Chapter 7 Study Guide. True/False: If the statement is true, write True. If it is false explain why it is false.

Transcription

1 Name: Date of Quiz: Per: Chapter 7 Study Guide Complete this study guide, using complete sentences when appropriate, and turn it in with all of your class notes on the day of the quiz. True/False: If the statement is true, write True. If it is false explain why it is false. 1) At least 97% of all species of animals are invertebrates. 2) Most sponges are carnivores that suck prey in through specialized pores. 3) Feeding currents in sponges are produced by flagellated cells called choanocytes. 4) Food is trapped in most sponges by mineralized structures called spicules. 5) Support material in sponges is always made of calcium carbonate. 6) Cnidarians capture prey mainly by entangling and wrapping them with their tentacles. 7) Radial symmetry, such as seen in Cnidaria, occurs when similar parts of a body are arranged and repeated around a central axis.

2 8) Mature marine hydrozoan Cnidaria are mainly colonies of polyps that produce medusae. 9) The Portuguese man-of-war is a type of scyphozoan cnidarian with a gas float. 10) Scyphozoan cnidarians may be found in a polyp form, but the medusa stage generally dominates. 11) In anthozoan cnidarians, the polyp form has complex internal septa to aid digestion. 12) Corals and gorgonians are types of anthozoan cnidarians. 13) Ctenophores (comb jellies) are similar to scyphozoan cnidarians in that they have tentacles with nematocysts. 14) In bilaterally symmetric animals, the term "bilateral" indicates that there are two ways of cutting the body to get two identical halves. 15) Platyhelminths have a centralized brain, while cnidarians do not. 16) Platyhelminths have a complete digestive tract with mouth and anus, while cnidarians do not.

3 17) Parasitic platyhelminths known as flukes typically infect a vertebrate as an adult, though may infect an invertebrate as a larva. 18) Nemertean worms entangle prey with a proboscis everted from a cavity above the mouth. 19) Marine nematode worms are hardly ever seen because they are relatively few in number. 20) Annelid worms have a true coelom for a body cavity, but nematode, nemertean, and platyhelminth worms do not. 21) Segments of polychaete worms usually have fleshy extensions called parapodia which often have stiff bristles called setae. 22) Polychaete worms, like earthworms on land, are all deposit feeders. 23) All known animal phyla were discovered by biologists by the early 20th century. 24) Pogonophoran worms differ from most other worms in that their digestive tracts are filled with bacteria.

4 25) Most molluscs have a radula, a ribbon-like structure that carries rows of small teeth. 26) All molluscs have an external shell made of calcium carbonate. 27) Some gastropods use their radulas to scrape algae from rocks, and some are carnivores that may use the radula to rasp a hole in a prey's shell. 28) Brachiopods or lamp shells are a type of mollusc with a two-part shell. 29) Most bivalves use their radular teeth like a filter to trap small particles in the water. 30) Cephalopods use a structure called a funnel to squirt out water from their mantle cavities in order to create a kind of jet propulsion. 31) Squids and cuttlefish have internal shells. 32) Most chitons (Polyplacophora) use their radulas to scrape algae off shoreline rocks.

5 33) Molluscs and annelids produce similar planktonic larvae called trochophores. 34) Cephalopods are considered to have the most complex brain outside of the vertebrates, capable of advanced learning. 35) Arthropods must discard (molt) their chitinous exoskeletons in order to grow. 36) Some amphipods can jump. 37) Copepod crustaceans typically use their antennae to swim in the plankton. 38) Barnacles use their antennae to filter particles out of the water. 39) Decapods generally have 5 pairs of swimming legs on the cephalothorax. 40) Hermit crabs have a long, soft abdomen, while true crabs have a small abdomen tucked under the cephalothorax.

6 41) Most asteroidean echinoderms are carnivores, while most ophiuroideans eat particulate matter and small organisms off the bottom. 42) Sea urchins (echinoidean Echinodermata) feed with an elaborate jaw and muscle device called Aristotle's lantern. 43) Sea cucumbers (holothuroidean Echinodermata) are carnivores, using modified tentacular tube feet to grasp animal prey. 44) Echinoderms have a separate brain for each portion of the radial body. 45) Echinoderms, hemichordates and chordates (which include humans) are all thought to be closely related because of common features in early embryonic development. 46) Sea squirts lose their notochord as adults. 47) Benthic sea squirts (ascidiacean Urochordata) and planktonic salps (thaliacean Urochordata) both filter-feed with an incurrent and excurrent siphon. 48) Lancets (Cephalochordata) are similar to vertebrates in structure except for the lack of a backbone.

7 Multiple Choice: Circle the best answer. 49) The following animals are largely carnivores: A) Chaetognatha B) Bryozoa C) Brachiopoda D) Sipunculida 50) Echinoderms are characterized by A) usually having a heptaradial symmetry. B) having an exoskeleton similar to that of the Arthropoda. C) often moving by use of hundreds of fluid-powered tube feet. D) all of the above. E) both b and c. 51) Some of the most common and widespread marine animals are A) insects. B) copepods. C) loriciferans. D) brachiopods. 52) The only invertebrates that have successfully invaded most of the land are which ones? A) mollusks B) insects C) crustaceans D) flatworms 53) Water enters a sponge through which part? A) osculum B) ostium C) coelom D) pinacocytes 54) Sponges do not have which feature? A) specialized cells B) gametes C) supporting structures D) organs 55) In all animals with radial symmetry, A) there is no head. B) the body plan is in five parts. C) there is no oral surface. D) there is an anterior end. 56) The gelatinous bell of a medusa is composed of which of these? A) cnidocytes B) mesoglea C) spicules D) gastrodermis

8 57) Drifting colonial polyps are called A) siphonophores. B) scyphozoans. C) gorgonians. D) cubozoans. 58) There is no medusa stage in the A) Anthozoa. B) Hydrozoa. C) Scyphozoa. D) Cubozoa. 59) Which group is free-living in the marine environment? A) cestodes B) turbellarians C) trematodes D) Hirudinea 60) Marine worms may gain support for the body from which of these means? A) an exoskeleton B) a protein skeleton C) a hydrostatic skeleton D) an endoskeleton 61) A polychaete worm can be told from a sipunculan, nemertean, or echiuran by its A) suckers. B) movable anterior portion. C) non-retractable proboscis. D) segmentation. 62) A closed circulatory system always has which of these features? A) blood within distinct vessels B) a heart with chambers C) open blood spaces D) the ability to take up nutrients from seawater 63) Among mollusks, there is no radula among the A) gastropods. B) bivalves. C) cephalopods. D) chitons. 64) Which feature of cephalopods is found in other mollusks? A) foot modified into arms and suckers B) complex nervous system C) closed circulatory system D) mantle

9 65) In a bivalve, the gills serve in A) gas exchange only. B) gas exchange and feeding. C) gas exchange and shell production. D) gas exchange and production of noxious chemicals. 66) A carapace A) covers the cephalothorax. B) is segmented. C) has two lateral valves. D) is present in all Crustacea. 67) Crustaceans generally reproduce by A) external fertilization. B) use of a modified arm to transfer a packet of sperm. C) direct sperm transfer. D) releasing gametes into the water. 68) An important food source in polar ecosystems consists of A) hermit crabs. B) barnacles. C) krill. D) fish lice. 69) Decapods have A) only one pair of antennae. B) specialized feathery filtering appendages. C) a large proboscis. D) three pair of maxillipeds. 70) Females brood their eggs in a chamber in the A) nudibranchs. B) amphipods. C) true crabs. D) polychaetes. 71) Colonial zooids with a lophophore belong to the A) Phoronida. B) Anthozoa. C) Bryozoa. D) Brachiopoda. 72) Copepods might be caught by which worm-like planktonic group? A) Chaetognatha B) Oligochaeta C) Pogonophora D) Ctenophora

10 73) In a starfish, an external part of the water-vascular system is A) the ring canal. B) Aristotle's lantern. C) an ampulla. D) a tube foot. 74) The mouth is directed upward in the A) Asteroidea. B) Crinoidea. C) Holothuroidea. D) Ophiuroidea. 75) The Holothuroidea usually feed A) on small particles. B) by using arms to catch plankton. C) by grazing on algae. D) by predation on clams. 76) Hemichordates and echinoderms may both have A) a notochord. B) a dorsal nerve cord. C) similar larval stages. D) a backbone. 77) An adult ascidian loses all chordate features but which of these? A) tail B) notochord C) pharyngeal slits D) dorsal hollow nerve cord 78) The Cephalochordata feed by A) collecting particles among ciliated arms. B) deposit feeding. C) using the proboscis to stir up prey. D) filter-feeding.