objective Students will learn that organisms are related to each other, based on shared (morphological) characteristics

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Francine Sophie Tyler
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1 AIS Group members: Christine, Seojung, Andrew Meeting time: Mondays, 3-4pm Science standard 3d (evolution) students know how to construct a branching diagram classify living groups of organisms by shared derived characteristics objective Students will learn that organisms are related to each other, based on shared (morphological) characteristics assessment completion of the assignment in closing, question-based discussion introduction (10-15 min.) Andrew Students suggest animals, we put them into columns (without telling students what we re doing) based on how organisms are related ask students to suggest ideas why organisms are grouped together in that way ie mammals, reptiles, fish, etc--what are the differences? hair, vertebrae, live young, etc make list-->sort--> ideas for the groupings--> rules that separated the animals rules: shared features between birds, mammal, fish, reptiles, etc categories -- at least 2 per category leaders suggest animals, ask students to group based on what s on board already differentiate animals w/in broad categories have an other category Find an example of tree Add animals they suggested! guided discussion (5-10 min.) Christine very brief, extension from intro and prepares for activity (review evolutionary adaptations) explain branching diagrams-- shared, derived characteristics --what types of traits make things related (refer to images) these shared, derived characteristics can arise as a result of evolutionary adaptations--ask class to explain these ie types of symmetry, birth, hair/shells/etc... symmetry--bilateral, radial, assymetrical (define) types of birth? live, eggs, etc hair/skin/shells all things are related (focus on animals, what makes something an animal) activity (10 min.) ALL give students a list of animals/photos with short facts provided have students group animals based on the facts/their own knowledge make them group/branch things from a base point (all animals) students should connect organisms based on similarities (ie more similar = less branches between)

2 students write down what they noticed each student group gets one group from below: 1. Marine invertebrates 2. Fish 3. Mammals 4. Birds 5. Reptiles 6. Amphibians FOR notes on the animals-- provide hint that suggest why ALL of the group is in common provide hint to suggest why a few are in common (maybe) provide hint to suggest why individual is unique closing (15 min.) Seojung bring all groups back together have students present their branching diagrams to the class speculate on how different groups could be related to each other (ie evolution from inverts--fish-- amphibians--reptiles--birds--mammals) ^^maybe not asking about that Instead expose to tree of life Dl to flash drive and bring!!! show animal taxonomic tree? to show where each group is located. review and add technical terms generalization to future/next lesson a branching diagram organizes organisms based on physical and/or genetic characteristics tree of life: everything! from bacteria to humans come from single ancestor terms phylogeny clade kingdom, phyla, etc. evolutionary time (length of branches relates to when species diverged) Marine invertebrates What do they all have in common? No backbone (no vertebrae) Can you think of other animals you would include in this category? Questions to ask about these animals to help find what s related 1. What kind of symmetry does it have? (none, radial, bilateral) 2. What kind of bones and skin does it have? 3. How does it move? 4. How does it feed? 5. What other physical features can you spot? cnidara--gastropod--bivalve--echnioderm--arthropod--cephalopods 1. Brain coral (Faviidae) have stinging cells called nematocysts

3 2 body types -- can you guess what they are? polyp (most coral, can t move) medusa (babies, before settling) radial 2. Moon jelly (Aurelia aurita have stinging cells called nematocysts 2 body types polyp (babies, before settling) medusa (adults, swimming) radial 3. Spanish shawl nudibranch (Flabellina iodine) Uses a muscular foot to move symmetry? assymetrical 4. Kellet s whelk (Kelletia kelletii) it can withdraw from it s shell how does it move? uses a muscular foot to move symmetry? assymetrical 5. Pismo clam (Tivela stultorum) how many shells does it have? 2 use muscular foot to dig into sand use siphon to feed (Extends out of body) 6. Pacific oyster (Crassotrea gigas) how many shells does it have? 2 attach to hard surfaces with byssal threads (which are produced by an organ in the foot ) 7. Red sea urchin (Stronglylocentrotus franciscanus) pentamorous radial symmetry what do you think pentamorous means? (hint, penta = 5) how do they move? tube feet what kind of skeleton do they have? external skeleton with fused plates 8. Leather star (Dermasterias imbricate) hint, it is radial pentamorous radial symmetry how do they move? tube feet what kind of skeleton external skeleton plates are loosely attached 9. Giant pacific octopus (Enteroctopus) no skeleton

4 how do they move? by jet propulsion, squirt water how do they feed and catch things? use tentacles/suckers bilateral 10. Humboldt squid (Dosidicus gigas) internal skeleton how do they move? jet propulsion how do they feed and catch things? use tentacles/suckers in half (called bilateral) Marine fish What do they all have in common? swim, gills to breathe underwater, fins, backbone (vertebrae) Can you think of other animals you would include in this category? Questions to ask about these animals? 1. What shape do they have? 2. what kind of skin and bones do they have? 3. what kind of fins do they have? 4. how do they eat? 1. Great white shark (Carcharodon carcharias) has a lateral line that detects sound and movement in the water (good for hunting) flexible skin is made of a certain type of scales, called dermal denticles which are similar to what makes their teeth, and makes their skin rough if touched in the wrong direction 2. Whale shark (Rhincodon typus) largest fish in the world flexible skin is made of dermal denticles 3. California skate (Raja inornata) skin is made of dermal denticles What kind of fins do they have? pectoral (side) fins are fused to the whole body 4. Bat ray (Myliobatis californica) skin is made of dermal denticles what kinds of fins do they have? how do they feed?

5 go along ocean bottom, mouth is on ventral (bottom) side of body 6. California halibut (Paralichthys californicus) bony skeleton and fins supported by bones 7. Leafy seadragon (Phycodurus eques) fins supported by bones males care for the young body shape? 8. Pacific seahorse (Hippocampus ingens) fins supported by bones males care for the young body shape? 9. Striped marlin (Tetrapturus audax) bony skeleton fins supported by bones 10. California sheephead (Semicossyphus pulcher) bony skeleton females can change to males 11. Zebra moray eel ( Gymnomuraena zebra) smooth skin, no scales top fin (dorsal) runs along the whole body missing side fins (pectoral, pelvic) Questions to ask: What does their skin look like (or appear to feel like)? How many toes do they have, if any? How do their legs, if any, compare to each other? What kinds of eggs does it lay? Reptiles - scales, dry skin, lay eggs, cold-blooded snakes- forked tongue, no limbs, extremely flexible, (closest relatives = lizards) lizards - five toes on front feet, four legs, long tail, clawed feet crocs - partially webbed feet, long tails turtles - bony shells, do not have teeth 1. Red Racer (Coluber flagellum piceus) dry skin forked tonuge 2. Kingsnake (Lampropeltis getula californiae) extremely flexible forked tongue has scaly skin 3. Sierra Garter Snake (Thamnophis couchi) how does this animal move around? has scaly skin where does this animal generally live (land or water?) 4. Nile Crocodile (Crocodylus niloticus) what does this animals feet look like? what kind of skin does this animal have? 5. North American Alligator (Alligator mississippiensis)

6 partially webbed feet what kind of skin does this animal have? 6. Western Fence Lizard (Sceloporus occidentalis occidentalis) how big is this animal look? how many toes does this animal have? 7. Coast Horned Lizard (Phrynosoma blainvillii) how does this animal move around (walk, slither, swim)? what of skin does this animal have? 8. Peninsular Banded Gecko (Coleonyx switaki switaki) how big does this animal look? how many toes does this animal have? 9. Green Sea Turtle (Chelonia mydas) how does this animal move around (walk, slither, swim)? does not have teeth 10. Spider Tortoise (Pyxis arachnoides) does not have teeth how would you describe some main features about this animal? Amphibians - live on land and water, breathe with lungs and gills, lay many eggs, cold blooded salamander - soft & moist skin, no scales, eggs are surrounded by clear jelly, four toes on front feet frog - two bulging eyes, webbed hind feet, smooth or slimy skin, lays eggs in clusters toad - short hind legs, warty & dry skin, lays eggs in chains 1. Arboreal Salamander (Aneides lugubris) breathes with lungs and gills four toes on front feet 2. California Tiger Salamander (Ambystoma californiense) four toes on front feet no scales 3. Black-bellied Slender Salamander (Batrachoseps nigriventris) eggs are surrounded by a clear jelly no scales 4. Sierra Newt (Taricha sierrae) soft & moist skin four toes on front feet 5. Green Tree Frog (Hyla cinerea) webbed hind feet in clusters 6. American Bullfrog (Lithobates catesbeianus)

7 in clusters smooth or slimy skin 7. Yosemite Toad (Anaxyrus canorus) warty and dry skin in a chain 8. Rocky Mountain Toad (Anaxyrus woodhousii woodhousii) in a chain short hind legs Mammals What do they all have in common? Mothers feed milk to their young. Can you think of other animals you would include in this category? Questions to ask about these animals: 1. What do they eat? 2. What are some categories of animals? a. What makes them different? 3. How are they different from birds, reptiles, etc? 1. Koala (Phascolarctos cinereus) Young are carried in a pouch Herbivores Has fingerprints like humans Mostly silent and nocturnal 2. Indian elephants (Elephas maximus indicus) Odd number of toes on hooves Tusks present on males Shoulder height between 2 and 3.5m How are their young born? 3. Kangaroo (Macropus rufus) Large feet Long muscular tail for balance Chews cud Where do they keep their young? 4. white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) Antlers on males Long legs How are their young born? How many toes do they have on their hooves? 5. gray wolves (Canis lupus) Pups are born live Long snout and nonretractile claws Long legs Relatively small paws Short and sturdy teeth 6. zebras (Equus quagga) 1 toe per hoof Have great night vision

8 Can turn ears in almost any direction How are their young born? 7. Golden retriever Long snout and nonretractile claws What makes them such good runners? How are their children born? 8. Hippos (Hippopotamus amphibius) What do their feet look like? o Even-toed Semi-aquatic life in freshwater Skeleton that has adapted to carry a lot of weight How are their young born? 9. Western African lions Retractile claws How are their young born? Large external ears 10. Hyenas (Crocuta crocuta) How are their young born? Noticeable downward sloped back Primarily nocturnal 11. aardvark (Orycteropus afer) Hoofed feet Very thick tail Disproportionately long ears Young are born live 12. Asian black bear (Ursus thibetanus) Children are born live Long snout and nonretractile claws Mostly omnivorous 12. Shetland pony How many toes do they have on their hooves? (Think horses!) Strongest of all horse and pony breeds More likely to have heart problems How are young born? Birds What do all of them have in common? Winged, warm-blooded, egg-laying Animals that go in this category? Questions: 1. What is another group of animals lays eggs? 2. What are some characteristics of birds that can help you group them? 1. Ostriches (Struthio camelus) Tail and flight feathers are only decorative 2 toes on each foot Wings used in courtship and predator distraction 2. Canada geese (Branta canadensis) What do their feet look like? Monogamous Where do they live? 3. Gentoo penguins (Pygoscelis papua) Where do they live?

9 What do they use their wings for? Can drink salt water 4. Booted eagle (Aquila pennata) Sharply hooked beak Heavy head and beak Females larger than males 5. Mandarin duck (Aix galericulata) What do their feet look like? Feeds mainly during dawn or dusk Perch in trees or on ground during the day 6. Painted Bush quails (Perdicula erythrorhyncha) Ground feeding Rounded bodies Dust-bathe in morning and evening Deep red bills 7. Peregrine falcons Fastest moving creatures on Earth What do their beaks look like? o How do they catch their prey? Thin tapered wings 8. Australian Bustard (type of turkey) (Ardeotis australis) What shape do their bodies have? Fleshy wattle at top of beak 9. Northern Goshawk What do their beaks look like? Sharp vision Long tail Marine invertebrates What do they all have in common? Can you think of other animals you would include in this category? Questions to ask about these animals to help find what s related 1. What kind of symmetry does it have? (none, radial, bilateral) 2. What kind of bones and skin does it have? 3. How does it move? 4. How does it feed? 5. What other physical features can you spot? 1. Brain coral (Faviidae) have stinging cells called nematocysts 2 body types polyp (attached, don t move) medusa (young, before settling) radial symmetry 2. Moon jelly (Aurelia aurita) have stinging cells called nematocysts 2 body types polyp (young) medusa (adults, swimming) 3. Spanish shawl nudibranch (Flabellina iodine)

10 Uses a muscular foot to move assymetrical 4. Kellet s whelk (Kelletia kelletii) it can withdraw from it s shell how does it move? assymetrical 5. Pismo clam (Tivela stultorum) how many shells does it have? uses muscular foot to dig into sand uses siphon to feed (Extends out of body) 6. Pacific oyster (Crassotrea gigas) how many shells does it have? attaches to hard surfaces with byssal threads (which are produced by an organ in the foot ) 7. Red sea urchin (Stronglylocentrotus franciscanus) pentamorous radial symmetry what do you think pentamorous means? (hint, penta = 5) move with tube feet external skeleton with fused plates 8. Leather star (Dermasterias imbricate) hint: radial move with tube feet external skeleton plates are loosely attached 9. Giant pacific octopus (Enteroctopus) no skeleton move by jet propulsion (use water pressure to propel themselve) how do they feed and catch things? 10. Humboldt squid (Dosidicus gigas) internal skeleton move by jet propulsion how do they feed and catch things? Marine fish What do they all have in common? Can you think of other animals you would include in this category? Questions to ask about these animals 1. What shape do they have? 2. what kind of skin and bones do they have? 3. what kind of fins do they have? 4. how do they eat? 1. Great white shark (Carcharodon carcharias) has a lateral line that detects sound and movement in the water (good for hunting) (very flexible)

11 skin is made of a certain type of scales, called dermal denticles which are similar to what makes their teeth, and makes their skin rough if touched in the wrong direction 2. Whale shark (Rhincodon typus) largest fish in the world skin is made of dermal denticles 3. California skate (Raja inornata) skin is made of dermal denticles What kind of fins do they have? how do they feed? 4. Bat ray (Myliobatis californica) skin is made of dermal denticles how do they feed? 6. California halibut (Paralichthys californicus) bony skeleton and fins supported by bones what body type does it have? 7. Leafy seadragon (Phycodurus eques) fins supported by bones males care for the young what body type does it have? 8. Pacific seahorse (Hippocampus ingens) fins supported by bones males care for the young what body type does it have? 9. Striped marlin (Tetrapturus audax) bony skeleton fins supported by bones 10. California sheephead (Semicossyphus pulcher) bony skeleton females can change to males 11. Zebra moray eel ( Gymnomuraena zebra) smooth skin, no scales top fin (dorsal) runs along the whole body Questions to ask: What does their skin look like (or appear to feel like)? How many toes do they have, if any? How do their legs, if any, compare to each other? What kinds of eggs does it lay? Reptiles 1. Red Racer (Coluber flagellum piceus) dry skin forked tongue 2. Kingsnake (Lampropeltis getula californiae) extremely flexible

12 forked tongue has scaly skin 3. Sierra Garter Snake (Thamnophis couchi) how does this animal move around? has scaly skin where does this animal generally live (land or water?) 4. Nile Crocodile (Crocodylus niloticus) what does this animals feet look like? what kind of skin does this animal have? 5. North American Alligator (Alligator mississippiensis) partially webbed feet what kind of skin does this animal have? 6. Western Fence Lizard (Sceloporus occidentalis occidentalis) how big is this animal look? how many toes does this animal have? 7. Coast Horned Lizard (Phrynosoma blainvillii) how does this animal move around (walk, slither, swim)? what of skin does this animal have? 8. Peninsular Banded Gecko (Coleonyx switaki switaki) how big does this animal look? how many toes does this animal have? 9. Green Sea Turtle (Chelonia mydas) how does this animal move around (walk, slither, swim)? does not have teeth 10. Spider Tortoise (Pyxis arachnoides) does not have teeth how would you describe some main features about this animal? Amphibians What do they all have in common? Questions to ask: 1. What kind of toes and legs do they have? 2. What kind of eggs do they lay? 3. What is their skin like? 1. Arboreal Salamander (Aneides lugubris) breathes with lungs and gills four toes on front feet 2. California Tiger Salamander (Ambystoma californiense)

13 four toes on front feet no scales 3. Black-bellied Slender Salamander (Batrachoseps nigriventris) eggs are surrounded by a clear jelly no scales 4. Sierra Newt (Taricha sierrae) soft & moist skin four toes on front feet 5. Green Tree Frog (Hyla cinerea) webbed hind feet in clusters 6. American Bullfrog (Lithobates catesbeianus) in clusters smooth or slimy skin 7. Yosemite Toad (Anaxyrus canorus) warty and dry skin in a chain 8. Rocky Mountain Toad (Anaxyrus woodhousii woodhousii) in a chain short hind legs

Some Facts about... Amphibians

Some Facts about... Amphibians Amphibians Amphibians are cold-blooded vertebrates that live part of their lives in water and part on land. Amphibians eggs are laid in water and they are born there. They begin their lives with gills