,.' \./ 1 /\.~,'.. 1 1',. '. ':1 " \. 1 \, ~,... /! ;<'l D '" D ; ~J)( \ \V 1 ll, r _~ " j ~., 1\/' PLATE 4 D ffrrence Coe[/cltnts (' 1'4 4f. UJ ur PUll. Jt1~"'" _ P. /1,16 U T. n... JM K. u. t'" // ~~ ["',1\ \,., 1..' ' ",'" r '"'t'_.: \\ "" 'l'", 1_ ><,,. lj 87 lol lfj.j./ S mm _ Kj0kkenm0ddnger dogs _ _ _. Stoneagelakedwellng dogs Bronzeagelakedwellng dogs Terpdogs Recent dogs Pwst. = Ldw.st. Pw.= Ldw. \.J.) N 00

9 PLATE 5 Statstc comparatve revew of the characterlstcsl leogth of lowerjaw. aod tearog molars of the oldest housedogs add those of ther Dearest wld relatods. la=62 Jackals SouthAsa MnorAsa Afrca Europe (S. E.) NTERVAL : Wolves Europe Dluvum Europe Asa Oldest dogs Kjf1Jkkenmf1Jddnger Stone agelakedwellngs 95 Peatfndngs Denmark ! ""mb", Kjf1Jkkenmf1Jddnger dogs Stone agelakedw. dogs l Europe Jackals Afrca MnorAsa Mesopotama etc ' ~ Explanaton : 2 number Medans mm 3 (numbers 0. 0 mn. varant M max. varant = a =O.p PM1 = S6 Jackals SouthAsa 4 MnorAsa 4 Afrca 3 Europe (S. E.) NTERVAL : l 3 15] Wolves Europe Dluvum Europe Asa a Oldest dogs Kjf1Jkkenmf1Jddnger lï 6 Stone agelakedwellngs ~ Dluval dogs Gallenreuth. G 32 Peatfndngs Denmark () (20) \ numbers number Medans Kjf1Jkkenmf1Jddnger dogs Stone att~~w dog, 16.5 Jackals Afrca 17 _ 1 MnorAsa Mesopotama etc ] mrn ( numbers ~. mn. varant 0. 0 Explanatlon : max. vanan. t = Ma O.p M 1 =78 Jackals SouthAsa MnorAsa Afrca Europe (S. E.) 9 5 NTERVAL : Wolves Europe Dluvum Europe Asa Oldest dogs Kjf1Jkkenmf1Jddnger Stone agelakedwellngs S 22 5 Peatfndngs Denmark ( ""mb<" number Kjf1Jkkenmf1Jddnger dogs Stone agelakedw. dogs Europe Afrca J ae k as ) M mor ' A ' Sla Mesopotama etc. Medans mm ~ numbers E' mn. varant M ~ xp anatlon: max. varant = a =O.p

10 329 before, especally of Southern and Western Europe on the one sde and Western Europe on the other. f we had comparable curves also of those types, 1 fee convnced that the soluton of the palethnologcal problem3 would be largely benefted. t s my frm convcton that to ths end t wll be frst of all requred to make a careful collecton, (too often neglected) of the often gnored prae, and protohstorcal bones of domestcated anmas, and that nternatonal cooperaton wll be of nestmable value. My convct on s based on the statstc results obtaned, especally curves. dfferences n wclth, medans quartles and varaton coeffcents. 1 here refer to the dagrams and the tables. ( Plate V.)