NUUSFLITS \ NEWSFLASH

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1 Romagnola Beestelersgenootskap van S.A \ Romagnola Cattle Breeders Society of S.A. Posbus\P.O. Box 1225, Bloemfontein, 9300 E-pos adres\ address: june@studbook.co.za Webblad \ Webpage: Tel: / Faks: of Maart \ March 2013 Uitgawe \ Issue nr. 1 NUUSFLITS \ NEWSFLASH Missie Die beskikbaarstelling van n suiwer, onverwante vleisbeesras, vir gebruik in stoet of kruisteling om uitsonderlike speengewigte, groei en vrugbaarheid te verkry, aangepas in Afrika klimaatstoestande. Mission The provision of a pure, unrelated beef breed for use in stud or cross-breeding to provide exceptional weaning weights, growth and fertility adjusted in Africa climate conditions. UIT DIE PEN VAN DIE PRESIDENT Soos dit maar baie keer die geval is in ons land, is daar nou boere wat min kos het vir hulle diere, as gevolg van die droogte, maar dat daar ook dele is waar dit goed gaan. Ek hoop en vertrou dat ons telers soos altyd, weer hulle diere deur hierdie moeilike winter sal kry. Ons Genootskap is finansieel gesond en funksioneer baie goed. Ek wil net weereens telers se aandag daarop vestig dat hulle verse voor 49 maande vir die eerste keer moet kalf, om betyds geboorte kennisgewings in te dien en om koeie wat onproduktief of dood is te kanselleer by Stamboek. Die Genootskap sal op Nampo 2013 n uitstalling van beeste hou, asook die ras verteenwoordig in die Fase C Interras kompetisie tydens die Bloemfontein skou April Romagnola groete Dail van Rensburg

2 NUUT VERKOSE RAAD VIR 2013 \ NEWLY ELECTED COUNCIL FOR 2013 CHAIRMAN / PRESIDENT VICE-PRESIDENT / VISE-PRESIDENT TREASURER / TESOURIER RAADSLID / COUNCILLOR RAADSLID / COUNCILLOR RAADSLID / COUNCILLOR BREED DIRECTOR / RAS DIREKTEUR DT VAN RENSBURG (DAIL) TEL: / FAKS: / SEL: E-POS: dail@cluesnet.co.za JOHAN DE BRUYN SEL: E-POS: johandb@stabilis.co.za FP COERTZEN (FRANCOIS) TEL: / FAKS: / SEL: E-POS: francois@ceceng.co.za PM VAN RENSBURG (PETRONEL) FAKS: / SEL: E-POS: petronel@lantic.net GCL VAN DER MERWE (WIKUS) TEL: / FAKS: / SEL: / E-POS: mwikus@mweb.co.za NK BRADFIELD (NEVILLE) TEL: / FAX: / CELL: nevillenevillebradfield@vodamail.co.za RG SELENATI (ROBERT) CELL: rgselenati@vodamail.co.za Van links na regs: Neville Bradfield, Wikus van der Merwe, Petronel van Rensburg, Dail van Rensburg, Johan de Bruyn, Francois Coertzen, Robert Selenati.

3 Wat is dit en wat kan ek daarmee doen? Leslie Bergh 1 en Tim Pauw 2 1 LNR-Diereproduksie-instituut, Privaatsak X2, Irene, 0062 Suid-Afrika Tel. +27 (0) , Sel +27 (0) , E-pos: leslie@arc.agric.za Wat is Logix? Logix is die akroniem vir Livestock Operational and Genetic Information Exchange. Die Logix stelsel is 'n versameling van databasisse en programme wat die diere-aantekeningsbehoeftes van n wye spektrum van rolspelers in die veebedryf aanspreek, van telers en eienaars van suiwer geteelde diere, tot die personeel van registrerende owerhede, telersgenootskappe, prestasieaantekeningagentskappe, Nasionale- en Provinsiale Regeringsinstansies, adviseurs en konsultante en verwante bedryfsorganisasies Die doel van die Logix gebruikerskoppelvlak is om aan die verskillende gebruikers n gebruikersvriendelike deurgang tot die betrokke databasisse te bied en om hulle behoeftes ten opsigte van spesifieke inligting en data-uitruiling aan te spreek deur funksionele program roetines en skerms wat saamgebind word deur n stel toepaslike keuse-skerms. Wie het toegang tot Logix? Logix is toeganklik vir persone en instansies wat beskik oor n persoonlike rekenaar met toegang tot die Internet. Die programme is bereikbaar deur die webwerf Die gebruikerskode en wagwoord is beskikbaar vanaf SA Stamboek en word verkry nadat n aansoekvorm in hierdie verband ingevul is. Die aansoekvorms is aan-lyn beskikbaar op die Logix webwerf se tuisblad. Logix beskik oor n uitgebreide sekerheidstelsel wat toegang tot data beheer. n Teler het normaalweg slegs toegang tot sy/haar eie kudde(s) se data. n Genootskap kan egter besluit om toegang oop te stel (volle of beperkte oopstelling) sodat alle telers in die betrokke telersgenootskap toegang het tot die data van medetelers se diere. Die meeste telersgenootskappe het toegang oopgestel. Terloops, n genootskap se personeel het in elk geval ope toegang tot die data van alle telers en diere in die betrokke ras. Wat kan ek as vleisbeesteler op Logix doen? n Vleisbeesteler het toegang tot die volgende funksionaliteite in Logix: Boodskappe: Hier kan n teler die e-pos boodskappe en lêers sien wat die afgelope drie maande of langer deur Logix aan hom/haar gestuur is. As hy/sy byvoorbeeld n e-pos met rekenaarnommers of prestasietoetsdata nie ontvang het nie of verloor het, kan dit hier gekry word.

4 Historiese Data: Hier kan n teler toegang kry tot verslae en/of datalêers wat hy/sy die afgelope week aangevra het in Logix. As hy/sy byvoorbeeld die inspeksielys verloor het wat hy die vorige dag in Logix geskep het, kan dit hier gekry word. Navrae: o Deelname: Deelnemerbesonderhede o Dierinligting: Beeste: Dierinligting Koeikaart (Registrasie) Liniêre klassifikasie Stambome o Produksie: Beeste: Diermates Vleis: Vleisbeesproduksie Koeikaart (Produksie) o Verander wagwoord Verslae: o Deelname: Deelnemerlys Adres etikette o Registrasie: Administratiewe verslae: Inspeksielys met Kenmerke Inspeksielys Embrio- en semenskenkerlys Lys van ingevoerde diere Lys van PEN diere (PEN = Pending registration) Produksie- en Stamboomverslae: Beeste: o Vyfgenerasiestamboom o Koei nageslagopsomming o Bul nageslagopsomming Vleis: o Kraallys o Driegenerasiestamboom o Driegenerasiestamboom per Kudde Reproduksieverslae: Beeste: o Kuddereproduksieverslag

5 Dienste: o Kuddestatusverslag o Oorskryding van reproduksienorme o Opsommende reproduksiestatistieke o Reproduksiestatusverslag o Detailreproduksieverslag o Produksie: Beeste: BLUP Bloedhond ( n soekfasiliteit vir diere binne die betrokke ras wat voldoen aan die gebruiker se vereistes ten opsigte van teelwaardes) Genetiese Analise Vleis: Weeglys Koei Nageslag Groeitoets Verslag RTU Skandering Verslag Speen- & Naspeen Verslag Prestasie Sertifikaat Liggaam Mates Verslag Teelkuddeseleksieverslag o Inventaris: Inventarislys Inventarislys Kommersieel Inventarislys Registrasie en Kommersieel Nie vir registrasie o Ander: Beeste: Vry-formaatverslag (stel self n verslag op volgens jou eie behoeftes) o Sertifikate: Beeste: Geboortelys o Verwagte Inteling: o Data onttrekking: (vir intrek van data in jou plaassagteware, bv. BeefPro) Vleis: Plaassagteware o Kies Kudde (om hele kudde se data af te laai) o Kies Dier(e) (om spesifieke diere se data af te laai) Teelwaardes Bees Prestasie Data (om die prestasiedata van n spesifieke toets af te laai) o Nutsprogramme: Beeste: Bereken weegdatumgrense o Professionele Dienste: Adviseur Toegang

6 Data Opname: BLUP: o Geboortekennisgewing: Beeste: Geboortekennisgewings (Beeste) o Prestasie: Vleis: Voorspeen-, Speen- en Naspeen Gewigte o Kansellasies: Beeste: Enkel Dier o o o Genetiese waarde bloedhond Genetiese Analise (PDF) Plaassagtewarelêer Finansies: o Faktuur vertoon Veilingskatalogusse Fooie Alle funksies en verslae in Logix is gratis beskikbaar, behalwe die veilingskatalogus verslae (koste vir die verkoper). ooooooooo What is it and what can I do with it? What is Logix? Logix is the acronym for Livestock Operational and Genetic Information Exchange. Logix is a combination of databases and programmes that addresses the animal recording needs of a wide spectrum of role players within the livestock industry, from breeders and owners of pure bred animals to the personnel of breeders societies, registering authorities, performance recording agencies, National and Provincial Government agencies, advisors and consultants and related industry organizations.

7 The purpose of the Logix user interface is to provide the various users with a structured, user-friendly and seamless interface with the relevant databases and to address their specific information and data exchange needs through functional routines and screens, bound together by an appropriate system of menus. Who has access to Logix? Logix is available to persons and authorities who have a personal computer with access to the Internet. The programs are accessible through the website A user code and password are available from SA Stud Book and can be obtained after an application form has been completed. Application forms are available on-line on the Logix website s home page. The Logix system has an extended security system controlling access to the data. A breeder normally only has access to his/her own herd(s) data. A breeders society can however decides to open the access (full or limited) so that all breeders of that particular breeders society have access to the data of fellow breeders animals. Most of the breeders societies have opened the access. By the way, a breeders society has in any case full access to the data of all breeders and animals in the applicable breed. What can I as a beef cattle breeder do on Logix? A beef cattle breeder has access to the following functionalities in Logix: Messages: Here a breeder can see the messages and files which were send to him/her by Logix the past three months or longer. For example, if he/she did not receive or lost an e- mail with computer numbers or performance test data, it can be retrieved here. Historical Data: Here a breeder can get access to the reports and/or data files which he/she requested the past week in Logix. For example, if he/she lost the inspection list he/she created yesterday in Logix, it can be retrieved here. Enquiries: o Participation: Participant details o Animal Information: Cattle: Animal information Cow card (Registration) Linear classification Pedigrees o Production: Cattle: Animal Measurements Beef: Beef cattle production

8 Cow card (Production) o Change Password Reports: o Participation: Participant list Address labels o Registration: Administrative reports: Inspection List with Traits Inspection list Embryo and semen donor list Imported animal list List of PEN animals (PEN = Pending registration) Production and Pedigree Reports: Cattle: o Five generation pedigree o Cow progeny summary o Bull progeny summary Beef: o Selection list o Three generation pedigree o Three generation pedigree per Herd Reproduction reports: Cattle: o Herd reproduction report o Herd status report o Exceeding of reproduction norms o Reproduction statistics summary o Reproduction status report o Detailed reproduction report o Production: Cattle: Breeding Value Search Engine (search for animals in the particular breed conforming to the user-defined breeding values requirements) Genetic Analysis Beef: Weigh list Cow Progeny Growth test report RTU scanning report Wean & Post-wean Report Performance certificate Body measurements report Breeding herd selection report o Inventory:

9 Inventory list Inventory list Commercial Inventory list Registration & Commercial Not for registration o Other: Cattle: Freeform report (compile your own report according to your own needs) o Certificates: Cattle: Birth list o Expected Inbreeding: Services: o Data extraction (download data for importing into your farm software, e.g. BeefPro): Beef: Farm software o Choose Herd (to download the total herd s data) o Choose Animals (to download specific animals data) Breeding Values Beef Performance Data o Utility programs: Cattle: Calculate weigh-date limits o Professional Services: Advisor Access Data Input: o Birth notification: Cattle: Birth notifications (Cattle) o Performance: Beef: Pre-wean, Wean and Post-wean Weights o Cancellations: Single animal BLUP: o Genetic value search engine o Genetic Analysis (PDF) o Farm Software File Financial: o Invoice view

10 Sale Catalogues Fees All functions and reports in Logix are freely available at present, except the sales catalogue (cost to the seller). ooooooooo Seleksie en Bestuur van Verse en Eerstekalfkoeie Leslie Bergh LNR-Diereproduksie-instituut, Privaatsak X2, Irene, 0062 Suid-Afrika Tel. +27 (0) , Sel +27 (0) , E-pos: Die seleksie en bestuur van vervanginsverse is baie belangrik, aangesien dit die toekomstige koeikudde is en verkeerde seleksiebesluite en/of swak bestuur van verse groot finansiële implikasies kan inhou oor die kort- sowel as die langtermyn. Die doelwit met seleksie en bestuur van verse en eerstekalfkoeie kan as volg opgesom word: Om verse se onproduktiewe periode so kort moontlik te maak deur hulle op n relatief jong ouderdom dragtig te kry. Om n hoë persentasie verse (90%+) dragtig te kry binne n kort (maksimum 90 dae, maar verkieslik korter) teelseisoen. Om kalfprobleme by verse tot n minimum (laer as 3%) te beperk. Om die eerstekalfkoeie so gou moontlik na kalwing weer dragtig te kry. Om relatief swaar kalwers te speen van die eerstekalfkoeie SELEKSIE Soos met bulseleksie, is die grondslag van die seleksie van vervaningsverse duidelike teeldoelwitte en n weldeurdagte teelstrategie. Dit geld natuurlik nie net vir die stoetteler nie, maar ook vir gewone vleisbeesboer. Sonder duidelike teeldoelwitte en n weldeurdagte teelstrategie is dit bykans onmoontlik om enige sinvolle seleksie te doen en kan mens maklik vergeet om fokus op daardie eienskappe wat werklik ekonomies belangrik is. Omdat n vers geen bewese rekord het ten opsigte van eienskappe soos reproduksie, gemak van kalwing en moederlike vermoë nie, moet alle beskikbare inligting van veral haar moeder en, waar toepaslik, ook haar vader en ander verwantes gebruik word om n ingeligte besluit te neem by seleksie. Waar beskikbaar, behoort teelwaardes (liewer as prestasietoets indekse) gebruik te word in seleksie, omdat teelwaardes n meer betroubare aanduiding is van n dier se genetiese meriete. Die geheim is egter om hierdie teelwaardes altyd in balans te gebruik met ander belangrike eienskappe, veral funksionele doeltreffendheid.

11 Die volgende seleksieprosedure word aanbeveel by die seleksie van verse: Die eerste seleksie van verse vind gewoonlik plaas wanneer hulle gespeen word. Die eienskappe waarna daar op hierdie stadium opgelet behoort te word is die volgende: o Voorspeense groei en melkproduksie: Die vers se Speenindeks is 'n evaluering van beide haar moeder se melkproduksie en haar eie groeitempo tot op speen. Skot verse met 'n lae (onder 90) Speenindeks uit, veral as haar moeder n rekord het dat sy kalwers speen met swak speen indekse en/of swak teelwaardes vir speen direk (voorspeense groei) en/of speen maternaal (melkproduksie). o Gemak van kalwing: Skot verse uit wie se moeder n rekord het van moeilike kalwing. o Reproduksie: Skot verse uit wie se moeders eers op n hoë ouderdom vir die eerste keer gekalf het en/of se gemiddelde tussenkalfperiode (TKP) lank is en/of reproduksie-indeks laag (onder 90) is. o Erflike gebreke: Skot alle verse uit met enige erflike gebrek, byvoorbeeld n skewe gesig, kort onderkaak, ensovoorts. o Funksionele foute: Skot alle verse uit met ernstige funksionele foute, wat betref bene (byvoorbeeld regop hakke, koortgewrigte wat deurtrap), hoewe (bywoorbeeld uitgroei of misvormde hoewe), vel en haarkleed (byvoorbeeld lang hare, ongepigmenteerde vel), ensovoorts. o Raamgrootte: Skot alle verse uit wat te groot en/of rankerig is. o Hormonale wanbalans: Skot alle verse uit wat onvroulik of osagtig lyk en/of met onderontwikkelde geslagsorgane (klein vulva). Dit alles is tekens dat daar moontlik n probleem is met haar vroulike hormone of dat daar n hormonale wanbalans is. o Temperament: Skot alle verse uit met n swak (wilde) temperament. Die tweede seleksie van verse vind gewoonlik plaas net voordat hulle gedek word (15 24 maande ouderdom). Die eienskappe wat op hierdie stadium geëvalueer behoort te word, is die volgende: o Voor- en naspeense groei: Skot verse met 'n lae (onder 90) 12-maande en/of 18- maande Indeks uit. Omdat die 12- en 18-maande indekse bereken word op die groei vanaf geboorte, is hierdie indekse 'n funksie van beide die moeder se melkproduksie, die kalf se groeivermoë tot op speen en die naspeense groeivermoë tot 12- of 18 maande. o Gaan weer die verse deur vir erflike gebreke, funksionele foute, raamgrootte, swak temperament en tekens van n hormonale wanbalans. o Meet verse se pelvisopeninge: Ten einde verse wat waarskynlik moeilik sal kalf vroegtydig te identifiseer, kan hul pelviese openinge deur n veearts gemeet en die met klein pelvisopeninge uitgeskot word voordat die teelseioen begin. n Vers wat maklik kalf se baarmoeder en geboortekanaal herstel vinniger en sy kom gouer weer op hitte as n vers wat moeilik kalf. o Keuring deur n telersgenootskap: Waar keuring deur n telersgenootskap gedoen word, vind dit gewoonlik ook op hierdie stadium plaas. Die derde seleksie van verse vind plaas wanneer dragtigheidsondersoeke gedoen word. Op hierdie stadium moet alle verse wat nie dragtig is nie, uitgeskot word. Indien daar meer dragtige verse oorbly as wat benodig word vir vervanging en/of kuddebou, kan dit oorweeg word om die verse wat laat in die teelseisoen dragtig geword het en dus laat in die kalfseisoen gaan kalf, ook uit te skot, aangesien dit gewoonlik daardie koeie is wat die volgende jaar nie dragtig gaan word nie.

12 Die vierde seleksie van verse (einlik dan eerstekalfkoeie) vind plaas wanneer hul gekalf het. Skot alle koeie uit wat moeilik gekalf het, in ag genome natuurlik dat daar nie ander faktore was (soos byvoorbeeld oorvoeding kort voor kalwing of die gebruik van n bul wat besonder groot kalers gee by geboorte) wat daartoe gelei het nie. Die finale seleksie (van eerstekalfkoeie) vind plaas wanneer hul hul kalwers gespeen word. Skot alle eerstekalfkoeie uit wie se kalf 'n lae (onder 90) speenindeks het. Skot ook eerstekalfkoeie uit met n lae (onder 90) koei doeltreffendheidsindeks. Die koei doeltreffendheid evalueer die speengewig (aangepas vir ouderdom tot 205 dae) van 'n koei se kalf in vergelyking met haar eie metaboliese of onderhoudsgewig (gewig tot die mag 0.75) by kalwing (of speen indien nie aangeteken tydens kalwing). Bv. 'n koei van 500kg wat n kalf van 250 kg speen is meer doeltreffend as 'n koei van 600kg wat n kalf van dieselfde gewig speen. Die LNR se Nasionale Vleisbeesaantekening en -verbeteringskema het n verslag, die sogenaamde Teelkuddeseleksieverslag, beskikbaar wat al die belangrike data bevat wat nodig is om koeie en verse te selekteer. Dit sluit in al die reproduksie maatstawwe, indekse, teelwaardes, goedkeuringsverhoudings en toekennings. Swak presteerders ten opsigte van elke eienskap word gemerk met n rooi kring om dit maklik te maak om hulle te identifiseer. Hierdie verslag is n waardevolle en uiters gebruikersvriendelike hulpmiddel om die teelkudde mee te evalueer en probleemdiere te identifiseer. (Terloops, die Teelkuddeseleksieverslag is ook beskikbaar in die plaas sagteware bestuursprogram, BeefPro). BESTUUR As gevolg van die hoë koste verbonde daaraan om n vers groot te maak tot na eerste kalwing, kan geen boer dit bekostig om jong koeie op hierdie kritiese stadium van hul reproduktiewe lewe te verloor nie. Soos reeds genoem, behoort bestuurspraktyke by verse en eerstekalfkoeie daarop gemik te wees om verse vroeg en maklik te laat kalf en eerstekalfkoeie weer vinnig in kalf te kry, aangesien hierdie aspekte die mees algemene probleme is wat beesboere ondervind ten opsigte van die reproduksiebestuur van hul kuddes. Die primêre doelwit met versbestuur is om die maksimum aantal verse so vroeg en koste-effektief as moontlik dragtig te kry in 'n relatief kort tydperk, vir kalwing gedurende 'n tydperk wat die gunstigste is vir herkonsepsie, kalf oorlewing en voorspeense groei van die kalwers. Verse behoort, in die algemeen gesproke, dragtig te wees voordat hulle 27 maande oud is, sodat hulle sal kalf voordat hulle 36 maande oud is. Die gewig, kondisie en groeitempo van verse is belangriker aanduiders as ouderdom om te bepaal wanneer verse die eerste keer gedek kan word. Dit moet natuurlik inskakel by jou kudde se teelseisoen(e), sodat optimale gebruik gemaak word van die goedkoopste bron van hoë gehalte voer, naamlik goeie somer weiding (in n somer reënval gebied). Die volgende bestuurspraktyke word aanbeveel om te verseker dat verse vroeg en maklik kalf en eerstekalfkoeie weer gou dragtig word en n relatief swaar kalf speen: Algemeen: Maak seker dat die verse inpas by die produksie-omgewing. Waak veral teen grootraam verse (wat grootraam koeie gaan word) waar die beskikbaarheid van voedsel beperkend is. Omdat eerstekalfkoeie self nog groei en n kalf soog, is hul voedingsbehoeftes baie hoog en sal hul reproduksie noodwendig daaronder lei indien hul baie kondisie verloor.

13 Bestuur verse en eerstekalfkoeie apart. Dit is baie belangrik dat verse as n aparte groep of groepe bestuur word vandat hulle gespeen is totdat hulle die tweede keer kalf. Dit behels onder andere dat meer aandag aan hulle gegee word, dat hulle die beste kampe kry, dat hulle strategiese byvoeding kry wanneer nodig en dat n spesiale gesondheidsprogram gevolg word. Paring: Kry verse op 65% van verwagte volwasse gewig by dekking. Indien die volwasse koeie gemiddeld 500kg weeg, moet die verse dus ongeveer 325kg weeg aan die begin van die teelseisoen. Voor kalwing moet die verse 80 85% van hul verwagte volwasse gewig weeg. Gebruik n kort teelseisoen. Die teelseisoen van verse behoort ideaal gesproke slegs dae te wees. Die primêre voordeel van n kort dek- en kalfseisoen is om druk te plaas op seleksie vir vrugbaarheid. Dit het ook die voordeel dat beter toesig gehou kan word tydens kalftyd. Dek verse 4 tot 6 weke voor die koeie se teelseisoen begin. Deur verse vroeër as die koeie te dek, gee dit hulle n langer postpartum herstelperiode wat hoër herkonsepsies behoort te lei. Hierdie praktyk moet egter slegs oorweeg word indien die verse voldoende voeding kry vóór kalwing en ook ná kalwing totdat voldoende groen gras beskikbaar is, anders gaan hulle te veel kondisie verloor wat tot laer herkonsepsies kan lei. Dit is egter belangrik dat hul kalwers 4 6 weke vroeër gespeen word as die res van die koeie se kalwers, anders kan hulle steeds te veel kondisie verloor. Dek verse op maande ouderdom indien hulle te swaar en/of te vet word om op maande ouderdom te dek. Hierdie praktyk moet egter slegs oorweeg word indien voldoende goeie kwaliteit weiding en/of oesreste, hooi of kuilvoer beskikbaar is na kalwing om te verseker dat hul kondisie optimaal bly vir herkonsepsie. Indien sulke eerstekalfkoeie dan ses maande gerus word voordat hulle weer gedek word (om dan in die hoof kalfseisoen te kalf), sal dit hoër herkonsepsie verseker. Die maksimum verkorting van verse se onproduktiewe lewe kan verkry word deur verse op maande te dek, maar hierdie praktyk moet slegs oorweeg word indien die voeding- en algemene bestuur in n kudde op n baie hoë vlak is. Dek meer verse as wat nodig is vir vervanging. Tot 50% meer verse as wat benodig word vir vervanging behoort gedek te word, sodat daar voldoende dragtige verse beskikbaar is om alle nie-dragtige koeie en koeie wat vir ander redes uitgeskot moet word, te vervang. Oorweeg sinchronisasie van verse. Die doel met sinchronisasie is om verse so vroeg moontlik dragtig te kry gedurende n kort teelseisoen. Sinchronisasie is n redelik algemene praktyk by KI, maar hou ook voordele in by natuurlike dekking. Gebruik beproefde gemak-van-kalwing bulle op verse. Moeilike kalwing verleng die postpartum herstelperiode wat lei tot swakker herkonsepsie. Gebruik dus slegs bulle met n relatief lae teelwaarde vir geboortegewig op verse om maklike kalwing te verseker. Gebruik n hoër verhouding bulle by verse. Die gebruik van n hoër verhouding bulle (15 20 verse per bul) by verse veral gedurende die eerste 21 dae van die teelseisoen sal verseker dat verse wat op hitte kom en dat meer verse dragtig word vroeg in die teelseisoen. Stel verse en eerstekalfkoeie bloot aan koggel bulle. Die blootstelling van verse en eerstekalfkoeie aan koggel- of steriele bulle of geandrogeniseerde koeie vir minstens 9 dae voor die begin van die teelseisoen, sal hulle stimuleer om te begin ovuleer en meehelp dat meer verse dragtig word vroeg in die teelseisoen. Voeding: Die kondisie van verse by paring en by kalwing is krities belangrik. Op n 1 5 punteskaal (1 = brandmaer; 5 = oorvet), moet verse wees by paring en by kalwing. Indien nodig, moet die voedingspeil van eerstekalfkoeie verhoog word ná kalwing om

14 hul liggaamskondisie in stand te hou. Gee aan eerstekalfkoeie die beste beskikbare voeding. Die voorsiening van die beste beskikbare voeding (hetsy weiding, hooi of mieliereste) aan eerstekalfkoeie nadat hulle gekalf het is krities om te voldoen aan hul hoë voedingsbehoeftes en te verhoed dat hulle kondisie verloor. Byvoeding (in die vorm van lekke) moet gebalanseerd wees ten opsigte van proteïen, energie, minerale en spoorelemente. Die lek moet aangepas word volgens die seisoen, hoeveelheid en kwaliteit van die weiding en die kondisie van die verse. Voorsien n prikkellek 21 dae voor die teelseisoen begin. Die voorsiening van n prikkellek 21 dae voor die teelseisoen begin tot 42 dae in die teelseisoen, sal meehelp om n hoë konsepsiesyfer te behaal. Vermy oormatige energie byvoeding in die laaste drie maande van dragtigheid Indien nodig, kan addisionele energie gedurende die laaste 50 dae van dragtigheid gegee word om te verseker dat verse se kondisietelling 3 3½ is by kalwing. Wees egter versigtig, aangesien oormatige energie byvoeding in die laaste drie maande van dragtigheid kan lei tot groot kalwers, moeilike kalwing, n langer herstelperiode vir die geboortekanaal en gevolglik langer tydperk tot herkonsepsie. Wees veral versigtig om nie verse op mielielande waar die koppe nie opgetel is nie, te laat oorwinter, want dit kan geboortegewigte verhoog en verse oorvet laat word, met gevolglike moeilike kalwings. Voorsien ionofore aan koeie na kalwing om die benutting van voer te verbeter. Verskeie studies het getoon dat die voer van ionofore na kalwing voerkostes slegs marginaal verhoog, maar dat dit die postpartum interval verkort met gemiddeld 18 dae, mits voldoende energie beskikbaar is. Ander bestuurspraktyke: Verleen vroegtydig hulp by moeilike kalwings indien hulp benodig word. Nadat n vers 1½ uur in stadium 2 (hoewe sigbaar) van kalwing was, sal elke addisionele 30-minute vertraging in hulpverlening lei tot n addisionele ses dae in die interval tot sy weer dragtig word. Oorweeg kruipvoeding vir eerstekalf koeie se kalwers, veral as die weiding swak is. Dit sal die kalwers se speengewigte verhoog en die koeie help om kondisie te behou wat herkonsepsie sal verbeter. Speen kalwers vroeg gedurende droogtes of voedingstekorte. Vroeë speen van kalwers (tot 40 dae vroeër) is volgens navorsing een van die beste metodes om die reproduksietempo van eerstekalfkoeie te verbeter, aangesien dit voorkom dat hierdie koeie te veel kondisie verloor. SLOT Die seleksie en bestuur van verse en eerstekalfkoeie is krities belangrik vir n hoë reproduksietempo, hoë speengewigte en lae kalfmortaliteite in n vleisbeeskudde. ---ooo--- Selection and Management of Heifers and First-Calf Cows The selection and management of replacement heifers is very important as it is the future cow herd, as incorrect selection decisions and/or poor management of heifers can have large financial

15 implications on the short-and long-term. The objective of selection and management of heifers and first-calf cows can be summarised as follows: To make the unproductive life of heifers as short as possible by getting them pregnant at a relatively young age. To get a high percentage of heifers (90%+) pregnant within a short (maximum 90 days, but preferably shorter) breeding season. To keep calving problems in heifers to the minimum (less than 3%). To get first-calf cows pregnant again as soon as possible after calving. To wean relatively heavy calves from first-calf cows. SELECTION As with bull selection, the basis of the selection of replacement heifers is clear breeding objectives and a well-considered breeding strategy. This applies not only to the stud breeder, but also for ordinary beef cattle farmers. Without clear breeding objectives and a well-considered breeding strategy, it is virtually impossible to do any meaningful selection and one can easily forget to focus on those traits that are truly economically important. As a heifer has no proven track record in terms of traits such as reproduction, ease of calving and maternal ability, all available information, especially of her mother and, where applicable, also her father and other relatives should be used to make an informed decision at selection. Where available, breeding values (rather than performance test indices) should be used in selection, because a breeding value is a more reliable indication of an animal's genetic merit. The secret is to always use these breeding values in balance with other important traits, especially traits related to functional efficiency. The following selection procedure is recommended for the selection of heifers: The first selection of heifers usually occurs when they are weaned. The traits that should be considered at this stage are the following: o Pre-wean growth and milk production: The heifer s weaning index is an evaluation of both her mother's milk production and her own growth rate to weaning. Cull heifers with a low (under 90) weaning index, especially if their mothers have a record of weaning calves with poor weaning indexes and/or poor breeding values for weaning direct (pre-wean growth) and/or weaning maternal (milk production). o Ease of calving: Cull heifers with a small pelvic opening and heifers whose mothers have a record of difficult calving. o Reproduction: Cull heifers whose mothers calved at a high age for the first time and/or whose average inter-calving period (ICP) is long and/or whose reproduction index is low (under 90). o Hereditary defects: Cull all heifers with any hereditary defect, like a crooked face, undershot jaw, etcetera. o Functional problems: Cull all heifers with severe functional problems, regarding legs (e.g. straight hocks, sagging pasterns), hooves (e.g. outgrowing or deformed hooves), skin and hair coat (e.g. long hair, a lack of skin pigment), etcetera. o Frame size: Cull all heifers that are too large. o Hormonal imbalances: Cull all heifers that lack femininity or look oxy and/or with underdeveloped genitals (small vulva). All this is evidence that there may be a

16 problem with her female hormones or that there may be a hormonal imbalance. o Temperament: Cull all heifers with a bad (wild) temperament. The second selection of heifers usually occurs just before they are bred (15-24 months of age). The traits which should be evaluated at this stage, are the following: o Pre-wean and post-wean growth: Cull heifers with a low (below 90) 12-months and / or 18 months from index. As the 12- and 18-month indexes are calculated on growth from birth, these indices are a function of both the mother's milk production, the calf s growth ability to weaning and post-weaning growth ability up to 12- or 18 months. o Inspect the heifers again for hereditary defects, functional problems, frame size, temperament and signs of a hormonal imbalance. o Measure the pelvic opening of the heifers: In order to identify those heifers that will probably have difficulty to calf normally at an early stage, you can have their pelvic openings measured by a veterinarian and cull those with small pelvic openings before the start of the breeding season. The uterus and birth canal of a heifer that calved easily will recover faster she will came on heat quicker than a heifer which had a difficult calving. o Selection by the breeders society: Where inspection is done by a breeders society, it usually takes place at this point in time. The third selection of heifers occurs when pregnancy diagnosis is made. At this point, all heifers that are not pregnant should be culled. If more pregnant females remain than needed for replacement and/or building the herd, it can be considered to also cull the heifers that became pregnant late in the breeding season and will calve late in the calving season, because it is usually those cows which will not get pregnant the next year. The fourth selection of heifers (in actual fact first-calf cows) is when they have calved. Cull all first-calf cows that had difficult calvings, considering off course that there were no other factors (such as overfeeding shortly before calving or the use of a bull that gives large calves at birth) that could have caused it. The final selection (of first-calf cows) takes place when their calves are weaned. Cull all first-calf cows whose calves have a low (under 90) weaning index Also cull also first-calf cows with a low (under 90) cow efficiency index. The cow efficiency evaluates the weaning weight (adjusted for age to 205 days) of a cow's calf, compared to the cow s metabolic or maintenance weight (weight to the power 0.75) at calving (or at weaning if not recorded at calving). E.g. a cow of 500kg weaning a 250kg calf is more effective than a cow of 600kg with a calf weaning the same weight. The farm management software programme, BeefPro, has a report, the so-called Breeding Herd Selection Report, with all the important data (reproduction traits, performance test indexes, breeding values, approval ratios, etc.) needed to select breeding heifers and cows. The farmer can select minimum standards for each of the traits included in the report. Animals with values outside these standards are then marked in the report to enable the farmer to easily identify poor performers. MANAGEMENT Due to the high cost of rearing a heifer until after first calving, farmers cannot afford to lose young cows at this critical stage of their reproductive lives. As mentioned above, management practices in heifers and first-calf cows should aim to get heifers to calve early and easily and to get first-calf cows quickly pregnant again, as these aspects are the most common problems that farmers experience regarding the reproduction management of their herds.

17 The primary objective of heifer management is to get the maximum number of heifers pregnant as early and as cost-effective as possible in a relatively short period, for calving during a period of the year which is most favourable for re-conception, calf survival and prewean growth of the calves. Heifers should, in general, be pregnant before they are 27 months old, so they will calve before they are 36 months old. The weight, condition and growth rate of heifers are more important indicators than age to determine when the heifers can be bred for the first time. This should, of course, fit into your herd s breeding season(s) to ensure that the cheapest source of high quality feed, namely good summer grazing (in a summer rainfall area) is optimally utilized. The following management practices are recommended to ensure that heifers calve early and easily and that first-calf cows will get pregnant again soon and wean a decent calf: General: Ensure that the heifers fit into the production environment. Guard especially against large frame heifers (that will become large frame cows) where the availability of food is limited. As first-calf cows are still growing and suckling their calves, their nutritional needs are very high and their reproduction will suffer if they lost a lot of condition. Manage heifers and first-calf cows separately. It is very important that heifers are managed as a separate group or groups from weaning until they calve for the second time. This includes that more attention be given to them, that they get the best camps, that they get strategic supplementation when needed and that a special health program is followed. Breeding: Get heifers at 65% of expected mature weight at breeding. If the average mature cow weighs 500kg, the heifers should weigh around 325kg at the beginning of the breeding season. The heifers should be 80 85% of their expected mature weight before calving. Use a short breeding season. The breeding season of heifers should ideally be only days. The primary advantage of a short breeding and calving season is to apply selection pressure on fertility. It also ensures better supervision during the calving period. Breed the heifers 4 to 6 weeks before the cows' breeding season begins. By breeding heifers earlier than the cows, it gives them a longer postpartum recovery period which should lead to higher re-conception rate. This practice should only be considered if the heifers have adequate nutrition before calving and after calving until sufficient grass is available, otherwise they will lose too much condition which can cause a lower reconception rate. It is important that their calves be weaned 4 6 weeks earlier than the rest of the cows' calves, otherwise they may still lose too much condition. Breed heifers at months of age if they get too heavy and/or too fat to be bred at months of age. This practice should only be considered if sufficient good quality pasture and/or crop residues, hay or silage is available after calving to ensure that their condition remains optimal for re-conception. If these first-calf cows are then rested for six months before they are bred again (to then calve in the main calving season), it will ensure higher re-conception. The maximum reduction of the unproductive life of heifers can be obtained by breeding heifers at months of age, but this practice should only be considered if the nutritional status and management in a herd is at a very high level. Breed more heifers than is necessary for replacement. Up to 50% more heifers than required for replacement should be bred so that there are enough pregnant heifers available to replace all non-pregnant cows and cows that need to be culled for other reasons.

18 Consider synchronisation of heifers. The aim with synchronisation is to get heifers pregnant as early as possible during a short breeding season. Synchronisation is a fairly common practice in AI, but also has advantages with natural breeding. Use proven ease-of-calving bulls on heifers. Difficult calving extends the postpartum recovery period leading to poorer re-conception. Therefore, use only bulls with a relatively low breeding value for birth weight on heifers to ensure easy calving. Use a higher ratio of bulls on heifers. Using a higher ratio of bulls (15 20 heifers per bull) on heifers especially during the first 21 days of the breeding season will ensure that heifers on heat will receive more attention and assist to get a higher conception rate early in the breeding season. Expose heifers and first-calf cows to teaser bulls. The exposure of heifers and first-calf cows to teaser or sterile bulls or androgenised cows for at least 9 days before the start of the breeding season will encourage them to start ovulating and assist to get them pregnant early in the breeding season. Feeding: The condition of heifers at mating and at calving is critical. On a 1 5 point scale (1 = very lean; 5 = very fat) heifers must be at breeding and at calving. If necessary, the feeding level of the first-calf cows should be increased after calving to maintain their body condition. Provide first-calf cows with the best nutrition available. Providing the best available nutrition (whether pasture, hay or crop residues and a lick) to first-calf cows after calving is critical for their high nutritional needs and to prevent them from losing condition. Supplements (in the form of licks) must be balanced with respect to protein, energy, minerals and trace elements. The lick must be adjusted according to the season, the quantity and quality of the grazing and the condition of the heifers. Provide a stimulation lick 21 days before the start of the breeding season. The provision of a stimulation lick 21 days before the start of the breeding season up to 42 days in the breeding season will help to achieve a high conception rate. Avoid excessive energy supplementation in the last trimester of pregnancy. If necessary, additional energy can be given during the last 50 days of pregnancy to ensure that the heifers condition score is 3 3 ½ at calving. Be careful, as excessive energy supplements in the trimester of pregnancy can lead to large calves, calving difficulty, a longer recover period for the birth channel and consequently an extended period to reconception. Be especially careful not to over-winter heifers on maize fields where the cobs were not picked up, because it can increase birth weights and heifers can become too fat, resulting in difficult calving. Provide ionophores to cows after calving to improve the utilization of feed. Several studies have shown that feeding ionophores after calving will increase feed costs only marginally, but that it shortens the postpartum interval by an average of 18 days, provided that sufficient energy is available. Other management practices: Provide timely assistance with difficult calving if assistance is needed. After a heifer has been in calving for 1½ hours in stage 2 (hooves visible) of calving, each additional 30- minute delay in assistance will lead to an additional six days in the interval until she gets pregnant again. Consider creep feeding for first-calf cows' calves, especially if the pasture is poor. This will increase the calves weaning weights and help the cows to maintain condition, leading to better re-conception. Wean calves early during droughts or feed shortages. Early weaning of calves (up to

19 40 days earlier) is, according to research, one of the best methods to improve the reproduction rate of first-calf cows, since it will prevent these cows from losing too much condition. CONCLUSION The selection and management of heifers and first-calf cows is critical for a high reproduction rate, high weaning weights and low calf mortalities in a beef cattle herd. ---ooo--- SEMEN & EMBRIOS \ SEMEN & EMBRYOS Telers wat enige semen en embrios beskikbaar het vir die plaaslike mark kan die Genootskap kontak sodat die inligting op die webblad geplaas kan word. Die inligting sal elke ses maande op die webblad hernu word. Breeders that have any semen and embryos available for the local market can contact the Society so that the information can be published on the website. The website will be updated every six months. ---ooo--- ROMAGNOLA HANDLEIDING \ ROMAGNOLA MANUAL Die Romagnola Handleiding is aan alle telers voorsien, indien daar telers is wat nie die gekompakteerde skyf ontvang het nie, kontak gerus die kantoor. The Romagnola Manual is sent to all breeders, if there are breeders who did not receive the CD disk, please contact the office. ---ooo--- NAMPO Die datums vir Nampo is vanaf Mei 2013, sien u daar! Indien daar enige telers is wat wil uithelp tydens Nampo kontak Dail van Rensburg The dates for Nampo will be from May 2013, see you there! If there are any breeders who want to help out during Nampo please contact Dail van Rensburg ooo---

20 SPEENGEWIGTE \ WEANING WEIGHTS Daar word weereens n beroep op telers gedoen om hulle speengewigte na me Lydia van der Walt (Stamboek) in te stuur, tel: e-pos adres: lydiavdw@studbook.co.za. Breeders are requested to send their weaning weights in to mrs Lydia van der Walt (Stud Book), tel: address: lydiavdw@studbook.co.za. ---ooo--- EMBRIOS SKEDULE O \ EMBRYOS SCHEDULE O Bogenoemde bly n kopseer. Al die inligting word nie volledig ingevul nie. Skenkers moet goedgekeur wees voordat daar gespoel word. Daar moet vir elke embrio-geboorte n DNS ouerskapverifikasie wees. Indien nie sal die dier n PEN ( pending ) gemaak word en sodra die ouerskapverifikasie ontvang word kan die dier finaal geregistreer word. Die vorms is beskikbaar op die Romagnola webblad onder documents. The above remains a headache. The information is not always fully completed. Donors must be approved before flushing. DNA parentage verification must be done for each embryo birth. If not, the animal is made a PEN ("pending") and when the parentage verification is received, the animal will be finally registered. The forms are available on the Romagnola website under "Documents". Hierdie onderste inligting was voorheen gepubliseer in ons nuusflits, maar ons wil dit graag weer onder ons lede se aandag bring: Embrio spoeling en oorplasing (EO) is n gewilde manier om gewenste genetiese materiaal te bevorder. Die proses van embrio-spoeling gaan gewoonlik gepaard met die voorafgaande goedkeuring van die embrio- en semenskenkers deur die betrokke telersgenootskap en indien die embrio s bestem is vir gebruik deur ander telers, ook goedkeuring ingevolge die toepaslike artikels van die Wet op Diereverbetering (Wet No. 62 van 1998). Tydens die proses van embrio- spoeling moet die teler n Skedule O-vorm voltooi, of laat voltooi deur die persoon wat die proses behartig. Let op dat die Wet vereis dat indien embrio s bestem is vir gebruik deur ander telers, die persoon wat die embrio s opvang daarvoor geregistreer moet wees volgens die toepaslike bepalings van die Wet. In alle gevalle van EO (embriooorplasing) moet beide die semen- en embrio skenkers deur n goedgekeurde laboratorium getipeer wees vir die toepaslike metodes van ouerskapverifikasie, byvoorbeeld DNS-profiele. Die toepaslike gedeeltes van die voltooide Skedule O-vorm (Deel A Skenker Inseminasie-inligting en Deel B Embriospoelingsgedeelte) moet volgens die voorskrifte van die betrokke telersgenootskap binne die voorgeskrewe tye ingedien word vir data-opname. Indien die embrio s kort na die spoeling-proses oorgeplant word, moet die oorblywende gedeelte van die Skedule O-vorm (Deel C Embrio-oorplasingsgedeelte), ook volledig ingevul word voordat die dokumente vir opname en verwerking ingedien word. Indien die embrio s gestoor word, word die teler voorsien van n lys van die gestoorde embrio s met voorlopige registrasienommers en die nommers wat aan die embrio s voorsien is tydens verpakking. Hierdie nommers word gebruik wanneer die oorplasingsinligting (Gedeelte C van die Skedule O-vorm) vir opname ingedien word. Die skedule O vorm is beskikbaar op die Genootskap se webblad by kliek op Documents. Kontak gerus vir Embrio Plus Lara Rossouw, e-pos adres: lara@embryoplus.com vir meer besonderhede. ---ooo---

21 UITSTAANDE REKENINGE \ OUTSTANDING ACCOUNTS Uitstaande rekening prosedures: \ Outstanding accounts procedures: 60 dae agterstallig, sal Chantelle Milligan die teler kontak \ 60 days overdue, Chantelle Milligan will contact the breeder. 90 dae agterstallig, ontvang die teler n skrywe \ 90 days overdue, the breeder will receive a letter. 120 dae agterstallig, word alle dienste opgeskort en die dagbestuur moet toestemming verleen om die teler aan die invorderaars te oorhandig\ 120 days overdue, all services will be suspended and the Executive committee must grant permission to hand over the breeder to the debt collectors. NUWE LEDE / NEW MEMBERS Die volgende nuwe teler wil ons graag in die geledere van die Romagnola Genootskap welkom heet: ENSLIN FAMILIE TRUST (Johan Enslin) - Durbanville Mag u boerdery van krag tot krag groei! ---ooo--- BANKBESONDERHEDE \ BANK DETAILS Romagnola Beestelersgenootskap van S.A. \ Romagnola Cattle Breeders Society of S.A. Standard Bank Bloemfontein Rekeningnommer \ Account number: Takkode \ Branch code: Rekeningnommer moet asb as verwysing opgegee word \ Your account number must be provides as your reference. ---ooo--- FOOIE STRUKTUUR / FEE STRUCTURE 2013 FINANCIAL YEAR / FINANSIëLE JAAR: 31 DESEMBER \ DECEMBER INTREE FOOI / ENTRY FEE R LEDEGELD / MEMBERSHIP: JAARLIKS /ANNUAL R PER KAPITA / PER CAPITA: ALLE DIERE DAG OUD EN OUER ALL ANIMALS DAY OLD AND OLDER R per dier (Per Kapita lys word deur Stamboek uitgestuur) BOEKE / BOOKS: GEBOORTEKENNISGEWINGBOEK / BIRTHNOTIFICATION BOOK R (Verkrygbaar vanaf Stamboek) HERINSTELLINGSFOOI PER DIER / REINSTATE PER ANIMAL R 40-00

22 ONAKTIEWE TELER / NON ACTIVE MEMBER R (Geen stemreg) / (No vote) LAAT GEBOORTES / LATE BIRTHNOTIFICATIONS R (Na 90 dae / after 90 days) OORDRAGSFOOI PER DIER / TRANSFER FEE PER ANIMAL R (Verkoper betaal fooi / Seller pay the fee) OPSKORT VAN LIDMAATSKAP (HERINSTELLING VAN LIDMAATSKAP) NA 120 DAE SUSPENDED OF MEMBERSHIP (REINSTATE FEE MEMBERSHIP) AFTER 120 DAYS R ooo--- HULPLYN BY S.A. STAMBOEK / HELP LINE AT S.A. STUD BOOK Wanneer n teler twyfel by wie hy by Stamboek moet aanklop vir n spesifieke navraag, sal Rosa van der Merwe hom/haar graag verwys na die geskikte persoon wat kan help. Hierdie diens affekteer nie die normale kommunikasiekanale en kontakpersone waaraan telers gewoond is in verband met direkte handeling met Stamboek nie. Rosa se kontak besonderhede: , , e-pos: rosa@studbook.co.za When a breeder is not sure who should assist him/her with a specific problem, Rosa van der Merwe will kindly direct you to the appropriate person who can assist you. This service does not affect the usual communication channels and contact persons known to breeders and used in connection with direct dealing with Stud Book. Rosa s contact details are: , , rosa@studbook.co.za IDENTIFIKASIE EN TATOEËRING VAN BEESTE Korrekte identifikasie en veral tatoeëring is van groot belang, indien foute hier insluip, skep dit probleme vir telers asook die Genootskap. Volg dus asseblief die ondergenoemde metode noukeurig Metode van tatoeëring: a) Maak seker dat al die toerusting skoon en in werkende toestand is; b) Maak seker dat die letters of syfers wat getatoeëer moet word in die korrekte volgorde en met die korrekte oriëntasie in die tatoeëertang aangebring is. Wenk: Toets die tatoeëermerk op ʼn stukkie karton voor elke aanwending. c) Kies die area waar die tatoeëermerk aangebring gaan word oordeelkundig. Indien die dier in die ore getatoeëer word, moet die merk tussen die kraakbeenriwwe aangebring word (verwys na skets). Die kuddekenmerkletters, jaar- en volgnommers moet in die regteroor getatoeëer word. Maak die regteroor deeglik met brandspiritus skoon. d) Meng die merkink deeglik voordat dit gebruik word. Wend merkink aan op die area waar die tatoeëermerk aangebring gaan word, en aan die naalde van die merkletters deur hulle te versink in ʼn stukkie watte deurweek met merkink. Wenk: Swart skoenpolitoer werk baie doeltreffend as ʼn merkink. e) Die merkink moet deeglik in die gaatjies van die vars tatoeëermerk ingevryf word met die duim en voorvinger, of met ʼn ou tandeborsel ingeborsel word. Bring nog merkink aan indien nodig, veral as die wond effens bloei.

23 Die geheim van goeie tatoeëermerke wat lank leesbaar bly is ʼn skoon merkoppervlakte sonder enige hare of vetterigheid (oorwas); goeie penetrasie van die vel; en deeglike aanwending en invrywing van genoeg merkink. n Dier moet voor inspeksie gebrandmerk en getattoeëer wees met die teler se kuddekenmerkletters bo-aan en die jaartal en volgnommer onderaan. / An animal must be branded and tattooed before inspection with the herd designation mark on top followed by the year and the serial number. ---ooo--- PROSEDURE VAN BRANDMERKE Prosedure vir brandmerke: Maak seker dat al die toerusting wat benodig word by die werkplek skoon en in n werkende toestand is. Gebruik aparte brandysters vir elke letter en syfer enkelvoudige brandysters is makliker om te gebruik en dra by tot n netjiese brandmerk. Kies die area waar die brandmerk aangebring gaan word oordeelkundig. Brandmerke verlaag die waarde van die huid aansienlik indien dit in die waardevolle midde-area van die huid aangebring word (verwys na skets). Volg die voorskrifte van die Genootskap, byvoorbeeld brandmerk so laag moontlik op die linkerboud, kuddekenmerkletters bo, horisontaal en ononderbroke, jaar-en volgnommers onder, horisontaal en ononderbroke.

24 Bring die dier goed onder bedwang om veilige werksomstandighede te verseker. Die doeltreffende immobilisering van die dier verseker die aanbring van netjiese en akkurate brandmerke. Maak seker dat die area waar die merk aangebring gaan word vry is van vuilis of stof en oormatige hare. Indien verkies, kan die hare afgeskeer word voordat die brandmerk aangebring word. Die afwesigheid van hare dra by tot n netjiese brandmerk. Maak seker dat elke brandyster warm genoeg is voor dit gebruik word. Gebruik n doeltreffende hittebron om die brandysters te verwarm. Hou die brandyster ferm maar met matige druk teen die huid vir ongeveer 3 sekondes. Verkoel die brandwond met koue water of ys om die dier se ongemak te help verlig en om die genesing van die brandwonde te bespoedig. Moenie mis of modder op die brandwonde smeer nie. Maak die brandyster na gebruik met n draadborsel skoon en verhit dit eers weer voordat dit vir nog n brandmerk gebruik word. Bring die ander karakters van die brandmerk op dieselfde wyse aan. Behandel die hele brandmerk na voltooing van die proses met wondolie om genesing te bevorder. DNS VAN BULLE \ DNA OF BULLS Bulle kan by die volgende instansie ge-dns word: Unistel - Unistel Geneeskundige Laboratoriums, Post Net Suite 13, Privaatsak X22, Tygervallei, Tel: (021) , Fax: (021) epos: mpm@sun.ac.za (Dr Munro Marx) Versameling van Haarmonsters Die haarwortels bevat die DNA vir analise-doeleindes. Versamelingsprosedure: Verwyder enige los hare van die monster-versamelingsarea. Maak die monster-versamelingsarea skoon met n borsel/papierhanddoek om oortollige vuilheid te verwyder, indien nodig. Gryp hare naby die vel en trek direk weg van die vel (teen die rigting van groei). Versamel 20 of meer hare met haarwortels. (Oortollige hare sal gestoor word). MOENIE aan die haarwortels vat nie. Indien u die hare korter knip, stuur die deel met haarwortels aan. Plaas die hare in die bruin koevert wat voorsien is en verseël die koevert. MOENIE plastieksakkies gebruik nie, omdat kondensasie kan plaasvind wat kan veroorsaak dat die genetiese materiaal van die haarmonsters onbruikbaar is.

25 Vul asb. die inligting van die dier op die stippellyne van die koevert in. Voltooi die verwysingsvorm. Versend monsters en voltooide verwysingsvorm per gewone pos/spoedpos na: Unistel Geneeskundige Laboratoriums (Edms) Bpk, Suite 13, Privaatsak X22, Tygervallei, 7536 Neem kennis: Indien n toets herhaal moet word a.g.v. foutiewe indiening / inligting of a.g.v. inherente monsterprobleme, is die aanvraer verantwoordelik vir die koste daarvan. Kontak Unistel Geneeskundige Laboratorium by vir Guthrie kaarte, bruin koeverte en verwysingsvorms. Vrywaring: Terwyl alle redelike voorsorg getref word om enige foutiewe resultate te voorkom, aanvaar Unistel Geneeskundige Laboratoriums geen verantwoordelikheid vir enige verliese as gevolg van menslike of tegniese foute nie Bulls can be DNA tested at the following organization: Unistel - Unistel Genetics Laboratory, Post Net Suite 13, Privaat Bag X22, Tygervallei, Tel: (021) , Fax: (021) epos: mpm@sun.ac.za (Dr Munro Marx) Hair Sampling The roots (follicles) of the hair contain the DNA for analysis. Sampling Procedure: Remove any loose hair from the sample area Clean the sample area with a paper towel to remove excess dirt if necessary. Grasp hair close to skin and pull directly away from the skin (against the direction of growth). Obtain 20 or more hairs with roots (follicles). Excess hair will be stored. DO NOT cut the hair, it must contain roots for DNA analysis. DO NOT touch the follicles.

26 Place the hair in the provided brown specimen envelope and seal the envelope. DO NOT use plastic bags, because of condensation build up. Moisture may degrade the genetic material. Fill out the animal s information on the specimen envelope. Complete the request form. Ship specimen at room temperature. Please Note: The requestee is responsible for the cost of repeat tests if: 1. Incorrect submission / information, or 2. Inherent sample problems. The specimen and completed submission forms should be sent to: Unistel Medical Laboratories (Pty) Ltd Suite 13, Private Bag X22, Tygervalley, 7536, RSA US Faculty of Health Sciences, Clinical Building, Room 2128, Tygerberg, 7505, RSA For Guthrie cards, specimen envelopes and submission forms, please contact Unistel Medical Laboratories on Disclaimer: While every reasonable effort is made to prevent faulty results, Unistel Medical Laboratories do not accept any responsibility for any losses that may occur as a result of human or technical error. Should gross negligence be proven the claim shall not exceed the value of the contract. Selection Goals Romagnola Breed Standards The purpose of selection as far as the Romagnola breed is concerned is to obtain cattle with a marked capacity to produce beef (significant growth rate, early maturation and yield at slaughter) with excellent eating quality characteristics, while ensuring the ability to adapt to all environments with superior fertility and maternal function. Bull and Cow Ideal Conformation Structure and Type What is immediately striking about the Romagnola breed is its compact structure, which is due to the balanced development of the animal's trunk featuring notable thickness, and is also related to its well-expressed muscle development and exceptional leg structure. This compactness does not imply coarseness and must be accompanied by a light and distinctive head. Its agile movements and lively yet docile temperament represent additional elements that make it easy to appreciate the functional traits of a breed whose dynamic past can account for its great versatility

27 in adapting even to harsh environments. COAT - White with shades of grey spread, especially around the eye-sockets, the neck, the thighs and the ears. PIGMENTATION - Black pigmentation should be seen in the following areas: oral mucosa, perivulvar and perianal area, switch and sheath hair, muzzle, hooves, tips of the horns and base of the scrotum The persistence of reddish hair exclusively around the poll area, a grey tail and partial depigmentation of the oral mucosa are tolerable in subjects with valuable functional-morphological traits. Hair colour is ivory with darker shades of grey that are more intense on the forequarters, especially in bulls. The coat changes appearance depending on the season. During the winter the hair becomes much thicker and darkening in colour and conversely during summer the hair gets shorter and lighter. The variation in coat thickness allows the breed to adapt easily to a range of environments and temperatures. Romagnola calves are also born wheat-coloured and then turn white at around three months of age. The presence of red hair, particularly on the poll, is only tolerable in young cattle. SKIN- Thin, elastic, easy to lift. HEAD - Distinctive, expressive and light, not overly short; with a straight profile and a flat forehead with a broad muzzle. Head dimensions must be proportionate to the animal's overall size, must indicate lightness and distinctiveness, showing very evident secondary sexual characteristics. The frontal profile should be straight or slightly concave and the forehead should be wide. The eyes are lively and well hooded within the socket and must have almond-shaped eyelids. The muzzle is wide, with broad cheek muscles. The dewlap must be light around the neck area. Ears are wide and set horizontally, and are extremely mobile. NECK - Muscular and rounded in bulls, muscular in females. Light dewlap. Powerful and muscular neck, covered with numerous skin folds. The neck is more muscular in males, even at an early age. The dewlap should be light.

28 SHOULDER - Broad and muscular, set closely to the trunk, parallel to the back line and properly angled. The shoulder must be wide and should be covered with abundant muscle tissue. It must show harmonious continuity with the adjacent areas. In addition, there must be a proper joint angle between the shoulder blades and the upper leg bones ( ). WITHERS - Broad and muscular. They must be broad, muscular and flat, in relation with the productive capacity of this breed. This area must show notable muscle development on a general level and must blend harmoniously with the adjacent areas. BACK - Straight, long, broad and muscular. This is an area of fundamental importance, since these muscles yield the highest quality cuts that are the most tender and most valuable. The most important of these is the latissimus dorsi (eye muscle) which contributes to the value of the lumbar region. The back must demonstrate the greatest possible muscle development, to the point of presenting double convexity, blending well into the adjacent areas of the withers and loins without any discontinuity whatsoever. LOINS - Thick, straight, long, broad and muscular. In addition to the longissimus dorsi, this region includes other sublumbar muscles that constitute premium cuts such as fillet and sirloin. Like the back, the loins must also be extremely muscular, long and full. The dorsal line must be straight or slightly inclined from front to back (particularly in adult males). This shape indicates excellent structural strength and muscle tone. CHEST - Broad and muscular. This feature must be broad and powerful, muscular, sloping and full.

29 THORAX - Broad and deep, with well-arched ribs and well-covered with muscle mass. The area has a primary role in determining the development of the rib cage and thus of adequate coronary and pulmonary function. Therefore, it is an important index of constitutional strength. In the Romagnola, the ribs are well arched and set vertically. Thorax height is always greater than the distance from the sternum to the ground. ABDOMEN - Broad and well-supported. The modern Romagnola type also involves a volumetric decrease of the abdomen, which must be well supported, making the underline practically straight. Adequate abdominal capacity is found in the increased length of the trunk, which works to the benefit of weight and yield. FLANKS - Full well-connected with the adjacent areas. RUMP - Long, broad and covered with enormous muscle mass; horizontal or slightly inclined from front to back. The sacral vertebrae are not very marked. Slender tail with proper insertion point, descending to the hock. No compromises are possible as far as the surface and muscle development of the rump are concerned, given the importance of this area in producing premium cuts. The tail area must be flat and the tail must extend at least to the hock. The transverse diameters (pin bones) are pronounced, so that this breed is predisposed to an extremely low rate of calving problems, even at first calving. THIGH - Deep, broad, muscular and convex. BUTTOCKS - Thick, muscular and noticeably convex. These areas, which are of primary importance in beef cattle, are particularly well-developed in Romagnola subjects of both genders. Muscle development, which tends to be short-lined, is compact and has markedly convex profiles in both areas.

30 FORELEGS - Proper slope, muscular arms and forearms, solid and light shin. HIND LEGS - Proper slope, very muscular leg, lean strong hocks, solid and light shin. FEET - Strong, very compact, with heels set high.

31 The Romagnola breed is widely recognized for the strength of its legs and feet. Both the forelegs as well as the hind legs must be lean, with sharp and sturdy joints that exhibit proper slope. The foot is average in size and is properly angled. The horny tissue is well pigmented, strong, compact and the heels are high. Movement should be agile and graceful. UDDER - Well-developed vascularized and broad-based with even quarters. It should feel spongy with well-directed teats that are suitably sized for suckling. The Romagnola cow is able to raise its calves until weaning without any problems, even in unfavourable environments. The udder should have a good capacity, with harmoniously developed quarters and properly-sized teats in order to ensure that the calf can be fed without any problems, particularly during the first few days after birth. TESTICLES - Well-proportioned and developed descendent in the scrotum area. UPGRADING OF ANIMALS The full blood Romagnola Register will be divided into three sections, nl. (a) Basic Section (b) Appendix Section; and (c) Full Blood Section BASIC SECTION (50% Romagnola) The result of any beef breed dam bred with a purebred Romagnola sire which conforms to the requirements laid down by the regulations of the Romagnola Cattle Breeders Society APPENDIX SECTION (i) APPENDIX A (75% Romagnola) The result of a mating of an approved basic female by a registered purebred Romagnola sire which conforms to the requirements laid down by the regulations of the Romagnola Cattle Breeders Society (ii) APPENDIX B (87.5% Romagnola) The result of a mating of an approved Appendix A female by a registered purebred

32 Romagnola sire which conforms to the requirements lay down by the regulations of the Romagnola Cattle Breeders Society FULL BLOOD SECTION (at least 93.75% Romagnola) The result of a mating of an approved Appendix B or full blood female by a registered purebred Romagnola sire which conforms to the requirements lay down by the regulations of the Romagnola Cattle Breeders Society. Pitkos Coming together is a beginning. Keeping together is progress. Working together is success. -by Henry Ford

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