Supplementary Table 1. Primers used in the study.

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1 Supplementary Table 1. Primers used in the study. Primer Position (bp) Upstream primer (5 3 ) Downstream primer (5 3 ) Expected (bp) size ACCAAACAGAGAATCTGTGAG CAGCAATCCGAAGGCAGAATAC GAAATCGTACGGGTAGAAGGTG GGGCTGATGTCTTGGTATTG CATTCTCTGGCAGTCCGCATTT GTCGGTGTCGTTGTCCTGAGAT ATCATTCTGGAGACTCGGGGTGG CTTTGTCTTGCCTTGTGGGATT TCAGAGATCAGGACGAGCCAC GTCCTTCTCCACTCCCATATCA AACGATCCGTGCAGACCCCAG GCGCTTGACCTTCCTGATCTC TCGCTCGATCCCACCCAGTTTT CATTGAGCGCGAGGTTGTATAGG AAGCACCCGAGAAGATCCCTG AGAGCTACACTGCCGATAATG TATGCCCAAGGACAAAGAGG CGCTCAGGCAGGAATAAATAC AACAATATGCGTGCCACCTACC CCATGTGTTCTTTGCTTCTCT AGACCTTGCTATGGCTTGG TTGAGCCCTCCGTAAACT TACAGGATCAGGTTGCACTCGG TATGCTGCCTTGGTACTGCTT GTAGTGTCCCTTGTCAGGCATC CACAGCTTGGCGAACAGGTCT ATGGCTGGGAGGATGATGCTG AGGCGATTGCGTGAGTTACTG TTGTAGCATTGATGGAGGG ATGGCATGGGCGAATAGCTT TGTCGTAGCATTGATGGAGGG CATGGGCGAATAGCTTAACTG CCAGATTGCACCTTTTTTCC TCTGCCTCATTGTCCTCTGTGT GACTACTGCTTTTGCGGAG GGCCCAGGAGCATAATTTGTTG AGGCAGCACTAAGGGCATC TGGCATCTCTGTCCTCTCGTTC 1365

2 GCCAATCCGTGGTTTCTTATG AAGACTCATGATGGCTCCG GAGCACACATTGCCGAACCCAG TCAGCCTCCATGTAAATCAC TGCCAGCCACATTGACACAG ACCAAACAAAGATTTGGTGA 627

3 Supplementary Table 2. NDV strains and their accession numbers used for phylogenetic analysis. Virus strains Year Country Host Genotype Accession number Chicken/N. Ireland/Ulster/ U.K. Chicken I AY D China Mallard I HM B U.S. Chicken II AF LaSota 1999 Netherlands Chicken II AF HX China Swine II JF JS/9/05/Go 2008 China Chicken III FJ Mukteswar 2006 China Avian III EF Herts/ U.K. Chicken IV AY Italien 1944 IV EU NDV-P Mexico Chicken V HM Iraq AG Iraq Fowl VIa AF Kuwait Kuwait Fowl VIa AF Pi/CH/LGD/ China Pigeon VIb JX Pi/CH/LGD/ China Pigeon VIb JX Pi/CH/LGD/ China Pigeon VIb JX Pi/CH/LHLJ/ China Pigeon VIb JX Pi/CH/LHLJ/ China Pigeon VIb JX Pi/CH/LLN/ China Pigeon VIb JX AV324/ Ireland Pigeon VIb GQ PPMV-1/Belgium/ / Belgium Pigeon VIb JX PPMV-1/Belgium/ / Belgium Pigeon VIb JX NDV China Pigeon VIb DQ ND/ China Pigeon VIb GQ NDV China Pigeon VIb FJ P China Wild pigeon VIb HM PPMV-1/Belgium/ / Belgium Pigeon VIb JX PPMV-1/Belgium/ / Belgium Pigeon VIb JX PPMV-1/Belgium/ / Belgium Pigeon VIb JX IT-227/ Italy Pigeon VIb AJ PPMV-1/Maryland/ U.S. Pigeon VIb FJ PPMV-1/New York/ U.S. Pigeon VIb FJ PPMV-1/pigeon/IE/806/ Ireland Pigeon VIb JN W China White-breasted VIb HM waterhen STP China Pigeon VIb DQ PHKPI Hong Kong Pigeon VIbiia AY471856

4 PUKPI U.K. Pigeon VIbiia AY PUKPI U.K. Pigeon VIbiia AY PUKPI U.K. Pigeon VIbiia AY PUKPI U.K. Pigeon VIbiia AY PATPI Austria Pigeon VIbiib AY PITDO Italy Pigeon VIbiib AY PITPH Italy Pigeon VIbiib AY PUKPH U.K. Pigeon VIbiic AY PUKPI U.K. Pigeon VIbiic AY PUKPI U.K. Pigeon VIbiic AY PUKPI U.K. Pigeon VIbiic AY PUKPI U.K. Pigeon VIbiic AY PUKPI U.K. Pigeon VIbiic AY PUKPI U.K. Pigeon VIbiic AY PUKPI U.K. Pigeon VIbiic AY Ch/ China Pigeon VIbiid AF PUKPI U.K. Pigeon VIbiid AY PUKPI U.K. Pigeon VIbiid AY PUKPI U.K. Pigeon VIbiie AY PUKPI U.K. Pigeon VIbiie AY Dove/Italy/2736/ Italy Dove VIbiie GQ PATPI Austria Pigeon VIbiif AY PIEPI Ireland Pigeon VIbiif AY PPTPI Portugal Pigeon VIbiif AY PPTPI Portugal Pigeon VIbiif AY PPTPI Portugal Pigeon VIbiif AY PPTPI Portugal Pigeon VIbiif AY PUKPI U.K. Pigeon VIbiif AY PUKPI U.K. Pigeon VIbiif AY PUKPI U.K. Pigeon VIbiif AY PUKPI U.K. Pigeon VIbiif AY PUKPI U.K. Pigeon VIbiif AY H-310/ Hungary Fowl VIc AF A-24/ Austria Fowl VId AF BBGPI Bulgaria Pigeon VId AY DK-1/ Denmark Fowl VId AF Wawr VIe Z12111 XJ-1/ China Chicken VIf AF XJ-3/ China Chicken VIf AF ZhJ-2/ China Chicken VIg AF Sh-2/ China Chicken VIg AF458017

5 BHKPI Hong Kong Pigeon VIi AY Pigeon/China/Shaanxi/g10/ China Pigeon VIi JX Chicken/China/SDLY01/ China Chicken VII JN Chicken/China/SD04/ China Chicken VII JQ Chicken/TC/9/ China Chicken VII KC Duck/China/SD03/ China Duck VII JN Egret/China/Guangxi/ China Egret VII JX GD450/ China Goose VII KC GD1003/ China Goose VII KC GM 2006 China Chicken VII DQ Pheasant/MM20/Pakistan/ Pakistan Pheasant VII JX AF2240-I 2010 Malaysia Avian VIII JX QH China Chicken VIII FJ F48E China Chicken IX FJ MG Madagascar Chicken XI HQ MG-725/ Madagascar Chicken XI HQ a5b 2009 Japan Waterfowl Class I AB Ch-ZJ China Chicken embryo Class I JN D-AH China Chicken Class I JN688864

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