TULI joernaal 2014 journal
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2 THE ABILITY TO SWEAT Reaction to stress includes sweating. This is set off by a number of factors that include the secretion of adrenalin. In temperate to cold areas, the animals don t need to sweat as much as those originating from such areas. The shape and size of sweat glands in animals from hot dry to hot humid areas are therefore different to those in animals that originate from temperate to cold areas. FIG.5. - SHAPE AND SIZE OF SWEAT GLANDS IN DIFFERENT BREEDS OF CATTLE (Yeates, 1965) The volume of sweat from adapted breeds is also higher than that of less tolerant breeds and the glands are also located nearer the surface in breeds such as the Sahiwal (Yeates, 1965). Naturally, evaporative cooling will result in water loss and this is where animals that originate in hot climates have an added advantage. This includes the ability to walk longer distances to water. CAPITALISING ON SIZE AND FERTILITY Climate smart farming includes keeping to the correct carrying capacity and this is where small to medium framed breeds have an added advantage. Grazing capacity is expressed as Hectares (Ha) per livestock unit (MLU) where a mature livestock unit is a cow weighing 450kg. Cows from large framed breeds weigh more than 450 kg and are therefore more than a MLU. Depending on the size, one will end up keeping less large framed cows on the same area when compared to a small to medium framed breed. By implication, there will be fewer calves and less income. When the large frame breed is not adapted to the production environment, the resultant impact on fertility (calving percentage) will result in even fewer calves and even less income. This is best illustrated in the following comparative table Table 3. - The potential income from Small, Medium and Large frame breeds of cattle on 600 Ha grazing with a carrying capacity of 6 Ha per Mature Livestock Unit (MLU equivalent to a 450 kg cow). Breeds A and B are adapted and Breed C1 is not adapted and is less fertile as a result. Breed Average MLU Cows on Calving % Number of Income: Income: cow equivalent 600 ha calves 200kg 250kg 6 ha weaner weaner per R R per kg per kg A B C C2* 500 1, *Even if the large frame breed managed a 90% calving rate and 100% calf survival rate, the income would be less than the adapted small and medium framed breeds on the same farm. 22 TULI joernaal 2014 journal
3 Capitalising on the adaptive traits of the Tuli in climate smart cattle farming systems The characteristic traits of the Tuli along with the added advantage of natural dehorning make it a very versatile breed that can be used for commercial beef production as a pure bred, as a dam line for terminal crossing with breeds such as the Sussex and Angus and as a terminal sire line for crossing with zebus and small framed Sanga breeds. It can also be and is being used to develop hardy fertile composites as well as the development of unrelated lines in breeds such as the Senepol. The traits and potential farming systems are summed up in Table 4. TABLE 4. - CHARACTERISTIC TRAITS OF TULI CATTLE AND CLIMATE SMART FARMING SYSTEMS WHERE THE BREED CAN BE AND IS BEING USED. Traits Early maturing medium sized Excellent beef confirmation Quality beef Adapted to hot and humid climates High fertility Docile temperament Easy calving Natural poll Farming systems Stud and commercial beef production Dam line for terminal crossbreeding Sire line for terminal crossing with Zebus and small framed Sangas Development of adapted composite breeds (Tulim; Murray Grey x Tuli) Establishment of new lines for breeds such as the Senepol REFERENCES BONSMA, F N & JOUBERT, P M, Faktore wat die Streeksaanpassing van Veeproduksie in Suid Afrika beïnvloed. Wet. Pamf Dept. van Landbou, BONSMA, J.C. (1949). Ecological Animal Husbandry. Research and its application in maintaining a permanent pastoral industry. Government Printer, Pretoria (1949). BONSMA, J.C Influence of Environment on the grazing behaviour of cattle. Farming in South Africa, Feb Bonsma, J.C Paper presented at the annual meeting of the Bonsmara cattle breeders Society. Pretoria SCHOLTZ, M.M., SPICKETT, A.A., LOMBARD, P.E. & ENSLIN, C.B., The effect of tick infestation on the productivity of cows of three breeds of cattle. Onderstepoort J. Vet. Res. 58, 71 SMITH, T Sustaining Livestock Production in the face of drought. Zimbabwe Herd book breeders Journal STEENKAMP, J.D.G Effect of brittle hardness and abrasive hardness of enamel on degree of attrition of deciduous teeth of representative breeds of Bos Taurus and Bos indicus origin. Agroanimalia, 1969 Vol YEATS, N.T.M (1965) Modern aspects of animal production. Butterworths, London, 1965 TULI joernaal 2014 journal 23
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6 Op-die-plaas Bulgroeitoetse Leslie Bergh Bull s Eye Consulting, Sel: +27 (0) , E-pos: leslie.bergh@vodamail.co.za Webwerf: 26 TULI joernaal 2014 journal
7 Logix Vleisbeesproduksie-aantekening SA Stamboek se Logix Vleisbeesproduksie-aantekeningstelsel maak voorsiening vir aantekening of toetsing van vleisbeeste in verskeie fases, naamlik: Paring en Kalwingsdata: Hierdie fase is die basis van produksie-aantekening en ook by verre die belangrikste fase, aangesien dit die fase is waar die ekonomies mees belangrike eienskappe in die produksieproses geëvalueer word, naamlik reproduksie (vrugbaarheid) en gemak van kalwing. Speengewigte (voorheen Fase A2): In hierdie fase word die voorspeense groei van kalwers, melkproduksie van koeie en koeidoeltreffendheid geëvalueer. Op-die-plaas Naspeense Metings (voorheen Fase B): In hierdie fase word die naspeense groeitempo van jong verse, bulle en osse onder normale plaastoestande geëvalueer deur middel van hul gewigte en ander eienskappe op 12- en 18 maande ouderdom. Sentrale Bulgroeitoetse (voorheen Fase C): Jong bulle word direk na speen onder intensiewe (voerkraal) toestande getoets. Op-die-plaas Bulgroeitoetse (voorheen Fase D): In hierdie fase word jong bulle na speen op die plaas getoets. INTENSIEF OF VELDTOETSING WAT IS DIE BESTE? Alhoewel daar nog meningsverskille is oor die rol van intensiewe en ekstensiewe naspeense bulgroeitoetse, is die meeste wetenskaplikes van mening dat dit die ideaal is om diere te toets onder dieselfde omstandighede as waarin hulle nageslag moet produseer. Sommige mense sal nou onmiddellik sê dat die antwoord dan baie eenvoudig is: Bulle moet onder veldtoestande getoets word omdat vleisbeeste in Suid-Afrika op natuurlike weiding loop, maar is die antwoord werklik so eenvoudig? Speenkalwers word in Suid-Afrika byna uitsluitlik op natuurlike weiding (veld) geproduseer. Daarenteen is ongeveer 75% van alle beesvleis wat in Suid-Afrika geproduseer word van voerkrale afkomstig. Dit beteken dat die meeste speenkalwers in voerkrale uitgegroei en afgerond word vir bemarking. As verder in ag geneem word dat die aankomsgewig van kalwers ongeveer verdubbel word tydens die voertydperk in n voerkraal, is dit duidelik dat voerkrale n enorme rol vervul in die voorsiening van hoë kwaliteit beesvleis aan die Suid-Afrikaanse verbruiker. Hierdie situasie sal waarskynlik vir die afsienbare toekoms die geval bly, aangesien SA nie oor voldoende weidingskapasiteit beskik om genoeg vleis vir die mark te produseer van natuurlike weidings nie. Die rede hiervoor is eenvoudig dat ander faktore buite rekening gelaat die nasionale koeikudde drasties verklein sal moet word om plek te maak vir die uitgroei en afronding van jong diere naspeen op die veld en dit sal tot gevolg hê dat baie minder speenkalwers geproduseer kan word. Bogenoemde in ag genome, is daar nogtans n groeiende bewustheid, veral by gesofistikeerde gebruikers, oor die voordele van veld-geproduseerde vleis hoofsaaklik as gevolg van gesondheids- en etiese aspekte en daar word verwag dat hierdie mark in die afsienbare toekoms verder sal groei, veral indien sulke vleis teen mededingende pryse beskikbaar is. Dit is egter, met die inligting nou tot ons beskikking, baie onwaarskynlik dat hierdie neiging sou beteken dat daar n grootskaalse ommeswaai weg van voerkraal geproduseerde beesvleis na veldgeproduseerde beesvleis gaan plaasvind. Ons kan dus met redelike sekerheid aanvaar dat voerkrale in die toekoms steeds n baie belangrike skakel gaan bly in die vleisketting. Bulle se dogters sal in die toekoms dus steeds moet kan produseer en reproduseer op natuurlike veld en hul kalwers, ten minste tot op speen, op die veld gedy, maar na speen sal dieselfde kalwers steeds moet kan aanpas by voerkraal omstandighede en vinnig en doeltreffend groei tot by bemarking. Op grond hiervan is daar dus n plek vir beide intensiewe en veldtoetse van jong bulle naspeen. Om Sentrale Bulgroeitoetse en intensiewe Op-die-plaas Bulgroei verder in perspektief te sien, moet onthou word dat hierdie fases slegs n klein gedeelte is van die totale toetsing van bulle aangesien hulle tot en met speenouderdom en ook na afloop van die Sentrale Bulgroeitoetse of Opdie-plaas Bulgroeitoetse onder ekstensiewe toestande aangehou en getoets word. Verse word voorspeen en ook naspeen onder ekstensiewe toestande aangehou en getoets en dieselfde geld vir koeie gedurende hul produksieleeftyd. Die evaluering van aanpasbaarheidseienskappe onder ekstensiewe toestande kry dus voldoende aandag in prestasietoetsing. Verskillende tipes Op-die-plaas Bulgroeitoetse Soos reeds genoem, kan kalwers naspeen onder verskillende produksiestelsels markgereed gemaak word en kan teeldoelwitte hiervolgens varieer. Daarom word in Op-die-plaas Bulgroeitoetse toetse daarvoor voorsiening gemaak dat jong bulle, volgens die teler se keuse, onder intensiewe- (voerkraal), semi-intensiewe- (byvoorbeeld op aangeplante weiding) of ekstensiewe (natuurlike weiding) toestande getoets kan word. Stamboek is dus nie voorskriftelik ten opsigte van die stelsel waaronder hierdie toetse uitgevoer kan word nie, om voorsiening te maak vir behoeftes, omstandighede en doelwitte wat mag verskil van teler tot teler. Om n Op-die-plaas Bulgroeitoetse te kan doen, moet daar ten minste 10 bulkalwers van dieselfde ras wees wat nie meer as 100 dae in ouderdom verskil nie. Dit is verkieslik om n Op-die-plaas Bulgroeitoets te begin so gou moontlik nadat die bulle gespeen is, dit wil sê op ongeveer 7 8 maande ouderdom. Om naspeense groeitempo akkuraat te evalueer, is dit belangrik dat n sekere groeitempo (GDT) en totale TULI joernaal 2014 journal 27
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10 gewigstoename behaal word. Intensiewe Op-die-plaas Bulgroeitoetse duur, afhangend van die voedingspeil en gevolglike groeitempo, van 84 tot 112 dae na n aanpassingstydperk van minstens 21 dae. Semi-intensiewe toetse duur gewoonlik 112 tot 140 dae. Die belangrikste voordeel van intensiewe toetse is dat die bulle se aanpasbaarheid, groeivermoë en, indirek, doeltreffendheid van groei onder voerkraaltoestande geëvalueer word. By ekstensiewe toetse begin die toets gewoonlik eers met die aanvang van die volgende reënseisoen en is die bulle dan ongeveer 12 maande oud. Die maksimum ouderdom waarop n bul n Op-die-plaas Bulgroeitoets kan begin is 425 dae (15 maande). Ekstensiewe toetse kan tot n maksimum periode van 270 dae (9 maande) duur. Normaalweg strek hierdie toetse oor die somer groeiseisoen van die veld waartydens die bulle in n groeifase is. Die belangrikste voordeel van veldtoetse behalwe vir die feit dat dit moontlik goedkoper is as intensiewe toetse is natuurlik dat die aanpasbaarheid (insluitende bosluisweerstandbiedendheid) en groeivermoë van bulle onder veldtoestande geëvalueer word. Die belangrikste moontlike nadeel aan veldtoetse is dat die groeitempo grootliks bepaal word deur die reënval. Aangesien daar n minimum groeitempo (sien hieronder) verlang word, kan dit beteken dat n toets gekanselleer mag word indien die groeitempo nie voldoende is nie, veral as byvoeding nie n opsie is om n sekere groeitempo te handhaaf nie. Op-die-plaas Bulgroeitoetse kan met bulle van een eienaar (Enkel-teler Op-die-plaas Bulgroeitoetse) of van twee of meer eienaars (Multi-teler Op-die-plaas Bulgroeitoetse) wees. By Multi-teler Op-die-plaas Bulgroeitoetse geld daar strenger vereistes as by Enkel-teler Op-die-plaas Bulgroeitoetse, onder andere wat betref die maksimum toelaatbare gewigsvariasie tussen die bulle. Let asseblief op dat veldbultoetse wat onder die vaandel van Veldbul SA gedoen word, slegs as n amptelike Op-dieplaas Bulgroeitoets kwalifiseer indien die betrokke beampte geakkrediteer is by SA Stamboek, die toetsprosedure voldoen aan Stamboek se reëls en riglyne en alle diere in die toets aan al die toepaslike Op-die-plaas Bulgroeitoetse vereistes voldoen. Let ook daarop dat slegs amptelike Op-die-plaas Bulgroeitoets se data op Logix opgeneem en verwerk word en in die amptelike veilingskatalogusse gedruk word. Die waarde van Op-die-plaas Bulgroeitoetse Op-die-plaas Bulgroeitoetse bied heelwat voordele bo Opdie-plaas Naspeense Metings (voorheen Fase B) toetsing. Alhoewel Op-die-plaas Bulgroeitoetse se hoofdoel is om die groeivermoë van jong bulle te evalueer, bied dit die teler die geleentheid om heelwat meer eienskappe te evalueer. Hierdie data is dan beskikbaar aan beide die teler en bulkopers vir seleksie- en teeldoeleindes. Toetse word beplan en uitgevoer onder die toesig van n geakkrediteerde tegnikus van SA Stamboek wat kontroleer dat die toets uitgevoer word volgens die neergelegde riglyne en reëls van toepassing op Op-dieplaas Bulgroeitoetse. Die betrokke tegnikus is persoonlik teenwoordig tydens die afsluit van die toets om die bulle te weeg en ander metings te neem. Dit verseker onder andere dat die toets en al die betrokke eienskappe wat geëvalueer word voldoen aan die wetenskaplike beginsels van produksiemeting, soos voorgeskryf deur ICAR (International Committee for Animal Recording), waarvan SA Stamboek n lid is. Verder verleen die betrokkenheid van hierdie onafhanklike persoon addisionele kredietwaardigheid aan die resultate van Op-die-plaas Bulgroeitoetse. n Minimum van 10 bulle per toets word vereis om te verseker dat sinvolle evaluasie moontlik is. Die meeste telers maak gebruik van teelseisoene en al die bulkalwers wat gespeen word (behalwe miskien die heel swakstes) word normaalweg saam getoets. Dit verseker dat kontemporêre groepe gewoonlik heelwat groter is as die minimum van 10 bulle, wat natuurlik beter vergelyking van bulle verseker. n Minimum gemiddelde groeitempo asook minimum totale gewigstoename word vereis gedurende die toetstydperk om te verseker dat groeitempo doeltreffend geëvalueer kan word. Vir mediumraamrasse word byvoorbeeld n minimum GDT van g per dag vereis en n minimum totale gewigstoename van kg. Die bulle in n Op-die-plaas Bulgroeitoets word met gereelde tussenposes geweeg gedurende die toets om hul groeitempo te monitor en moontlike probleme vroegtydig te identifiseer. Die skrotumomtrek van die bulle word by afsluit van die toets deur die tegnikus teenwoordig gemeet. Dit verseker dat hierdie baie belangrike vrugbaarheidseienskap geëvalueer word by alle bulle in Op-die-plaas Bulgroeitoets. Verder word die testikels ook ondersoek vir enige afwykings, byvoorbeeld hipoplasie, swellings of ander beserings. Skouerhoogte (of heuphoogte) en liggaamslengte van die bulle word ook deur die tegnikus gemeet (opsioneel) aan die einde van die toets. Hierdie mates gee inligting betreffende die raamtipe van die betrokke bul. Ultrasoniese skandering (RTU) van die bulle word ook gedoen (opsioneel) aan die einde van die toets. Onderhuidse vetneerlegging, binnespierse vetneerlegging (marmering) asook oogspieroppervlakte is die eienskappe wat gemeet word. Slegs RTU metings van geakkrediteerde tegnici word aanvaar, aangesien hierdie metings gespesialiseerde tegniese vaardigheid en toerusting vereis. Pelviese mates (pelvisopening hoogte en -breedte) van 30 TULI joernaal 2014 journal
11 die bulle word ook gedoen (opsioneel) aan die einde van die toets deur n tegnikus of n ander geakkrediteerde persoon. Met behulp hiervan kan daar geselekteer word vir bulle wat verse sal teel met n voldoende grootte pelviese opening wat maklik sal kalf. In ekstensiewe (veld) Op-die-plaas Bulgroeitoetse kan die aantal bosluise op elke bul (op bepaalde areas op die dier) op n gereelde basis getel of gepunt en aangeteken SLOT word gedurende die toets. Hierdie bosluistellings of punte word dan aan die einde van die toets verwerk in n indeks wat aandui watter diere meer bosluisweerstandbiedend is. Met dipstowwe wat al hoe duurder word en bosluise al hoe meer weerstand teen dipstowwe opbou, is hierdie n eienskap wat baie meer aandag behoort te geniet. (Terloops, bosluistellings of punting kan ook deur die teler self gedoen word op diere wat in Op-die-plaas Naspeense Metings getoets word). Bulle wat in Op-die-plaas Bulgroeitoetse getoets is voerkraal Tuli presteer in Gys jooste se groeitoetsdata, liggaamsmates, ensovoorts word natuurklik ingesluit in die BLUP ontledings wat vir die betrokke ras gedoen word en sodoende kry sulke bulle betroubare teelwaardes vir die betrokke eienskappe. Dit beteken dat beide die telers en bulkopers betroubare teelwaardes tot hul beskikking het om te gebruik vir die seleksie van hul diere. Afhangende van n individuele teler se spesifieke omstandighede, behoeftes en teeldoelwitte, bied Op-die-plaas Bulgroeitoetse verskeie opsies vir die toetsing van jong bulle na speen. Die belangrikste voordeel van Op-die-plaas Bulgroeitoetse is dat dit onder direkte toesig en beheer van n onafhanklike instansie, naamlik SA Stamboek, geskied en gevolglik geniet die prestasietoetsdata afkomstig van hierdie fase hoë aansien in die bedryf wat betref akkuraatheid en betroubaarheid. g r o e i t o e t s Douglas Beef (onder bestuur van mnr gys jooste), net buite douglas is n beesvoerkraal wat beeste op n kontrakbasis voer. Hoërskool Douglas hou jaarliks n fondsinsamelingsprojek ten bate van die skool. Elke beesboer skenk n kalf wat dan by Douglas Beef onder dieselfde omstandighede afgerond word en terselfdertyd aan n groeitoets onderwerp word waarna pryse aan boere toegeken word op grond van hul diere se groeiprestasies. Boere kan dus hierdie projek gebruik om hulself te meet teen hul medeboere. Alle diere word met inname geweeg (vir rekord doeleindes), waarna besluit word watter rantsoen aangewend gaan word, asook die duur van die projek Parameters van projek was as volg: - Minimum gewig vir inname 200kg - Gdt (kg/dag) 1.68Kg - Proteien inhoud 16.14% - Energie mj/kg 12.53% - n verskeidenheid van rasse en -kruise was ingeskryf Uitslag: - Die dier wat die toets gewen het oor n periode van 113 dae, was n Tuli-Drakensberger kruis, met n gdt van 2.17Kg. (Vir tuli telers, hierdie kalf was n seun van v ). - Tweede was n bonsmara met n gdt van 2.12Kg. - Derde was n limousin kruising met 2.08Kg. Amelia tuli s se uitskot speenkalwers was ook gedurende 2013 by douglas beef afgerond. Hul gemiddelde gdt was 1.8kg oor n periode van 107 dae. Vanuit bogenoemde kan gesien word dat tuli s en veral tuli kruiskalwers nie net op veld nie, maar ook in voerkrale baie goed vaar en kompeterend is met enige ander ras. Douglas beef rond ook diere vir veilings af. Gedurende die groot droogte van 2013 in die noord-kaap was daar selfs koeie met kalwers n onderhouds rantsoen gevoer, net om die droogte te oorleef. Rantsoene word wetenskaplik bepaal en goeie bestuur word toegepas. Kontakbesonderhede: Douglas Beef, Posbus 388, Douglas, 8730 Gys Jooste gys@douglasbeef.co.za TULI joernaal 2014 journal 31
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13 What s in a studname? By Tom Roberts & Nyreen Downie How do you choose your Stud name? There s Tiptree, Horseshoe, Bendri. This was a question posed by a friend of Wilna Ackhurst s whilst looking through the Tuli 2013 Journal Members list, when we visited her recently at Pavo Stud. That was a difficult question to answer as each person chooses their own name for their own reasons. Mopani Tuli Stud came into existence as our stud name for the following reasons: We live on a farm called Chikupi Estates that was started sometime around 1903 and later purchased by a man called FJ Mopani Clarke. Chief Lobengula gave him this name because he said; Clarke was like the Mopani tree tall, straight and hard of heart. Clarke was one of the early negotiators with the Matabele Chief and the reference to his hard heartedness was a tribute to his bargaining powers. It is said that he owned virtually every single Hotel and General Store between Livingstone and Lusaka. He arrived in South Africa from England in 1890 having been born in 1873 and moved up to Southern Rhodesia, initially making sufficient money from work recruiting labour for the mines, to found the Zambezi Trading Company in 1898 at the Old Drift later Livingstone. He owned a bar where people could drink and gamble. Later he moved to Kalomo where his bar became a popular meeting place for traders bound for Barotseland. Their wagons, laden with goods for barter, would set out on trading trips and return months later, empty, but followed by large herds of cattle. Mopani became a wealthy man and he bought a ranch at that time, of 40,000 acres large on the edge of the Kafue Flats called Chikupi, where we now live on a very much smaller portion of the original ranch. He owned a herd of 10,000 cattle which was by far the largest in the country owned by a European.* At one stage he imported pedigree Hereford cattle which he showed at the annual Agricultural Shows. He died, apparently of flu, in England in 1937 leaving behind a wife, Frieda and only daughter named Erica. The latter married three times and during her colourful life of entertainment, champagne and horseracing (she owned two Dakota aircraft: one to fly her racehorses to then Salisbury, now Harare racecourse, also to Jo burg and even Kenyan race tracks and the other plane flew her and her friends). She utilised all of her Father s inheritance in the upkeep of her lifestyle and in the process lost the cattle farm where we now live. TULI joernaal 2014 journal 33
14 The Mopani Tree is also a hard wooded tree; able to withstand pests, lack of water and still thrive and in areas that it is found, it is prolific. All attributes that the Tuli cattle have i.e. the Tuli has a high level of natural resistance to ticks, parasites and flies. It is known for its longevity and fertility often producing calves when over 16 years in age whether in productive grasslands, Bush situations or areas with less than ideal grazing including sourveld. The Tuli produce good beef animals wherever they are found. Tom s Father, called John, in time a pedigree Hereford breeder, owned a farm in Kabwe (then Broken Hill) and in the successive drought year of 1966 approached the Land Bank to enquire about the availability of a farm to purchase with water and grazing to move his cattle to. At that time a river flowed through Chikupi (but it has not flowed since 1999 and remains a dry and now overgrown riverbed). He was told of a farm that might suit his requirements and on a certain day in his old Ford Chevy vanette he negotiated his way down the Bush track, (at that time no road existed), from Lusaka towards Kafue to find the farm. Thinking that he was lost some 30 kilometres from Lusaka, he asked an elderly man walking on the track where Chikupi Estates could be found. He was told that it was 100 metres from where he was standing and this man showed him the way through the heavily overgrown Bush to the homestead. This gentleman introduced himself as Tickey. He was actually Chief Tickey Tanda Bantu and he explained a great many years prior he had worked for Mopani Clarke as a very young man / boy and it has been his job to be the whiskey bearer! He had to ensure that as Mopani moved around following his ox wagons and doing his business that there was always a canteen of water soaked hessian containing cool whisky and water. What a job! What a colourful history of a small piece of the world and as Mopani Clarke had also been a great cattle man we chose to name our pedigree Tuli Stud in his honour, with the attributes of the Mopani tree reflecting the attributes of Tuli cattle to back it up. Hence our chosen name: Mopani Tuli Stud. * Reference: the book Showtime by The Agricultural and Commercial Society of Zambia, TULI joernaal 2014 journal
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16 Kursus Keurderskursus GouwsbergTulis Voor vlnr. Johan Burden, Rohan van der Merwe, Flip de Kock(jnr), Johan Steenkamp, Abel Rautenbach, Gift Mafuleka, Danie Brookman, Kobus Snyman en Lizette Vermaak. Middel vlnr. Carmen Welz, Gerrie Mans, Christie & Werner Gouws, Cornelis Rautenbach, Flip de Kock, Anthony Kitching, Dave Cawthorne, Hennie Smit, Sonya & Charl de Bruyn, Louron Wtoweel,Tonie & Louwtjie Camacho. Agter staan vlnr. Hendrik Verwoerd, Stephan Welz, Peet Gouws, Gerhard Steenkamp, Kobus Wentzel, Divan Putter, Hansie Gouws, Daniel Buss, Albie Rautenbach en Chris Hobson. Gedurende die 5de en 6de Julie 2013 is daar n leersame en interessante keurderskursus aangebied by Werner Gouws te Bronkhorstspruit. Dag 1 was bedoel vir huidige keurders as opknappingskursus en dag 2 vir nuwe belangstellendes. Die doel was om vir die nuwe mense die unieke kenmerke van die Tuli te leer. Dit was vir die 36 deelnemers baie insiggewend. Ses persone het die juniorkursus bo 80% geslaag. Baie geluk aan: Abel Rautenbach, Lizette Vermaak, Sonya de Bruyn, Johan Burden, Anthony Kitching en Daniël Buss. 36 TULI joernaal 2014 journal
17 RIGLYNE OM TE VOLG TYDENS DIE UITGROEI VAN BULLE VANAF SPEEN TOT DIE AANWENDING IN DIE DEKSEISOEN Dr Vlok Ferreira Nasionale Tegniese Bestuurder MOLATEK, Posbus 47, Malelane 1320 TABEL 1: TEIKENGEWIGTE EN DAAGLIKSE MASSATOENAME VAN JONG BULLE TEIKENGEWIGTE (kg) Behoorlike bestuur en voeding van bulle is essensieel om te verseker dat die koei-kalf produsent maksimum reproduksie en genetiese effektiwiteit van sy kudde kan verseker. Verskeie faktore beïnvloed vrugbaarheid. Eerstens moet n bul goed ontwikkel wees en reeds puberteit bereik het. Tweedens, fisieke eienskappe soos skrotumomvang, dekbehendigheid en semenkwaliteit speel n belangrike rol in n bul se vrugbaarheid. Derdens, beïnvloed libido en sosiale dominansie, waar meer as een bul by n groep koeie gebruik word, ook die bul se vermoë om koeie te dek. NA-SPEENSE GROEI: 7- TOT 12-MAANDE OUDERDOM Wanneer bulkalwers op dae ouderdom gespeen word, moet hul tussen 26% - 34% van hul volwasse gewig reeds bereik het (Tabel 1). Onder normale somer-weidings toestande behoort die kalf die gewig te bereik met die koei se melk, die weidings inname en n fosfaatlekaanvulling. Gebruik Molatek Foslek (V 16059; N-FF 1407) of Fosblock (V 22502; N-FF 2471) met n inname van g/bees/dag. Gespeende bulkalwers moet ontwurm en teen lewerslak behandel word indien dit in die area voorkom. Bulle moet ook jaarliks getoets word vir Brucellose, BVD, IBR en Trichomoniase. Behandel ook wanneer nodig teen uitwendige parasiete. Vanaf speen tot 12-maande ouderdom behoort bulle teen sodanige tempo te groei, dat hul 52% - 62% van hul volwasse massa bereik het sodat hulle op 24-maande ouderdom reeds 85% - 94% van hul volwasse gewig weeg. Die groeitempo sal varieer afhangende van die ras en volwasse massa van bulle. MINIMUM DAAGLIKSE MASSATOENAME (kg) VOLWASSE SPEEN OP 12-MNDE 24-MNDE SPEEN TOT 12- TOT 24- BUL GEWIGTE, 200 DAE OUDERDOM OUDERDOM 12-MNDE MNDE MATIGE OUDERDOM* OUDERDOM KONDISIE * Indien bulle teen n stadiger GDT tot op 12-maande ouderdom gegroei het, sal die 12- tot 24- maande GDTs hoër moet wees. TULI joernaal 2014 journal 37
18 38 TULI joernaal 2014 journal
19 TULI joernaal 2014 journal 39
20 Naspeense groeiaanbeveling vanaf kg tot en met volwassenheid is soos volg: Droë materiaal-inname 2.7% van liggaamsmassa op 230 kg en 2.5% op volwasse ouderdom. Proteïen 13.5% tot 15% op DM-basis Energie maksimum 10.2 MJ Metaboliseerbare energie (68% Totale verteerbare voedingstowwe) op DM-basis Kalsium- tot fosfor-verhouding: 1:1.5 tot 1:2; Kalsium - 0.8% en Fosfaat 0.4% Voldoende spoorminerale, asook vitamiene A, D en E moet aangevul word. n Potensiële bul vir verkope moet vanaf speen tot en met verkope op 2-jarige ouderdom gemiddeld 800 g tot 1 kg/dag groei. Om dit te kan behaal, moet n aanvulling verskaf word wat oor natuurlike proteïen beskik, maar met nie n te hoë energie-inhoud nie. Dit is omdat ons goeie spiergroei wil verseker sonder dat die diere oorvet word. Verskaf n kragvoer- mengsel vanaf speen aan bulkalwers teen 1.5% van liggaamsmassa op winterveld-weiding en teen 0.75% van liggaamsmassa op die groen somerweiding. Indien die styselinname vanaf die graankomponent meer as % van liggaamsmassa is, word weidings inname en vertering onderdruk. Die kragvoer-mengsel of produksielek moet minstens n 14 15% proteïen en n energiewaarde van 10.8 MJ/kg op n droë materiaalbasis bevat. Indien n volledige rantsoen gebruik word, moet minstens 15 20% grofgemaalde hooi by die rantsoen ingesluit word. Wanneer n kafeteriastelsel gebruik word, moet die bulle minstens 0.5% van hul liggaamsmassa as ruvoer ontvang (Tabel 3). Voeding het n belangrike invloed op skrotum-omtrekontwikkeling en kan afhangende van die rasstandaarde varieer met tussen 30 cm op 15-maande en 34 cm op 24-maande ouderdom. Die skrotum-omvang is positief gekorreleer met semenkwaliteit wat vrugbaarheid verhoog, soos die persentasie normale sperme en mortaliteit, semenvolume en -konsentrasie. Bulle met n groter skrotum-omvang binne die rasstandaarde se verse bereik ook reeds op n jonger ouderdom puberteit. Die skrotum-omvang is ook positief gekorreleer met vrugbaarheid in die nageslag. TABEL 3: VOLLEDIGE EN KAFETERIA AFRONDINGSDIËTE VIR VEILINGS* MENGINSTRUKSIE volvoer VOLVOER KAFETERIA MENGSEL 1 MENGSEL 2 MENGSEL 1 BEESVET 33+ kg MIELIEMEEL / HOMINY CHOP kg MOLATEK BYPASS kg MIELIEKUILVOER kg **** 350 **** RUVOER kg Ad Lib TOTAAL kg *Vir meer inligting omtrent voerinstruksie, voerwenke vir die aanpassings- en afrondingsfase kontak u naaste Molatek verteenwoordiger. *Innames moet gekontroleer en aangepas word na gelang van die vereiste kondisie en groeitempo benodig. 40 TULI joernaal 2014 journal
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