Specific effects of feeding different amounts of potassium iodide and salt on the character of the wool production of breeding ewes and their lambs

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1 Retrospectve Theses and Dssertatons 1928 Specfc effects of feedng dfferent amounts of potassum odde and salt on the character of the wool producton of breedng ewes and ther lambs Maynard Goldman Snell owa State College Follow ths and addtonal works at: Part of the Agrculture Commons, and the Anmal Scences Commons Recommended Ctaton Snell, Maynard Goldman, "Specfc effects of feedng dfferent amounts of potassum odde and salt on the character of the wool producton of breedng ewes and ther lambs" (1928). Retrospectve Theses and Dssertatons Ths Dssertaton s brought to you for free and open access by owa State Unversty Dgtal Repostory. t has been accepted for ncluson n Retrospectve Theses and Dssertatons by an authorzed admnstrator of owa State Unversty Dgtal Repostory. For more nformaton, please contact dgrep@astate.edu.

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7 SPSOyC EFFSCTS OF FEEDNG DFFERENT AMOUNTS OF POTASSUM ODDE AND SAff ON THE CK/vRA.CTER OF THE ^OL moducton OF BRSEDHG EWES AND THER LMBS. by Uegnnard Gol&am Snell A Thoss Sulmltted to the Gradate Faculty ^07 the Degree or DOCTOR OF PHLOSOPHT Ma Jos* subject - Anlxaal Husbandly Approved Sgnature was redacted for prvacy. Sgnature was redacted for prvacy. Sgnature was redacted for prvacy. )ean of Graduate fole^' owa state College X988

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9 J VX NTRODUCTOJ EEVEV OF LTEMTURE smmry CONCLUSOnS ACOTOWLEDCrl/TEKTS BBLOGRAPHY -2- TABJ: OP COT TENTS Paf:e METHODS OF EXPERM5NTAT0W T^ae and Duraton of the Experments 13 Anmals Ueed 22 Allotment Consde-atona 13 Ratons Fed and F:ethod8 of Handlng Lanfus Vool r.anplos; Tv/er: ntal Samples 2^r, Pnal Sarjple Scourng Sample j_0 Vool Sa.plos, Lambs jg ABORA.TORY STUDES ON ^'OOL Cleans ng 17,«Staple and Fber Len^rth Crmp T7 Dameter of Fber no Densty Scourng DSCUSSON OF EXPERMENTAL RESULTS 20 Ewes on 20-o3 - J Lambs

10 NDEX OP TABDS Table V V V V' V X X X X X XV XV Fage Weghts, Gans and Grease Wool Producton of the Ewes 21 Yeld of Clean V/ool of the Ljwee, Estmated 22 Percentage Yeld of Clean Wool of the ;vgs 24 Gbangos n Percentage Fleece Yeld of the r:wes, Oaly 25 Fneness of Fbers from Fleeces of the LV/GC 2Q Crmp of Fbers from Floeces of the Ewes Growth of Fleece of tlc ;:vves Densty and Change n Densty of Fleece of Evvea Fneness of Fbers from Fleeces of the Lamb a Change n Fneness of Fbers f-om Poeces of Lambo Crmp of Lamb Fleeces Change n Crmp of Lamb rooces 38 Staple and Fber Lengths fo' Fleeces of the Lambs 40 Densty of the Fleeces of the Lambs 4 Changes n Fleece Densty of the Lambs

11 NTRCDUCTON Just wat effect las feed upon the quantty and qmlty of wool ptoduced s a queston whch was asked more tlan a alf a century ago# Yetj an adequate soluton of the problems nvolved n the queston s far from beng attaned. The clmate, the sol and tle feed materally affect wool producton accordng to some of the earler wrters n anmal husbandry. The comparatvely recent dscovery that odne admnstered.to the pregnant sow and ewe n gotrous dstrcts prevents harless-, ness and oollessness n new born offsprng rases the queston of the possble effect of odne feedng on the caracter and qualty of wool producton, partcularly n dstrcls knov/n to be defcent n odne. Ames les n a sera-gotrous regon showng a mld defcency of odne n nutrtve substances. The problem selected for tls study nvolves the determnaton of the effect of feedng varyng amounts of lodne, as Potassum odde, also the effect of salt feedng j upon the character and qualty of wool producton of ewes and 5 ther offsprng..!

12 -5- REVEW OF LTERA.TURE As long ago as 1848 Youatt sad: "The varatons n the dameter of the wool n dfferont parts of the fber v»l also curously correspond v/tu the degree of heat at the tme the respectve portons v/ere produced.... "Pa.sture las a.far greater nfluence on the fneness of the fleece. The staple of the wool, lke every other part of the Sheep, must ncrease n length or n bulk when the anmal has a superabundance of nutrment j and on the oter land, the secretons whch forms the wool decreases lke every other, when suffcent nourshment s not afforded. "Vvhen lttle cold has been experenced n the wnter, and vegetaton has been scarcely checked, the sheep yelds an abundant crop of wool, but the fleece la perceptbly coarser as well as heaver. When the frost las been severe and the ground long covered f the flock las been farly suppled wth nutrment, althougl the fleece may lave lost n weght, t v;ll lave acqured a superor degree of fneness, and a proportonal ncrease n value. Should, however, tle sheep ave been neglected and starved durng ths prolongaton of cold weather, the fleece as well as the carcass s thnner, and though t n^ay have preserved ts smallness of flament, t las lost n leght, and strength, and usefullness."

13 -6- Thus we see that one of the earler and, cost prolfc of the Englsh wrters on sheep producton held tlat not only the nutrton of the anmal but also weather condtons affected markedly the character and producton of wool. Vews smlar to these held by Youatt lave been expressed n recent tmes, tasterrton (1926) says: "T e appearance of wool can be altered n a very short tme by a change on to a dfferent knd of sol. Both the curl and the yolk wll alter.... Lght sols of almost any descrpton tave a tendency to grow fner and lghter fleeces. Strong heavy clay land las the opposte effect. t wll grow a wool wth very lttle crmp and a lack of claracter. Lmestone land, where tle mneral s promnent grows strong wool, hard to the feel, and wth more of a tfcst than a curl." Roux (1926), a student from South Afrca, whle attendng one of the larger unverstes n the Unted States, wrote: "The factors nfluencng the producton of good qualty wool aro many; some of whch may be controlled by man. "Clmatc and sol condtons may be noted as the most mportant, especally so far as the producton of Eerno wool s concerned All other thngs beng equal the best qualty wool can be grown n a country sutable for the growth of short sweet gras3.^^»^»... The talcs are the authorb.

14 j -7- "There s no doubt that the entre fleece s affected by clmatc condtons. n cold countres or the colder ponts of a country, the tendency wll bo towards densty, lahortness of staple, abundance of yolk or c.reafje, nc-'eased fneness and a danger of v.'ool becomng effemnate. Under ard condtons the staple s apt to become lon^-:er, lees dense, 'slronfjtr' or : coarser, and the danger of tne wool fcecorans harsh or unknd exsts "Breedng and feedn^ lave an mportant effeot on te qualty of the wool...." Another dea (Anonymous, 1923) concernng the effect of feed on wool productox s contaned n a popular artcle n a London, England, lvestock journal. Ths ;rter states that growth of wool v/ll not be affected by the feedng so long as the lveweght of the anmal s mantaned. Lberal feedng may gve a heaver fleece but the dfference was thought to be due more to ncreased deposton of vjool fat rather than to an 1 extra growth of wool. Tne popular vews and opnons, although not supported by expermental proof present an nterestng background to the wool research n h-and, suggestve of the posstlty of fndng specfc nutrtve factors Wlcl affect wool growth. j 1 Crag (1696) reported fve year's work of the effect of feed upon wool producton. The experment covered three perods, (a) brth to weanng, approxmately from Aprl to July, (b) weanng to fattenng, approxmately from July to Hovember,

15 j -8- and (c) fattenng stage, approxmately from November to February. The total perod covered about ten months. n Crag's work, Lot receved gran from brth to marketng tmej Lot gran from weanng to marketj and, ^ot X gran durng the fattenng stage. All three groups were fed the same raton durng the fattenng. The wool producton of lots,, and s tabulated herewth: Lot Grease wool, lbs Clean, lbs Shrnkage, pet Henry and Morrson (1922) state as nformaton to the authors that Wlson and Kuhlman at the South Dakota Staton ncreased the wool yeld nne per cent, by addng lnseed ol meal to a raton of com, oats, and prare hay. On a raton j of com, oats and alfalfa hay, the wool yeld was ncreased sxty per cent, over the basal feedng perod. Hammond (1922) found that ewes wntered on an average daly raton consstng of com,.63 pound, lnseed ol meal,!.12 pound, lay,.48 pound, and slage averaged 7.87 pounds of wool as compared to 8.23 pounds, for ewes wntered on a raton ; consstng of corn,.40 pound, lnseed ol meal,.35 pound, hay,.48 pound, and slage 3.58 pounds. The dfference s prmarly

16 -9- one of a lnseed ol meal partal substtuton for corn gran plus a mld surplus of ths hgl proten flaxseed by-product. Curtss (1922) n reportng the work of Evvard and Culbertson on wnterng pregnant ewes states that the wool yeld n a lot recevng one ounce potassum chlorde per ewe daly was heaver toan the check lot. The comment s added that t s barely possble tlat the feedng of ths relatvely large amount of potassum chlorde may have an nfluence on the growth of wool from the gross weght standpont. These expermentalsts recently emphasze that tese results should be taken n a suggestve sense. Zuntz (1920) fed four sheep on straw and beets so as not to lave a change n body 7»eght. One group of two anmals receved daly from eght to ten grams of dgestble horn n addton.?.fter four months the fleeces of the group recevng horn showed remarkably mo"^ strength (development) than that of the other group. The mcroscope showed the dameter of tle Wool fbers to be one-thrd greater than that of the other anmals. Each sngle fber had strengthened tself con- \ sderably. t s to be emphaszed that the number of anmals under experment are too meager to warrant trustworthy conclu 1 sons and hence the work s to be regarded as n the suggestve class. j Evvard and Culbertson (19S4) fed dfferent salt allow- ' ances to wnterng pregnant ewes and found dfferences n

17 -10- fleece yelds. Thor results are as follows: Lot No. Salt per ewe daly Fleece weght at shearng tme,averace per ewe, lbs. no salt 7.63 oz salt 8*04 ^ oz salt 8.52 V 1 oz salt 7.65 Tle lter-ature on odne, especally n ts relatonshp to goter, s qute volurnnous. To attempt a fll survey s beyond the provnce of ths paper. However, a few references are appended. Baunan (1896) announced that odne was a normal consttuent of the thyrod gland. Marne and Kmball (1917), Kmball,and L^arne (1918), Kmball, Rogoff and ^rlne (1919), and Kmball (1922) have clearly shown that odne s a specfc for the preventon of thyrod enlargement n man. Mcdendon and Hathaway (1924) tave presented charts whch show a remarkable concdence between the ncdence of goter n man and the regons of low odne, content of drnkng.water. The regons of heavest ncdence of goter are the areas around the St. Lawrence Rver valley, the Great Lakes basn, and the Northern Plan area extendng from the Great Lakes to and ncludng certan ar^as of the Rockes. These charts ndcate owa to be sem-gotrous. Evva2?d and Culbertson (1925) found that feedng odne to swne resulted n n

18 -Xcreasng the average daly /;an by 9.91 per cent, and n reducng the feed requred per hundred pounds gan by ten per cent. And lastly, chrt Evvard (1928) elves t as hs experence that no harlessness. p^s, whch could be attrbuted to a lack of odne, has accured n the expermental lerd of swne at the owa-experment Staton durng the last'eghteen years. On the otbr hand, n the Sprng of 1917, forty breedng ewes produced ffty-fve lambs, twenty-three of wlch showed notceable thyrod enlargements. Ths latter s suffcent evdence to ndcate that odne defcency s experenced n the Ames area so far as sheep producton s concerned. Russel and Korrson (1923) state th^t goter n newt! bom lambs rarely occur when tje ewes have had access to green feed durng the last three months of tle gestaton perod. Kalkus (1920) reports death losses of lambs as hgh as 83 per cent, n some years n certan gotrous dstrcts! of the Northwest; the majorty of losses beng due to goter, harlessness and weakness. le observed that goter and bald- ; ness v/ere aogocated n lambs. He gves t as the experence of stockmen tat t s almost mpossble to rase kds n j markedly gotrous dstrcts. He states tlat most of the kds are harless, some are covered wth very fne har, whle others are norrnal; also, that there seems to be no defnte and un- form relatonshp between the sze of the thyrod, whch s n dcatve of a defcency of odne, and harlessness. Ealkus (1920) also reported an experment n the

19 -12- control of c^ter n goats, ' 'he ta^oulated. results are as follows: Results of odne Tost, (G does n each lot) Lot Form of odne compound -OBage Frequonc ly aad metlod of admstraton Numbe'' of ycuag born Condton of you,' at brth none 10 all har less> 8 slll born 2 ded s.ortly K 2 f'rans. 1 n u oz. water dully lurnf^ CesLatlon perocj, per orem all normal tnct.of odne b of lo;^ sol. weekly durng gestaton, sub-cutaneous 7 all normal V tnct.of 1 ml. v/eekly durng odne gestaton perod 8 7 normal 1 slght throd enlargement, but well lared

20 -13- METHODS OP EXPERMENTATON. Tme and Duraton of the Experments* These experments covered the two wnter feedng pregnancy perods durng the years 19H and Feedng was begun December 11th the frst, and November 22nd tle second v/nter. Potassum odde feedng contnued no long as the ewes we-e pregnant. The closng date of the wnter feedng pregnancy perod was Aprl 2G, 192V and ^prl 11, 1928, respectvely, for the two years. Fror August 11, 1920 to July 14, 1927 the ewes receved no salt as such except that ncluded n the ratons durng the v^rnter. On the later date the ewes were gven access to block salt f and contnuously thereafter except durng the wnter perod, , when no salt was allowed except that ncluded n the 'aton. { j Anmals used* Hgh grade Hampshre ewes were used. t 1 These ewes are the result of ffteen years gradng up wth purebred lawpshre rans upon a foundaton of grade ewes showng j consderable,",erno blood. Allotment Consderatons. n te Wnter of fve lots of ten ewes each were selected from ffty-fve ewes. 1 ;^eght, age, condton, weght of fleece, grade of wool, length of wool and the number of days pregnant were taken nto consderaton n allotng the ewes.

21 -14- Tho ewes contmed n these same lots durng the year except that one of the lots> Lot V, was dropped out and replacerronts, due to deats or cullng n the other lots, were mde frof Lot V naofa' aa v;as possblo. natons Fed and ^^ethod of landn,'', The valojs fed per ewe daly L-ur- the vjnter of were as follows: Lot. Choclt. Grr^a mxture A (shelled com natural nooture ba3b--c0 los.j v;:olo oats, 50 lbs.; lnseed ol meal, 10?Lbs.; uotal 100 lbs.); 1 pound dvded nto tv<o equal feeds; 2.7 pounds of corn slage A.lf. feed; 1 pound alfalfa ay P.K. feed; and l/2 ounce ( lb.)fla:e salt (mxed wth gran mxture). Lot. 1/20 gran rotassu-m odde. Same as Lot except 1/20 ^ran of Potassum odde mxed and fed wth the salt. Lot. l/u gran Potasaun odde. Same as Lot except 1/5 gran of Potaeeun odde mxed and fed wth the salt. Lot V. 4/5 f;ran Potassum odde. Same as Lot except 4/5 gran of Potaasurr/ odde mxed and fed wth the salt. Lot V. No salt fed. Same as Lot except that the salt was omtted. Lot V was emtted durng the Wnter of otherwse the lots were randed same as n

22 -15- The Potassum odde feedng was dscontnued for each ewe on the day of her parturton. Cereal straw was used for beddng. The ewes were allowed the run of a small paddock on dry, sunny days for exercse. Durng the sucklng perod, , all ewes receved a full feed of Gran Hljcture A, alfalfa hay an : com slage, hut no Potassum odde or salt. The second year, block salt, self-fed, was allowed n addton to the above raton. Lambs. The lambs durng the frst sxty days after brth receved com gran, whole oats, and lnseed ol meal, self-fed separately n a creep. They lad free access to gran, slage and hay n the common feedng bunks. After sxty days the gran and roughage records were dscontnued, the ewes and ther lambs on the sxteth day followng the lambs' brth beng turned nto a common lot and fed on feed smlar to the ones gven durng the two months sucklng perod. As soon as the blue grass pasture was avalable for the flock, all were turned to grass. No salt was fed n the Summer of 1927 on grass but was allowed n 1928-from brth. Wool Samples, Ewes. a. ntal Samples. A small wool sample l/2"x l/2" n area was taken from the rght shoulder the day the ewes were placed nto the feed lots n the fall. An area approxmately

23 -S- 2"x 2" was then clpped close to the skn around the place from where ths sample was taken. The dates of the ntal Samples were December 11, 1926 and November 22, 1927 for the two years respectvely. Fnal Sample. On the closng date of the wnter perod, a l/2"xl/2" sample was taken from all ewes. Ths sample was taken from the 2"x 2" clpped area of the prevous fall. The dates of the fnal samples were Aprl 26, 1927 and Aprl 11, 1928 respectvely. c. Scourng Samples. On the closng day of the wnter perod of the frst year and on both the openng and closng days of the wnter perod of the second year, 4"x 4" samples were taken from all ewes for shrnkage determnatons. Wool Samples, Lambs. n the Dprn(^ of 1927 l/2"xl/2" wool samples were taken from practcally contguous areas of the rght shoulder of all lambs at 60 and 120 days after brth. The second sprng, l/2"xl/2" samples from the rght shoulder of all lambs were taken at 60 and 100 days after brth. The takng of 100 day samples n the Sprng of 1928 was necessary n order to send the lambs to the market at an earler date tlan occurred the prevous year.

24 -17- ABOa\TORY STUDES OK WOOL Laboratory studes, nvolvng the measurng of 41,700 wool fbers, were mde on the small l/4 square nch samples,- The satrples were cleaned n groups before starlns the other determnatons. Followng ths, staple length, fber length, crmp and average dameter of fber were determned n order on each sample# Keghn{^s for densty determnaton wer-e made by groups after all other determnatons had been recorded. Cleansng. All samples were degreased and cleaned by mmersng n a benzne bath for about two mnutes. Staple and Fber Length. Each sample was measured for staple length by layng t flat on a steel measure graduated nto sxty-fourt-hs of an nch. These measurements were later converted nto nches, decmally expressed. Then a small bundle of fbers about the sze of tle f lead n an ordnary wrtng pencl were measured for length when stretched suffcently to take the crmp out. The second year an average of the lengths of ten fbers pulled at random from ; the sample, whle stretched to elmnate the crmp, were then measured. ^rlmp. Ten fbers, pulled at random, were lad aganst a back 1 ground so that the number of crmps n an nch secton could be \ j counted. One count was made on each fber and a record of the dameter, fber length and number of crmps per nch was made for each fber measured.

25 -18- Dlameter of Fber* The dameters of one htncred fbers were taken wth a Brown and Sharpe machnst's calper, calbrated n tenthousandths of an nch. The fbers v;ere taken from the two edges of a sample whch had been prevously rolled, then folded and placed n a "7" shaped cardboard held by a paper clp. Each fber v;as measured near the mddle. The record was kept n the form of a frequency dstrbuton. Densty. The one hundred fbers measured for dameter were rolled tocether and stored n a capsule n the envelope contanng the "1/4 sqxare nch" sample. v,he the dameter measurements were completed on a group of samples, the samples were taken to a constant temperature and hujndty room, the capsules were opened and the samples condtoned for four hours or more. The one 1 undred fbers and the total sample wore weghed separately. Ths procedure was used on all except the ntal ev;e samples of the frst year's work. n ths case tle samples were not condtoned but weghed n weghng bottles. j The formula used for calculatng densty s: Calculated densty nq-j'*" sample nclaclnt; the 100 fbers»t. of 100 fbers ~ j Accordng to Hultz (1G27) the Vyomng wool laboratory has shown an error of only 0.6 to 1.0 per cent, over actual count. Scourng. 1 n the frst year's work, , the shrnkage was

26 -19- determned on a bone dry bass, the samples beng dred n an oven for three hours at 105 decrees Centgrade both before and after scourng. The yeld of clefu wool v/as calculated from the weghts thus secured. n the second year's work, , the grease sample wae weghed and then scoured. Followng ths the bone dry weght Was determned. Ths bone dry weght of scoured wool tmes 1.16 gves the fgure for the yeld of clean '.vool. Ths method gves the weght of wool on a 16 per cent, mosture bass,- he. scourng bath conssted of water, one lterj vory soap flakes, 5 grarmsj soda ash, 12^ g'amsj temperaturc 130 degrees ^hrenet. The vory soap flakes and tle saa ash were made up nto two stock aolutons and used so as to rve the above specfc amounts of these materals n the scourng bath, Ech sample vjas wased through three scourng lquors 1 and three rnse waters, the latter beng softened wth some of the soap soluton. The second scourng lquor became the frst lquor for the next sample. The samples were mxed and taken at random rather than scoured by lots. j j t s realzed that shrncage percentages so determned do not represent accurately the shrnkage of the whole fleece,. ' however, they are accurate for purposes of relatve comparson. 1

27 ; " kjo*" DSCUSSON OF EXPEKMTAL RESULTS Ewes* Before dscussng tle experntontal fndngs, t s necessary to emplasae ttat uue two yearo' results are not entrely comparable. Durng the frst year no salt was allowed the ev;eb except tlat fed the rat-on durng the v/^ter perod. The larnbb, ths frst year, receved no salt froh brth on. But the second year the swec were gven free access to block salt on July 14, 1927 and coutnuously thereafter, except durng the wnter when no salt was allowed other than that contaned n the raton. Ths change n procedure v;as made because no sgnfcant dfferjnces n weght of fleeces accurred between the "no-salt" ; group, Lot V, and the "salt-no Totr^sum odde" group, Lot, son of one year's results wth the other, yet the results ob the frst year. Consequently, t was decded not to contnue ths lot the second year and nas^-uch as ths lot was not to be contnued the ewes n the other lots were allowed salt, Ths change n procedure does not permt the drect corcpar- ( taned rase r.portant questons. These queres are ponted!! out n the followng dscusson of the expermental results, f Table, enttled "Weghts, Gans and Grease 'ool j Producton of the Ewes", gves the aver-age ntal weghts, the average daly gans and the average gross wool producton of the several lots for the two years. Ths table shows no ^-The s^lt was ls contnued on each ewe at parturton tme, or when removed from the lot because of non-pregnancy.

28 "21'" partcularly senfcant dfferences n the average daly gan per ewe among the varous lots. There s a very mnor suggeston that the Potassum odde feedng may have nfluenced gans favorably. The gross weght of the wool was not apprecably altered by the treat»ent. TABLE Weghts,.Gans and Grease Wool Producton of the Ewes. Lot number Lot Deelnnatlon: Ko K Humber of ewes 10 : 10 «Ave. number of days n wnter «V V X K K No l/gqprat l/8gran4/6p;raln Salt S7 VVnter Perod, December 11, 1926 to Aprl perod : 97 J Ave. ntal wt «per ewe, lbs kv.e, daly gan : o o t per ewe, lb.*,22 ; Ave. grease wool * producton per ewe, lbs. 8.44^ ^. 15:8.35ef ef.28 e.e, Wnter Perod, November 22, 1927 to Aprl 11, Nvmber of ewes Number of days on experment Ave. ntal wt per ewe, lbs Ave. daly gan J per ewe, lb.* : Ave. grease voo; producton per.a ewe, lbs. Gsl, 38! 7.83^ *To last weght mmedately prevous to lambng. O O O to H Table, enttled "Yeld of Clean Wool,of the TSwes,

29 Estmated", gvng the average estmated clean yeld of wool for the two years, shows no outstandng sgnfcant effect of Potassum odde or salt feedng on the yeld of clean wool. A comparson between lots, one year wth another, also slows no conspcuous effect of treatments on the estmated yeld of ' clea v/ool» TABLE Yald of Clean '.Vool of the Kwes, Estmated^^ (Yeld n Pounds) BAsal Lots for Comparson wth Succeednf^ Lots ; : V Pro Edffer' Pro : Dffer: Pro- Dffer: Pro-:Dffer: Pro- Lot Mean bable ence bable :ence ;bable ence.bable:ence bable error error: terror 1» error: error dffer:.dffer: df fe-: :dffer ence 1 ence : lence :!ence : « V : V : * : * 1S A19.26 V / / : * '^Percentages gven n Tajle appled to gross fleece weghts of Table gve the yeld fgures. ( The percentage wool yeld, or n nverse terms, the shrnkage, s shown n Table, enttled "Percentage Yeld of Clean Wool of the Ev/es"". Lots and, both Potassum odde fed lots, n the seres, show an zcrease

30 -23- n yeld over ths check, Lot, recevng no PotasBun odde. But, Lot V, the "no salt" lot, when compared to Lot showed a decrease n estmated clean yeld. n the seres, lots, and V, the PotaBSum odde fed lots, showed a decrease n estmated yeld of clean fleece. t appears. th-at Potassum odde feedng lad some nfluence n decreasng the percentage yeld of fleece wool of the wes n the season, nasmuch as we lave a partally progressve decrease n both the percentage yeld determned for Aprl 11, 1928 fleeces and the dfferences n percentage yeld, from November 22nd to Aprl 11, The hometrlcal fgures may he nterpreted as suggestve of the nfluence as Sbaoed. t s to be emphaszed tat ts apparent effect of the Potassun odde allowance n 1927^1923 was manfest durng a perod of salt feedng. The queston 1 naturally arses: Does the Potassum odde admnstraton affect the "yolk" formaton n the same way when salt s lberally fed throughout ( ) as when the salt s dscontnued some weeks pror to the samplng ( )? n the earler year, the nfluence under dscusson was prac- tcally nl, suggestng that the salt along wth the Potassum odde feedng may be a necessary adjunct n the px-oducton of such an mpled effect.

31 Lot V V V -24- TABLE Percentage Yeld of Clean Wool of the Ewes. :Ba8al Lots for "^omparbon wtl Succeedng: Lota Tl Meant Pro- J Dffer*. Pro- ; Dffer; ProthabloJence sbablejonoe :bable :errort jerron terror : ;dfdarj : dffer } sence : :enoe J.97»?,J J J 65.30:.94 :/l<73: 1.35: 63.68:2.12 /.06: 2.36:-1.60: 2, :.84 :/S.78: 1.88:/l.05: :1.22 :-2.22: 1.56:-3.95; 1.54 rrr fr DlffDr:Pro- JlUffersProenoe :bable;enco bable terrorj ;error ;dflper: : dffer tence : :ence : /2.73: 2.28: : -2.27: 2.72:-6.00: :2.50 J» : : : ; 67.84;1.00 :-3.61:-2.69: : : : 54.70:1.52 :-6.V5: 2.79:-3.14:l.71 a 59.80:1.66 :-1.65: 3.01:A.96:1.95 :/5.10: 2.13 Fleece eamples from all ewee were taken on the openng and closng days of the wnter perod of the seres for the purpose of determnng the change occurrng, f any, n the percentage yeld, or nversely, the shrnkage, of the ) wool n the several lots durng the wnter perod. These 1 results are tabulated n Table V, enttled "Changes n Pers j t j centage Fleece Yeld of the Ewee, Only". The Unted States Sheep Experment Staton (1924) at! 1 Dubos, daho, ms shown long fne-wool fleeces to have a hgher percentage clean content of wool tlmn smlar but shorter stapled fleeces. Curously enough, ths one year's results shows the opposte effect n the three Potassum odde fed lots. These lots all show a decrease n percentage yeld of shoulder

32 sakples tal^on n tho cpr^ c^.t ^3 of to wnter foodng perod as conparod to those talon an Uc openng elate tho fall bcforo. ls ndcates tlat tlc shrrkaco ncrccggd ovc* tls perod, partcular!:/ eo snco the check lot, not fed rotacsun lodflg, showed an arthr.otcalc'oase. -'Dr V Cumccc n Percortacc Fleece Yeld of the Jweo Only (Based on 4*k4* shoulder eacnlcs.) ntal : HmT ^ :Aprl 2G, 1927 to :l.ove ;uc' 22, 1927 srotekber 22, 1927 :to Aprl Yeld ;Probable; Yeld :^&t;percenta^gt Error :Percentanp ; G1.19 :.8G : ; ; 1.87 V ; G3«19 ; 1.81 Gl« Probable Lrror G8 r^ean : Prolxblc fberce; Lrvor : 2.G ' 2.o2-3.40' X. 9 Table V, enttled ''Fnene;c of Fbers fror r.lgcoeo of Kcco'', tells the story of te dfferences n the averoco dcmcoqv of the wool fber crovm "before a:kl d^rf; tho v/lntor perod. Every ewe, durc th.c wnter perod of lg2g-927 pro- (uced wool n the 2"k 2" shorn bj:«.co on tho rch.t shoulder v;th a srralcr averac dameter tlan was produced n tho seme sp?-cc pror to and after shoarnc that fall. Tl-C owes n ^ot V, w:ch receved no salt# Showed the Greatest reducton n average sce of fber, wle Lot, re» cevnc Bat but no Potassuc odde, shosod the least reducton

33 "26 n ths respect. The sze of fber n the Potassurr odde fed lots, althoa^^h showng a greater average reducton than n Lot, decreased less n average sze of fber than dd Lot V. The results, so far ae dameter of fber n the ewes s concerned, were smlar to those of 192G The j t average dameter of fber of every ewe, wthout a sngle excepton, decreased n sze both ^ears. Te ewes n Lot, recevng one-fftb gt^n of P.- tassurn odde daly showed a reducton of 2.07 ten-thousandths of an nch followed by the ev^'es n Lot V, wth a reducton of Lot showed the smallest decreaao n average sl2e of fber of any of the lots, ths fgure beng The Potassum odde feedng n every d'ferent con:parlson but one (Lot, ) showed an effect n ncreasng the fneness of the fber. n ths one excepton t s poaoble that the Potassum odde feedng of the prevous year maybe to some extent responsble for the rater fne ntal fber (8.86) n the second yearj ths deducton beng n lne wth both the Lots and V, recevng the most Potassum odde n , showed the least dameter of any of the ntal groups of both years. Everythng consdered, t s our nterpretaton tlat 1 Potassum odde feedng tended to ncrease the fneness of fber n the ewe flocks to whch fed. { 1 Statstcally the salt feedng sgnfcantly decreased

34 -27- the dameter of fbers (Lot compared to Lot 7) but the elmnaton of salt (Lot V) from the salt-heavy Potassum odde group (Lot V) dd not have a s^^nfcant effect n the aane drecton, ndcatng that the odde feedng had consder'able refnng fuence, ths maskng the salt feedng factor to a large extent. Ths reasonng further bears out our opnon that the feedng of Potassun odde s favorable to the producton of fneness n the wool fbers of the ewes njeetng same*

35 TABLE V Fneness of Fbers from Fleeces of the Ewes (Dameter of fbers n ten-thousandths of an noh«) ntal Fnal Pro-: ^sal Lots for Commrlson wth Succeedng Lots Sample Sample :bable: : X : _ ' V Ave ; Pro-:Aveda- :bable: da- ; bable: dffer:dfdsr: Obb:^; bable KSrgs:bable <a3tge:bable rcareb:bable : Pro-:Mean :error: :Pro- : :Pro- : :Pro- : :Prometer:error :meter:error:ence :ence :error:'j-^'^jerror:^^^,^:error: error fber: : fber l v. ct^nre: : ol^xr^e: change Saay 11 to Dec.11,*26 Oct.16,1926 to Apr.26k! : : : : : : : :.036 -l.sof : : ":^ : : ^r Apr. 26 to Nov.22,1927 lov.27,»27 to Apr.l],S ^ ^ ' :

36 -29- T&ble V enttled, "Grlmp of Fbers from Fleeces of the Ewea", gves the average crmp per nch of the wool produced by the ewes pror to and durng the wnter perod. Ths table shows that the wool produced durng the wnter perod of had a larger average number of crmps per lot than dd the wool produced n these 2"x 2" spaces pror to ths perod. The opposte results were 8ecu.red the second year. Lot showed &n nsgnfcant cange, whle Lots, and V average decreases n number of crmps for the wool whch was produced durng the feedng perod. These changes n Lots 11 andn approach sgnfcance.

37 TABJX V Crmp of Jf'bers from Fleeces of the Ewes ntal Fnal Basal Lots for Comparson wth :acceeclar. Lots Sample Sample Probable : Pro-: : Pro- : Pro- : Pro- V j^e. rtro-: Ave. ; Pro-: Mean; crmp: bable: crmp: bable: dffer: error ChEn-t bable: Chans bable CSan-: bable bable per :error: per :error: ence: dffer" error ^ ge error. ge :error nch : : nch: : ; ence QhBLmQ A(<tc-CL ;chanp:e H-'ay 11 to (Dec.11,'26; Oct.16,192 ):to Apr. 2G,'27) t 1^: 9.07:.185: : /.34 a D 10.09:.201: :/l.33: :.214: :/!.05:.45, : :.155: 9.58,167:/.72:" :.71.33: :.176: »/ :.71.45:.50.12:.31 ~ (Apr. 26 to ajov.27/27 to: Nov. 22,1927) Aprl 11,'28): 8.92: :.144:/.0« : :, 130: = : 9.72: :.129: A'^ V 9.71: o:.121:

38 -31- The lot average staple and average fber lengths of the tt'ool produced by the ewes pror to and durng the wnter perods s shown n Table yj, enttled "Growth of Fleece of Ewes"1 Ths table shows, for the year , no sgnfcant dfferences between lots, nether n average staple lengths nor average fber lengths of wool pror to the begnnng Oj. the wnter perod. Also, the average staple lengths and average fber lengths for the wool produced durng the wnter feedng perod.showed no sgnfcant dfferences. The ewes n the seres showed greater dfferences n average staple length of wool produced pror to the begnnng of the Wnter perod than dd the ewes n the prevous tral. The dfferences n average fber length were ewen greater than n avemge staple length over ths perod but the order of the lots remaned unchanged. The ewes n Lot pror to the wnter perod averaged shorter n both staple and fber lengths tan dd the ewes n any>other of the lots. t s perhaps?/orthwhle to call atten-«ton to the fact that these same ewes produced, durng the wnter perod, fleeces whch averaged longer n each of these respects than dd the ewes n the other three lots. The average fber lengths of the wool produced by the several lots durng the wnter feedng perod of

39 -32- showed no sgnfcant dfferences. TABLE V Growth of Fleece of Ev/es ;Staple; Pro- : Fber: Pro- :J Staple: Pro- :Fber : Pro- Lot: length rbahl ; length:babl0 :: length:b5b?.e : lengthbable )nches:error :nches:error nches;error :nchea;error : :(May 11 to October 16,1926)::(Dec. 11,1926 to Apr.26,1927) t : : 2.20 : : 2.05 V : 2,14 V : : Oo 1.4o s 1. 4o : : (Apr.26,1927 to ^07.22,192$) <Nov.22,1927 to Apr.11, 1928) : : : V : J The effect of the varous ratons upon the densty of the ewe fleeces s shown n Table V, enttled "Densty and Change n Densty of Fleece of Ewes". n the seres, the lot average denstes of the fleece produced darng the wnter perod w ae not sgnfcantly dfferent from the fleece produced pror to ths tme. But the second year, the wool produced durng the wnter perod showed a marked ncrease n the calculated number of fbers per one-fourth Bquare nch, ths ncrease beng hghly sgnfcant n Lots, and, and approachng sgnfcance n Lot V.

40 -33- TABLE V Densty and Clange n Densty of Fleece of Ewes. 192G-1927 ntal Sample Fnal Sample Dfference Fbers per 1/4 :Probable vlean Ps'obabe sq. nch: Error Error Lot Fbers : per 1/4:Probable sq. nch: Error 'ay 11 to Oct.lG, 1926 Doc. 11, 1926 to Aprl 26, 1927 V V 3, 003 3,420 3,240 3,289 3, ' , ,479 : 22 3,133 : 170 3,841 : '' Aprl 26 to November 22, November 27, 1927 to ^prl 11, 1928 V 5,943 3,447 3,080 3, ,982 : 240 5,857 : 166 5,344 : 203 4,581 : 190 2,039'" a,410'' 2,2641^ 849/' 342^^ Lambs. The dameter of fbers of the lamb fleeces s shown n Table X, enttled, "Fneness of the Fleeces From the Lambs", whle the cange n dameter of fbers s shown n Table X, enttled, "Canges n Fneness of ^'bers from Fleeces of Lambs". For the frst yearfe results, tlese tables show the lot averages of the fleeces of the lambs from the Potassur odde fed ewes to be dstnctly less tlan that of Lot lambs, these dfferences beng hghly sgnfcant statstcally.

41 34- The fleeces of the Lot V, "no-salt" and "no-?otasslura odde" fed lambs, when compared to the fleeces of the check lot showed a decrease n the average sze of fber but not as great a decrease as accured n lambs from the Potassum odde fed ewes, -lowever, ths decrease s hghly sgnfcant from a statstcal standpont, be.ng 6.3 tme ts probable error. The 120-day samples (see Table 7.) showed no change n the order of the lots as regards fneness, but n every case the average dameter had ncreased sgnfcantly. The greatest average ncrease n ths respect was from the lambs whose mothers receved no salt. The least gan occurred n Lot, whose mothers receved salt but no Potassum odde. The second year's results also shov/ed the Potassur odde fed lambs to average fner n fber at 60 days. But at 100 days, the fleeces from tle lambs n Lot, v/hose mothers receved one-ffth gran of Potassum odde daly, averaged larger n dameter of fber than dd the fleeces of the check lot lambs. The Lot V lambs, on the other hand, averaged rauch fner n fber tlan dd the Lot lambs. ; ncrease n sze of fber from 60 to 100 days was not as marked n proporton as was the ncrease frorn 60 to 120 j days n the prevxous year s results. Kor were the changes as, consstent. Two lots. Lots and, showed a greater aver' age ncrease n sze of dameter than dd the check lot lambs, j But the Lot V lambs, on the other hand, as compared to the Lot

42 lambs, showed an nsgnfcantly smaller average ncrease. t should be remembered, however, that the lambs n the second year's work receved salt, self-fed, frot the tme of brth on. TABLE X Fneness of Fber from Fleeces of the Lambs (Dameter of Fbers n ton-thousandths of an nch) 1 Basal Lots for COKparsoa v/th Succeednf; Lots Aver-: : : V age : Pro Dffer Pro-: Dffer Pro- Dffer: Pro Dffer: Pro Lot Da-: bable ence bable ence. bable.ence bable ence bable meter: error error error 4 error 1 error «dfxlsr. * dffer dffer dffer» 4 ence ence k ence enco At 60 days of age. 8.52: : : V 7.95: V 8.14: ^ At 120 days of age. 9.57: : : V 8.92: V 9.41: '' ('-1928 At 60 days of age. 7.01: : : V 6.64; At 100 days of age. 7.37: : : V 6.88:

43 -36- TABLE X Clange n Fneness of Fbers from Fleeces of ambs day Sample 120-day Sample : Cl-aage Probable Dameter : Probable error of fber : error Lot Dameter of fber : Kean Probable error V V C day Sample 9.57 ; ; :.O'Jt 8.92 : : day Sample *"1 ^^8 &. 24 : nj^ Q.24 2> 1"^^ ' *.13 V : : : J.04 ' / :.36 :.68" :,78^ :,24^^ j The crmp of the lamb fleecea s shown n Table X, enttled "Crmp of Lamb Fleeces". The sxty-day results of the frst year's work show two of the Potassum odde lamb lots and to lave, on. the aver-age, fewer crmps per nch than fleeces fro^> the check 1 lot lambs. The salt-heavy Potassum odde Lot V lambs, how ( f j ever^,had a greater number of crmps per nch. The "no-salt" Lot V lambs lkewse had on te average a greater number of crmps per nch. Except for Lot, the relatve postons of the lots as regards crmp per nch, lad' not changed. n the second year's work, the no-fotascum odde lambs. Lot, had crmper fleeces than dd tle Potassur odde

44 fed larabs of the other throe lots. At 100 clays, the Lot lanbs stll hp.d crlraper flocccs t! an the ether lambo, cxcoptr^' the eavy?ota }^um odde fed larrbc of Lot V. Crmp of Pleeces. 4 sjasul Lots for u'oparlgon wfn ^Acoeodnj-.'CXD tb Aver-5 - : : V RSe ; Pro : 'f'cjv;?»c- crfrcrtpro- :Dffer:?ro-.Dffer r-ro- Lot crj-ps: bable :oncc bable:cnco t bab1g:ence ba ;lg en GO bo.b le per 5 error :error: terror: :error».error nch : dffer; :df.lbr: dfo r k» * w toroe : :snco ;e,.ce C.UCG At CO cayg of Ago. t. 7.CD:. 0&» a 7.07J. X : ; 7.10:.11. CO * 1*1' : «v' 1. 1 o V 8.23: :.50 ;.G 1.07t.16 V 8.04; :.37 :.16.38: t 120 days of Age 8.89:.10 «8.04: clo : !.55 :.13 V 9.15: :.ol : V 8.G7; ;,13 : lo.48.14» t 60 days of Ago. 8.35:.11 U ft 7.05: «7, :.20 :.16 ly 7.73: : t 100 (-ays of 8.35: : ,3 : : 7.80: :.04 :.13 V S.GS: :.o4 : lo.bo.14 «f Table X, enttled. "Ohace n Crmp of /:-n;b Fleece 3", shows the clangc n the average number of crmps per nch of

45 -38- the lamb fleeces at dfferent ages. n the frst year's results, the average nmber of crmps per nch ncreased from GO to 120 days. The second year's results corroborate that of the frst year n that three lots showed an ncrease n the average nxrber of Crmps per nch, but the ncreases were nether as large nor as sgnfcant statstcally. TAB'LE X Change n Crmp of amb Fleeces day Sample 120-day Sample Chan;?:e Lot Average Probable Aver-age Probable crmps error crt.pb error Llean : Probable per nch per nch : error '' '^.10 l.\l/6.3> l.fsl.fs:.20 V : 9.15"^ V ^.10 l.og,;$3t GO-day Sample 100-day Sample 1 « : :.25 V ;.20 ; The staple and fber lengths for the lamb fleeces are [ shown n Table X, enttled "Staple and Fber Lengths for Plceces of the Lambs". Ths table shov/s verj" lttle dfference n tae average staple and fber lengths at GO and 120 days be tween the frst four lots for the frst year. Ths ndcates that feedng Potassum odde to the pregnant mothers had very

46 -39- lttle effect upon the growth of the lambs' wool n ths tral up to the tme sarples were taken. The second year the dfferences between lots as regards average staple and average fber lengths were greater than n the prevous year. n the ease of staple length, the Lot lambs were shorter than the Lot and Lot trambs. The same was true for the fber lengths. On the other land, the Lot V lambs averaged shorter n both average staple and average fber lengths than dd the Lot lambs. These facts ndcate that the feedng of Potassum odde n the amounts fed to Lots and, one-ffth and four-ffths of a gran respectvely, may ave had a benefcal effcct on growth of the wool fber whle the admnstraton of the larger quantty, four-ffths of a gran daly, to the Lot V ewes, resulted n a detrmental effect. f such s the case, t s not out of the realm of possblty that part of ths ncrease or decrease n length mght have been produced n part n utero.

47 TABLE X Staple and Fber Lengths for Fleeces of the Lambs staple Fber 60-day SEmpe 120-day 60-day SampLe 120-day ^ampts: Lot Growth: Pro- Grow th: P ro -: fv'l ean Pre- Growth Pro Growth Pro-: Mean Pron :bable - n :bable:dffer bable n bable n bable:dffer bable nches;error laches:error: ence error nches error nches error:ence error (a ve.) ; (ave.)t : (ave.) ( (ave.),88': " ;.046:.GO".040 l.os '".051:.08^ ;.020!L*5<3.OoO» ; :. OSS 1.55'-:.045:.64^ :.75^.040 V.92 : ";.047:.54'' :.57'.032 V.99 : '-:.029:..49'^ «.045: * 65 ^ day Sample 100-cay Lar ale: 60-day Larrde 100-day femple;.88 : :.028:, : : :,046:.56^ :.67^ : :.026:.44'" :.52'^.022 V.86 : :.047:.50^ :.59*^.044 a 9

48 Lot V V V V- V V -41- The calculated lot ave]?a{je fleece denstes of the lambs are shovm n Table XV, enttled "Densty of the Fleeces of the Lambs". Nether the average dfferences betv/een lots at 60 and 1220 days for the year , nor the average dfferences between lots for the GO and 100 day sample appear sgnfcant, provded tne test of sgnfcance of dfference be that of taree tmes 'the probaolo error. XV Densty of tne 'Ueeces of bhe Lambs Aver- den- 3,715: 5,300: 2,819: 3,380: 4,149: 3,215: 3,110: 3,103: 3,008: 2,567: 4,526: 4,261: 4,881 4,732: 4 231: 4; 594: 4, 777: 4, 117: ;Basal Lots for Cuaparson wth oucceednf Lots ; ' : : : V Pro-:Dfe:>: Pro-Dxer: Pro-:Dffer: Pro-:Dffer:Probable:ence :bablc:3nce :bable:enco :bable:ence bale error: '.error: terror; -.error: : error : : dffer: ; ence : : dffer: ; ence : :dffer; :e!ce : :d &r :ence /436 At :-10^ : -112 : -207 :-267 :/353 ;/204 /363 /546' At 60 days of age. 254 : 279 :-4Sl 274 :/ ' :/84^ 120 days o lox o47 age At 60 days of age /47 /62D At 100 days o 264 : 357 : : age ^561 / !/

49 -42- The change n average fleece densty between 60 and 120 days and SO and 100 days, for the frst and second years, respectvely, s shown n Table XV, enttled "Change n Fleece Densty of Laubs". Ho sgnfcant changes occurred n average densty from 60 to 120 days the frst year, except n fleeces fron the Lot V lambs. Ths lot showed a sgnfcant decrease n densty of 1452l^411 fbers. n ths connecton, t should be renembered that the mothers of these lambs had not receved any salt snce the prevous August and the lambs too had not receved any salt. TABLE XV Change n Fleece Densty of the Lambs day Sample 120-day Sample fference Lot Probable :Probable Mean Probable error : error dffer error ence 3, ,216 : , ,110 : ^ 193 2, ,103 ; ,^ 518 V 3, ,009 : 'V 147 V 3, : ^ day Sample ; 100-day Sample 4, ,231 : ^ 156 4, ,594 : ^ , ,777 : ^ 108 V 4, ,117 ; f

50 -43- aummry 1. PotaBsum odde sas fed n three dfferent amounts to ewes durng two wnters to determne the ofrect on the growth and character of the wool produced on both the ewes and ther lambs. Salt was wthheld fron one group of ewes the frst wnter wth the saa object n mnd. 2. Tle nfluence of Fotassura odde feedag on the ewes* wool was as follows; (a) Ho clange n gross yeld, (b) Percentage yeld of clean wool decreased n second year, the only one n whoh ths determnaton was made altered. (c) Dameter uaffected by the treatment. (d) Crmp practcally unchanged. (e) Staple and fber lengths not sgnfcantly (f) Densty of fleece unaltered frst year, but sgnfcantly ncreased second year. ; was as follows; 3. 'he nfluence of salt feednf^ on the evfes' wool ; (a) No offect on the gross wool producton. (b) No cffect on the percentage yeld of clean wool. (c) staple and fber lengths veve not sgnfcantly changed.

51 -44- (d) Densty of fleece unaltered. 4# Tle nfluence of feedng Potassum odde to pregnant ewes upon the fleeces of the lambs was as follows: (a) Decreased the dameter of fber at 60 days both years, at 120 daye^ and at 100 days, 1927t (b) Crmp not materally altered. (c) The length, staple and fber not sgnfcantly affected* (d) 'o sjnfcaut change n densty. 5. The nfluence of feedng salt to pregnant ewes upon the v/ool producton of ther lambs was as follows: (a) The absence of salt aecreasod the dameter of fber but not to the extent resultng from Potassun odde feedng. (b) Crmp not changed sgnfcantly. (c) The growth of wool, both staple and fber, not j j sgnfcantly affected. (d) The absence of salt produced a sgnfcant decrease n densty from 60 to 120 days. 6» The followng changes were manfest durng the experment: (a) Fner wool was produced by every ewe n a 2"x2" Bhom space durng the wnter perod than was produced on ths area durng the summer. (b) The densty of the ewe fleeces ncreased sg