A General Look at the Structure of the Turkish Poultry Meat Sector in Comparison with the European Union
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1 A General Look at the Structure of the Turkish Poultry Meat Sector in Comparison with the European Union B. CANAN 1 *, B. YILMAZ DIKMEN 2 1 University of Uludag, Faculty of Agriculture, Department of Agricultural Economics, 16384, Gorukle, Bursa, * basakc@uludag.edu.tr 2 University of Uludag, Faculty of Agriculture, Department of Animal Science, 16384, Gorukle, Bursa, It is a scientific fact that the animal protein consumption must be increased for a healthy and successful society. Today it is thought that poultry is the sector that allows the fastest, cheapest and easiest production of animal protein. Thus, poultry has become an important sector. Poultry products are rather preferred to red meat and dairy products because of the high transformation rate of feed to meat and egg. Even though the prior aim of the producers is to maximize the level of profit, another important aim is to obtain high quality food from poultry meat. Poultry has gained importance in in recent years as a result of the advantages such as small area use, the high speed of production speed, evaluation of the waste, employment possibilities, integration with other sectors like feed industry and medicine industry. The objective of this study is to analyze the potential structure of the poultry meat sector in taking the European Union as a reference. In this study, statistical data on poultry meat were presented. By the help of the data, the potential structure of the Turkish poultry meat sector, the relation between the daily calorie intake for poultry meat and economic development, the degree of self-sufficiency were analyzed in comparison with the European Union countries and the developments occurred in during the membership period to the European Union were discussed. Keywords: poultry meat; statistics; ; European Union; convergence Introduction Leading a healthy life is possible with a healthy diet. Even if hunger in terms of quantity is not mentioned in the world, there is hunger in terms of animal protein. The poultry meat, which has a strategic importance in terms of animal protein supply in the diet, has significant importance because of its role in substituting the deficiency occurred as a result of the decrease in red meat production. Poultry can transform feed into meat in a very short period of time. The wastes of poultry besides meat and egg are also used as meat flour, feather flour and etc. in the rendering facilities. The chicken feet that are being exported to the Eastern Asia are also an economic potential. As a result of all these mentioned, poultry production has an economic significance in many countries (Roenigk, 1999; Akbay et al., 2001). is the 17 th on the world poultry meat production ranking in The developments in the world poultry meat sector are being closely followed by the Turkish poultry sector, high level of technology is being used in production and 80% of the production is carried out in integrated facilities.
2 Poultry meat production and consumption Poultry livestock values of the world, and the European Union () are given in Table 1. The chicken quantity has been increasing from 1998 to 2004 in the world; however there are fluctuations in the and values. The 6.4 % of the chicken in the world is from, while only has a share of 1.5%. and have 32.3% and 1.2% share in the world turkey value. The shares of and in the world duck value are 3% and 0.07%. The shares of and in the world goose value are almost equal. Table 1. Poultry Livestock (Thousand). Poultry Specie Chicken Duck Goose Chicken Duck Goose Chicken Duck Goose The data on production f poultry meat include chicken, turkey, duck and goose meat. USA, China and Brazil were the top three countries in the poultry meat production in China is the world leader in duck and goose meat production and USA is the leader in turkey meat production (FAO, 2005). The produced 12.6% of the world poultry meat production with a value of tones sin 1998 and this share feel down to 10.0% with a value of tones in produced 0.92% of the world poultry meat production with a value of tones sin 1998 and this share rose up to 1.39 in 2004 (Table 2). The leader among the members in poultry meat production is Spain (FAO, 2005). The reasons of the low levels of poultry meat production in the are the Avian Influenza epidemics occurred in Italy and Holland between and in Belgium and Germany in 2003, this epidemic caused annihilation of around 30 million chicken and an economic loss of 150 million (Anonymous, 2005). produced 36.87% of the world turkey production with a value of tones in 1998 and this share decreased to 33.10% in 2004 with a value of tones. produced % 0.33 of the world turkey production with a value of tones in 1998 and this share decreased to 0.20% in 2004 (Table 2). The leader among the members in 2004 in the turkey meat production is France (FAO 2005). While the turkey meat production decreased in the, duck and goose meat production increased. on the other hand has decreased its production of turkey, duck and goose meat (Table 2). This decrease in the turkey, duck and goose meat production can be explained by the increasing ostrich production and investment. The poultry meat consumption in the has an increasing tendency and the consumption reached to tones in 2002 (Table3). However the increase in consumption is not as much as the increase in production. consumed 13.1% of the world poultry meat consumption in 1998 with a value of tones and this share fell down to 11.0% in 2002 with a value of tones. consumed 0.82% of the world poultry meat consumption in 1998 with a value of tones and this share increased to 0.95% in 2002 (Table 3). England and France are the top two countries in 2002 in the poultry meat consumption (FAO 2005).
3 Table 2. Poultry meat production (Ton). Poultry Specie Chicken Duck Goose Chicken Duck Goose Chicken Duck Goose Table 3. Poultry meat consumption (Ton) Poultry meat foreign trade s poultry meat export in 2003 is 0.16% of the world export value; on the other hand s share in the total export is 40.97% (Table 4). s export has reached to the maximum level in 2003 and it was the lowest in When we look at the export quantities between 1998 and 2003, Azerbaijan, China, Hong-Kong and Macedonia are the top countries to which we have exported poultry meat (İGEME, 2005). Chicken meat has the highest share in export with a share of 96-98%. meat export has increased by 2001 but still it has a low share of 3%. Duck meat with a share of 0.02% in the total export has not been exported since When we look at the, we see that Holland is the leader in chicken meat export with a share of 31%, France is the leader in turkey with a share of 51.21% and duck meat export with a share of 35.20% and Austria is the leader in duck meat export with a share of 78.27% in /3 of the total poultry meat import is realized by the Middle East countries and Russia who are the neighbors of. Despite the fact that has an advantage in terms of poultry meat import, the increasing foreign trade has been cut off as a result of the Gulf War. The production is mainly for national consumption, the production is not planned by taking into account the export potential, the production cost is high, there is a lack of subsidies in the sector, therefore export possibilities could not have been improved (Anonymous. 2001). The highest import of was realized in 2000 between 1998 and 2003 (Table 5). meat is the only product that is being imported to. The highest import of chicken meat was in 2001 and this amount is only 1/10000 of the total export of. The other poultry meat that has been exported between 1998 and 2003 is the duck meat. There is no data available for goose meat import. England is the leader importer of chicken meat with a share of 24.15% and Germany is the top importer of turkey, duck and goose meat with values of 51.20%, 47.4% and 74.26% in 2003 among the countries. The national production meets the national consumption in, thus no significant increase in the import is expected in the near future (Anonymous, 2001).
4 Daily calorie intake and the economic development Table 6 presents the daily calorie intake for poultry meat consumption and the gross national income of the world, and. Economic theory suggests that the main determinants of changes in food consumption are changes in real income, food prices, preferences and socio-demographic characteristics. In developed countries income and prices have less relative importance when compared with developing countries where income and prices are important in the sense that they determine dietary structure. Thus, a positive correlation between income and food consumption is expected which means that countries with higher income levels are expected to have higher consumption. Table 6. Evolution of average poultry meat consumption and gross national income per capita in the world, and Average Average GNI per Per capita capita (US$) calorie intake Per capita calorie intake (Kcal/capita/day) GNI per capita (US$) %Change in per capita calorie intake % Change in GNI per capita (Kcal/capita/day) , Source: FAO Agriculture Statistics and The Bank Data Query System. As seen from Table 6, the calorie intake from poultry meat in the world was 45 Kcal/capita/day for and increased by 4.4% to 47 in The gross national income per capita in the world increased by 1.25% from to (Anonymous, 2006). The calorie intake from poultry meat in the, which is much more higher than the world average, was the same for both of the periods that were investigated, but the gross national income per capita in the increased by 2.50% from to s calorie intake is lower than the world and the. The calorie intake has increased by % while the gross national income has decreased by 2.44%. This situation could be explained by the fact that the poultry meat is a close substitute for red meat in the dietary structure and the price of red meat is more expensive than poultry meat. Thus, an increase in the price of red meat would increase the consumption of poultry meat or decrease in income would also cause the consumers to switch to a substitute with lower prices which is poultry meat in our case. As we can see, a 2.44% decrease in the gross national income resulted in a higher increase in consumption. Thus, we can also conclude that in countries with lower level of income such as the increase in the consumption is higher than the high level income countries. Results The poultry sector has developed rapidly within the last 50 years especially with the high adaptation of technology. The Turkish poultry sector that developed rapidly will develop more as a result of its contribution to the economy. The sector is expected to cooperate with public and private enterprises. The public sector should contribute to the development of the poultry sector by doing research on genetic materials, environmental aspects, product quality. The poultry meat demand has been increasing as a result of the decrease in the prices if poultry meat, increase in the price of red meat, increase in the income per capita and the changes in the consumption trends. The Turkish poultry sector does not have a competitive power in terms of export. The reasons are the high prices of feed which is approximately 70% of the total production cost and of which most are imported with high import duties, problems of epidemics and insufficiencies in the food inspection
5 Table 4. Poultry meat import quantity (Ton) and value (1000 $) Chicken Duck Goose 4, , , Chicken Duck Goose Chicken Duck Goose Table 5. Poultry meat export quantity (Ton) and value (1000 $) Chicken Duck Goose Chicken Duck Goose Chicken Duck Goose
6 system. The competitive power of the Turkish poultry meat sector is weak compared to because of the reasons listed above. The competitive power of the sector can be increased by the determination and application of policies designed in order to find a solution to the problems being experienced by the Turkish poultry sector. REFERENCES AKBAY, R., YALÇIN, S., CEYLAN, N. and OLHAN, E.(2000) Developments in the Turkish Poultry Sector and the Objectives. Agricultural Engineering 5 th Technical Congress, Publication no: 38, p ANONYMOUS. (2001) Food Industry Specific Specialization Commission Report, Poultry Meat and Egg Products Industry Sub-Commission Report, State Planning Department: 2638-ÖİK:646, Ankara. ANONYMOUS. (2005) Questions and Answers on Avian Influenza (Bird Flu) - European Commission ANONYMOUS. (2006) The Bank. BESD-BIR. (2005) Poultry Meat Sector Enterprises and Breeders Union. FAO. (2005) The Food and Agriculture Organization. IGEME. (2005) Centre for Export Development ROENIGK, W. P. (1999) Poultry Consumption. Poultry Science, 78:
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