Echinodermata. Gr: spine skin 6500 spp all marine except for few estuarine, none freshwater. *larvae bilateral symmetrical. mesodermally-derived
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1 Echinodermata Gr: spine skin 6500 spp all marine except for few estuarine, none freshwater 1) pentamerous radial symmetry (adults) 2) spines *larvae bilateral symmetrical 3) endoskeleton mesodermally-derived ossicles calcareous plates 4) water vascular system (WVS) 5) tube feet (podia) up to 95% CaCO 3, up to 15% MgCO 3, salts, trace metals, small amount of organic materials Unicellular (acellular) Multicellular (metazoa) protozoan protists Poorly defined tissue layers Porifera Placozoa Diploblastic Cnidaria Ctenophora Triploblastic Uncertain Acoelomate Coelomate Pseudocoelomate Priapulida Chaetognatha Gastrotricha Entoprocta Loricifera Platyhelminthes Rhynchocoela (Nemertea) Mesozoa Gnathostomulida Rotifera Nematoda Kinorhyncha Acanthocephala Nematomorpha Protostomes Uncertain (misfits) Deuterostomes Annelida Mollusca Arthropoda Onychophora Pentastomida Pogonophora Sipuncula Echiura Brachiopoda Phoronida Bryozoa Echinodermata Hemichordata Chordata
2 Chapter 14: Echinodermata Classes: 1) Asteroidea (Gr: characterized by star-like) 1600 spp 2) Ophiuroidea (Gr: snake-tail-like) 2100 spp 3) Echinoidea 1000 spp (Gr: hedgehog-form) 4) Holothuroidea 1200 spp (Gr: sea cucumber-like) 5) Crinoidea (Gr: lily-like) stalked 100 spp nonstalked, motile comatulid (feather stars)- 600 spp Asteroidea sea stars/starfish arms not sharply marked off from central star shaped disc spines fixed pedicellariae ambulacral groove open tube feet with suckers on oral side anus/madreporite aboral
3 Figure Pincushion star, Culcita navaeguineae, preys on coral polyps, small organisms & detritus Choriaster granulatus scavenges dead animals on shallow Pacific reefs On the Great Barrier Reef, Tosia queenslandensis browses encrusting organisms Crown-of-thorns star, Acanthaster planci forages on corals 0116.jpg
4 0117.jpg Figure 22.02a
5 Figure 22.02b Figure 22.03a
6 Figure 22.03b Figure 22.03c
7 Figure Pedicellaria Pedicellariae Figure pyloric stomach this lower stomach everted out during extracellular digestion
8 Figure Orthasterias koehleri eating a clam Sun star, Pycnopodia helianthoides (with arms) eating sea urchin Pacific sea star, Echinaster luzonicus: regeneration
9 Ophiuroidea brittle star/basket star arms separate from star shaped central disc spines on arms brittle star, Ophiura lutkeni tube feet without suckers not used for locomotion used for feeding no pedicellariae no anus ambulacral groove closed & covered by ossicles basket star, Astrophyton muricatum Figure 22.11
10 Figure Figure Brittle star, Ophiopholis aculeata Note swollen bursae & regenerating arms Basket star, Gorgoncephalus eucnemis Note pentamerous radial symmetry
11 Echinoidea sea urchins, sea biscuits & sand dollars globular/disc shape endoskeletal ossicles fused no arms movable spines (ball & socket) pedicellariae (3 jawed) Sea urchin, Strongylocentrotus purpuratus tube feet with suckers ambulacral groove closed & covered by ossicles Sand dollar, Encope micropora
12 Figure Figure 22.19
13 Figure Heart urchin, Meoma (irregular)
14 sand dollars burrowing petuloid aboral oral Figure Ten-lined pencil urchin, Eucidaris metularia from the Red Sea (retain ancestral characters from Paleozoic Slate-pencil urchin, Heterocentrotus mammilatus Colobocentrotus atraus Diadema antillarum from West Indies & Florida Astropyga magnifica
15 Holothuroidea sea cucumbers cucumber shaped (bilateral symmetrical) endoskeletal ossicles dispersed no arms no spines no pedicellariae tube feet with suckers ambulacral groove closed & covered by ossicles Parastichopus californicus ossicles Figure 22.22
16
17 0135.jpg
18 0136.jpg
19 Crinoidea sea lilies/feather stars aboral attachment stalk of dermal ossicles no spines five branching arms with side branches (pinnules) no pedicellariae ciliated ambulacral groove on oral surface tube feet tentacle-like on oral surface for food collecting anus on oral surface Figure 22.24
20 Class: Concentricycloidea sea daisies: only 2 spp 1 cm diameter 1000 m deep New Zealand feather stars
21 Figure Echinoderm Larvae
22 Figure early sea star (Asteroidea) late sea star (Asteroidea) brittle star (Ophiuroidea) sea urchin/sand dollar (Echinoidea) sea cucumber (Holothuroidea) Sea lily (Crinoidea) I. Developmental biology II. Ecology Importance of Echinoderms sea urchin egg/sperm elucidate the jelly membrane surrounding a recently fertilized egg keystone species Kelp Forest/Mussel bed Communities Diversity Intermediate Disturbance Hypothesis Disturbance sea stars/sea urchins
23 Figure 22.34
Echinodermata. Gr: spine skin 6500 spp all marine except for few estuarine, none freshwater. *larvae bilateral symmetrical. mesodermally-derived
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