The Canadian Verified Sheep Program

Transcription

1 The Canadian Verified Sheep Program Canadian Sheep Federation Fédération Canadienne du Mouton

2 Acknowedgements The Canadian Sheep Federation woud ike to thank a those who have been invoved in the creation and evoution of the The Canadian Verified Sheep Program. The program has benefited from the many sheep producers, industry experts, provincia government representatives, and the Canadian Food Inspection Agency who have devoted their time and expertise to the program. We woud aso ike to express our thanks to the producers who have participated in the piot projects and the Canadian Sheep Federation s On-Farm Food Safety Technica Committee. This project was made possibe by funding from Agricuture and Agri-Food Canada (AAFC) through its Canadian Integrated Food Safety Initiative (CIFSI). AAFC is peased to participate in this project and is committed to working with its industry partners to increase pubic awareness of the importance of the agri-food industry to Canada. Copyright, Canadian Sheep Federation, 2016 canadian verified sheep program

3 Tabe of Contents CHAPTER 1 ON-FARM FOOD SAFETY Section A On-Farm Food Safety Practices for Sheep Producers A1 A1. Anima Heath Products A2 A1.1 Anima Heath Product Treatments A2 A1.2 Foowing Instructions When Using Anima Heath Products A3 A1.3 Purchasing and Storing Anima Heath Products A4 A1.4 Injecting Anima Heath Products A4 A2. Feed Water and Bedding A5 A2.1 Purchasing, Handing and Storing Feed and Bedding A5 A2.2 Purchasing Medicated Feed A7 A2.3 On-Farm Mixing of Medications in Feed and Water A7 A2.4 Administering Medicated Feed and Water A8 A2.5 Water Quaity A9 A3. Buying, Seing and Shipping Animas A9 A3.1 Buying Animas A9 A3.2 Seing Animas A10 A3.3 Shipping Animas A10 A4. Genera Farm Management A11 A4.1 Pesticides and Farm Chemicas A11 A4.2 Manure Handing and Nutrient Management A12 A5. Training Workers A12 A5.1 Fu-time, Part-time and Seasona Workers A12 A5.2 Casua Workers A13 Section B On-Farm Record Keeping Forms B1 Record 1: Anima Heath Product Treatments B2 Record 2A: Anima Heath Product Inventory B3 Record 2B: Medicated Feed Inventory B4 Record 3: Incoming Feed and Bedding Inventory B5 Record 4: Medicated Feed Mixing and Batch Water Mixing B6 Record 5: Decaration of Potentia Food Safety Hazard B7 Record 6: Probems and Corrective Actions B8 Record 7: Pesticide Use in Grazing Areas B9 Record 8: Worker Training B10 Section C On-Farm Assessment Forms Part 1: Written Descriptions Part 2: Checkists C1 C3 C14 canadian verified sheep program

4 Section D Suppementa Dairy On-Farm Food Safety Practices D1 D.1 Legisation D1 D2. Design of Dairy Faciities and Equipment D2 D2.1 Farmyard and Surroundings D2 D2.2 Anima Housing Area D3 D2.3 Miking Parour D3 D2.4 Mikhouse D4 D2.5 Equipment D5 D2.6 Chemica Use and Storage D7 D3. Fock Heath D7 D4. Dairy Operations D7 D4.1 Worker Hygiene D7 D4.2 Miking Procedures D8 D4.3 Miking Parour and Mikhouse Sanitation D9 D4.4 Equipment Sanitation D9 D4.5 Handing Mik from Medicated Ewes D10 D5. Water Quaity D11 D6. Mik Handing D12 D6.1 Mik Packaging D12 D6.2 Cooing, Freezing and Storing Mik D12 D6.3 Transporting Mik D14 D7. Training Workers for Dairy Operations D15 Section E Suppementa Dairy On-Farm Record Keeping Forms E1 Record 8A: Worker Training for Dairy Operations E2 Record 9: Daiy Freezer/Buk Tank Temperatures E3 Record 10: Raw Mik Transport E4 Record 11: Miking Equipment Sanitation E5 Section F Suppementa Dairy On-Farm Assessment Forms Part 1: Written Descriptions Part 2: Checkists F1 F3 F8 CHAPTER 2 ANIMAL CARE Section G Anima Care G1 A.1 Environmenta Conditions G2 A1.2 High Temperature, Humidity and Provision of Shade G2 A1.3 Provision of Sheter during Cod & Windy, and Cod & Wet Conditions G3 canadian verified sheep program

5 A2: Faciities G5 A2.1 Space, Feeders and Design G5 A2.2 Temperature, Humidity and Air Quaity G6 A2.3 Socia Environment and Enrichment G7 A2.4 Lighting G7 A2.5 Bedding and Manure Management G8 A3 Feed and Water G9 A3.1 Nutrition and Feed Management G9 A3.2 Coostrum Consumption G10 A3.3 Artificia Rearing G11 A3.4 Water G11 A4: Heath Management G13 A4.1 Reationship of Anima Heath to Anima Wefare G13 A4.2 Stock G13 A4.3 Veterinary Care and Fock Management Programs G14 A4.4 Sick, Injured or Cu Animas G15 A4.5 Fy-Strike G16 A4.6 Parasite Contro G17 A4.7 Lameness G18 A5: Husbandry Practices G19 A5.1 Handing, Grouping and Moving Animas G19 A5.2 Identification G21 A5.3 Predation Contro G22 A5.4 Shearing and Crutching G22 A5.5 Hoof Trimming G23 A5.6 Castration G24 A5.7 Tai Docking G25 A5.8 Muesing G26 A5.9 Dehorning/Horn Trimming G26 A5.10 Breeding G27 A5.11 Pregnancy, Lambing and Neonata Care G28 A5.12 Miking Procedures G30 A5.13 Weaning of Lambs G31 A6: Transportation G34 A6.1 Pre-Transport Decision Making Fitness for Transport G34 A6.2 Arranging Transport G35 A6.3 Preparing Sheep for Transport G36 A6.4 Loading and Unoading G36 A7: Euthanasia G37 A7.1 Euthanasia Decision Making G37 A7.2 Methods of Euthanasia G38 A7.3 Confirmation of Death G39 canadian verified sheep program Section H Fock Heath Pan Section A - Fock Heath Pan Section B - Fock Heath Protoco Form H1 H1 H21

6 Section I Sef-Assessment Checkists Record 1: Records Review Record 2: Environmenta Conditions Contingency Pans Record 3: Faciities Record 4: Feed and Water Record 5: Heath Management Record 6: Husbandry Practices Record 7: Transportation Record 8: Euthanasia I1 I1 I2 I3 I5 I6 I7 I8 I9 CHAPTER 3 BIOSECURITY Section J Biosecurity J1 A.1 Anima Heath Management Practices J1 A1.1 Prepare and Use a Fock Heath Pan J1 A1.2 Sourcing Sheep J1 A1.3 Manage Sheep that Leave and Return to Home Farm J1 A1.4 Isoate Sick Sheep, Fock Additions and Returning Sheep J3 A1.5 Manage Contact with Neighbouring/Other Livestock J3 A1.6 Pan Sheep Movement Through Production Unit J4 A1.7 Impement Sheep Heath Protocos for Specific Situations J5 A1.8 Limit Access by Pests, Dogs, Cats, Predators and Widife J6 A1.9 Impement Heath Standards for Guardian and Working Animas J6 A2 Record Keeping J7 A2.1 Maintain and Review Farm Records J7 A2.2 Record Education and Activities J8 A2.3 Deveop a Response Pan for Disease Outbreaks J8 A3 Farm, Faciities, and Equipment J9 A3.1 Create Diagram of Farm Layout, Identify Risk J9 A3.2 Cean and Disinfect Faciities, Equipment and Vehices J11 A3.3 Reduce Risk in Barns/Pens J11 A3.4 Reduce Risk from Equipment J13 A3.5 Reduce Risks from Vehices J14 A3.6 Manage Manure J15 A3.7 Manage, Feed, Water and Bedding J15 A3.8 Appying Shearing Protocos J16 A3.9 Manage Needes and Sharps J17 A3.10 Manage Deadstock J18 canadian verified sheep program A4 Peope J19 A4.1 Risk Assessments for Peope Entering the Farm J19 A4.2 Deveop and Enforce Risk Management Practices for a Peope Visiting the Farm, Using the Risk Assessment Outcomes J21 A4.3 Know What Peope are on your Premises J21 A4.4 Train Farm Workers and Communicate with Them about Biosecurity; Inform a Visitors and Service Providers J22 A4.5 Recognize Zoonotic Risks J23

7 Gossary K1 Appendices L1 Appendix 1: Diseases L1 Appendix 2: Canadian Water Quaity Guideines for Livestock L9 Appendix 3: Livestock Biosecurity L10 Your Livestock Biosecurity Checkist Farm Biosecurity A Common Sense Guide Appendix 4: Reference Materia List L15 Canadian Sheep Associations Federa Government Provincia Governments Other Appendix 5: Provincia Reguations for the Handing and Disposa of Dead Stock L17 Appendix 6: Provincia Reguations for Dairy Sheep L18 References: NFACC Code of Practice for the Care/Handing of Sheep L20 Appendix 7: Livestock Safety Index Chart L24 Appendix 8: Body Condition Scoring L25 Appendix 9: Accessing Veterinary Services L28 Appendix 10: Individua Examination and First Aid Appendix 11: Understanding Sheep Behaviour Appendix 12: Tai Docking Appendix 13: Lambing and Neonata Care Appendix 14: Guideines for Deaing with Compromised Sheep Appendix 15: Livestock Transport Consignment Form Appendix 16: Signs of Sheep in Pain Appendix 17: Exampe of Decision Tree for Euthanasia Appendix 18: Euthanasia Appendix 19: Participants L29 L31 L33 L34 L43 L45 L46 L47 L48 L51 canadian verified sheep program

8 On-Farm Food Safety Chapter Canadian Verified Sheep Program Canadian Sheep Federation Fédération Canadienne du Mouton

9 Section A On-Farm Food Safety Practices for Sheep Producers This section of the manua identifies five major areas of sheep production where food safety hazards may be introduced: A1. Anima Heath Products A2. Feed, Water and Bedding A3. Buying, Seing and Shipping Animas A4. Genera Farm Management A5. Training Workers Within Section A, food safety concerns are emphasized aong with the good production practices that can be used to enhance on-farm food safety. Whie a Must Do practices wi decrease the risk of a food safety hazard, critica contro points are specific practices where the producer can appy contros aimed at preventing, eiminating or reducing a hazard to an acceptabe eve. In this manua, a sheep s head beside the practice signifies a Critica Contro Point. Must Do practices are emphasized using bod text. A record keeping forms referred to can be found in Section B On-Farm Record Keeping Forms. RESPONSIBILITY: A food safety program invoves good production practices used to address three areas in preventing a food safety hazard. It is important to be aware of your responsibiity as a producer in those three areas to ensure your on-farm food safety program is effective. Monitoring Procedures: Reguar observation of on-farm practices by the producer or empoyee. Deviation Procedures: Corrective actions taken by the farm when a deviation from a practice is observed. Verification Procedures: Procedures need to be verified by someone other than the producer. This is done by the Auditor as part of the audit cyce for the program, which may incude review of reevant records and documentation, observation of tasks being performed and interview of the person who performed the task(s). Producers must aso ensure that they foow a Federa, Provincia and Municipa Legisation in reation to agricutura practices, incuding those reated to usage of anima heath products, anima feeds, nutrient management, and dead stock handing and disposa. Where Legisation stipuates more stringent practices, the Legisation supersedes the practices required in the Food Safe Farm Practices Program. CANADIAN SHEEP AND LAMB FOOD SAFE FARM PRACTICES PROGRAM A1

10 A1. Anima Heath Products Anima heath products may incude, but are not imited to: antibiotics; anima heath products mixed into the feed and water; interna parasite contro products; vaccines; reproductive hormones; medicated mik repacers; wound dressings; and, naturopathic/homeopathic products (consut with your veterinarian). A1.1 Anima Heath Product Treatments Anima heath product records are essentia to ensure that: treated animas are identified; withdrawa periods are met; and, anima heath products are used propery. Food Safety Concern: Good Production Practices for Anima Heath Product Treatments: Anima heath product treatment records are essentia to ensure withdrawa periods are met for the prevention of product residues in the meat and/or other sheep and amb products Use Record 1: Anima Heath Product Treatments when treating any animas, incuding breeding stock, saughter ambs, feeder ambs, orphan ambs, cu sheep and miking ewes, with an anima heath product Veterinary prescriptions and package inserts must be kept for a anima heath products for a minimum of two (2) years Use a reiabe method to identify and track sheep, or groups of sheep (pens) that have been treated (i.e. eartags, ivestock markers, pen description, and/or identification number). If using markers, ensure markings are visibe unti the end of the withdrawa period Review Record 1: Anima Heath Product Treatments to confirm withdrawa times are met prior to shipping If an anima heath product is incorrecty administered (i.e. to the wrong anima, at the wrong dosage, incorrect route, or for a onger period than prescribed), identify the mistreated anima(s), withhod from saughter and obtain veterinary advice if necessary to ensure correct withdrawa times are met. Record the incident on Record 7: Probems and Corrective Actions. Retrain empoyees as necessary and record on Record 8: Worker Training Ensure withdrawa times for topica (e.g. pour-on) anima heath products are met prior to shearing as they may contaminate anoin-based products, such as hand creams. CANADIAN SHEEP AND LAMB FOOD SAFE FARM PRACTICES PROGRAM A2

11 A1.2 Anima Heath Product Usage The approved usage of anima heath products appears on product abes or package inserts. When medications are used in a manner not outined on the abe or insert, or for animas not specified on the abe or insert, it is caed extra-abe or off-abe. A authorized anima heath products must have a vaid DIN number. Anima heath products are cassified as: Registered Anima Heath Products tested and approved in Canada for use in sheep. Prescription Anima Heath Products can ony be purchased with a veterinarian prescription and have the symbo Rx on the abe. Over-the-counter (OTC) Anima Heath Products purchased from a veterinarian or registered outet such as a feed company or pharmacy. Extra-Labe (or Off-Labe) Use Extra-abe (or off-abe) use incudes, but is not imited to situations when a product is administered: To species that are not isted on the abe; To treat diseases and conditions not isted on the abe; At a different dosage than stated on the abe; Using a route, frequency, duration or timing not isted on the abe; or, To animas shipped for saughter before the stated withdrawa period. ANY PERSON USING OR PRESCRIBING ANIMAL HEALTH PRODUCTS IN AN EXTRA- LABEL OR OFF-LABEL MANNER IS SUBJECT TO REGULATORY ACTION IF PRODUCT RESIDUES ARE FOUND IN HUMAN FOOD. Food Safety Concern: Good Production Practices for Anima Heath Products Usage: Product residues may remain in the meat and/or other sheep and amb products if instructions for usage of anima heath products are not foowed Producers are advised to participate in any training avaiabe for using anima heath products in sheep, amb and/or ivestock. Prescription and Over-the-counter Registered Anima Heath Products Obtain product inserts for a anima heath products used, and foow dosages, treatment duration, withdrawa periods, etc., as specified on the product abe or package insert Check and caibrate automatic syringes at east once a year to ensure dosage accuracy and record in the comments section of Record 1: Anima Heath Product Treatments. Extra-Labe (or Off-abe) Use of Prescription Anima Heath Products A vaid veterinarian/cient/patient reationship must exist prior to extra-abe or offabe usage of anima heath products A prescription from a veterinarian is required and must be foowed for a extra-abe use of anima heath products. CANADIAN SHEEP AND LAMB FOOD SAFE FARM PRACTICES PROGRAM A3 Extra-abe Use of Over-the-counter Anima Heath Products Consut a veterinarian on a extra-abe use of over-the-counter anima heath products.

12 A1.3 Purchasing and Storing Anima Heath Products Food Safety Concern: Good Production Practices for Purchasing and Storing Anima Heath Products: Anima heath products that are impropery stored and/or handed may not be fuy effective for their intended purpose and may not have predictabe withdrawa periods. Sheep may inadvertenty consume anima heath products that are not stored in a secure pace, resuting in unknown withdrawa periods, and animas shipped to saughter containing anima heath product residues Purchase anima heath products from a reputabe suppier, and review abes and package inserts to ensure you received the correct product. Store anima heath products and syringes in secure ocations and maintain storage requirements (e.g. for temperature, ight and humidity) as stated on the product abe or your veterinarian s instructions Use Record 2A: Anima Heath Product Inventory; and, Record 2B: Medicated Feed Inventory to maintain up-to-date inventory ists of a anima heath products and their storage ocation on the farm. Dispose of: Used, outdated, and/or potentiay contaminated products; Products that are not propery abeed, received without intact packaging, or are damaged from repeated use; and, Products not propery stored (i.e. frozen, exposed to excessive heat, etc.). Dispose according to the product directions, in a manner to prevent contamination of sheep and sheep products, and foow any appicabe reguations. Record the disposa of anima heath products on Record 2A or 2B. Review Records 2A and 2B for accuracy at east yeary, sign and date them, and begin new records Use marking products that are ceary abeed for use on animas If anima heath products are found not in the proper storage ocation, immediatey move them to the proper pace of storage or dispose of product, as appropriate and record incident on Record 7. Retrain empoyees if needed, and record on Record 8: Worker Training When extracting mutipe doses from a via, use a sterie neede to draw product into the syringe and use a different neede to inject the anima. Needes shoud be removed from bottes before storage to hep prevent contamination of the anima heath product. A1.4 Injecting Anima Heath Products Food Safety Concern: Good Production Practices for Injecting Anima Heath Products: Broken needes in meat are a significant hazard to consumers Whenever possibe, use anima heath products that can be administered oray or by pour-on appications, or if abe instructions aow, use subcutaneous injections to decrease the chances of breaking a neede in the musce Consut a veterinarian for the correct neede ength, gauge and injection site according to the product, and weight/age of anima. CANADIAN SHEEP AND LAMB FOOD SAFE FARM PRACTICES PROGRAM A4

13 1.4.3 Restrain animas to restrict movement during needing to avoid neede breakage. Inspect after each injection to ensure neede is sti intact Check and repace needes before they are dued or bent. Do not straighten bent needes as they are more ikey to break Dispose of a used needes in a puncture resistant sharps container Broken neede fragments require fiing in the anima s ID and the injection site in the comments section on Record 1: Anima Heath Product Treatments. Contact your veterinarian if necessary. Record the incident on Record 7: Probems and Corrective Actions and retrain empoyees as necessary and record on Record 8: Worker Training Consider on-farm euthanasia or saughter of the anima when neede fragments are not retrievabe. A2. Feed, Water and Bedding Hazardous materias may contaminate feed and bedding during production, handing and storage. Hazardous chemicas may incude, but are not imited to externa parasite soutions and powders, footbath chemicas, insect contro chemicas, engine fues, ubricants, crop insecticides and herbicides, paint, rodent poisons, car batteries and antifreeze. Cats, birds, rodents, dogs and other animas can aso contaminate feeds bioogicay via their feces and shoud, therefore, be excuded from feed storage areas to prevent contamination by these animas. This wi hep to prevent the spread of diseases such as toxopasmosis to sheep and humans. A2.1 Purchasing, Handing and Storing Feed and Bedding Being aware of possibe contaminants on your farm wi hep to minimize the risk of feed and bedding materias being contaminated. If you purchase products off-farm, you cannot exercise contro over a aspects of their production. However, precautions can sti be taken to hep decrease the risk of feed or bedding being contaminated. Food Safety Concern: Good Production Practices for Purchasing, Handing and Storing Feed and Bedding: Exposing your sheep to contaminated feed or bedding may resut in hazardous materias in the meat and/or mik Keep an up-to-date inventory of a bedding materias and non-medicated feeds using Record 3: Incoming Feed and Bedding Inventory, and review the record annuay for accuracy Purchase processed feeds and feed ingredients from reputabe suppiers who foow good management practices, or who are enroed in a HACCP-based Canadian Feed Safety Program. Communicate with suppiers to ensure that bedding and feed products are produced and stored in a manner that ensures safe anima use. CANADIAN SHEEP AND LAMB FOOD SAFE FARM PRACTICES PROGRAM A5

14 2.1.3 Purchase and accept ony feed that is abeed in accordance with Feed and Heath of Animas Reguations and ensure it does not contain any prohibited anima by-products. Feed shoud be manufactured specificay for ruminants and be abeed with any anima heath product ingredients. Refuse to accept any buk or bagged feed without a proper abe When receiving feed, bedding and other suppies, obtain a bi of sae, feed tag and/or certificate of verification from your suppier and review to ensure you received the correct feed and/or bedding materias. Acknowedge that you did this by initiaing the bi of sae. Keep a records reated to feed, incuding records for any non-ruminant feed, for two (2) years Do not use bedding materias that may be contaminated with chemicas, such as pressure treated wood chips Do not accept or use feed and bedding materias that show signs of possibe contaminants such as moud or foreign materia. Ensure that the feed transporter has good management practices for ceaning vehices between oads Take a sampe from each feed deivery and store in a coo, dark pace. If feed reated issues arise, the sampe can be tested as a possibe source of contamination Propery maintain farm equipment that may come in contact with feeds or are to be stored in the feed storage areas. Keep receiving areas visiby cean prior to receiving feed and use equipment and vehices that are visiby cean prior to handing feed and bedding. If handing non-ruminant or medicated feeds, ensure a visibe signs of feed are removed from receiving area and equipment immediatey after use. Post instructions for ceaning receiving area and equipment in a ocation accessibe to a workers. If cross-utiizing equipment for ruminant and non-ruminant feed, record ceaning of receiving area and equipment on Record 4: Medicated Feed Mixing and Batch Water Mixing under Lines Fushed/Equipment Ceaned and initia Feed non-ruminant feeds in a secure ocation to prevent access to sheep Do not store hazardous materias such as fertiizers, treated grains, manure, pesticides, fue, brake fuid or batteries, in or near feed and bedding storage areas Design and maintain feed storages to minimize feca contamination by birds, rodents, cats, dogs and other animas Keep feed storage areas visiby cean and dry Ceary abe a non-ruminant feed storage areas and keep separate from ruminant feed storage. If storage areas are being cross-utiized for ruminant and non-ruminant feeds, keep an inventory of a feeds, the date each storage area is ceaned and initia the record. Store non-ruminant feed in a secure ocation to prevent access by sheep. Non-ruminant feed incudes feed for dogs and other species. CANADIAN SHEEP AND LAMB FOOD SAFE FARM PRACTICES PROGRAM A Have procedures posted describing what to do if feed/water is contaminated with medicated feed and/or water, non-ruminant feed, or any other contaminants, or is not propery abeed. Take action immediatey to correct the probem, if possibe. Do not distribute feed which you are uncertain of the concentration of anima heath products and the proper withdrawa date, or has been contaminated with non-ruminant feed. Record the probem and any corrective actions that you take on Record 7: Probems and Corrective Actions. Consut a veterinarian if uncertain on how to hande the situation. Retrain empoyees as necessary and record training on Record 8: Worker Training.

15 A.2.2 Purchasing and Storing Medicated Feed In addition to the good production practices in Sections A1: Anima Heath Products; and, A2.1: Purchasing, Handing and Storing Feed and Bedding, there are some additiona considerations for purchasing and storing medicated feeds. Food Safety Concern: Good Production Practices for Purchasing and Storing Medicated Feed: A medicated feed is a mixed feed that contains any anima heath product ingredients. Medicated feed that is impropery handed or stored may contaminate non-medicated feed and/or be fed to the wrong animas, resuting in possibe residues in the meat Use Record 2B: Medicated Feed Inventory to maintain an up-to-date inventory of a medicated feeds, incuding bin storage identification. Dispose of any unused medicated feeds according to the product directions, in a manner to prevent contamination of sheep and sheep products, and foow any appicabe reguations. Record the disposa of medicated feeds on Record 2B. Review Record 2B for accuracy at east yeary, sign and date the record, and begin new sheet Ensure that a medicated feeds and medicated feed ingredients (anima heath products) are identified by abeing the bin, and stored in secure ocations to avoid consumption by non-target sheep or contamination of non-medicated feeds Aways store medicated feeds in a secure ocation separate from non-medicated feeds to prevent contamination of non-medicated feeds and ingredients Inspect a purchased medicated feed for possibe contaminants and do not accept feed if there are unexpained differences from previous batches of the same feed (e.g. contains peets that were not in the ast batch of the same feed). A2.3 On-Farm Mixing of Medications in Feed and Water In addition to the good production practices in Sections A1: Anima Heath Products; and, A2.1: Purchasing, Handing and Storing Feed and Bedding, there are some additiona considerations for on-farm mixing of medicated feed and water. Pease note if you are mixing feed or water on-farm, you are required to compy with the Federa Feeds Act and Reguations, which when more stringent requirements are specified, supersede the requirements of this manua. When mixing medicated feed and water on-farm incuding medicated pre-mixes, producers are responsibe for ensuring correct concentrations are added. Food Safety Concern: Good Production Practices for On-Farm Mixing of Medications in Feed and Water: If mixing instructions are not accuratey foowed, the medication may be ineffective or resut in unpredictabe withdrawa periods Do not use any anima heath products which have expired or may be contaminated Foow detaied directions to ensure even distribution of ingredients, and accuratey measure ingredients when mixing medications into feed or water. Adhere to veterinary prescription or product abe dosages for mixing. Post detaied mixing instructions in an accessibe ocation for a feed mixes and medicated water that describe how to set up mixing equipment, add premixes, ist ingredient amounts added, and sequencing information for medicated feeds. CANADIAN SHEEP AND LAMB FOOD SAFE FARM PRACTICES PROGRAM A7

16 2.3.3 Record dates and sequence for each batch of both medicated and non-medicated feeds and/or water on Record 4: Medicated Feed Mixing and Batch Water Mixing. Medicated feeds mixed on-farm shoud aso be isted on Record 2B: Medicated Feed Inventory. A2.3.4 Caibrate water and feed mixing and weighing equipment at east annuay and have manufactures caibration instructions accessibe to workers who prepare medicated feed/water. Record the caibration dates on Record 4: Medicated Feed Mixing and Batch Water Mixing and initia Post instructions for fushing water ines in a ocation accessibe to a workers. Fush water ines thoroughy after adding a medication Ceary identify the contents and store a medicated feeds/water mixed on-farm in secure ocation(s). Immediatey record storage ocation on Record 4: Medicated Feed Mixing and Batch Water Mixing; and, Record 2B: Medicated Feed Inventory and cean up any spis to avoid accidenta consumption by sheep and contamination of non-medicated feeds Cean/fush any equipment used to mix and hande medicated feed and water, incuding feeders, troughs, etc., before using equipment for non-medicated feeds, or use sequencing. Upon ceaning, equipment shoud be free of a visibe signs of feed residues or medicated (e.g. cooured) water. Record the date of ceaning and initia on Record 4: Medicated Feed Mixing and Batch Water Mixing Have procedures posted which instruct on what to do if medicated feed or water is mixed incorrecty. Take action immediatey to correct the probem, if possibe. Do not distribute the feed unti you are certain of the concentration and the proper withdrawa date. Record the probem and any corrective actions that you take on Record 7: Probems and Corrective Actions. Consut a veterinarian if uncertain on how to hande the situation. Note any corrections made to a batch of feed or water in the comments area of Record 4: Medicated Feed Mixing and Batch Water Mixing. Retrain empoyees as necessary and record on Record 8: Worker Training. A2.4 Administering Medicated Feed and Water In addition to the good production practices in Sections A1: Anima Heath Products; and, A2.1: Purchasing, Handing and Storing Feed and Bedding, there are some additiona considerations for administering medicated feed and water. Food Safety Concern: Good Production Practices for Administering Medicated Feed and Water: CANADIAN SHEEP AND LAMB FOOD SAFE FARM PRACTICES PROGRAM Medicated feed and water must be administered to the correct animas and at the correct eves to ensure product withdrawa periods are met and prevent residues in the meat or mik Administering medicated feed and/or water shoud be treated the same as administering any other anima heath product. Check Record 2B: Medicated Feed Inventory; and, Record 4: Medicated Feed Mixing and Batch Water Mixing, as we as the appropriate product abe(s) or veterinary prescription, for any medicated ingredients to ensure proper dosages, treatment duration, withdrawa periods, etc. Record medicated feed or water treatments on Record 1: Anima Heath Product Treatments. For short-term treatments, record the dates of treatment. For ongterm treatments, record the first and ast dates of treatment. A8

17 2.4.2 Ensure that medicated products are eveny distributed to the target animas by annua maintenance of feeding and watering equipment used to distribute medicine If unintended changes or mistakes occur when feeding medicated feed or water (e.g. fed to the wrong anima, at the wrong dosage, or for a onger period than prescribed), record the duration of treatment and identification of a affected animas on Record 7: Probems and Corrective Actions. Retrian empoyees as necessary and record training on Record 8: Worker Training. Compy with withdrawa periods, or consut with a veterinarian if withdrawa period is not known. A2.5 Water Quaity Food Safety Concern: Good Production Practices for Water Quaity: Water contaminated by hazardous materias may be absorbed into anima tissue resuting in a food safety hazard Prevent ivestock consumption of potentiay contaminated water sources such as septic tank pump-outs (See Appendix III: Canadian Water Quaity Guideines for Livestock) Test the water suppy annuay, even municipa water sources, or if using new, existing but newy used, or repaired wes. Retest foowing required disinfecting and again one to three weeks after disinfecting Have a pan for an aternate water suppy in the event of contamination due to foods, droughts, power outages or other occurrences Prevent access to watering sources by widife, rodents and vermin, as feca materia or dead animas may contaminate water sources. If using cisterns, keep cisterns cosed and cean reguary Check and cean watering devices and other water sources reguary and prevent growth of bue-green agae which may be toxic If sheep become exposed to contaminants in the water, record the incident and actions taken to correct the probem on Record 7: Probems and Corrective Actions. A3. Buying, Seing and Shipping Animas A3.1 Buying Animas Food Safety Concern: Good Production Practices for Buying Animas: CANADIAN SHEEP AND LAMB FOOD SAFE FARM PRACTICES PROGRAM Communication with the seer is necessary to ensure that animas with anima heath product residues or other food safety hazards are propery deat with to eiminate or reduce potentia risks to the consumer Record receiving dates, sources and descriptions of a animas purchased, and keep records for two (2) years. Request a signed shipping record or Record 5: Decaration of Potentia Food Safety Hazard from the seer Keep purchased animas for a minimum of 60 days, or as advised by a veterinarian when a signed shipping record or Record 5: Decaration of Potentia Food Safety Hazard is not provided by seer and record animas on Record 7: Probems and Corrective Actions. A9

18 3.1.3 If animas contained broken neede fragments, have the seer provide a signed shipping record or Record 5: Decaration of Potentia Food Safety Hazard Purchase stock (i.e. ive animas, embryos, semen) from producers participating in the Food Safe Farm Practices Program. A3.2 Seing Animas Food Safety Concern: Good Production Practices for Seing Animas: Producers must ensure that animas sod for saughter, finishing or as breeding stock are free from food safety hazards, or that the purchasers are directy informed of any potentia food safety hazards Check the foowing before shipping animas: Record 1: Anima Heath Product Treatments to ensure drug withdrawa periods are met and there are no neede fragments, for each anima shipped; and, Anima condition to ensure fit for transport (i.e. reativey free of tag, abe to wak and stand propery, not too thin) Animas with potentia food safety hazards can ony be sod to known buyers (e.g. private sae). When seing animas that have a potentia food safety hazard (e.g. have not met anima heath product withdrawa periods or have broken needes), provide buyers with a signed Record 5: Decaration of Potentia Food Safety Hazard, identifying the animas and the potentia food safety hazard. If you provide Record 5 to a buyer, keep a copy for your records Have procedures in pace in the event animas are accidentay shipped with a potentia food safety hazard. Notify the buyer immediatey if an anima is suspected to have been shipped with a potentia food safety hazard and record the incident on Record 7: Probems and Corrective Actions. Retrian empoyees as necessary, and record on Record 8: Worker Training Keep an up-to-date contact ist for your veterinarian, abattoir, auction market, processor, etc. accessibe to everyone working on your farm. A3.3 Shipping Animas Food Safety Concern: Good Production Practices for Shipping Animas: If exposed during shipping, animas may ingest or absorb hazardous chemicas, which coud contaminate the meat. Unsanitary conditions during shipping can cause excessive manure on the feece, which increases the risk of bacteria transfer and contamination of the meat during saughter Ensure there are no hazardous chemicas present in the anima hoding area of the transport vehice before oading animas. Hazardous chemicas incude, but are not imited to: ceaning agents, fertiizers, pesticides, paints, stains, medicated products and treated seed Cover the truck or traier foor with straw or other bedding materia to reduce soiing of the feece with manure and mud. CANADIAN SHEEP AND LAMB FOOD SAFE FARM PRACTICES PROGRAM A When using commercia agents, confirm that procedures are in pace to ensure sanitary anima containment. If conditions are undesirabe, take corrective action, if possibe, and record the incident on Record 7: Probems and Corrective Actions, as we as on the shipping manifest.

19 A4. Genera Farm Management Farm chemicas, incuding those used with sheep and those for other farm practices, manure and fertiizers present a potentia source of contamination. A4.1 Pesticides and Farm Chemicas Producers must foow a Federa, Provincia and Municipa Legisation in reation to purchasing, storing and using pesticides and farm chemicas, incuding a appicabe icensing requirements. Where Legisation stipuates more stringent practices, the Legisation supersedes the practices required in the Food Safe Farm Practices Program. Potentia sources of contamination incude, but are not imited to: Pesticides used on grazing ands; Farm chemicas (e.g. oi, hydrauic fuid); Unapproved markers used on stock; and, Ceaners and sanitizers. Food Safety Concern: Good Production Practices for Pesticides and Farm Chemicas: If sheep are exposed to chemica contaminants in their environment, these contaminants may be absorbed by the sheep and resut in a food safety hazard When appying pesticides to grazing and, foow the manufacturer s instructions for appication and grazing restrictions, as we as for storage and disposa of any unused product and containers. Keep a copy of pesticide instructions (e.g. package insert) for two (2) years. If unsure about proper use and disposa, consut the chemica company or your oca agroogist. Record a pesticide usage on grazing and using Record 6: Pesticide Use in Grazing Areas, and review Record 6 prior to reeasing animas on pasture to ensure withdrawas are met Ensure pastures are free of chemica containers, batteries and other hazardous materias. Prevent access by sheep if potentiay hazardous materias cannot be removed. Dispose of herbicide and pesticide containers according to reguations and/or product abe Hazardous chemicas shoud be stored in a secure ocation to prevent contamination of feed, water, sheep and housing areas Maintain and store machinery and equipment so that fue, oi, antifreeze, brake fuid or hydrauic fuid cannot contaminate feed, water, sheep and housing areas. A received equipment shoud be in good working order to prevent contamination If sheep are exposed to chemica contaminants or pesticides, identify and isoate the animas. Consut a veterinarian for appropriate measures to prevent a food safety hazard and treatment of animas invoved. Record the incident on Record 7: Probems and Corrective Actions. Retrain empoyees as necessary, and record on Record 8: Worker Training Purchase propery abeed farm chemicas from icensed deaers. Check abes to ensure the correct product is received In the absence of provincia guideines, take chemicas to a designated hazardous waste faciity for disposa. Empty containers are to be rinsed three times and disposed of in the same manner as the chemicas themseves. CANADIAN SHEEP AND LAMB FOOD SAFE FARM PRACTICES PROGRAM A Coaborate with neighbours to ensure that pesticide appication does not adversey affect any ivestock.

20 A4.2 Manure/Dead Stock Handing, Nutrient Management and Anima Management Nutrient management invoves monitoring the amounts of fertiizers, manure and municipa sudge that is appied to the soi in order to avoid a buid up of excess nutrients. Pease note that you are required to foow any provincia and municipa reguations for nutrient management and dead stock handing appicabe in your area, and where more stringent practices are specified, those reguations supersede the requirements of this manua. Food Safety Concern: Excessive manure on the feece may come into contact with the carcass at saughter, transferring bacteria to the meat. Soied feece is a greater probem if manure is not managed propery in sheep housing areas. Excessivey appying nutrients to the soi used to grow feed can ead to a potentiay harmfu buid up of nutrients that may contaminate crops and/or water sources. Good Production Practices for Manure/Dead Stock Handing and Anima Management: Minimize manure on feece with sufficient bedding and/or ceaning of anima housing areas. Provide bedding as necessary Consider estabishing a nutrient management pan for your farm. Consut with a nutrient management speciaist when deveoping your pan Propery dispose of dead stock to prevent contamination of feed, bedding, sheep and housing areas Equipment used for anima management activities, such as tai docking, castrating, ear tagging, shearing, breeding, etc. shoud be visiby cean prior to use. A5. Training Workers A5.1 Fu-time, Part-time and Seasona Workers (Incuding Famiy Members) Food Safety Concern: Good communication wi hep ensure that workers are aware and understand the good production practices necessary to ensure food safety. The necessity and importance of good production practices and record keeping must be effectivey communicated to workers to ensure the risk of food hazards is reduced. Ongoing training wi hep ensure a workers are aware of changes important for food safety, such as identifying and tracking animas treated with anima heath products, moving animas between pens, or changes in the ocation of medicated feed. Good Production Practices for Training Workers: Training is required ony for tasks a worker is to perform. Empoyee training must be updated on an ongoing basis. Unti empoyees are fuy trained and have reviewed the reevant materia in the manua, direct supervision is required for a Must Do practices. Training must incude observation of empoyees at work at east annuay. This wi ensure maintenance of appropriate records, understanding by staff of the system, and updates due to management changes. Training/ observations by the farm manager/supervisor, even for famiy members, are to be recorded on Record 8: Worker Training (and Record 8A for Dairy Practices) Workers are to be aware of the ocation of reevant on-farm food safety records. CANADIAN SHEEP AND LAMB FOOD SAFE FARM PRACTICES PROGRAM A Estabish a communication system such as a morning information session or a white board in the barn to ensure workers are updated on changes such as reocation of medicated animas, medicated feed, etc.

21 A5.2 Casua Workers Food Safety Concern: Good Production Practices for Casua Workers: Casua workers, even if famiiar with sheep production, need to be aware of the particuar good production practices and record keeping on your farm for ensuring food safety Update casua workers every time they are empoyed on current management practices that may affect food safety. Ceary identify for the worker, animas that are receiving medicated rations and animas treated with anima heath products that have not met product withdrawa periods Empoyers must supervise casua workers when performing duties cassed as Must Do such as administering anima heath products, shipping animas, mixing medicated feed or water, etc Use Record 8: Worker Training (and Record 8A: Worker Training for Dairy Operations) every time a casua empoyee is empoyed on your farm to record the dates and the training received. CANADIAN SHEEP AND LAMB FOOD SAFE FARM PRACTICES PROGRAM A13

22 Tabe of Contents CHAPTER 1 ON-FARM FOOD SAFETY Section A On-Farm Food Safety Practices for Sheep Producers A1 A1. Anima Heath Products A2 A1.1 Anima Heath Product Treatments A2 A1.2 Foowing Instructions When Using Anima Heath Products A3 A1.3 Purchasing and Storing Anima Heath Products A4 A1.4 Injecting Anima Heath Products A4 A2. Feed Water and Bedding A5 A2.1 Purchasing, Handing and Storing Feed and Bedding A5 A2.2 Purchasing Medicated Feed A7 A2.3 On-Farm Mixing of Medications in Feed and Water A7 A2.4 Administering Medicated Feed and Water A8 A2.5 Water Quaity A9 A3. Buying, Seing and Shipping Animas A9 A3.1 Buying Animas A9 A3.2 Seing Animas A10 A3.3 Shipping Animas A10 A4. Genera Farm Management A11 A4.1 Pesticides and Farm Chemicas A11 A4.2 Manure Handing and Nutrient Management A12 A5. Training Workers A12 A5.1 Fu-time, Part-time and Seasona Workers A12 A5.2 Casua Workers A13 Section B On-Farm Record Keeping Forms B1 Record 1: Anima Heath Product Treatments B2 Record 2A: Anima Heath Product Inventory B3 Record 2B: Medicated Feed Inventory B4 Record 3: Incoming Feed and Bedding Inventory B5 Record 4: Medicated Feed Mixing and Batch Water Mixing B6 Record 5: Decaration of Potentia Food Safety Hazard B7 Record 6: Probems and Corrective Actions B8 Record 7: Pesticide Use in Grazing Areas B9 Record 8: Worker Training B10 Section C On-Farm Assessment Forms Part 1: Written Descriptions Part 2: Checkists C1 C3 C14 canadian verified sheep program

23 Section D Suppementa Dairy On-Farm Food Safety Practices D1 D.1 Legisation D1 D2. Design of Dairy Faciities and Equipment D2 D2.1 Farmyard and Surroundings D2 D2.2 Anima Housing Area D3 D2.3 Miking Parour D3 D2.4 Mikhouse D4 D2.5 Equipment D5 D2.6 Chemica Use and Storage D7 D3. Fock Heath D7 D4. Dairy Operations D7 D4.1 Worker Hygiene D7 D4.2 Miking Procedures D8 D4.3 Miking Parour and Mikhouse Sanitation D9 D4.4 Equipment Sanitation D9 D4.5 Handing Mik from Medicated Ewes D10 D5. Water Quaity D11 D6. Mik Handing D12 D6.1 Mik Packaging D12 D6.2 Cooing, Freezing and Storing Mik D12 D6.3 Transporting Mik D14 D7. Training Workers for Dairy Operations D15 Section E Suppementa Dairy On-Farm Record Keeping Forms E1 Record 8A: Worker Training for Dairy Operations E2 Record 9: Daiy Freezer/Buk Tank Temperatures E3 Record 10: Raw Mik Transport E4 Record 11: Miking Equipment Sanitation E5 Section F Suppementa Dairy On-Farm Assessment Forms Part 1: Written Descriptions Part 2: Checkists F1 F3 F8 canadian verified sheep program

24 Section B On-Farm Record Keeping Forms One of the key components of the Canadian Sheep and Lamb Food Safe Farm Practices Program is maintaining an accurate and verifiabe record keeping system. In this section of the manua you wi find the foowing nine records: Record 1: Record 2A: Record 2B: Record 3: Record 4: Record 5: Record 6: Record 7: Record 8: Anima Heath Product Treatments Anima Heath Product Inventory Medicated Feed Inventory Incoming Feed and Bedding Inventory Medicated Feed Mixing and Batch Water Mixing Decaration of Potentia Food Safety Hazard Pesticide Use in Grazing Areas Probems and Corrective Actions Worker Training By maintaining these records, you wi have a concrete and traceabe means of ensuring that you are foowing the program on a daiy basis. A records shoud be kept on fie for a minimum of two (2) years. If you are suppying a record to someone, for exampe suppying Record 5: Decaration of Potentia Food Safety Hazard to a buyer, you shoud maintain a copy for your records. You are not required to use the record forms provided with this program if you aready have a system for recording the same information. However, as the auditor wi be famiiar with these forms, using them may decrease the ength of your on-farm audit. CANADIAN SHEEP AND LAMB FOOD SAFE FARM PRACTICES PROGRAM B1

25 Record 1: Anima Heath Product Treatments* Must Do Anima or Treatment Reason Product Prescription (P) or Estimated Anima Dose **Route (See Withdrawa Date Treated Pen ID Date Treated Name Non-prescription (NP) Weight/Number Abbreviation by of Animas Treated Codes beow) (Initias) First Fina Trt Trt Meat Mik Pen 2 05/02/10 Pneumonia Drug A NP 70 kg (3cc/45kg*70kg) IM 05/16/10 - JD (8 ewes) =4.7 cc/anima MUST DO **Route Codes: IW In the water IF In the feed TT Topica Treatment (e.g. pour-on) OR Ora SQ Subcutaneous IM Intramuscuar IV Intravenous IMM Intramammary Note: If a neede breaks in an anima during an injection, record the anima s identification, ocation of the neede, and date it occurred, in the comments section. Comments: Auditor s Initias: Audit Date: * Incudes medicated feed or water. CANADIAN SHEEP AND LAMB FOOD SAFE FARM PRACTICES PROGRAM B2

26 Record 2A: Anima Heath Product Inventory Use Record 2B: Medicated Feed Inventory, for recording medicated feed purchases and maintaining an inventory of medicated feed. Must Do Date Purchased Product Amount DIN# Expiry Storage Quantity Remaining Disposa Initias Received From Name Purchased or Batch Date Location at time of Review Comments Numbers and Date of Review and Date 02/05/01 Co-op Drug A (1) 500 ml /10 Fridge in 1/2 botte (250 ml) 05/05/10 JD botte barn office on 05/05/03 set aside for vet pick-up MUST DO Comments: Producer s Signature: Producers are to review record before signing. Auditor s Initias: Date of Review: Audit Date: CANADIAN SHEEP AND LAMB FOOD SAFE FARM PRACTICES PROGRAM B3

27 Record 2B: Medicated Feed Inventory Use Record 2A: Anima Heath Product Inventory, for recording a other anima heath product purchases and maintaining an inventory of anima heath products. Must Do Date Suppiers Product Amount DIN# Expiry Storage Samped Quantity Remaining Disposa Initias Received Name Name Received or Batch Date Location (Y/N) at time of Review Comments Numbers and Date of Review and Date 01/05/10 Company A Feed A 2 tonnes /10 Bin #3 Y 3/4 tonne JD (inside main 05/05/10 door) MUST DO Comments: Producer s Signature: Producers are to review record before signing. Auditor s Initias: Date of Review: Audit Date: CANADIAN SHEEP AND LAMB FOOD SAFE FARM PRACTICES PROGRAM B4

28 Record 3: Incoming Feed and Bedding Inventory Recommended It is recommended that a non-medicated feed, feed ingredients and bedding purchases for your farm be noted on this record. Use Record 2B: Medicated Feed Inventory, for recording a medicated feed purchases and for maintaining an inventory of medicated feed. Date Source Description Quantity Storage Bin Samped Initias of Person Received of Feed Y/N Handing the Feed 05/01/10 Company A Hay 100 square baes Hay shed Y JD Comments: CANADIAN SHEEP AND LAMB FOOD SAFE FARM PRACTICES PROGRAM B5

29 Record 4: Medicated Feed Mixing and Batch Water Mixing If you mix any medicated feed on-farm, note both the medicated and non-medicated rations, and sequence of mixing the rations on this record. If storing medicated feed on-farm after mixing, feed shoud aso be recorded on Record 2B Medicated Feed Inventory. Must Do Date Type of Name of Medication Withdraw Amount of Tota Amount of Storage Location Lines Fushed/ Initias of Mixed Feed/Water Medication Period (days) Medication Feed/Water Mixed of Feed/Water Equipment Ceaned Person Added Mixing 05/02/10 Lamb Feedot Drug A kg/tonne 2 tonnes Bin #5 05/02/10 JD ration or 200 gm/tonne purpe id MUST DO Comments: Date equipment ast caibrated and initias: Auditor s Initias: Audit Date: CANADIAN SHEEP AND LAMB FOOD SAFE FARM PRACTICES PROGRAM B6

30 Record 5: Decaration of Potentia Food Safety Hazard Must Do (Use when shipping animas with a potentia food safety hazard or when receiving animas that wi not be hed for 60 days before reseing) Owner s Name (person/company): Address: Tota Number of Animas Sod: Number of Animas Fagged or Specificay Identified: (specify anima identification number(s) beow). Anima Anima Heath Product(s) Physica Residues Identification Number(s) (Y/N) (and Visua Markings) Product Name Withdraw Date Exampe: 2,102 - red ine Drug A 05/31/10 Y - broken neede MUST DO I,, the seer of these animas decare to the best of my knowedge the information on this form is accurate. Signature of Owner Date Animas Shipped I,, the transporter of the aforementioned animas, agree to give this form to the purchaser of these animas. I,, the transporter AND purchaser, have read and understand the form. OR Signature of Transporter or Purchaser/Transporter Date CANADIAN SHEEP AND LAMB FOOD SAFE FARM PRACTICES PROGRAM B7

31 Record 6: Pesticide Use In Grazing Areas Must Do Date of Pasture or *Pesticide Size of Pasture Appication Date Safe Date Animas Treated by Appication Fied Location (Brand Name, Treated to Graze put on Pasture (Initias) PCP#, Lot#) Quantity Used Method 04/20/10 North pasture Brand X 1 acre 20 gaons Spray 05/05/10 05/05/10 JD per acre MUST DO * Pesticide means any insecticide, herbicide, fungicide or rodenticide. Comments: Auditor s Initias: Audit Date: CANADIAN SHEEP AND LAMB FOOD SAFE FARM PRACTICES PROGRAM B8

32 Record 7: Probems and Corrective Actions Must Do Date What was the probem? How was the probem controed? What can be done to prevent the probem Competed (Your actions, person(s) contacted, etc.) from occurring in the future? by (Initias) (Your Prevention Pan) 05/06/10 Medicated feed was accepted Feed company was contacted and Inform feed company that medicated feed wi JD without a proper abe. a copy of the abe was requested. not be accepted without a abe. Re-train personne responsibe for receiving feed. MUST DO Use this record to note any potentia food safety probems (e.g. mistakes when administering anima heath products, mixing medicated feed or using pesticides; exposure of sheep to chemica contaminants; shipping animas not meeting anima heath product withdrawa periods). Mistakes wi happen on even the best-run farm. Keeping a record of how you dea with probems ceary shows that due diigence is being taken on your farm to minimize food safety risks. Producer s Signature: Producers shoud review this record at east annuay and sign to ensure probems have been fuy addressed. Date: Auditor s Initias: Audit Date: CANADIAN SHEEP AND LAMB FOOD SAFE FARM PRACTICES PROGRAM B9

33 Record 8: Worker Training (Dairy Producers pease use Record 8A) Must Do For fu-time, part-time, seasona workers and famiy members. Training is ony required if workers wi be performing duties reated to Must Do practices in any of the areas isted beow. Worker s Name: Start Date: Area Reviewed Appicabe Shown How Initias of Date of Producer/ Section of Manua to Do Task Trainee Verification by Trainer (Date) (Date) Producer/Trainer Initias A1.1: Anima Heath Product Treatments A1.2: Anima Heath Product Usage A1.3: Purchasing and Storing Anima Heath Products A1.4: Injecting Anima Heath Products 05/01/10 Y JH 05/01/10 JD A2.1: Purchasing, Handing and Storing Feed and Bedding A2.2: Purchasing and Storing Medicated Feed MUST DO A2.3: On-Farm Mixing of Medications in Feed and Water A2.4: Administering Medicated Feed and Water A2.5: Water Quaity A3.1: Buying Animas A3.2: Seing Animas A3.3: Shipping Animas A4.1: Pesticides and Farm Chemicas A4.2: Manure/Dead Stock Handing and Nutrient Management A5.1: Fu-time, Part-time and Seasona Workers A5.2: Casua Workers Comments: Auditor s Initias: Audit Date: CANADIAN SHEEP AND LAMB FOOD SAFE FARM PRACTICES PROGRAM B10

34 Section C On-Farm Assessment Forms SECTION C IS TO BE COMPLETED BY YOU PRIOR TO THE ON-FARM AUDIT AND WILL BE REVIEWED BY THE AUDITOR DURING THE ON-FARM VISIT. Section C On-Farm Assessment Forms is divided into two parts: Written Descriptions and Checkists. Part 1: Written Descriptions Part 1 invoves isting information and answering questions pertinent to good production practices on your sheep operation in order to hep you deveop a food safety pan specific to your farm. The number(s) in parenthesis behind each question corresponds to the number of the good production practice in Section A. The answers given in this section may be used to deveop: Standard procedures for performing tasks important to food safety such as identifying and tracking animas treated with anima heath products, or ceaning equipment. Action pans specific to your farm in the event of an emergency, such as animas are incorrecty treated with an anima heath product or medicated animas are shipped to saughter. Part 2: Checkists Part 2 consists of the foowing tweve checkists: Operations A1.1 Anima Heath Product Treatments A1.2 Foowing Instructions When Using Anima Heath Products A1.3 Purchasing and Storing Anima Heath Products A1.4 Injecting Anima Heath Products A2.1 Purchasing, Handing and Storing Feed and Bedding A2.2 Purchasing Medicated Feed A2.3 On-Farm Mixing of Medications in Feed and Water A2.4 Administering Medicated Feed and Water; and, A2.5 Water Quaity A3. Buying, Seing and Shipping Animas A4.1 Pesticides and Farm Chemicas; and, A4.2 Manure Handing and Nutrient Management A5. Training Workers The checkists are designed to hep you identify if you are compiant with the Canadian Sheep and Lamb Food Safe Farm Practices Program requirements. Except for the checkist entited Operations, the numbering on the heading of each checkist corresponds to the numbering of the headings in Section A of this manua. The number(s) in parenthesis behind each question on the checkist correspond to the number of the good production practice in Section A. CANADIAN SHEEP AND LAMB FOOD SAFE FARM PRACTICES PROGRAM C1

35 If there are any questions on the checkists that do not appy to your farm, answer with Not Appicabe (N/A). If you answer No to any of the questions provide a brief expanation in the comments section at the bottom of the checkist. Some of the questions on the checkists require more detaied information and/or records to be competed. When a question is identified as requiring more detai, additiona information shoud aready be fied out in Part I: Written Descriptions. If the checkist indicates that a record is required, you wi need to go to the appropriate record in Section B. A records and good production practices identified as Must Do must be maintained and competed prior to the on-farm audit in order to be compiant with the program. CANADIAN SHEEP AND LAMB FOOD SAFE FARM PRACTICES PROGRAM C2

36 Part 1: Written Descriptions A1: Anima Heath Products: 1a. Expain how you identify and track animas that have been individuay treated with anima heath products on your operation. (A1.1.3) 1b. Expain how you identify and track anima(s) that receive anima heath products or medicated feed and are then moved to other pens (e.g. pens of animas on medicated feed, animas moved from pens fed medicated feed). (A1.1.3) CANADIAN SHEEP AND LAMB FOOD SAFE FARM PRACTICES PROGRAM C3

37 2. What woud you do if anima(s) were incorrecty treated with an anima heath product? What corrective actions woud you take (i.e. who woud you contact for advice, what precautions woud you take to ensure withdrawa periods were met)? (A1.1.5) 3. How do you prevent neede breakage during treatment (e.g. anima restraint, administration route, injection technique)? (A1.4.3) CANADIAN SHEEP AND LAMB FOOD SAFE FARM PRACTICES PROGRAM C4

38 A2: Purchasing, Handing and Storing Feed and Bedding: 4. What machinery and/or equipment are used to hande feed on your farm? (A2.1.8) 5. What ceaning and/or maintenance do you do to machinery used to hande feed in order to prevent contamination of the feed (e.g. ceaning after moving medicated or non-ruminant feeds, reguar maintenance to prevent fue eaks)? (A2.1.8) CANADIAN SHEEP AND LAMB FOOD SAFE FARM PRACTICES PROGRAM C5

39 A2.3 On-Farm Mixing of Medications in Feed and Water: (If you do not mix medicated feed or water on-farm, go on to Question 14). 6. List the types of feeds that are mixed on your farm. Identify each ration as either medicated or non-medicated. (A2.3.3) 7. List the mixing instructions for each type of medicated ration (e.g. amount of each type of feed; type and concentration of anima heath products or medicated premix). (A2.3.2) CANADIAN SHEEP AND LAMB FOOD SAFE FARM PRACTICES PROGRAM C6

40 8. When are the feed mixers ceaned/fushed (e.g. between batches of medicated and non-medicated feeds, between rations containing different types of anima heath products)? (A2.3.7) 9. List the steps taken when ceaning, fushing or sequencing feed mixers. (A2.3.7) CANADIAN SHEEP AND LAMB FOOD SAFE FARM PRACTICES PROGRAM C7

41 10. Expain how you caibrate feed mixing and weighing equipment. (A2.3.4) 11. List the steps you woud take if it was noticed during mixing, a batch of feed was mixed incorrecty or a medication was accidentay added to a non-medicated ration (e.g. correction to the batch, information that you woud record, who you woud consut for advice). (A2.3.8) CANADIAN SHEEP AND LAMB FOOD SAFE FARM PRACTICES PROGRAM C8

42 12. What types of medicated water do you mix on-farm? (A2.3.3) 13. Expain the mixing procedures for each type of medication mixed into the water. (A2.3.2) CANADIAN SHEEP AND LAMB FOOD SAFE FARM PRACTICES PROGRAM C9

43 A2.4 Administering Medicated Feed and Water: 14. How do you ensure that medicated feed is ony distributed to the intended pens of animas (e.g. identification of pens, ceaning equipment between rations)? (A2.4.2) 15. How do you ensure that medicated water is ony distributed to the intended pens of animas (e.g. identification of pens, fushing water ines)? (A2.4.2) CANADIAN SHEEP AND LAMB FOOD SAFE FARM PRACTICES PROGRAM C10

44 16. List the actions you woud take if animas were accidentay given an anima heath product in their feed or water with an unknown withdrawa time (e.g. feed or water that was mixed incorrecty). (A2.4.3) 17. List the actions you woud take if the wrong group of animas were given anima heath products in the feed or water. (A2.4.3) CANADIAN SHEEP AND LAMB FOOD SAFE FARM PRACTICES PROGRAM C11

45 A3. Buying, Seing and Shipping Animas: 18. List the steps you take before shipping animas for saughter (e.g. check truck for hazardous materias, check anima heath product treatment records, bed truck). (A3.2.1) 19. What woud you do if an anima that poses a food safety risk was shipped for saughter? (e.g. hadn t met an anima heath product withdrawa period, contained a broken neede) Who woud you contact, what records woud you check etc.? (A3.2.3) CANADIAN SHEEP AND LAMB FOOD SAFE FARM PRACTICES PROGRAM C12

46 A4. Pesticides and Farm Chemicas: 20. What woud you do if an anima or group of animas were exposed to hazardous farm chemicas? (A4.1.5) A5. Training Workers: 21. Expain your system for ensuring that a workers are aware of day-to-day changes in management areas important to food safety (e.g. medicating animas, feeding medicated feed to particuar animas). (A5.1.3) CANADIAN SHEEP AND LAMB FOOD SAFE FARM PRACTICES PROGRAM C13 Producer s Signature Date

47 Part 2: Checkists Operations Yes No *NA 1. Do you have a diagram of your sheep operation? 2. Do you keep the records and forms reating to the Canadian Sheep and Lamb Food Safe Farm Practices Program in a pace(s) accessibe to a farm workers? 3. Do you have a the necessary records and other documents avaiabe for the auditor? This wi incude written instructions for prescription anima heath products, abe inserts for anima heath products, feed abes and appicabe records provided in Section B (and E for dairy producers) of this manua. A paperwork shoud be kept on fie for a minimum of two (2) years. *NA = Not Appicabe CANADIAN SHEEP AND LAMB FOOD SAFE FARM PRACTICES PROGRAM C14

48 A1.1 Anima Heath Product Treatments Yes No *NA Detais Required Part 1 Record Required 1. Do you keep a record of a anima heath product treatments? (A1.1.1) Y Record 8 2. Do you keep copies of written prescriptions from your veterinarian and/or package abe inserts containing instructions? (A1.1.2) Y Veterinarian Prescription or Package Insert 3. Do you identify and track animas or groups (pens) of animas that have been treated with an anima heath product? (A1.1.3) Y Questions 1A and 1B 4. Do you review Record 1 prior to shipping/seing animas to confirm that the proper withdrawa periods are met? (A1.1.4) Y Record 1 5. Do you record the incident, if an anima heath product is accidentay administered to the wrong anima or at a different dose, by a different route or for a onger period of time than stated on the product abe or instructions? (A1.1.5) Y Question 2 Y Record 7 Comments: *NA = Not Appicabe CANADIAN SHEEP AND LAMB FOOD SAFE FARM PRACTICES PROGRAM C15

49 A1.2 Foowing Instructions When Using Anima Heath Products Yes No *NA Detais Required Part 1 Record Required 1. When using registered anima heath products, do you foow the manufacturer s instructions exacty as stated on the product? (A1.2.2) 2. Do you caibrate and check a mutipe-dose needing equipment to ensure the accuracy of the dosages being deivered? (A1.2.3) Y Record 1 3. If you use anima heath products in an extra-abe manner, do you have a vaid patient/cient/practitioner reationship? (A1.2.4) 4. Do you have written instructions from your veterinarian for a prescription anima heath products used in an extra-abe manner on your farm? (A1.2.5) Y Veterinarian Prescription Comments: *NA = Not Appicabe CANADIAN SHEEP AND LAMB FOOD SAFE FARM PRACTICES PROGRAM C16

50 A1.3 Purchasing and Storing Anima Heath Products Yes No *NA Detais Required Part 1 Record Required 1. Do you store a anima heath products in a secure area and according to the manufacturer s instructions? (A1.3.1) 2. Do you keep up-to-date inventories of a anima heath products and medicated feeds? (A1.3.2) Y Record 2A and 2B 3. Do you review your anima heath product and medicated feed inventories at reguar intervas (e.g. monthy, yeary)? (A1.3.2) 4. Do you discard used, outdated, impropery abeed or packaged containers, products incorrecty stored, or products that are potentiay contaminated by any other means? (A1.3.2) 5. Do you ony purchase approved anima marking products to identify your animas? (A1.3.3) 6. Do you immediatey move to a proper storage ocation or dispose of product not propery stored? (A1.3.4) Y Record 8 Comments: *NA = Not Appicabe CANADIAN SHEEP AND LAMB FOOD SAFE FARM PRACTICES PROGRAM C17

51 A1.4 Injecting Anima Heath Products Yes No *NA Detais Required Part 1 Record Required 1. Do you propery restrain your animas prior to injecting an anima heath product? (A1.4.3) Y Question 3 2. Do you repace a needes before they become du and check the needes to ensure they are not bent? (A1.4.4) 3. Do you dispose of used needes in a sharps container? (A1.4.5) 4. Do you record the detais on Record 1 of the ocation of the neede if a neede breaks in an anima? (A1.4.6) Y Record 1 and 8 Comments: *NA = Not Appicabe CANADIAN SHEEP AND LAMB FOOD SAFE FARM PRACTICES PROGRAM C18

52 A2.1 Purchasing, Handing and Storing Feed and Bedding Yes No *NA Detais Required Part 1 Record Required 1. Do you have documented verification that purchased feed does not contain any prohibited anima by-products? (A2.1.3; A2.1.4) Y Bi of Sae, Feed Tag, or Certificate of Verification 2. Do you check with your forage and bedding suppier to ensure that these products are not contaminated with chemica residues such as wood preservatives? (A2.1.5) 3. Do you ensure that the equipment and vehices used to transport feed and bedding are thoroughy ceaned and propery maintained? (A2.1.8) * Y Questions 4 and 5 4. Do you store hazardous materias away from feed and bedding? (A2.1.10) 5. Do you store a non-ruminant feed ceary abeed in a secure ocation? (A2.1.13) Comments: *NA = Not Appicabe * Use Record 4B to record equipment ceaning if cross-utiizing equipment for ruminant and non-ruminant feeds. CANADIAN SHEEP AND LAMB FOOD SAFE FARM PRACTICES PROGRAM C19

53 A2.2 Purchasing Medicated Feed Yes No *NA Detais Required Part 1 Record Required 1. Do you maintain an up-to-date inventory of your medicated feeds and review this inventory at reguar intervas (e.g. monthy, yeary)? (A2.2.1) Y Record 2B 2. Do you ensure that a medicated feeds and medicated feed additives are received, ceary identified and stored separatey from other feeds? (A2.2.2; A2.2.3) Comments: *NA = Not Appicabe CANADIAN SHEEP AND LAMB FOOD SAFE FARM PRACTICES PROGRAM C20

54 A2.3 On-Farm Mixing of Medications in Feed and Water If you do not mix medicated feed on-farm, go on to Checkist A.2.4. Yes No *NA Detais Required Part 1 Record Required 1. Do you check the expiry date on a medicated ingredients? (A2.3.1) 2. Do you carefuy read the directions and accuratey measure the ingredients when mixing medications into the feed or water, with detaied mixing instructions posted in an accessibe ocation? (A2.3.2) Y Questions 7 and 13 Y Vet Prescription or Product Insert 3. If medicated feed or water is mixed on-farm, do you record when each batch is mixed and the sequence the batches are mixed for both medicated and non-medicated rations? (A2.3.3) Y Questions 6 and 12 Y Record 4 and 2B 4. Do you reguary maintain and caibrate your medicated water and feed mixing equipment, with detaied instructions accessibe to a workers who mix medicated feed or water? (A2.3.4) Y Question 10 Y Record 4 5. Do you post instructions for fushing water ines in a ocation that is accessibe to a workers? (A2.3.5) 6. Do you have instructions for ceaning equipment such as feeders and waterines, which detai the ceaning between mixing medicated and non-medicated feeds, to remove a visibe residues of medicated product, posted in an accessibe ocation? (A2.3.7) Questions 8 and 9 Record 4 7. Do you ceary identify and store a medicated feed away from non-medicated feed and animas, and immediatey cean up any spis to avoid accidenta consumption or contamination of animas or non-medicated feed? (A2.3.6) Y Record 4 and 2B 8. Do you have an action pan in pace in the event that a batch of medicated feed is mixed incorrecty or a medication is accidentay added to a batch of feed? (A2.3.8) Y Question 11 Y Record 7 and 8 9. Do you record when corrections are made to a batch of feed that is mixed on-farm? (A2.3.8) Y Record 4 Comments: *NA = Not Appicabe CANADIAN SHEEP AND LAMB FOOD SAFE FARM PRACTICES PROGRAM C21

55 A2.4 Administering Medicated Feed and Water; and, A2.5 Water Quaity Yes No *NA Detais Required Part 1 Record Required 1. Do you keep a record (Record 1) of a reevant information (e.g. treatment dates) for short-term or ong-term feeding of medicated feeds and/or water? (A2.4.1) Y Record 1 2. Do you reguary maintain equipment used to administer medicated feed and water to ensure that the medications are eveny distributed to the target animas? (A2.4.2) Y Questions 14 and Do you have an action pan in pace in the event that animas are accidentay given feed or water containing an unknown concentration of a medication; therefore, have an unknown withdrawa period? (A2.4.3) Y Questions 16 and 17 Y Record 7and 8 4. Do you record the incident if your sheep are exposed to hazardous contaminants in the water? (A2.5.6) Y Record 7 Comments: *NA = Not Appicabe CANADIAN SHEEP AND LAMB FOOD SAFE FARM PRACTICES PROGRAM C22

56 A3. Buying, Seing and Shipping Animas Yes No *NA Detais Required Part 1 Record Required 1. Do you maintain records of receiving dates, sources and description of a animas purchased? (A3.1.1) Y Shipping Manifest and/or Record 5 2. Do you keep a purchased animas for 60 days before re-seing if the seer is unabe to suppy a signed anima shipping record? (A3.1.2) 3. Do you check your records for potentia food safety hazards (withdrawa times, broken needes) and anima condition before shipping any animas? (A3.2.1) Y Question Do you have an action pan in pace in the event anima(s) that may pose a food safety risk are accidentay sent to saughter or to pubic auction? (A3.2.3) Y Question 19 Y Record 7 and 8 5. Do you ony se animas with a potentia food safety hazard to known buyers and suppy a signed Record 5: Decaration of a Potentia Food Safety Hazard identifying animas that do not meet product withdrawa periods or contain a broken neede? (A3.2.2) Y Record 5 6. Do you identify animas that may pose a food safety risk in a highy visibe manner before shipping? (A3.2.2) 7. Do you have an up-to-date ist of important contact numbers posted in a ocation accessibe to a farm workers? (A3.2.4) 8. Do you ensure anima hoding areas of transport vehices are cear of any hazardous materias prior to oading the animas? (A3.3.1) Comments: *NA = Not Appicabe CANADIAN SHEEP AND LAMB FOOD SAFE FARM PRACTICES PROGRAM C23

57 A4.1 Pesticides and Farm Chemicas; and, A4.2 Manure Handing and Nutrient Management Yes No *NA Detais Required Part 1 Record Required 1. Do you foow the manufacturer s instructions and keep records when using pesticides (i.e. herbicides, insecticides and fungicides) on grazing and? (A4.1.1) Y Record 6 2. Do you restrict sheep from accessing any area(s) where hazard materias (e.g. pesticide containers) are stored on your farm? (A4.1.2) 3. Are a potentiay hazardous materias stored away from feed, water suppies and areas where your sheep are penned or housed? (A4.1.3) 4. Do you take precautions to ensure machinery is stored and maintained in a manner that prevents chemica contamination of sheep housing areas? (A4.1.4) 5. If any of your sheep are exposed to chemica contaminants, do you isoate and identify the anima(s) and record this information? (A4.1.5) Y Question 20 Y Record 7 and 8 6. Do you ony purchase farm chemicas that are icensed for use in Canada and are from a reputabe deaer? (A4.1.6) 7. Do you dispose of agricutura and industria chemicas according to provincia guideines? In the absence of provincia guideines do you take them to a designated hazardous waste faciity? (A4.1.7) 8. Do you dispose of dead stock in a manner to prevent contamination of feed, bedding, sheep and housing areas? (A4.2.3) Comments: *NA = Not Appicabe CANADIAN SHEEP AND LAMB FOOD SAFE FARM PRACTICES PROGRAM C24

58 A5. Training Workers Yes No *NA Detais Required Part 1 Record Required 1. Have a workers performing Must Do production practices received the reevant training? (A5.1.1) Y Record 8 2. Do you maintain a record of training (Record 8 and 8A for dairy producers) for each person working on your farm incuding famiy members? (A5.1.1) Y Record 8 3. Do you ensure that a workers are aware of the ocation of reevant on-farm food safety records? (A5.1.2) 4. Do you have a communication system in pace to ensure a workers are aware of changes in management areas/procedures (e.g. ocation of medicated animas) important to food safety? (A5.1.3) Y Question Do you thoroughy update casua workers on the status of any reevant management areas important for food safety (e.g. identifying any animas currenty receiving anima heath products, pens of animas that are receiving medicated feed etc.) every time they are empoyed? (A5.2.1) 6. Do you supervise casua workers when they perform duties outined in this program as Must Do? (A5.2.2) 7. Do you maintain a record of the dates when casua empoyees are working on your farm? (A5.2.3) Y Record 8 Comments: *NA = Not Appicabe; **Dairy producers pease use Record 8A in addition to Record 8 CANADIAN SHEEP AND LAMB FOOD SAFE FARM PRACTICES PROGRAM C25

59 Record 1: Anima Heath Product Treatments* Must Do Anima or Treatment Reason Product Prescription (P) or Estimated Anima Dose **Route (See Withdrawa Date Treated Pen ID Date Treated Name Non-prescription (NP) Weight/Number Abbreviation by of Animas Treated Codes beow) (Initias) First Fina Trt Trt Meat Mik Pen 2 05/02/10 Pneumonia Drug A NP 70 kg (3cc/45kg*70kg) IM 05/16/10 - JD (8 ewes) =4.7 cc/anima MUST DO **Route Codes: IW In the water IF In the feed TT Topica Treatment (e.g. pour-on) OR Ora SQ Subcutaneous IM Intramuscuar IV Intravenous IMM Intramammary Note: If a neede breaks in an anima during an injection, record the anima s identification, ocation of the neede, and date it occurred, in the comments section. Comments: Auditor s Initias: Audit Date: * Incudes medicated feed or water. CANADIAN SHEEP AND LAMB FOOD SAFE FARM PRACTICES PROGRAM B2

60 Record 7: Probems and Corrective Actions Must Do Date What was the probem? How was the probem controed? What can be done to prevent the probem Competed (Your actions, person(s) contacted, etc.) from occurring in the future? by (Initias) (Your Prevention Pan) 05/06/10 Medicated feed was accepted Feed company was contacted and Inform feed company that medicated feed wi JD without a proper abe. a copy of the abe was requested. not be accepted without a abe. Re-train personne responsibe for receiving feed. MUST DO Use this record to note any potentia food safety probems (e.g. mistakes when administering anima heath products, mixing medicated feed or using pesticides; exposure of sheep to chemica contaminants; shipping animas not meeting anima heath product withdrawa periods). Mistakes wi happen on even the best-run farm. Keeping a record of how you dea with probems ceary shows that due diigence is being taken on your farm to minimize food safety risks. Producer s Signature: Producers shoud review this record at east annuay and sign to ensure probems have been fuy addressed. Date: Auditor s Initias: Audit Date: CANADIAN SHEEP AND LAMB FOOD SAFE FARM PRACTICES PROGRAM B9

61 Record 2A: Anima Heath Product Inventory Use Record 2B: Medicated Feed Inventory, for recording medicated feed purchases and maintaining an inventory of medicated feed. Must Do Date Purchased Product Amount DIN# Expiry Storage Quantity Remaining Disposa Initias Received From Name Purchased or Batch Date Location at time of Review Comments Numbers and Date of Review and Date 02/05/01 Co-op Drug A (1) 500 ml /10 Fridge in 1/2 botte (250 ml) 05/05/10 JD botte barn office on 05/05/03 set aside for vet pick-up MUST DO Comments: Producer s Signature: Producers are to review record before signing. Auditor s Initias: Date of Review: Audit Date: CANADIAN SHEEP AND LAMB FOOD SAFE FARM PRACTICES PROGRAM B3

62 Record 2B: Medicated Feed Inventory Use Record 2A: Anima Heath Product Inventory, for recording a other anima heath product purchases and maintaining an inventory of anima heath products. Must Do Date Suppiers Product Amount DIN# Expiry Storage Samped Quantity Remaining Disposa Initias Received Name Name Received or Batch Date Location (Y/N) at time of Review Comments Numbers and Date of Review and Date 01/05/10 Company A Feed A 2 tonnes /10 Bin #3 Y 3/4 tonne JD (inside main 05/05/10 door) MUST DO Comments: Producer s Signature: Producers are to review record before signing. Auditor s Initias: Date of Review: Audit Date: CANADIAN SHEEP AND LAMB FOOD SAFE FARM PRACTICES PROGRAM B4

63 Record 4: Medicated Feed Mixing and Batch Water Mixing If you mix any medicated feed on-farm, note both the medicated and non-medicated rations, and sequence of mixing the rations on this record. If storing medicated feed on-farm after mixing, feed shoud aso be recorded on Record 2B Medicated Feed Inventory. Must Do Date Type of Name of Medication Withdraw Amount of Tota Amount of Storage Location Lines Fushed/ Initias of Mixed Feed/Water Medication Period (days) Medication Feed/Water Mixed of Feed/Water Equipment Ceaned Person Added Mixing 05/02/10 Lamb Feedot Drug A kg/tonne 2 tonnes Bin #5 05/02/10 JD ration or 200 gm/tonne purpe id MUST DO Comments: Date equipment ast caibrated and initias: Auditor s Initias: Audit Date: CANADIAN SHEEP AND LAMB FOOD SAFE FARM PRACTICES PROGRAM B6

64 Record 6: Pesticide Use In Grazing Areas Must Do Date of Pasture or *Pesticide Size of Pasture Appication Date Safe Date Animas Treated by Appication Fied Location (Brand Name, Treated to Graze put on Pasture (Initias) PCP#, Lot#) Quantity Used Method 04/20/10 North pasture Brand X 1 acre 20 gaons Spray 05/05/10 05/05/10 JD per acre MUST DO * Pesticide means any insecticide, herbicide, fungicide or rodenticide. Comments: Auditor s Initias: Audit Date: CANADIAN SHEEP AND LAMB FOOD SAFE FARM PRACTICES PROGRAM B8

65 Record 11: Miking Equipment Sanitation Must Do Check Sanitization Leve of Equipment ( cean x uncean) Miking Equipment** Date Water Temperature MUST DO Potentia areas to inspect: **Miking Equipment: receiver jar, pipeine inets, infations, mik hoses, caws, meters, weigh jars, gaskets, fiter coi, buckets, pais, sanitary trap Auditor s Initias: Audit Date: CANADIAN SHEEP AND LAMB FOOD SAFE FARM PRACTICES PROGRAM E5

66 Record 5: Decaration of Potentia Food Safety Hazard Must Do (Use when shipping animas with a potentia food safety hazard or when receiving animas that wi not be hed for 60 days before reseing) Owner s Name (person/company): Address: Tota Number of Animas Sod: Number of Animas Fagged or Specificay Identified: (specify anima identification number(s) beow). Anima Anima Heath Product(s) Physica Residues Identification Number(s) (Y/N) (and Visua Markings) Product Name Withdraw Date Exampe: 2,102 - red ine Drug A 05/31/10 Y - broken neede MUST DO I,, the seer of these animas decare to the best of my knowedge the information on this form is accurate. Signature of Owner Date Animas Shipped I,, the transporter of the aforementioned animas, agree to give this form to the purchaser of these animas. I,, the transporter AND purchaser, have read and understand the form. OR Signature of Transporter or Purchaser/Transporter Date CANADIAN SHEEP AND LAMB FOOD SAFE FARM PRACTICES PROGRAM B7

67 Record 3: Incoming Feed and Bedding Inventory Recommended It is recommended that a non-medicated feed, feed ingredients and bedding purchases for your farm be noted on this record. Use Record 2B: Medicated Feed Inventory, for recording a medicated feed purchases and for maintaining an inventory of medicated feed. Date Source Description Quantity Storage Bin Samped Initias of Person Received of Feed Y/N Handing the Feed 05/01/10 Company A Hay 100 square baes Hay shed Y JD Comments: CANADIAN SHEEP AND LAMB FOOD SAFE FARM PRACTICES PROGRAM B5

68 Record 8: Worker Training (Dairy Producers pease use Record 8A) Must Do For fu-time, part-time, seasona workers and famiy members. Training is ony required if workers wi be performing duties reated to Must Do practices in any of the areas isted beow. Worker s Name: Start Date: Area Reviewed Appicabe Shown How Initias of Date of Producer/ Section of Manua to Do Task Trainee Verification by Trainer (Date) (Date) Producer/Trainer Initias A1.1: Anima Heath Product Treatments A1.2: Anima Heath Product Usage A1.3: Purchasing and Storing Anima Heath Products A1.4: Injecting Anima Heath Products 05/01/10 Y JH 05/01/10 JD A2.1: Purchasing, Handing and Storing Feed and Bedding A2.2: Purchasing and Storing Medicated Feed MUST DO A2.3: On-Farm Mixing of Medications in Feed and Water A2.4: Administering Medicated Feed and Water A2.5: Water Quaity A3.1: Buying Animas A3.2: Seing Animas A3.3: Shipping Animas A4.1: Pesticides and Farm Chemicas A4.2: Manure/Dead Stock Handing and Nutrient Management A5.1: Fu-time, Part-time and Seasona Workers A5.2: Casua Workers Comments: Auditor s Initias: Audit Date: CANADIAN SHEEP AND LAMB FOOD SAFE FARM PRACTICES PROGRAM B10

69 Record 8A: Record of Worker Training for Dairy Operations Must Do For fu-time, part-time, seasona workers and famiy members. Training is ony required if workers wi be performing duties reated to Must Do practices in any of the areas isted beow. Worker s Name: Start Date: Area Reviewed Appicabe Shown How Initias of Date of Producer/ Section of Manua to Do Task Trainee Verification by Trainer (Date) (Date) Producer/Trainer Initias D.1: Legisation 05/01/10 Y JH 05/01/10 JD D2.1: Farmyard and Surroundings D2.2: Anima Housing Area D2.3: Miking Parour D2.4: Mikhouse D2.5: Dairy Equipment D2.6: Chemica Use and Storage D3: Fock Heath D4:1 Worker Hygiene MUST DO D4.2: Miking Procedures D4.3: Miking Parour and Mikhouse Sanitation D4.4: Equipment Sanitation D4.5: Handing Mik from Medicated Ewes D5: Water Quaity D.6.1: Mik Packaging D6.2: Cooing, Freezing and Storing Mik D6.3: Transporting Mik D7: Training Workers for Dairy Operations Comments: Auditor s Initias: Audit Date: CANADIAN SHEEP AND LAMB FOOD SAFE FARM PRACTICES PROGRAM E2

70 Record 9: Daiy Freezer/Buk Tank Temperatures Must Do Month: Date Time Freezer Reader s Date Time Buk Tank Reader s Temperature Initias Temperature Initias ( o C) ( o C) p.m. June 1 8:27 a.m. -18 o C JD June 1 8:28 a.m. -1 o C JD MUST DO Temperature Caibration Date(s): Freezer/Cooer (circe one) Auditor s Initias: Freezer/Cooer (circe one) Audit Date: CANADIAN SHEEP AND LAMB FOOD SAFE FARM PRACTICES PROGRAM E3

71 Record 10: Raw Mik Transport Must Do This form must be competed when transporting mik to the processor. Receiver s Name (person/company): Address: Producer s Name: Address: Fuid Mik: Temperature of Mik at Shipping: Temperature of Mik at Receiving: Frozen Mik: Condition of Mik at Shipping (i.e. frozen): Condition of Mik at Receiving (i.e. frozen): Mik Production Container Number of Mik Production Container Number of Period (i.e. day, Size Containers Period (i.e. day, Size Containers week or month) week or month) May 7-10, itres 4 MUST DO Tota Amount of Mik: Date of Shipment: I, the producer of the mik, decare to the best of my knowedge, that the mik is of good quaity and safety; and was produced under the Canadian Sheep and Lamb Food Safe Farm Praticies Program. Producer s Signature Date Receiver s Signature Date CANADIAN SHEEP AND LAMB FOOD SAFE FARM PRACTICES PROGRAM E4

72 Anima Care Chapter Canadian Verified Sheep Program

73 Tabe of Contents CHAPTER 2 ANIMAL CARE Section G Anima Care G1 A.1 Environmenta Conditions G2 A1.2 High Temperature, and Humidity, and Provision of Shade G2 A1.3 Provision of Sheter during Cod & Windy, and Cod & Wet Conditions G3 A2: Faciities G5 A2.1 Space, Feeders and Design G5 A2.2 Temperature, Humidity and Air Quaity G6 A2.3 Socia Environment and Enrichment G7 A2.4 Lighting G7 A2.5 Bedding and Manure Management G8 A3 Feed and Water G9 A3.1 Nutrition and Feed Management G9 A3.2 Coostrum Consumption G10 A3.3 Artificia Rearing G11 A3.4 Water G11 A4: Heath Management G13 A4.1 Reationship of Anima Heath to Anima Wefare G13 A4.2 Stock G13 A4.3 Veterinary Care and Fock Management Programs G14 A4.4 Sick, Injured or Cu Animas G15 A4.5 Fy-Strike G16 A4.6 Parasite Contro G17 A4.7 Lameness G18 A5: Husbandry Practices G19 A5.1 Handing, Grouping and Moving Animas G19 A5.2 Identification G21 A5.3 Predation Contro G22 A5.4 Shearing and Crutching G22 A5.5 Hoof Trimming G23 A5.6 Castration G24 A5.7 Tai Docking G25 A5.8 Muesing G26 A5.9 Dehorning/Horn Trimming G26 A5.10 Breeding G27 A5.11 Pregnancy, Lambing and Neonata Care G28 A5.12 Miking Procedures G30 A5.13 Weaning of Lambs G31 canadian verified sheep program

74 A6: Transportation G34 A6.1 Pre-Transport Decision Making Fitness for Transport G34 A6.2 Arranging Transport G35 A6.3 Preparing Sheep for Transport G36 A6.4 Loading and Unoading G36 A7: Euthanasia G37 A7.1 Euthanasia Decision Making G37 A7.2 Methods of Euthanasia G38 A7.3 Confirmation of Death G39 Section H Fock Heath Pan Section A - Fock Heath Pan Section B - Fock Heath Protoco Form H1 H1 H21 Section I Sef-Assessment Checkists Record 1: Records Review Record 2: Environmenta Conditions Contingency Pans Record 3: Faciities Record 4: Feed and Water Record 5: Heath Management Record 6: Husbandry Practices Record 7: Transportation Record 8: Euthanasia I1 I1 I2 I3 I5 I6 I7 I8 I9 canadian verified sheep program

75 Section G Anima Care

76 Wecome Wecome to the Canadian Verified Sheep Program (CVSP) Anima Care chapter. This is an anima care Program, chaired by the Canadian Sheep Federation. The Program is being impemented to meet consumer and vaue chain concerns invoving anima wefare in sheep and amb production practices. Improved anima care directy resuts in more productive animas. Why is an on-farm anima wefare Program necessary? Responsibe anima care is increasingy becoming a consumer and vaue chain demand. With today s strong anima activist presence, being abe to demonstrate responsibe anima care during the production of sheep and amb products is becoming a priority of processors, retaiers and consumers aike. These standards were deveoped to hep assure consumers that their sheep and amb products have been raised with the upmost responsibiity and in management system meeting a requirements of anima care. Like most sheep producers, many of these practices wi aready be in pace in your production system. However, a verifiabe method of monitoring anima care wi aid the industry to secure consumer confidence and meet market pace demands. What is the Program based on? The CVSP Anima Care chapter was deveoped based on the Nationa Farm Anima Care Counci s (NFACC) Sheep Code of Practice. The Anima Care chapter takes the requirements or Must Do s of the Sheep Code of Practice and presents it as a deiverabe, trainabe and verifiabe format. The Codes of Practice are nationay deveoped guideines for the care and handing of farm animas. They serve as our nationa understanding of anima care requirements and recommended practices. Codes promote sound management and wefare practices for housing, care, transportation and other anima husbandry practices. The Codes of Practice have been deveoped for virtuay a farmed anima species in Canada. Nationa Farm Anima Care Counci s (NFACC) website provides access to a currenty avaiabe Codes ( The Codes of Practice are the resut of a rigourous Code deveopment process, taking into account the best science avaiabe for each species, compied through an independent peer-reviewed process, aong with stakehoder input. The Code deveopment process aso takes into account the practica requirements for each species necessary to promote consistent appication across Canada and ensure uptake by stakehoders resuting in beneficia anima outcomes. Given their broad use by numerous parties in Canada today, it is important for a to understand how they are intended to be interpreted. How does the Program work? The CVSP Anima Care chapter provides a standardized system of GPP s (Good Production Practices) and record keeping to monitor anima care. The Program can be used on a Canadian Sheep and Lamb operations. The Anima Care chapter is currenty vountary, however this may change as consumer and vaue chain demands increase. canadian verified sheep program anima care chapter

77 Are there benefits to the Program? By maximizing the care of sheep and insuring that a basic needs are met, whie taking into consideration natura behaviour, wi directy resut in animas experiencing ess stress. Animas reared with minima stress perform much better, in turn increasing your bottom ine. Other benefits incude: Increased consumer confidence in industry; Improve fock management and productivity; Enhanced performance of animas; Greater access to domestic and internationa markets; and Abiity to meet consumer demands. How do I Impement the Program materia? The Canadian Verified Sheep Program (CVSP) Anima Care chapter provides you with a the information to compy with the Program. Given this manua you wi need to: Participate in the training provided onine, or in person through your provincia deivery agency; Adapt the materia to the unique needs of your farm; Foow GPP s (Good Production Practices) and record-keeping system on your farm; Ensure a workers, and famiy members are propery trained on the Program; and Propery document mistakes when they happen to minimize future occurrences. The Canadian Sheep and Lamb Anima Care Practices Manua The CVSP Anima Care chapter contains a essentia GPP s that impact anima care and wefare. The manua detais: Areas that infuence anima care on farm; Production practices that maximize anima care; and How to propery address sick or injured animas on-farm. The information in the manua is reviewed on an annua basis to ensure that it contains the most up-to-date information and can be adapted to a sheep and amb farms. If updates are required, producers who have been audited wi receive the revised sections of the manua, or if necessary, a revised copy of the manua in its entirety. Organization of this Manua The CVSP Anima Care chapter is organized into two sections. Section A is GPP s, and Section B is the Fock Heath Pan and Sef Assessment Forms. A producers participating in this chapter shoud have a copy of the NFACC Code of Practice avaiabe. SECTION A ANIMAL CARE PRACTICE FOR PRODUCERS Section A identifies a the Must Do s and recommended practices incuded in the Sheep Code of Practice. Section A is broken into seven sub-sections; Environmenta Conditions, Faciities, Feed and Water, Heath Management, Husbandry Practices, Transportation and Euthanasia. Each subsection identifies Must Do GPP s (Good Production Practices) reated to their specific area of production management. canadian verified sheep program anima care chapter

78 The Must Do practices are identified in bod ettering, and are critica to anima care. A Must Do practices must be met in order to compy with the requirements of the Canadian Verified Sheep Program. The Program was deveoped taking into consideration the various styes of sheep rearing nationay. Must Do s wi be verified through: Record keeping; Sef-assessments/Checkists; Evidence of training; and Interview process during on-farm audit. At the end of each subsection is a ist of Recommended GPP s which are of significant concern to anima care and wefare but posed ess concern of affecting anima we-being. Recommended practices are beneficia to reducing the risk of sickness, injury and mortaity on farm. SECTION B ON-FARM COMPLIANCE MATERIALS Section B contains a documentation required in order to prove compiance with the Must Do GPP s isted in the subsections of Section A. These documents incude: Fock Heath Pan; Fock Heath Protoco Form; Sef-Assessment Checkists; and Proof of Training. Successfuy gaining conformance on the Program requires fu compiance with a Must Do practices. canadian verified sheep program anima care chapter

79 Section A Anima Care Practices for Sheep Producers This section of the manua identifies seven major of major areas of sheep production where anima care issues may arise: A1. Environmenta Conditions A2. Faciities A3. Feed and Water A4. Heath Management A5. Husbandry Practices A6. Transportation A7. Euthanasia Within Section A, anima care concerns are emphasized aong with the good GPP (Good Production Practices) that can be used to maximize anima care. Whie a Must Do practices are essentia to anima wefare, they aso serve as critica contro points; specific practices where the producer can appy contros to reduce, prevent or eiminate anima care concerns. A record-keeping forms referred to can be found in Section B Fock Heath Pan, Fock Heath Protoco Form and Sef-Assessment Checkists. RESPONSIBILITY An anima care program invoves GPP s used to address a areas of concern reated to anima wefare. It is important to be aware of your responsibiity as a producer: Monitoring Procedures: Reguar observation of your anima s heath and we-being, as we as the factors that infuence the rearing process. Deviation Process: Corrective actions taken by the farm when a deviation from a practice is observed. Verification Procedures: Procedures that need to be verified by someone other than the producer. This is done by the auditor as part of the audit cyce for the program, which may incude a review of reevant records and documentation, observation of tasks being performed in an interview of the person who performed the task(s). Producers aso need to ensure they foow a Federa, Provincia and Municipa Legisation in reation to agricutura practices, incuding those reated to the usage of anima heath products, anima feeds, nutrient management, and dead stock handing/disposa. Where Legisation stipuates more stringent practices, the Legisation supersedes the practices required in the Anima Care chapter. canadian verified sheep program anima care chapter G1

80 Section A1: Environmenta Conditions A variety of production systems exist in Canada for rearing sheep. The wefare of sheep is greaty impacted by their iving conditions. Region, cimate, season, ambing season, breed and the type of production system wi directy affect the type of housing and sheter required. Various sheep management systems have the abiity to provide good wefare for the animas raised within them, provided adequate resources can be appied as needed. Adaptabiity, physica attributes, and behaviour patterns of sheep must be taken into consideration. With proper care and management, sheep are abe to adapt physioogicay and behaviouray to cope with the wide range of Canadian cimatic conditions. The reationship between an anima and its environment is important to anima wefare. Provision of sheter and shade are important for protection from adverse weather conditions as described in this section. Sheep accimatized to particuar environmenta temperatures/conditions wi face chaenges if suddeny required to adjust to extremes of temperature outside the range to which they are accustomed (e.g. hot to cod or cod to hot). If appropriate action is not taken, sheep are at risk of deveoping hypothermia, frost bite, heat stress, and other possibe stressfu conditions Producers must prompty assist individua sheep dispaying signs of heat or cod stress Sheep entering the fock that come from a different environment or production system, must be monitored cosey during the accimation period, and action taken to hep promote their heath and wefare as required Deveop a contingency pan for extreme and sudden changes to weather conditions and be prepared to put the pan into action within hours. Be prepared to reocate the sheep, giving priority for sheter to the most vunerabe. A1.2 High Temperature, Humidity and Provision of Shade Signs of heat stress in sheep can incude: Continua panting; Rapid breathing; Weakness; Inabiity to stand; and Eevated recta temperature. If the body temperature continues to rise, the sheep wi eventuay coapse and die. Sheep that have been recenty shorn have ess protection from soar radiation (e.g. sunburn and radiant heat) provided by the feece Producers must pan for eevated heat conditions and take steps to mitigate heat stress by: canadian verified sheep program anima care chapter G2 Monitoring frequenty for individua animas showing signs of heat stress; Providing shade (e.g. aowing access to treed area, bringing in wagons, erecting a canopy, stacking baes);

81 Ensuring adequate access to cean, fresh drinking water (demands for water wi increase during hot weather) (See Section A3.4 on Water); Avoiding the handing and moving of sheep during the heat of the day; Aowing sheep to rest during the heat of the day (e.g. aow rest breaks as needed if traiing sheep ong distances); and Seecting an appropriate shearing season. A1.3 Provision of Sheter During Cod and Windy, and Cod and Wet Conditions When conditions are cod for the sheep, they wi: Face away from the prevaiing winds; Seek sheter from the wind; Hudde together; Shift positions within the group; and Shiver. Wind combined with cod, wet conditions can compromise the wefare of sheep: Cod, wet and windy conditions reduce the insuation vaue of the feece; Sheep can experience wind chi; Wind chi can have a severe impact on the effective temperature experienced by sheep and cause hypothermia; and Newborn and very young ambs, freshy shorn sheep, and compromised sheep are more susceptibe to hypothermia. Without panning for cod, stormy weather events and providing an appropriate pan, sheep coud succumb to the effects of cod and wet weather Sheep must have access to sheter, either natura or man-made, that provides appropriate reief for the regiona and seasona cimatic conditions and is appropriate for the individua production system. Propery designed and maintained hedgerows and windbreaks can be adequate, as can natura and features (e.g. ee side of a hi, bush, guy, couees) for certain casses of animas Producers must pan the ambing period for the avaiabe sheter and to match oca cimatic conditions (e.g. provide sheter for young ambs and freshy shorn sheep) Specia considerations for management and sheter during ambing wi be required under some conditions. (See Section A5.11 on Pregnancy, Lambing and Neonata Care) canadian verified sheep program anima care chapter G3

82 1.3.4 When panning for extreme weather events and winter management, a producer must consider and be abe to: Manage their fock to minimize the risk of hypothermia; Monitor fock cosey for signs of cod stress and take immediate action to provide reief if it occurs; Reocate sheep to a shetered area or shed; Provide more feed (energy); Provide extra bedding where appropriate; and Manage timing of shearing events to minimize risk of hypothermia (e.g. if bad weather is predicted, make aternate arrangements such as deaying shearing or increasing avaiabe sheter). RECOMMENDATIONS Seect a breed or type of sheep that is suitabe for the ocation, cimate and management system. Consut a veterinarian to estabish a protoco for treatment options for sheep showing signs of hypothermia, and incude this in the fock heath pan. If adverse conditions are expected, postpone shearing. Use a cover comb (or comb ifter) to provide some protection against coo temperatures, insects and soar radiation as this eaves more woo than a reguar comb. Section A2: Faciities Various production systems are practiced for rearing sheep in Canada. The main systems incude: Pasture-based; Tota confinement; and Hybrid (indoor and outdoor). A faciities used in the rearing of sheep must be suitabe for sheep. Describing a types of faciities used is beyond the scope of this Program. There are many resources avaiabe for producers wanting detais reating to siting and construction of sheep faciities, incuding foor space aowances, bunk space aowances and heights, etc. Some of these resources incude: canadian verified sheep program anima care chapter G4 Canadian Sheep Federation s Virtua Toobox ( Ontario Sheep Marketing Agency Production Manua ( Aberta Lamb Producers Production Manuas ( Canada Pan Service ( Le Centre de référence en agricuture et agroaimentaire du Québec Guide : L éevage du mouton ( Centre d expertise en production ovine du Québec (

83 Additiona resources: Modern Shepherd Program offered through Dahousie University, Facuty of Agricuture ( Shepherding 101: Getting Started in the Sheep Industry offered through Ods Coege ( A2.1 Space, Feeders and Design Sufficient foor space is required for a sheep to be abe to ie down at the same time in a norma resting posture; adjust their posture; turn around; move freey around the pen/encosure; seek sheter, food and water; and a comfortabe ocation to rest and ruminate without interference from other sheep. There must be sufficient feed space to aow sheep to eat adequate amounts; the amount of space required per sheep wi vary with sheep size, feece ength, presence of horns, pregnancy status, type of feed and feeding system. See Tabe 2.1 on Minimum Recommended Foor & Feeder Space for recommended space aowances in the NFACC Code of Practice. How water systems are designed and maintained is critica to sheep having access to cean, paatabe water. Segregated areas or sick pens must be accessibe to house sick or injured animas. Sick pens aow for better surveiance of compromised animas, as we as extra resources such as additiona space, bedding, protection, isoation of diseases, and easy access to feed and water. Where possibe, sheep shoud have visua contact with other sheep. Anima Safety Concern: Sheep shoud not be overcrowded and exposed to an increased risk of injury, disease or therma distress due to inadequate space. When sheep are offered feed together, there must be sufficient trough/feeder space to ensure that each sheep is abe to feed unimpeded to meet it s nutritiona requirements Barriers, pen dividers, other penning or handing structures, must be suitabe for sheep, and maintained and ceaned to minimize potentia iness and injury (e.g. ensure there are no sharp edges and projections that might injure sheep) A appicabe equipment and services incuding water bows and troughs, ventiating fans, heating and ighting units, miking machines, fire extinguishers and aarm systems must be inspected and ceaned reguary and kept in good working order Feeding equipment must be suitabe and safe for the type of sheep Sheep must not be housed on soid concrete foors without providing adequate bedding. canadian verified sheep program anima care chapter G5

84 For sheep handing: Producers and stock peope must have access to equipment for safe handing, treatment, restraint, segregation, oading and unoading of sheep. (See Section A4.2 on Stockmanship Skis Reated to Anima Heath and Wefare) Handing area must have surfaces that provide good traction Handing systems must be designed to utiize natura sheep behaviour and managed to minimize unnecessary noise. (See Section A5.1 on Handing, Grouping and Moving Animas) Equipment must be maintained in good repair. In housing, grazing and oafing areas: There must be sufficient space for a animas to simutaneousy ie down and ruminate, stand up, turn around, adopt resting postures and move around easiy Producers must be abe to make provisions for a hospita pen/area when required A sheep must have access to a we-drained ying area. Constanty standing in mud is not acceptabe Housed sheep must have access to a dry ying area. A2.2 Temperature, Humidity and Air Quaity The air and environmenta conditions inside the housing can affect air quaity depending on externa temperature, humidity, cod air drafts, ventiation systems, stocking density and bedding management. To promote the heath and we being of the sheep air circuation, dust eves, temperature, reative air humidity and ammonia concentrations must be kept within imits. A we-designed ventiation system that is we maintained and operated propery wi hep to optimize air quaity in the housing. To avoid high humidity, diigent bedding management wi minimize excessive moisture in the air, and hep to maintain heathy ammonia eves within in the housing areas. Sheep are abe to bear ow temperatures reasonaby we if they have sheter from wind, drafts and precipitation, are in good heath, and have ready access to sufficient appropriate feed. Excessive ammonia inside buidings can pose a heath threat to both sheep and anima handers. Very high concentrations (e.g. 45ppm) can affect growth and are aversive to sheep, but some detrimenta effects can occur at about 15ppm of exposure in as itte as 12 days. Effective ventiation avoids damaging ammonia eves. There are no guideines for acceptabe eves of ammonia in ivestock buidings, but the Occupationa Heath and Safety guideines canadian verified sheep program anima care chapter G6

85 cite an exposure eve of 25ppm for humans for an 8-hour workday and a short-term exposure eve of 35ppm. If ammonia is detectabe by the human nose upon entry into the housing, it is generay considered to be at a eve that requires action to be taken. Anima Safety Concern: High temperatures, poor air quaity, and excessive humidity may cause heath probems in housed sheep. Respiratory diseases and heat stress are of the most common side effects Indoor air quaity and temperature must be maintained at eves to promote good heath and wefare of sheep When ammonia concentrations at sheep eve exceed 25ppm, take immediate action Producers must consider prevaiing winds when constructing sheter for sheep to ensure adequate airfow and protection from cod winds. A2.3 Socia Environment and Enrichment Sheep are socia animas. Sheep socia behaviours have evoved as part of the protective mechanism against predators. The abiity of sheep to recognize the faces of numerous other sheep, and to interpret the emotiona reevance of these facia features is beneficia during socia interactions and the formation of socia bonds. Fighting to estabish a socia hierarchy occurs more in singe-sex, singe-age groups than in mixed-sex groups of varying ages. Anima Safety Concern: Providing visua contact with other sheep is essentia to avoid isoation stress Sheep must have visua contact with other sheep. A2.4 Lighting Light is necessary to ensure appropriate care of the animas by the stockperson. Sheep kept in we-it buidings can be thoroughy inspected at any time and the sheep can be handed appropriatey during emergencies, shearing, and during daiy care routines. Sheep are seasona animas and sensitive to photoperiod. Sheep must be provided with natura dayight cyce, incuding a period of dark every 24 hour period but they shoud not be kept in permanent darkness. Exterior ighting of faciities can hep minimize predator probems, but care must be taken to avoid affecting the diurna cyce of the sheep. Sheep prefer moving towards ighter areas. Shadows can starte sheep and make moving them more difficut. Appropriate ighting for handing areas is aso important for the wefare of sheep. Anima Safety Concern: Inadequate ighting prevents stockpersons from inspecting sheep propery, which can ead to injury and iness going unnoticed. canadian verified sheep program anima care chapter G7

86 2.4.1 Sheep housed indoors must be exposed to a natura dayight cyce (using either artificia or natura ight), except for breeding animas under a controed ight regime Lighting must be sufficient to aow appropriate care and inspection by stock peope Ensure six hours of darkness in a 24-hour period for housed sheep. A2.5 Bedding and Manure Management Bedding shoud be provided in a buidings used for rearing sheep, with the exception of systems using sotted foors, to create a cean, comfortabe, dry surface. In bedded pack systems, it is important to add fresh bedding materia as necessary to promote good wefare of the sheep. Wet bedding wi contribute to humidity and ammonia buid-up in the barn. Bedding is particuary important during ambing. Bedding in ambing pens shoud be cean, dry and repaced reguary. Waste, such as spoied feed, soied bedding and afterbirth presents the risk for spread of disease or other contaminants. Waste may attract predators and pests. Waste management pans estabish what is to be done with the various wastes generated at the site, incuding manure. Waste management pans shoud incude detais on remova, transportation, storage and disposa of manure focused on minimizing potentia risks associated with the waste. Anima Safety Concern: A sheep housing areas, regardess of system, shoud be we-drained to avoid wet conditions that can create wefare and heath chaenges (e.g. foot rot) for the sheep Bedding must be provided in a buidings used for rearing sheep, with the exception of systems using sotted foors Bedding must be cean and dry Sheep must not be housed on soid concrete foors without providing adequate bedding When ambing inside in cod temperatures, extra bedding must be provided Where waste is stored, it must be stored in a manner to avoid run off getting into sheep housing areas, water sources, feed and bedding suppies, or attracting scavengers to the housing area. RECOMMENDATIONS Consider the amount of space needed for moving sheep and/or equipment easiy when designing and setting up faciities. Sope or mound feedot pens, oafing areas and yards appropriatey to provide dry areas and promote drainage. canadian verified sheep program anima care chapter G8

87 Aow space for sick/hospita pens when buiding or setting up a faciity. Consider biosecurity when designing and managing anima faciities. Pan exit doors for emergencies and to provide protection from snow/ice sides from roofing. Consider aeyways and movement pathways within structures. Construct interna surfaces of housing and pens of materias, which can be ceansed and disinfected or be easiy repaced when necessary. Consider housing and feeding needs when deveoping on-farm emergency pans. Seek competent advice on the design, construction or modification of buidings. Consider oca topography when siting buidings or atering accommodations. Take action if ammonia is detectabe by peope entering the buiding. Check for drafts at anima eve and adjust ventiation to eiminate drafts. Estabish a waste management pan that incudes detais and procedures for waste remova, storage, transport and disposa. Section A3: Feed and Water A3.1 Nutrition and Feed Management Feed resources must be we managed and readiy avaiabe. Feed rations shoud be adjusted according to the animas changing needs, stage of production system, and in accordance with changing environmenta conditions. Body condition of sheep need to be monitored reguary. Sheep that are not fed adequatey wi ose body condition and wi not achieve their capacity. Body condition scoring (BCS) is a too widey used by ivestock producers as an aid to fock management. BCS can be a key too for on-farm assessment and management of sheep wefare. Ewe body condition has a major effect on feta deveopment and amb surviva, as we as ewe mik and coostrum production. Target body condition scores wi vary depending upon stage of production. Body condition scoring aso aows producers to optimize the utiization of feed resources and anima productivity. Be aware that body condition scores are most appicabe to mature sheep and may be of itte use for ambs under 6 months of age. See Appendix 8: Body Condition Scoring. Anima Safety Concern: Both emaciation and obesity can compromise the heath and wefare of the individua sheep as we as the fock. Obesity is a particuar wefare concern for pregnant ewes, which may experience reduced appetites and be at risk for deveoping pregnancy toxemia. Emaciation may resut from inadequate feed intake, chronic disease, or teeth probems. canadian verified sheep program anima care chapter G9

88 3.1.1 Ensure sheep have sufficient access to feed (incuding sat and mineras) of adequate quaity and quantity to maintain them in good heath, fufi their nutritiona and physioogica needs and promote a positive state of we-being and vigour. The quaity and quantity of feed required wi depend on factors such as: age, frame size and body condition, reproductive status, heath status, eve of production, competition and weather Where sat and minera are suppemented, it must be formuated specificay for sheep and suited to the geographica region With the exception of feedot ambs, sheep must have access to forage A sheep kept in confinement must be inspected at east once a day to ensure the avaiabiity of feed and water Monitor anima performance, behaviour, body condition score and heath on an ongoing basis and adjust the feeding program accordingy if the average body condition score of the fock fas beow the target for the stage of production. Seek the hep of a nutritionist or veterinarian if required Take corrective action when the body condition score for individua sheep with a score of ess than 2 out of 5 for meat breeds and 1.5 out of 5 for dairy/proific breeds of sheep. (See Section A4.4 on Sick, Injured or Cu Animas) Producers must provide aternative feed for winter-grazing sheep that no onger have easy access to forage due to heavy or crusted snow or severe weather conditions Particuar attention must be paid when feeding a high-energy diet to prevent heath probems such as grain overoad, boat or other diseases. Diet changes must be made graduay Take a reasonabe steps to prevent exposure of sheep to toxins (e.g. weeds toxic to sheep, ead batteries, fertiizer, treated seed, antifreeze, nitrates) and to feed with physica quaities (e.g. awns) that coud cause injury or imit intake. A3.2 Coostrum Consumption The eary nutritiona status of ambs has a marked infuence on their ater productivity. Coostrum is the first mik produced by newy ambed ewes and is characterized by high energy and antibody content. (See Section A5.11 on Pregnancy, Lambing and Neonata Care for requirements reating to coostrum consumption). Coostrum intake affects the immediate and future heath and wefare of ambs. canadian verified sheep program anima care chapter G10

89 A3.3 Artificia Rearing Neonata ruminants are not initiay capabe of digesting starch and sucrose. Lambs that are artificiay reared require a mik repacer that is high in mik fat and has good quaity mik based protein in the first weeks of ife. Lambs being artificiay reared need a good quaity mik substitute avaiabe unti they are abe to consume sufficient soid feed for their needs. With time and access to a fibrous diet, ruminants deveop the abiity to digest pant based diets. A amb creep ration, high quaity roughage (e.g. hay) and cean fresh water shoud be avaiabe on a free choice basis by one week of age to promote rumen deveopment. Lambs weaned eary, between 15 and 30 days of age and weighing between 7 and 13.5 kg (15 and 30 bs.), need speciaized care by a competent person aware of extra needs. Anima Safety Concern: Artificia rearing of ambs requires a knowedgeabe stockperson as improper management of weaned ambs can ead to dehydration, manutrition and other serious or fata heath issues Newborn ambs that are taken from their dams must receive coostrum within six hours of birth. (See Section A5.11 on Pregnancy, Lambing and Neonata Care) Mik repacer used must be formuated for ambs Artificiay reared ambs must receive a voume and quaity of mik repacer to promote heath, growth and vigour Prior to being weaned, ambs must be consuming adequate amounts of cean water and soid feed daiy to ensure heath, growth and vigour. A3.4 Water Consumption of sufficient water is essentia for bodiy functions and pays an important roe in temperature reguation. Leve of consumption of water may vary greaty depending on the type and size of the sheep, physica state, heath, eve of activity, dry matter intake, quaity of water, temperature of water, and the environmenta temperature. The water intake requirement is affected by the amount needed for body growth, feta growth or actation, and that ost in urine, feces, respiration and sweat. As a genera rue, vountary water consumption is 2 or 3 times dry matter consumption and increases with high-protein and sat-containing diets. During the winter, it is important that feed intake is not imited by a ack of water, as there are increased energy needs during periods of cod temperatures. Water quaity is important to sheep. Water quaity may adversey affect water consumption and anima heath. Lack of water consumption can resut in reduced feed intake and interfere with minera utiization from feed. Sheep are adaptabe to a certain amount of variation in water quaity and composition given time to adjust to the change. Watering systems must be suitabe for sheep (e.g. paced at appropriate heights and run with appropriate water pressure). Lactating sheep require more water than dry ewes. Dairy sheep require more water than non-dairy focks to meet their needs. Dairy operations have high water demands (e.g. sanitation, equipment). canadian verified sheep program anima care chapter G11

90 Sheep that do not have access to adequate good quaity water are at risk of deveoping serious heath issues such as dehydration Sheep must have daiy access to a source that provides sufficient, cean and paatabe water to satisfy their water intake needs Watering systems must be suitabe for the sheep Snow is not an acceptabe source of water for wethers, feedot ambs and actating ewes Snow is acceptabe as a soe water source for the breeding fock if: It provides sufficient water each day to satisfy their water intake needs; The sheep do not show signs of dehydration; The sheep are graduay accimated eary in the cod season; The sheep are heathy, non-actating and maintain a good body condition (e.g. a score of 3 or higher); Feed intakes remain at eves that promote heath and wefare; The sheep have the physica abiity to move to cean snow and eat it; The snow is not hard packed, tramped or soied; A sheep, their environment and snow conditions are monitored daiy; and A back-up water source can be made avaiabe without deay, either by moving the sheep to an area with a source of water or by hauing water if the snow source becomes unsuitabe because of tramping, soiing or winter thaws etc Ice aone is not an adequate source of water whether outside or in watering devices Where hand-watering is empoyed, producers must provide enough water and sufficient access, to meet consumption demands of a individua sheep Producer must ensure a sheep in the fock can easiy wak to and access an adequate source of water Troughs must be designed and instaed in such a way as to ensure young ambs cannot get into them and drown Inspect watering devices daiy to ensure they are functioning and not frozen. RECOMMENDATIONS Test nutrient content of feed ingredients used and baance rations as necessary; consut a nutritionist for advice. canadian verified sheep program anima care chapter Become famiiar with potentia micronutrient deficiencies or excesses in the geographic area and use appropriatey formuated suppements. G12

91 Manage feedstuffs in a way to maintain quaity and minimize spoiage. Foow proper sanitation procedures for mik feeding equipment and utensis. Keep feeders and water containers cean and remove any stae feed or mik. Automatic feeding equipment shoud be ceaned and sanitized at reguar and frequent intervas. Use feeding practices that wi reduce the risk of abomasa boat. This incudes ad ib feeding of cod fresh mik repacer, use of acidified mik repacer, or other methods as recommended by the fock veterinarian or nutritionist. Provide water at a times, especiay during actation. Section A4: Heath Management A4.1 Reationship of Anima Heath to Anima Wefare Anima heath is an important component of anima wefare and can be affected by many factors, incuding: nutrition, ventiation, biosecurity, housing and management practices. Heath issues can affect an anima s we-being and is impacted by pain and discomfort. Fock heath pans, and biosecurity protocos can hep prevent and contain diseases. On-farm record keeping reating to heath issues serve as toos to hep assess anima heath and wefare at the fock eve, such as rates of disease as we as certain measure of productivity. On-farm record keeping coud incude: diagnosis, treatment, drug administration, vaccination, reproductive weights and mortaity. Heath probems that are caught and deat with quicky wi affect fewer animas and improve overa fock heath. Anima Safety Concern: Improper management of anima heath put the entire fock at risk of ife threatening iness and disease Keep accurate and detaied anima heath records. A4.2 Stockmanship Skis Reated to Anima Heath and Wefare On-farm management practices infuence anima heath, anima wefare and productivity. Stockmanship skis hep producers to: Prevent iness, disease and injury; Provide eary identification of potentia heath and wefare issues; and Reduce stress and accommodate natura behaviour of sheep. Famiiarity with sheep behaviour wi ensure workers have a better chance of identifying abnorma behaviour quicky. Heath probems that are identified and deat with quicky wi affect fewer animas. canadian verified sheep program anima care chapter G13

92 Lack of stockmanship skis can cause undue pain and suffering due to faiure to notice heath and wefare issues A peope working with sheep must have access to a copy of the NFACC Code of Practice Producers must have the resources for, and knowedge of the basics of care as stated in the NFACC Code of Practice and ensure such care is provided Stockpeope must be famiiar with, and provide the basics of care as stated in the NFACC Code of Practice The stockperson responsibe for the monitoring and care of the sheep must be knowedgeabe of basic sheep behaviour and common signs of iness and injury A producers are responsibe for ensuring a stockpeope working with the sheep are trained A producers and stockpeope must understand the reporting requirement for reportabe diseases and immediatey consut the fock veterinarian when suspected cases occur Sheep must be monitored at intervas sufficient to ensure we-being in accordance with a sections of the NFACC Code of Practice The frequency of inspection wi depend on factors that affect sheep wefare at any particuar time, such as: housing; ambing; predation; fy-strike; introduction of new sheep; adverse weather conditions; and must be at east daiy. A4.3 Veterinary Care and Fock Management Programs When estabishing and impementing effective fock heath pans, veterinarians are an important resource for heping producers. A vaid veterinary-cient-patient reationship (VCPR) is necessary to famiiarize your veterinarian with your fock and management practices so that appropriate anima heath decisions can be made in the event that a probem occurs. Each province reguates veterinarians icensed to practice within that province. Each province requires that veterinarians, when dispensing drugs or making treatment decisions for anima or fock of animas, may ony do so within a vaid veterinary-cient-patient reationship. Provincia veterinary medica associations have each defined what constitutes a vaid VCPR in their own jurisdictions. Pease consut with your provincia veterinary medica association and your veterinarian to determine the specific conditions for a VCPR on your farm. In a VCPR reationship, the producer and veterinarian make decisions on heath and wefare outcomes for sheep based on the various aspects of the production system. VCPR heps producers to deveop a fock heath pan. canadian verified sheep program anima care chapter G14

93 A fock heath pan shoud cover the yeary production cyce and wi differ depending on the fock size and management system. This pan is best structured around the deveopment and impementation of written protocos and action pans. This pan shoud be avaiabe to a empoyees, famiy and a other stockpeope. A vaid VCPR is essentia for producers to obtain prescription ony drugs. Suggested eements of an effective pan incude: Anima Safety Concern: A record-keeping system with associated benchmarks and targets; A schedue for inspection of stock; A pain contro strategy; Breeding management; Nutritiona/pasture management; Disease prevention and management strategies; A risk benefit anaysis of painfu husbandry procedures; A pan for reducing amb mortaity; SOPs medica emergencies, cuing and euthanasia; Managing biosecurity threats (refer to the CFIA Nationa Sheep Producer Biosecurity Panning Guide; avaiabe from the Canadian Food Inspection Agency; visit their site: An emergency action pan (e.g. for food, fire, power outage, market breakdown); A corrective action pan for key probems; Records to aow assessment of fock performance must be maintained as part of a fock; and A fock heath pan. A veterinarian-cient-patient reationship is essentia for providing maximum and efficient care in the production system. The absence of a VCPR can compromise preventative and maintenance management practices that directy effect anima heath and wefare A producers must have a vaid veterinary-cient-patient reationship (VCPR) with a icensed veterinarian. A4.4 Sick, Injured or Cu Animas Everyone responsibe for sheep care shoud be abe to recognize both norma behaviour and signs of sickness, injury or disease. Heath probems wi be identified earier if stockpeope monitor the fock routiney and not just at feeding time. When treatment fais or is not advisabe, sick, injured or diseased sheep shoud be cued or euthanized without deay. A veterinarian shoud perform any surgeries, as we as first aid, that are not isted in Section A5: Husbandry Practices. If in doubt about the sheep s heath or most effective treatment, contact a veterinarian right away. Keeping records is an important practice for anima heath and wefare and food safety. Producers are encouraged to estabish a record-keeping system suitabe for their farm. The canadian verified sheep program anima care chapter G15

94 Anima Safety Concern: Food Safe Farm Practices (FSFP) chapter has treatment record-keeping tempates avaiabe. Records are important for disease prevention, disease surveiance, consistency and continuity of treatment, food safety and traceabiity, breeding seection and improvements in production. Good fock management can minimize the risk of sickness and injury. In the event of sickness/injury, providing sheep with comfort and appropriate care is a top priority of anima wefare. Pain management and iness action pans shoud be covered in the fock heath pan A stockpeope must be knowedgeabe of norma sheep behaviour and signs of iness, injury and disease; or work in conjunction with an experienced stockperson Stockpeope must not cause, nor aow, unnecessary pain or unnecessary distress by eaving a sheep to suffer Sick, injured or diseased sheep must receive prompt treatment and nursing care, or be euthanized immediatey. The treatment must be appropriate for the condition. If in doubt about the sheep s heath or the most effective treatment, consut a veterinarian without deay For sick, injured or diseased sheep that are not responding to treatment, producers must, without deay, obtain veterinary advice on appropriate care and treatment or euthanize the sheep Surgeries other than those referenced in Section A5: Husbandry Practices and first aid, must be performed by a icensed veterinarian Monitoring of sick, injured or diseased sheep must be appropriate for the condition and at east daiy Sick, injured or diseased animas must be segregated where it is advantageous for treatment or to imit disease transmission. A4.5 Fy-Strike Fy-strike occurs when the eggs of bowfies are aid and hatch in moist or manure-stained woo and the maggots migrate to the skin and begin feeding on the fesh of the ive anima. In Canada, there is no approved product to prevent or treat fy-strike; therefore, producers must rey on sound practices to reduce risk. An important ski is identification of fy-strike. The risk of fy-strike is infuenced by weather, management strategies that impact the number of fies, geographica region and individua anima parameters (e.g. wet conditions, dags on hindquarters, footrot, and head wounds in rams). Common indicators of fy-strike incude: A sma visibe damp spot; Severe irritation/scratching; Biting or rubbing the hindquarters; and Difficuty keeping up with the fock. canadian verified sheep program anima care chapter G16

95 Anima Safety Concern: Fy-strike is a serious wefare issue for sheep. The maggots create painfu mutipe wounds, which, if undetected, can debiitate the anima to the extent that it eventuay dies of shock, secondary infections and bood poisoning Sheep affected by fy-strike must receive prompt treatment Producers must understand the basic bioogy of the bowfies that cause strikes Producers must determine the reative risk of fy-strike based on: Predisposing environmenta factors; Predisposing sheep traits; Reative risk factors (dags and ong tais; wet woo in warm, humid conditions; footrot; open wounds); and The seasona presence of bowfies Producers must take steps to reduce the attraction of fies to sheep: Consider the risk of fy-strike in the risk/benefit anaysis when deciding to tai dock (See Section A5.7 on Tai Docking); Preventing diarrhea or treating it quicky if cases do occur and crutching accordingy; Ceaning and treating wounds quicky; and Shearing animas before fy season Monitor fock for fy-strike as soon as fy season begins and during proonged damp and humid weather. A4.6 Parasite Contro Parasites can be a major issue for sheep focks in Canada. Preventing and controing parasites is important for sheep wefare, economic reasons, and wefare of other species. Resistance to treatment needs to be considered when deveoping parasite contro strategies. It is important to work in conjunction with the fock veterinarian to accuratey assess the probem and deveop specific contro and treatment strategies. Parasites cause a range of wefare probems incuding disease, emaciation, anemia, irritation and can ki animas if eft unchecked Producers must understand the basic bioogy of parasites that affect sheep Stockpeope must monitor fock for signs of interna/externa parasitism. canadian verified sheep program anima care chapter Parasite contro and treatment strategies must be deveoped and impemented on-farm; work with the fock veterinarian to deveop a contro strategy taiored to the farm ocation and management. G17

96 4.6.4 Parasite contro and treatment strategies for tapeworms (e.g. Cysticercus ovis) in dogs must be deveoped and impemented on farm. A4.7 Lameness Lameness in sheep is a serious condition affecting sheep wefare. Lameness in sheep is usuay an indication of pain and suffering. Common causes of ameness in sheep incude: Footrot; Scad; Laminitis; Foot abscesses; Arthritis; Joint i; or Injury. Anima Safety Concern: In some of these conditions, hoof trimming may be required. (See Section A5.5 on Hoof Trimming). A ocomotion scoring system can be a usefu too to evauate progress of a ameness reduction strategy (See Appendix 8: Body Condition Scoring). Lame animas have difficuty moving to find food and water, so they quicky ose condition and may be more susceptibe to predation Producers must monitor fock cosey for ame sheep Stockpeope must be abe to recognize ameness, assess severity and take action to resove the ameness as quicky as possibe Producers must avoid maintaining sheep in wet or muddy conditions for ong periods of time Producers must consut their fock veterinarian regarding appropriate treatment and contro strategies, which may incude pain contro Chronicay ame sheep must be cued (See Section A6.1.1 on Fitness for Transport), euthanized or under the direct care of a veterinarian. RECOMMENDATIONS Participate in continuing education activities reated to anima heath and wefare. Participate in anima heath/surveiance programs. Incorporate written best management practice protocos within the fock heath and wefare pan. Ensure a staff are trained in and appy best management practices. canadian verified sheep program anima care chapter Prepare a written heath pan for each fock. It shoud be deveoped with appropriate veterinary and technica advice and reviewed and updated annuay. G18

97 Participate in an estabished fock heath program. Keep up-to-date with diseases of ivestock and the preventative strategies and remedia treatments avaiabe. Observe focks in confinement at east daiy, more often during ate gestation through eary actation. Configure pens and yards to faciitate easy visua inspection of a areas used by the sheep. Keep records of disease occurrence and a treatments provided. Maintain records of reasons for cuing, euthanasia or death on farm to identify trends and reduce on-farm mortaities. Be aware of advances in fy-strike contro and treatment options. Consider impementing a baiting system for specific fy species. Incude parasite contro and treatment strategies in the written fock heath pan. Cu chronic carriers of infectious conditions. Institute a biosecurity protoco that protects against bringing foot diseases onto the farm. Monitor ameness by reguary observing and recording ocomotion scores on a sheep. Consider using ocomotion scores when impementing a ameness reduction strategy as a too to measure progress. Section A5: Husbandry Practices A5.1 Handing, Grouping and Moving Animas Understanding the behaviour of sheep faciitates ease of handing, eading to reduced stress and injury and improved hander safety (See Appendix 11: Understanding Sheep Behaviour). Sheep are handed and subjected to different management procedures for heath reasons (e.g. vaccination, drenching, foot bathing) and for production reasons (e.g. shearing and sorting). The handing environment wi affect their responses. Understanding the behaviour of sheep faciitates handing, eading to reduced stress and injury and improved hander safety. Sheep are socia animas with very strong focking and foowing instincts. These behaviours can be utiized to faciitate handing procedures. Unfamiiar humans, movement, shouting and proximity to dogs, particuary if barking, can cause fear. Minimizing the fearfuness of sheep when handed can increase handing efficiency, reduce injuries, create a more reaxed fock, and improve performance. canadian verified sheep program anima care chapter Sheep are capabe of earning from one experience and can remember good and bad experiences. Previousy earned aversion to a stressfu handing procedure might diminish G19

98 over time if it is not repeated. Anima Safety Concern: A we-trained dog can save a producer a great dea of effort when herding and moving sheep. If using herding dogs, they must be we trained. Most breeds of herding dogs have strong instincts to stak and chase ivestock. If these instincts have not been propery channeed through training, herding dogs wi generay do more harm than good. Minima amount of restraint possibe shoud be used when handing sheep (e.g. hand restraint under the jaw). Do not ift, drag or pu sheep by the feece, tai, egs, ears, neck or horns as this can cause pain and bruising. In an open area, a crook can be used to catch a sheep by the neck or eg A stockpeope must be competent in sheep handing techniques and have an understanding of sheep behaviour, or be under the direct supervision of an experienced stockperson Stockpeope must work camy and quiety with sheep at a times; this incudes minimizing noise (e.g. from peope, herding dogs and equipment) as much as possibe Pan procedures to minimize the frequency, duration and degree of restraint Sheep must be handed at a times in such a way as to minimize the risk of pain, injury or distress. For exampe sheep must not be: Dragged or ifted by the feece, tai, egs, ears, neck or horns; Grabbed by the feece; and Hed on their side or back for more than a few minutes at a time especiay if the rumen is fu or if they are heaviy pregnant Eectric prods are ineffective and must not be used on sheep Mistreating animas is unacceptabe. This incudes, but is not imited to: kicking, striking and samming gates on sheep Eectro-immobiization must not be used Stockpeope using dogs to move sheep must be trained to hande dogs, or be under the supervision of a trained dog hander Dogs must be under good command and must not be aowed to force the sheep too fast, nor to continue to force the sheep when they have nowhere to go Dogs must not be aowed to nip or bite the sheep Dogs must not be aowed to work the sheep without the hander present. canadian verified sheep program anima care chapter G20

99 A5.2 Identification In Canada, a sheep must be identified with an approved identifier before eaving the farm of origin. For more information on the Canadian Sheep Identification Program visit Anima identification is essentia to a successfu sheep operation; for anima heath, on-farm management, food safety, and quaity assurance. The most common forms of permanent identification for sheep are ear tagging, notching and tattooing. There wi be some stress associated with catching and handing a sheep for identification, but this is transient. Empoying proper hygiene practices and we-maintained, sharp appication equipment heps reduce the potentia for infections reated to identification methods. Proper handing and restraint hep minimize the risk of ear damage during appication. Anima Safety Concern: Tags must be suitabe for the age and breed of sheep. Tags shoud be inserted at the correct ocation, avoiding significant bood vesses and ideay not introduced on days when fy activity is high. Lack of proper identification directy affects the contro/spread of infectious disease throughout the nationa fock Producers must ensure a materias used to mark sheep for identification purposes are designed for use in sheep or are non-toxic Sheep identification must be performed or supervised by a competent stockperson in a way that causes the minimum of handing stress Proper restraint that is appropriate for the size of the sheep must be used when tagging, notching or tattooing For permanent identification methods, it is important to practice good hygiene because the skin on the ear wi be broken. Ensure the appicators, ears and the stockperson s hands are cean and dry before the procedure Producers must ensure appicators are sharp and that a reated equipment is in good working order and maintained according to the manufacturer s instructions When using tags: Use a tag suitabe for the age, size and breed of sheep; Use two tags maximum per ear to avoid interfering with the ear s natura position; and Ensure the tag is positioned correcty (according to manufacturer s instructions) Branding is ony an aowabe practice if specificay required by export reguations. Where export reguations require branding, choose freeze branding instead of hot iron branding, if aowabe. Use pain contro, in consutation with your fock veterinarian to mitigate pain associated with branding. Branding must be performed by a competent operator. Branding canadian verified sheep program anima care chapter G21

100 must not be done on wet sheep Producers must ensure a identification requirements (e.g. Canadian Sheep Identification Program [CSIP], export requirements) are met for a sheep eaving the farm. A5.3 Predation Contro A casses of sheep are susceptibe to predation. There are many management practices that producers can empoy to try to reduce the threat of predation to their fock. Check with oca or provincia authorities for possibe predator contro methods suitabe for a specific area. Sheep are vunerabe to predators because they do not have a way of defending themseves from a predator. Their behaviour has evoved to provide attentiveness to predation that makes them fearfu of sudden unfamiiar events and can cause them to run away from the predator and as a fock together or scatter. The sheep that are not injured are ikey to experience considerabe stress from being chased. Potentia methods of predator contro incude: Supervision; Predator proof fencing; Confinement; Moving sheep to a ess vunerabe area; Repeants; Livestock guardian animas; and Letha contro. Anima Safety Concern: When predator attacks do happen, producers must dea with the situation prompty and in such a way to minimize pain and suffering for the anima. Predation contro strategies shoud be re-evauated when a ki occurs to assess if predator contro can be improved in any way. Check with municipa and provincia reguations to famiiarize with widife contro reguations. Predation of ivestock by wid, fera or domestic animas can have severe consequences on anima wefare, by causing fear, stress, pain or injury. In many cases sheep that have been attacked are not kied, but are eft with significant injuries Producers must be aware of predation risks in their area and deveop and impement a strategy for minimizing the risk of predation Producers must provide prompt and appropriate care for sheep that have been attacked by predators. (See Section A4.4 on Sick, Injured or Cu Animas and Section A7: Euthanasia). A5.4 Shearing and Crutching Shearing must be done at east annuay. Crutching is commony done prior to ambing. In some situations, additiona trimming at other times of the year to prevent fy-strike or woo bindness may be desirabe. Shearing may be done using hand operated shears canadian verified sheep program anima care chapter G22

101 or powered devices (e.g. eectrica). Shearing must be performed by, or under the direct supervision of a competent shearer, using techniques designed to minimize anima stress. (See Section A5.1 on Handing, Grouping and Moving Animas). Anima Safety Concern: A shearing equipment must be disinfected and cothing freshy aundered between farms at a minimum, and equipment disinfected between animas within a fock if there is known disease transfer risk. Shearing removes the most of the insuation used for protection from bad weather, wind and soar radiation. Woo aso protects sheep from biting insects. It is important to consider the time of year, expected weather, oca insect seasons, and avaiabe sheter when panning shearing. Shearing has been shown to be stressfu for sheep; however, a buky feece can interfere with the mobiity of sheep and predisposes them to casting. It aso heps to minimize externa parasites, woo bindness and fy-strike. Having too much woo increases the susceptibiity of the sheep for overheating A woo sheep must be shorn at east annuay and as frequenty as necessary, to mitigate anima heath and wefare concerns Shearing must be performed by, or under the direct supervision of a competent shearer using techniques designed to minimize anima stress and injury Shearing of pregnant ewes in the ast month of gestation must ony be done by an experienced shearer A shearing reated injuries must be attended to prompty and according to the fock heath pan Farms must have a suitabe area that can be set-up for shearing that is adequate in size, cean and we-it to ensure the we-being of both the sheep and the shearer A shearing equipment and cothing that moves between farms with the shearer must be ceaned and disinfected between focks at a minimum, and disinfected between animas within a fock if there is known disease transfer risk When panning shearing, producers must take the time of year, expected weather, oca insect season and avaiabe sheter into consideration and take steps to prevent the potentia negative outcomes associated with shearing (e.g. hypothermia, sunburn, biting insects, heath probems) A5.5 Hoof Trimming Hoof care is an important aspect of anima management. Hooves shoud be reguary checked for disease and excess growth. The need for and frequency of hoof trimming canadian verified sheep program anima care chapter G23

102 wi vary depending on the specific conditions. Anima Safety Concern: Hoof trimming is done to eiminate and prevent excessive hoof growth. Hoof heath can affect an anima s performance, disease resistance and wefare Hooves must be inspected reguary and trimmed as required to maintain hoof heath and sheep we-being Hoof trimming must be performed by, or under the supervision of competent personne, using accepted techniques Personne trimming hooves must have the abiity to identify signs of footrot and other diseases Trimming equipment must be cean and we-maintained. Equipment must be disinfected between focks and between sheep within a fock where warranted because of the presence of disease. A5.6 Castration Producers shoud consider carefuy whether castration is necessary within any given fock. Castration is unikey to be necessary where ambs wi be finished and sent to saughter before reaching puberty. When mae and femae ambs are reared together, measures need to be taken to prevent unwanted pregnancy, in ambs destined for feedots, or to avoid adverse heath effects that evove from an unwanted pregnancy. To minimize disruption of the ewe/amb bond and to avoid disruption of coostrum intake, it is commony recommended that ambs not be castrated during the first 24 hours after birth. Castration shoud be carried out as soon as possibe after the amb is 24 hours od. A methods of castration at any age cause pain. Pain reief reduces the impact of suffering during castration and shoud be used when and wherever possibe. Drugs effective for pain mitigation in food animas are avaiabe in Canada but their use in ambs constitutes an extra-abe drug use and these drugs must be prescribed and dispensed by a veterinarian. Desensitization of the scrotum and its contents can be achieved by the use of an injectabe oca anaesthetic and post-operative anagesia can be achieved when a non-steroida anti-infammatory drug (NSAID) is administered at the time of the procedure. Some of the considerations for deciding to castrate are expected age of maturity, abiity to separate post puberta rams from femaes, and the housing of young rams together, which may increase some risk of disease. Veterinarians must work with sheep producers to deveop practica, safe and effective protocos for reducing pain resuting from castration and these protocos shoud form part of each farm s fock heath pan. Castration using rubber rings is acutey painfu. The pain associated with the use of rubber rings can be mitigated by any or a of the foowing: canadian verified sheep program anima care chapter G24 Combining the use of a rubber ring with a camp; Injecting oca anesthesia into the scrota neck and cord or the testis; and

103 Using an anagesic (e.g. non-steroida anti-infammatory drugs [NSAID]). Anima Safety Concern: Short scrotum castration, a method where the testes are pushed against the body wa and the ring appied beow the testes so the scrotum dies and drops off but the testes survive, is not an acceptabe practice in Canada. Rams that are not castrated increase the risk of unwanted pregnancy and aggressive behaviour. If castration is not competed in the appropriate timeine, using a suitabe method, sheep run this risk of increased pain and suffering, as we as infection The decision to castrate must be based on a wefare risk/benefit anaysis rather than as a routine; incude the basis for this decision as part of the fock heath pan Castration must be performed by or under the direct supervision of competent personne using proper, cean, sanitized and we-maintained toos, and accepted techniques Producers must consut with their fock veterinarian who can provide an appropriate pain contro protoco for castration Producers must monitor for signs of post-operative compications and take appropriate corrective action Short scrotum castration must not be practiced A castration must meet the method, age range and pain contro as decided on, in your fock heath pan, as discussed with your veterinarian Castration of rams beyond 10 weeks of age must be done by a veterinarian using anesthesia and perioperative anagesia. A5.7 Tai Docking Studies have shown that tai docking can reduce the risk of fy-strike in situations where fy-strike is ikey to occur. Fy-strike is a risk in most parts of Canada. Docking tais aso heps to address food safety concerns, as there is generay a decrease in dag (manure buid up) on a docked anima, heping to avoid contact of the meat with bacteria at processing. There are five main methods for tai docking; Hot iron; Rubber ring; Rubber ring combined with camp; Crush and cut; and Surgica method. The evidence on the reative severity of pain associated with various methods of tai docking is not cear. Some research indicates that these pain responses are not as apparent with the hot iron method as compared to rubber ring, rubber ring and camp, or surgica method. canadian verified sheep program anima care chapter G25

104 Anima Safety Concern: Tai docking is painfu. The decision to tai dock needs to be based on the wefare of the sheep rather than as a routine performed. It is not necessary to tai dock short-taied breeds and may not be necessary to tai dock breeds with hair (no woo) tais. A contributing factor to the need for tai docking is the ack of access to an approved insecticide with ong residua activity to reduce the risk of fy-strike. Pain reief reduces the negative impact of tai docking on an anima s wefare and shoud be used when and wherever possibe. Tai docking in sheep is done for heath and hygiene reasons. Docking a tai too short can ead to more probems than not docking (e.g. increased risk of recta proapse and fy-strike). Tais shoud be docked no shorter than the dista end of the cauda fod, sufficient tai shoud remain to cover the vuva in ewes and the same ength is required in rams The decision to tai dock must be based on a wefare risk/benefit anaysis rather than as a routine; the basis for this decision shoud be part of the fock heath pan Tai docking must be performed by, or under the direct supervision of, competent personne using proper, cean, sanitized and we-maintained toos, and accepted techniques Producers must monitor for signs of post-operative compications and take appropriate corrective action Tai docking using a surgica technique (e.g. using a bade aone) must be done by a icensed veterinarian with anesthesia and anagesia Tai docking for ambs over six weeks of age must be done by a icensed veterinarian with anesthesia and anagesia Rubber rings must not be appied beyond six weeks of age Docked tais must cover the vuva in ewes and the equivaent ength in rams. Tais must be docked no shorter than the dista end of the cauda fod. (See Appendix 12: Tai Docking). A5.8 Muesing Muesing has never been, nor is currenty a practice used in Canadian sheep production. Regardess, muesing is not acceptabe Muesing must not be performed. A5.9 Dehorning/Horn Trimming Dehorning and disbudding are not recommended practices for sheep. Many of the common breeds raised in Canada are poed, so dehorning is not needed in most circumstances. canadian verified sheep program anima care chapter Consut your veterinarian regarding the choice of an appropriate too. In certain circumstances, it may be necessary to trim a substantia portion of the horn, or competey dehorn a sheep. G26

105 Anima Safety Concern: A icensed veterinarian must perform such procedures. For some horned sheep, it may be necessary to trim the tips of the horns to prevent injury from ingrowing horns or interference with sight or norma eating and drinking. The amount of horn trimmed shoud be kept to a minimum to avoid damage to soft interna horn tissue, which is sensitive and beeds easiy Horned sheep, especiay rams, must be inspected reguary to ensure that neither the tip, nor any other part of the horn is in contact with the face Minor horn trimming (remova of tips) must be performed by, or under the direct supervision of, a competent stockperson Consut with a veterinarian regarding concerns about horns on sheep. If disbudding, dehorning or substantia horn trimming (remova of more than just the tip) is necessary; it must be performed by a icensed veterinarian using anesthesia and perioperative anagesia. A5.10 Breeding Sheep are seasona breeders. The ength of the breeding season varies by breed, with photoperiod being the most important contributing factor. The natura breeding seasons generay ranges between August and January, but in some breeds may be consideraby onger or year-round. Natura breeding, artificia insemination (AI) and embryo transfer (ET) are breeding methods used; with natura breeding being most common in Canada. The marketing, management, and breeding objectives of the farm wi dictate which breeds are best fitting to an individua operation. Breeding records are crucia to support sound breeding decision-making. Identification of individua sheep is important for managing breeding and keeping correct records. There are conventiona production systems, where ewes amb once a year as we as acceerated ambing systems where ewes are bred inside and outside of the norma breeding season. In their ifetime, ewes may amb more frequenty than once per year. There are severa acceerated systems used in Canada, each resuting in a different ambing interva. In acceerated focks or those breeding out of season to meet speciaized market demands, there are increased demands for sound management and abour; therefore, ony experienced producers shoud consider these types of systems. For more information on breeding, ram management and controing estrus, see Appendix 13: Lambing and Neonata Care. Further reading resources incude: Sheep Code of Practice ( Canadian Sheep Federation s Virtua Toobox ( Ontario Sheep Marketing Agency Production Manua ( Aberta Lamb Producers Production Manuas ( Le Centre de référence en agricuture et agroaimentaire du Québec Guide : L éevage du mouton ( canadian verified sheep program anima care chapter G27

106 Centre d expertise en production ovine du Québec ( Anima Safety Concern: There shoud be a specific breeding exposure so that the pregnant ewe and her subsequent ambing can be propery managed. This wi invove removing the ram from the breeding fock once the breeding period is compete. Making responsibe mating decisions, considering the ewe and ram genotype, phenotype, and their previous progeny, can hep reduce the risk of ambing difficuties due to congenita defects, or dystocia due to arge ambs Producers must make responsibe and informed decisions when seecting breeds and matching rams with ewes, to reduce the risk of ambing difficuties Producers need to be aware of the risk of genetic disorders that might be associated with different breeds and genetic ines and take steps to avoid propagation of such abnormaities Producers must pan breeding such that appropriate supervision and sheter at ambing wi be avaiabe Producers must carefuy consider the knowedge, skis and resources (human and physica) required before using an acceerated ambing system (e.g. breed seection, maintenance of ewe body condition, care of ow birth weight ambs and provision of extra supervision and care) If performed, vasectomies, aparoscopic artificia insemination, and embryo transfer are considered surgica procedures and must be done by a veterinarian Eectroejacuation is a procedure that must ony be performed by a veterinarian Rams must be managed taking into account the risk of aggressive behaviour to avoid risk of injury due to fighting During the breeding season, producers must increase the frequency of monitoring of rams for injuries, heath and ameness. A5.11 Pregnancy, Lambing and Neonata Care Pregnancy Baanced nutrition, couped with proper management during gestation is important for feta deveopment, amb vigour and surviva at birth. Correct nutrition during gestation is essentia to prevent nutritiona disorders, which may impact the heath and performance of the ewe, her ambs and infuences mik production of the ewe. (See Section A3: Feed and Water). Pregnancy diagnosis using utrasound is a usefu too for managing the nutrition of pregnant canadian verified sheep program anima care chapter G28

107 Anima Safety Concern: ewes to avoid arge singe ambs or avoid under feeding ewes pregnant with mutipes. Shearing or crutching ewes with ong feece prior to ambing heps to reduce the risk of disease transmission, improves coostrum consumption and faciitates sucking. Lambing Responsibe panning and breeding management can hep reduce the incidence and severity of dystocia. Assistance may be required for ewes experiencing a difficut birth. Knowing when and how to provide assistance during ambing is an important management ski. Signs that an ewe may require ambing assistance incude: The ewe has been straining for more than minutes without progress; The water bag is visibe and no progress has been made after 30 minutes; A imb or tai appears aone and no progress is being made after severa minutes of straining; The amb appears to be stuck. There has been no progress for severa minutes since the imbs have appeared; The head of the fetus is visibe with no imbs present; If the ewe is weak or exhausted. If ambing indoors, a cean dry area in which to give birth must be provided. (See Section A2: Faciities for further reading resources on ambing faciity design); and In a pasture setting, ewes shoud be disturbed as itte as possibe. A ambing shoud be supervised so probems can be given prompt attention. Neonata Care The starvation-mismothering-exposure compex is a common cause of death in neonata ambs. These three causes of death can act independenty but often there is some association between them. Lambs are born with very few body reserves and need the high-energy coostrum soon after they are born. Coostrum contains antibodies to hep protect the newborns from various diseases. Lambs that do not receive coostrum wi generay not survive. The ambs abiity to absorb coostrum is substantiay reduced six to eight hours after birth. The abiity of the amb to defend itsef against infectious diseases is directy reated to the amount, quaity and timing of coostrum intake. The resut of inadequate coostrum intake is a ow concentration of circuating immunogobuin (Ig) in the bood of a amb, a condition known as faiure of passive transfer. The wefare of both ewes and ambs can be compromised through difficuty at birth, aso known as dystocia. The vast majority of ambs are born without incident. However, difficut births can affect the amb s deveopment in the post-nata period. Lambs may be deayed in performing natura behaviours ike raising their heads, standing and sucking. Ewes may deay in performing natura behaviours (e.g. standing, grooming the amb) foowing a ong abour. The risk of dystocia can be infuenced by many factors incuding: breed (ewe and ram), itter size, birth weight, age of the ewe, nutrition during gestation and sex of ambs (in some breeds). canadian verified sheep program anima care chapter Newborn ambs are susceptibe to hypothermia especiay when sti wet from the birthing process. Lamb mortaity usuay resuts from exposure and starvation. Frostbite is aso a risk G29

108 in extremey cod conditions, pan to mitigate frostbite risk (e.g. extra sheter and bedding) During gestation, monitor body condition scores and heath on an ongoing basis and adjust the feeding program to maintain suitabe body condition scores; seek the hep of a nutritionist or veterinarian if required Supervise ambing and take timey action as required, whie keeping disruption and disturbances to a minimum A stockpeope must be abe to recognize the signs of ambing difficuty and know when and how to provide appropriate assistance and when to seek assistance from an experienced producer or veterinarian A stockpeope who wi be invoved with caring for sheep affected by vagina or uterine proapse must be competent, or be under the direct supervision of an experienced stockperson who is competent with managing these conditions. (See Section A4.4 on Sick, Injured and Cu Animas). Other obstetrica surgeries must be performed by a veterinarian Embryotomy must ony be performed on dead ambs Good hygiene and sanitation must be practiced when ambing assistance is required In confinement systems, a cean dry area for ambing must be provided Newborn ambs must be monitored for evidence that they have sucked and for signs of starvation, hypothermia and frostbite. Prompt appropriate corrective action must be taken Prompty provide newborn ambs that do not nurse vountariy within 6 hours of birth, with sufficient coostrum to hep protect them from disease during their post-nata deveopment. (See Appendix 13: Lambing and Neonata Care) A mik repacers used for ambs four weeks of age or younger must have been formuated for ambs. A5.12 Miking Procedures As dairy sheep are highy productive, particuar attention must be paid to nutrition during pregnancy and actation (See Section A3.1 on Nutrition and Feed Management). Sheep behaviour in the miking parour is ikey to be infuenced by both genetic factors and their previous handing experience. The miking system, incuding miking procedures, udder and miker hygiene, and miking system function are essentia for the heath and wefare of dairy ewes. canadian verified sheep program anima care chapter Compete sanitation practices reduce the risk of environmenta mastitis. Vacuum eve, pusation and miking units are the main components of the miking system. They are cosey connected to each other and effect mik ejection. In order to encourage the wefare of the G30

109 dairy ewes and optima functioning of the miking system, these three factors must be we baanced. Anima Safety Concern: Miking management is a critica point on dairy sheep farms. Procedures and time aocated to adaptation to miking machines, training to miking parour and type of miking (e.g. hand or machine miking), can markedy affect the wefare, heath and production performance of dairy sheep. Mafunction of the miking system, due to incorrect instaation, ack of maintenance, or improper use, can cause anima stress during miking and mammary gand diseases. Stray votage in barns can aso cause stress for the sheep Producers must ensure that miking machines are functioning correcty by carrying out proper maintenance and adjustment of vacuum eves, pusation rates and ratios, in accordance with the manufacturers recommendations Pens, ramps, miking parours and miking machines must be suitabe for sheep and be inspected and maintained to prevent injury, disease and distress To prevent mastitis, proper dairy hygiene must be practiced; before, during and after miking, and must incude faciities sanitation Miking must be frequent enough to ensure that the ewes are not eft with unreieved, distended udders. Miking shoud be carried out at east daiy A stockpeope miking ewes must be competent, or under the direct supervision of a competent miker Handing of the ewes must be done in a cam quiet manner to minimize fear Stockpeope must deveop protocos to train ewes in their first actation to the system and use patience in their handing Ewes under treatment with drugs that require mik withdrawa must continue to be miked reguary. A5.13 Eary Weaning of Dairy Lambs Anima Safety Concern: Dairy ambs are either removed from their mothers shorty after coostrum consumption and reared on mik repacer, or are weaned at a ater age (usuay 30 days). Lambs that are weaned incorrecty are at risk of dehydration, stress, starvation and other serious heath risks Eary weaned ambs (e.g. around 30 days) must be consuming adequate amounts of cean water and soid feed daiy to ensure heath, canadian verified sheep program anima care chapter G31

110 growth and vigour. RECOMMENDATIONS Use a we-designed, easiy operated handing system, designed specificay for sheep, that is appropriate in size and scae to suit the fock numbers. Ensure handing faciities and equipment are in pace and in good working order. Famiiarize sheep with the handing faciities to hep faciitate wiingness of the sheep to enter the handing system. Consider positive reinforcement (e.g. feed rewards) to encourage positive response for future handing. Take advantage of the natura behaviour to encourage free movement (See Appendix 11: Understanding Sheep Behaviour). Empoy methods on farm (e.g. genting) to hep sheep become accustomed to the presence of peope. Minimize isoation of individua sheep. Working sheep with dogs can be stressfu and shoud be imited to times where their use is necessary. Appy identification at times when fy activity is ow. Consut with a veterinarian if infection or other probems deveop. Incude a predation contro strategy within the fock heath pan. Use predation contro measures appropriatey to avoid non-predators being exposed to traps, reaxed cabe restraints, snares, etc. Consider the feasibiity of keeping sheep in areas of ower predation or changing the production system to reduce the risk of predation. Recognize the signs of predation and examine dead or injured sheep to identify ikey predators. Report predation incidents to the appropriate authorities (e.g. provincia agency). Consider using a cover comb or comb ifter to eave an insuating ayer of woo, if shearing must take pace during poor weather conditions or sheter is imited. Provide extra feed, sheter and shade for sheep after shearing. Take steps to reduce rumen and badder fi prior to shearing. Crutch fu-feece ewes if they cannot be shorn prior to ambing. Avoid hoof trimming immediatey before shearing to reduce the chance of injury to sheep and shearers. canadian verified sheep program anima care chapter G32

111 Avoid hoof trimming during periods of stress (e.g. ate gestation, hot weather). Trim hooves when they are soft (e.g. due to heavy dew or rain). Leave ram ambs intact in management systems where rams are weaned eary, reared separatey, marketed prior to puberty and not sod into feedots. Avoid castrating ambs on rainy days in pasture situations. Castrating using rubber rings shoud be performed between 24 hours - 7 days of age. Administer pain reieving drugs (anesthetics and/or anagesics) when and where ever possibe. Ensure tetanus vaccinations for ewe fock are up to date. Coaborate with the fock veterinarian to formuate practica, safe and effective protocos for reducing pain resuting from castration and these protocos shoud form part of each farm s fock heath pan. Base the decision to tai dock on a wefare risk/benefit anaysis rather than doing out of routine; the basis for this decision shoud be part of the fock heath pan. Tai dock using rubber rings shoud be performed between 24 hours - 7 days of age. Use the hot iron method when and where ever possibe. Administer pain-reieving drugs (anesthetics and/or anagesics) when and where ever possibe. Consider performing tai docking and castration at the same time. Scan (utrasound) femaes for pregnancy diagnosis at days of gestation to better manage pregnant ewes. Seek veterinary advice for pain management for obstetrica probems such as dystocia and proapse. Ensure the ewe is capabe of producing sufficient, high quaity coostrum through management of nutrition and udder heath during the fina 6 weeks of gestation. Ensure a stockpeope can papate udders and identify ewes that have poor udder heath. Ensure a stockpeope can identify ambs that have not sucked and eary signs of hypothermia. Be prepared to impement corrective actions prompty (e.g. have a warming box, stomach tube and suppementa coostrum readiy avaiabe, seek expert advice (e.g. veterinary or speciaist) on appropriate management procedures to (a) reduce the risk of hypothermia and (b) treat hypothermic ambs (See Appendix 13: Lambing and Neonata Care). Ensure adequate coostrum consumption, either directy from the ewe or by botte or tube feeding: 50 m per kg of bodyweight within two hours of birth 200 m per kg of bodyweight within the first 24 hours canadian verified sheep program anima care chapter G33

112 Seek veterinary advice regarding risks associated with suppementa coostrum. Use caiming pens or privacy screens in indoor systems to aow the materna bond to be firmy estabished before the ewe and her ambs are mixed with other ewes and their ambs. Euthanize ambs with frostbitten feet. Keep mortaity records to hep identify possibe causes and soutions. If newborn amb mortaity is high (>10%), set goas to reduce it by conducting post-mortems, reviewing management procedures in consutation with the fock veterinarian and update the fock heath pan. Deveop good miking practices incuding: High standards of hygiene; Carefuy handing teats to avoid injury; Examining the foremik for signs of i heath; Avoiding excessive stripping; Foowing a reguar routine; Ensure the interior of the miking parour is free of protrusions or other hazards and that gates and restraining devices of individua hoding units operate safey; Keep records of udder heath probems and treatment, abnorma mik, and mik production and quaity; Incude a mastitis contro strategy in your fock heath pan; and Annua inspection of miking equipment by a quaified person. Section A6: Transportation The federa requirements for anima transport are covered under the Heath of Animas Reguations (Part XII). The Canadian Food Inspection Agency (CFIA) enforces them with the assistance of other federa, provincia and territoria authorities. Some provinces aso have additiona reguations reated to anima transport. Each person responsibe for transporting animas in Canada, or arranging for their transport must ensure that the entire transportation process (incuding oading, transit and unoading) does not cause injury or suffering to the animas. The producer is responsibe for ensuring animas are fit for transport, seecting the mode of transport, and seecting a carrier that foows Canada s anima transport requirements. A6.1 Pre-Transport Decision Making Fitness for Transport The responsibiity for guaranteeing that animas are fit for transport ies with the party that is shipping or oading the animas. To assess fitness for transport, those arranging transport need to be aware of how ong the animas may be in transit. If in doubt, assume the ongest trave that might occur. Transit time incudes intermediate stops, such as auction markets or assemby yards. Those arranging shipping wi aso need to know whether the transporter needs to provide additiona services (e.g. feed, water, rest, miking, etc.) during transit. canadian verified sheep program anima care chapter G34

113 Anima Safety Concern: Animas that are to be shipped must be deemed fit for transport. You must assess and be sure each anima is fit to withstand the stress of the intended journey. If you are unsure if an anima is fit for the trip, contact your fock veterinarian or the CFIA before preparing the anima for shipping. There are three categories for defining fitness for transport: (a) fit, (b) unfit, and (c) compromised. Appendix 14: Guideines for Deaing with Compromised Sheep contains tips for determining fitness of an anima for transport. Animas that are unfit to withstand transport are at risk of going down during transport, sustaining injury or even fataity The fitness for transport of every anima must be evauated within the context of each trip. (See Appendix 14: Guideines for Deaing with Compromised Sheep) Unfit animas must not be transported, except for veterinary treatment or diagnosis on the advice of a veterinarian Compromised animas must not be sent to auction markets or coection yards Compromised animas, if transported for saughter, must go directy to a oca abattoir. (See Appendix 14: Guideines for Deaing with Compromised Sheep) Sheep with injury or obvious cinica signs of disease must not be sent to auction or other saes If it is probabe that an anima wi give birth during the journey, they must not be transported Neonata ambs unaccompanied by their dam must not be transported off farm unti their nave is heaed and they reach seven days of age Producers must take expected weather conditions into consideration when making shipping arrangements. A6.2 Arranging Transport Anima Safety Concern: Producers are responsibe to ensure that the peope they are hiring for transporting animas are trained and competent. Certification with the Canadian Livestock training is recommended. Each person invoved in the handing or transporting of sheep shoud be propery instructed and be skifu in handing sheep. Empoyers are responsibe for ensuring that personne directy invoved with the transport of sheep are adequatey trained and knowedgeabe of their care. Incompetent transporters are not aware of the heath and wefare needs of sheep during transport. canadian verified sheep program anima care chapter G35

114 6.2.1 Producers must be famiiar with federa and provincia transport reguations Producers must ensure that a competent stockperson oversees oading and unoading. A6.3 Preparing Sheep for Transport Anima Safety Concern: Management practices focused on meeting the heath and wefare needs of the sheep wi hep ensure animas are fit for transport. Sheep that are not propery prepared for transport can suffer from dehydration, digestive upset, and undue stress Sheep must be fed within the five-hour period immediatey prior to being oaded uness the expected duration of the anima s confinement on the vehice is ess than 24 hours from the time of oading. (See your provincia transportation reguations) Sheep must have access to water unti time of oading Lactating dairy ewes must be miked out immediatey before being transported Heaviy actating ewes must be dried off before shipping to auction/coection yards uness they have sucking ambs accompanying them, or are intended for a production/repacement sae Ensure a departing sheep and ambs are identified with an approved Canadian Sheep Identification Program (CSIP) form of identification. A6.4 Loading and Unoading Peope invoved with oading and unoading shoud have sound knowedge of sheep behaviour and understand how those natura behaviours can be used to assist the oading/unoading process. Propery designed handing systems and oading ramps hep to improve the ease of oading. Anima Safety Concern: Loading and unoading can be the most stressfu aspects of transport. Any efforts by the shipper and the transporter to reduce stress during these times wi improve wefare. If oading and unoading is not performed propery, the chance of stress and injury during oading or unoading is substantiay higher The requirements for oading and unoading procedures, and equipment are described in your provincia transportation reguations must be compied with. canadian verified sheep program anima care chapter G Sheep must never be handed by grabbing their woo as this causes pain and bruising.

115 6.4.3 Appropriate methods must be used for moving sheep; eectric prods must not be used on sheep Producers must confirm that trucks are in good repair, cean and adequatey bed Producers must evauate the need for feed and water after unoading animas on farm. RECOMMENDATIONS: Ensure a documentation is competed to avoid unnecessary deays at inspections stations or other checkpoints aong the way, or for shipments eaving the province or country. Ensure oading areas are uniformy it, or go from dimmer to brighter ighting but not drastic change; a ight in the traier can hep encourage sheep to enter. Aow sheep to move at a pace that capitaizes on their strong instinct to foow the eader. Load sheep camy and quiety. Consider the appropriate oading densities and the factors that infuence densities (e.g. weather, feece ength, ength of journey). Section A7: Euthanasia 7.1 Euthanasia Decision Making On-farm euthanasia of animas is necessary when medica care to aeviate pain and suffering is not feasibe, or there is no reasonabe prospect for recovery. Education, attitude and behaviour can greaty infuence the timeiness, effectiveness and humaneness of the euthanasia procedure. Stockpersons that have received comprehensive training that covers a aspects of euthanasia have greater confidence to make timey decisions on when to euthanize an anima and the skis to perform the procedure competenty. Comfort and confidence with making decisions about euthanasia can be improved by deveoping an on-farm euthanasia action pan (protoco). Euthanasia action pans or protocos for on-farm euthanasia of sheep shoud be deveoped in consutation with a veterinarian and incude: Identification of the person(s) that wi be performing euthanasia; Euthanasia training; Emergency euthanasia in remote ocations; Criteria to guide euthanasia decisions: Is the anima in pain or distress? canadian verified sheep program anima care chapter G37

116 Anima Safety Concern: Is the anima ikey to recover? Can the sheep be provided with appropriate care that woud ensure a fu recovery? Is the anima showing cinica signs of a reportabe disease? Animas that are seriousy i or injured must be euthanized as soon as possibe to avoid extensive pain and suffering. Euthanasia must be performed with the correct method to ensure the euthanasia process is effective Sheep must be euthanized without deay if experiencing pain or distress and does not have a reasonabe expectation of improvement and or appropriate veterinary diagnosis and treatment is not feasibe. (See Appendix 7: Exampes of Decision Tree for Euthanasia) A farms with empoyees must have a written euthanasia action pan for each phase of production that indicates the criteria for deciding when to euthanize an anima and the appropriate method(s). (See Appendix 16: Signs of Sheep in Pain, Appendix 7: Exampes of Decision Tree for Euthanasia) Producers not famiiar with euthanasia decision-making and/or methods must consut with a veterinarian regarding euthanasia A stockpeope must recognize when an anima needs to be euthanized, what method shoud be used, appropriate too and who has been designated to perform euthanasia. A7.2 Methods of Euthanasia A methods of euthanasia must be quick, cause minima stress and pain, and resut in a rapid oss of consciousness foowed by death without the anima regaining consciousness. When choosing a method of euthanasia aso consider the foowing: Human safety; Abiity to effectivey restrain the sheep; Appropriateness for the type of sheep (e.g. anima age, weight or horns); Degree of difficuty of the procedure; Procedura costs; Emotiona effects on the operators or observers; and Disposa options. See Appendix 18: Euthanasia An acceptabe method for euthanizing sheep must be used. (See Tabe 7.1: Methods of Euthanasia in the NFACC Code of Practice, and Appendix 18: Euthanasia) The method of euthanasia must be quick, cause minima stress and pain, and resut in rapid oss of consciousness foowed by death without the anima regaining consciousness. canadian verified sheep program anima care chapter G38

117 7.2.3 Every farm must have the abiity to euthanize animas (e.g. readiy avaiabe toos or access to someone who does) A individuas performing euthanasia must have the required skis, knowedge, abiities, access to appropriate toos, and be competent to perform the procedure A stockpeope must be trained on the Euthanasia Action Pan and associated euthanasia methods. (See Appendix 18: Euthanasia) A equipment used for euthanasia, such as firearms or captive bot devices must be maintained according to manufacturer s instructions to ensure proper function Unnecessary handing and movement of sheep prior to euthanasia must be avoided. Animas must not be dragged, prodded, forced to move on broken imbs, or made to move when pain and suffering wi occur. A7.3 Confirmation of Death Death is a process and does not necessariy occur immediatey. Acceptabe methods either cause immediate death or render the sheep insensibe/unconscious, foowed by death. Anima Safety Concern: The presence of any eye movement or binking is evidence of regaining consciousness. If any sign of rhythmic breathing, binking or coordinated movement is detected, the anima is not unconscious. The method must be repeated immediatey. It is essentia that sheep being euthanized are rendered unconscious immediatey and remain so unti dead to avoid unnecessary pain and suffering If there are any indications of returning consciousness, the euthanasia procedure or an aternate one must be repeated immediatey Monitor the anima unti death is confirmed by ack of respiration, ack of heartbeat and diated pupis Death must be confirmed before moving, eaving or disposa of the anima A carcasses shoud be disposed of according to a federa/provincia/territoria and municipa reguations. RECOMMENDATIONS: Restrain as necessary for euthanasia; choose the safest and east stressfu method of restraint possibe. Consider, in consutation with a veterinarian, using sedation to hep minimize fear. canadian verified sheep program anima care chapter G39

118 Section H Fock Heath Pan and Protoco Form

119 Section B Fock Heath Pan Heathy Sheep Canada Name: Address: Posta Code: Work / Ce Phone: Farm Name: City / Region: Emai: Premise ID: Date Performed: Time Period Incuded: From: To: Section A: Describe your fock management (ast 3 years but emphasis on ast 12 months if different) 3 n Meat production n Dairy production n Woo saes n Breeding stock saes n Show (Purebred / 4H) n Lifestye (hobby) n Feedot (no breeding) 1. Check purpose of fock (n a that appy) 2. Breeding management n Annua ambing ony one breeding / ambing group n Annua ambing but more than one breeding / ambing group n Acceerated ambing in which ewes may amb more than once / yr. Number of ambing groups: n Number of ambing groups: n Number of ambing groups: n 3. Breeds used in the fock incuding F1 crosses (ist) n Breeding ewes n Breeding rams n Market ambs (if different from above) 4. Labour avaiabe for fock enterprise (famiy & hired; 1 FTE = fu-time worker) = 5. Check type of housing / management stye for this fock (confinement = in barn or dryot/corra with access to a sheter) n Tota confinement fock whoe fock year round no grazing aowed n Partia confinement fock whoe fock housed during non-grazing season & pastured during grazing season aduts and ambs n Partia confinement fock whoe fock housed during non-grazing season & adut sheep ony pastured during grazing season; ambs not on pasture n No confinement fock whoe fock is on pasture at anytime of the year 3 6. Equipment avaiabe for handing your fock (n a that appy) n Weigh scae for adut sheep n Weigh scae for newborn ambs n Chute / run for sheep and oder ambs n Sorting gates to use with chute system n Fip crade n Lamb handing crade n RFID Reader n Hand-hed or buit-in data ogger n Other: describe canadian verified sheep program anima care chapter H1

120 7. Do you routiney have your ewes pregnancy checked? n Yes, with feta counting n Yes, no feta counting n No If yes, what method is used? n Utrasound n Dopper (heart beat) n Other: specify 8. Describe your ambing management ( n a that appy) n Lambs born in confinement ony n Lambs born on pasture ony n Lambs born both on pasture and in confinement 9. Describe how you rear orphan ambs (ambs not abe to be reared by the dam) n Fostered n Artificia mik feeding system n Both systems used 10. Describe what repacement breeding stock is obtained ( n a that appy) 3 n Raise a repacement stock no purchases OR PURCHASE/BORROW n Ewe-ambs n Ram-ambs n Mature ewes n Mature rams 11. If repacement breeding stock is purchased / borrowed, indicate sources used in ast 3 years (n a that appy) n Not appicabe n A singe breeder-cosed fock (direct) n Mutipe breeders (direct) n Livestock saes faciity n Fock of origin of known heath status 3 3 n Artificia insemination / embryo transfer n A singe breeder-open fock (direct) n Breeding stock sae mutipe focks n Other n Fock of origin unknown heath status Section B. Fock Veterinarian Information Name: Address: Posta Code: Cinic Phone: Cinic Name: City / Region: Emai: Ce Phone: I, the undersigned agree that I have a vaid veterinary-cient-patient reationship with the veterinarian named above. Signature of Fock Owner / Manager Date: I, the undersigned agree to provide fock heath services to this cient within the context of a vaid veterinary-cient-patient reationship. Signature of Veterinarian as Named Above Date: The Veterinary-Cient-Patient Reationship (VCPR) as outined by Heath Canada: The cient (owner or owner's agent of the anima [s]) has given the responsibiity of medica care to the veterinarian and has agreed to foow the instructions of the veterinarian, and; The veterinarian has assumed the responsibiity from the cient for making cinica judgment regarding the heath of the anima(s), the need for medica treatment, and for ensuring the provision of ongoing medica care for the anima(s), and; The veterinarian has sufficient knowedge of the heath status of the anima(s) and the care received or to be received. The knowedge has been obtained through a recent examination of the anima(s) and the premises where they are (it is) kept or through a history of medicay appropriate and timey examinations and interventions, and; The veterinarian is readiy avaiabe, or has made the necessary arrangements with another veterinarian, for ongoing medica care in case of adverse reactions or therapy faiure. canadian verified sheep program anima care chapter H2

121 Section C: Fock Heath Performance, Goas & Activities The foowing section assists the producer to understand current fock performance and to utiize fock heath toos based on that performance, fock goas and capacity of the producer to impement fock heath programs. Work with your fock veterinarian to prioritize action items. Cacuating Fock Performance: At the top of some management areas, you are requested to fi in some figures from your fock records and then perform simpe cacuations of fock productivity and heath as they occurred in your fock in the ast 12 months (or a 12 month period that you seect). For this exercise, consider those ambings and ambs raised to weaning that occurred in the time period. Consider ony those breedings that resuted in those ambings in that period 1. These vaues wi be used to discuss fock heath needs. Goa Setting: In consutation with your fock veterinarian, indicate your goa for this fock that you beieve is achievabe in the next three years. The goa can be identica to fock performance if you are satisfied with fock performance. Deveoping a Fock Heath Pan: In the eft box are suggested toos and actions that may hep to improve heath and productivity. In the right box, n3 if a protoco is written to address this heath area. (see Fock Heath Protoco Form) Writing Protocos: Some fock heath pans may require a written protoco that incudes specific instructions on a procedure or activity. The right box can be used for notes and to refer to these protocos deveoped by the veterinarian and producer. ReD FAG statements hep the producer and veterinarian to prioritize areas for improved fock heath. 1. Reproductive Management Improved reproductive management wi assist in getting ewes pregnant when exposed to the ram, having ewes conceive to the first exposure, and improving proificacy. ReD FAG: Low pregnancy / ambing rates; ong ambing season; ow proificacy. If you ony have a amb feedot operation, ignore this section. From Your Records ast 12 Months Your Fock Your Goa 1. Number of breeding exposures 2 for ewes that ambed in the ast 12 months 3 = 2. Number of ambings from those breeding exposures = 3. Proportion of the ewes that ambed (fertiity) = (2/1) 4 = 4. Number of ambs born aive and dead from those breeding exposures = 5. Lambs born per breeding (fertiity & proificacy) = (4/1) = 6. Lambs born per ambing (proificacy) = (4/2) 1 It is possibe that the breedings occurred earier than the 12 month period seected. For exampe, if the ambs were born in January, then the breedings occurred 5 months before in the previous year. If the ambs were born in September, then the breedings occurred within the same year. 2 A breeding exposure is defined as an opportunity for a ewe to be bred by a ram with the expectation that the ewe wi become pregnant from that exposure. It incudes ewes that did not become pregnant, e.g. if 60 ewes were exposed to the ram and ony 50 became pregnant, the number of breeding exposures = Whenever the ast 12 months is mentioned, it refers to the time period described in Section 1. 4 These numbers represent the number of the row. Use the vaue from that row to cacuate the fock performance. canadian verified sheep program anima care chapter H3

122 1. Reproductive Management ewes Pre-breeding & breeding nutrition Body condition score prior to breeding Synchronization / induction of estrus out of season (e.g. hormones, photoperiod manipuation, ram effect) Appropriate ram-ewe ratio Length of breeding exposure Pregnancy diagnosis Rams Pre-breeding & breeding nutrition Body condition score prior to breeding Breeding soundness examination Measure breeding activity (ram harness) Use of teasers Management when not breeding n 3if protoco for breeding ewes and pregnancy diagnosis n 3if protoco for managing your breeding rams 2. Management of the Gestating Ewe Proper nutrition of the pregnant ewe is critica to both her heath and the heath of the ambs. ReD FAG: Increased disease due to pregnancy toxaemia, hypocacaemia, vagina proapse. Birth of sma, weak ambs. Inadequate coostrum production. Nutritiona Management of the ewes Sort at mid-gestation by BCS Baance ration (energy, protein, minera, sat) for eve of proificacy Free-choice/incorporated premix incudes seenium, zinc, cobat, iodine, vitamin E Feeder space aowing a pregnant ewes to eat at one time if imit fed Prevention of Pregnancy Toxaemia Monitor fock for ketone (BHB) eves Detect eary cases & treat eary Prevention of Hypocacaemia Assure adequate cacium in the diet of ate gestation ewes Avoid transportation, adverse weather or hoding off-feed in ast month of gestation Recognize signs of hypocacaemia & treat prompty Prevention of Vagina Proapse (VP) Proportion of fock that deveops VP Risk factors: quaity of forage, feeder design, cuing practices of VP ewes n 3if protoco for managing nutrition of the gestating ewes n 3if protoco for preventing & monitoring pregnancy toxaemia n 3if protoco to prevent & manage hypocacaemia in ate gestation ewes n 3if protoco for preventing cases of vagina proapse canadian verified sheep program anima care chapter H4

123 3. Contro of Abortion Abortion is not uncommon in sheep focks and may be due to infectious causes and possiby nutritiona or other management causes. Consider a abortions as zoonotic and a risk to pregnant women, chidren and the edery. ReD FAG: More than 5% of ewes aborted from a breeding group, or if abortions occur in a custer of time. Consider that an increased proportion of stiborn and weak ambs may be due to abortion diseases. From Your Records ast 12 Months Your Fock Your Goa 7. Number of abortions observed from breeding exposures in Number 1 = 8. Abortion proportion = (7/1) = Diagnosis of Abortion Submit pacenta & fetuses to diagnostic ab using fock veterinarian Isoate ewes that have aborted & cu to saughter once discharges have stopped Contro of Abortion With fock veterinarian vaccination, feed additives, nutritiona improvement Prevent introduction of high-risk animas from focks with abortion probems Reducing Zoonotic Risk Assist a births wearing protective gear (e.g. coveras, goves) Isoate aborting ewes; prompty remove a products of birth & compost; burn or bury Disinfect pens where abortions occurred Change cothing & wash hands before entering the house or eating Don t aow pregnant women, chidren, the sick & edery into the ivestock rearing areas Prompty report iness to your physician n 3if protoco for diagnosing abortions that occur in your fock n 3if protoco for deveoping a contro program for abortions diagnosed in your fock n 3if protoco to protect the heath of peope working with sheep that may be aborting 4. Improving Surviva of Lambs Lamb surviva starts with pregnant ewe nutrition but aso encompasses ambing management, and care to the ambs after birth. ReD FAG: Greater than 5% stiborn; greater than 5% die pre-weaning; poor growth; requirement to cross-foster or artificiay rear a arge proportion of ambs; disease rates in nursing ambs are high; high number of assisted ambings (dystocia). From Your Records ast 12 Months Your Fock Your Goa 9. Number of ambs stiborn = 10. Number of ambs dying from birth to 10 days of age = 11. Number of ambs dying 11 days to weaning = 12. Number of ambs weaned = 13. Proportion of ambs stiborn = (9/4) = 14. Proportion of ambs dying birth to 10 days of age = (10/(4-9)) = canadian verified sheep program anima care chapter H5

124 From Your Records ast 12 Months Your Fock Your Goa 15. Proportion of ambs dying 11 days of age to weaning = (11/(4-9-10) = 16. Lambs weaned per ambing = (12/2) = 17. Number of ambs dying post-weaning = 18. Proportion of ambs dying post-weaning = (17/12) = 4. Improving Surviva of Lambs Pre-ambing Pregnant ewes Know expected ambing dates & sort Booster costridia vaccination 3 weeks prior to first expected ambing date Feed for stage of gestation and BCS Housing / environment is appropriate Suppies for assisting ewes & reviving ambs ambing Management Assist difficut ambings as appropriate Assure coostrum intake is adequate (ewe has enough & ambs are abe to ingest) Faciitate ewe-amb bonding (e.g. caiming pens) Suppementary coostrum is avaiabe if ambs are born weak or ewe has inadequate coostrum Protection from adverse environmenta conditions amb Processing ID ambs soon after birth Dip naves with appropriate disinfectant Assure ewe-amb bonding is secure Vitamin E seenium injection if not in ration If necessary, foow tai-docking & castration procedures as indicated in Code of Practice If necessary, treat cases of entropion prompty to prevent pain & bindness Management of Chiing / Starvation Recognition of chied / starved ambs Abiity to treat & save these ambs Understanding risk factors & modify amb management to reduce risk Management of Orphan ambs Record reason for ewe s faiure to raise ambs Fostering management Artificia rearing system: mik repacer, equipment, ceaning protocos Losses due to abomasa boat n 3if protoco for preparing your pregnant ewes for ambing n 3if protoco for managing ambing, adequate coostrum intake in ambs, & ewe-amb bonding n 3if protoco for processing neonata ambs n 3if protoco to manage ambs that are mismothered & chied/starved & prevent new cases n 3if protoco to manage ambs that cannot be raised by their dam, either by fostering or artificia rearing canadian verified sheep program anima care chapter H5

125 4. Improving Surviva of Lambs Investigation of amb Deaths Record a ambs deaths & reason Perform postmortem & cassify time of death & causes Contro of ewe Mastitis Stocking density & ewe nutrition to reduce steaing Cean, dry environment (e.g. bedding) Eradicate maedi visna Detection of mastitis & treatment Cu ewes with bad udders Nutritiona Management of actating ewes Sort by nursing ambs & BCS Baance ration (energy, protein, minera, sat) Free choice / incorporated premix incudes seenium, zinc, cobat, iodine, vitamin E Feeder design aow a ewes to eat requirements Housing of ewes & Nursing ambs Stocking density (25 sq ft/ ewe-amb pair) Bedding type & ceaniness Avaiabe water Air quaity Abiity to cean & disinfect to break infection cyce On pasture protection from predators & sheter from adverse weather to reduce chiing Nutritiona Management of Nursing ambs Assure ewes are miking & ambs bonded If confined - creep area & creep avaiabe from 2 weeks of age; adequate protein; avaiabe free-choice Access to cean, paatabe water from 2 weeks of age Management of Weaning Ensure ambs are consuming good quaity feed prior to weaning Reduce energy to ewes but not water Remove ewes from ambs Monitor ewes for mastitis n 3if protoco to investigate why ambs die n 3if protoco to manage ewes & mastitis n 3if protoco to optimize mik production & nutritiona heath of the ewes n 3if protoco to assure that housing contributes to good heath n 3if protoco to assure that ambs receive adequate nutrition whie nursing n 3if protoco to make sure that weaning is ow-stress to both ewe & ambs canadian verified sheep program anima care chapter H7

126 5. Contro of Common Infectious Diseases of Lambs Lambs are at high risk of a variety of infectious diseases. ReD FAG: Outbreaks of disease in a group of ambs that invoves more than 10% of the group. Septicaemia / Joint I Assure that a ambs receive 5% of body weight in coostrum as soon as born & 20% of body weight in first 24 h of ife Dip naves with an effective disinfectant at birth Lambing area must be kept cean & dry Neonata Diarrhea If ambs start to scour, make sure no new ambs are introduced to that environment Cean & disinfect the amb housing area Make sure those that treat the sick ambs, change & wash hands prior to handing other animas Pneumonia Assure stocking density is not too high Assure air quaity is good; bedding is deep & dry; and no cod drafts on the ambs Assure that sick ambs are prompty detected & treated with input from fock veterinarian Coccidiosis Assure that environment is kept cean & dry Prevent feces from contaminating feed & water Use an anti-coccidia agent in the feed, water or as a drench as recommended by your fock veterinarian Costridia Diseases (Tetanus, Pupy Kidney/enterotoxaemia) Vaccination program for ewes & ambs that incudes giving a primary series at the correct age to ambs (12 & 16 weeks of age) & an annua booster to ewes 3 weeks prior to ambing Change feed sowy incuding changes to ush pasture & to increased grain n 3if protoco for assuring adequate coostrum intake & ceaniness at birth n 3if protoco for managing an outbreak of diarrhea in nursing ambs n 3if protoco to prevent pneumonia outbreaks & manage pneumonia cases n 3if protoco to contro coccidiosis n 3if protoco to prevent osses of ambs to pupy kidney & tetanus canadian verified sheep program anima care chapter H8

127 6. Prevention of Nutritiona Diseases Nutritiona diseases may be due to an excess of some nutrients, a deficiency or improper feeding management. ReD FAG: Increased eve of diseases reated to poor nutritiona management and / or ration baancing. Nutritiona Management the Fock Routine body condition scoring, particuary pre-breeding & mid-gestation Sort animas & feed based on BCS Anayze a forages incuding siages fed to sheep; assure sufficient quaity to meet needs Care taken to assure feeds are safe to feed (e.g. risk of isteria in ensied feeds, mycotoxins minimized) Baance ration (energy, protein, minera, vitamin) based on anaysis Free-choice / incorporated premix incudes seenium, zinc, cobat, iodine, vitamin E Assure a animas consume needed ration on a daiy basis Prevention of Vitamin e Seenium Deficiency Diseases Assure vitamin E & seenium is incuded in the ration in adequate amounts to a stock on a daiy basis Prevention of Copper Toxicity Assure a feeds formuated for sheep with no added copper Test a forages for copper eves Assure that rations > 10 ppm DW copper are assessed for risk Hod back sampes of formuated feeds in case of copper toxicity Prevention of Grain Overoad & Boat Make sure grain-containing diets are graduay introduced over severa days Manage the bunk to prevent grain engorgement Prevent accidenta access to grain Introduce to pastures with egumes (e.g. cover, afafa) sowy Monitor animas Prevention of Urinary Stones Diets fed to mae ambs & sheep must be propery baanced for cacium & phosphorus Fresh, paatabe water must aways be avaiabe Sat must be aways avaiabe in the diet Urinary acidifiers may be used to dissove stones n 3if protoco to manage the nutrition of the fock year-round & monitor BCS n 3if protoco to prevent diseases due to inadequate seenium & vitamin E n 3if protoco to prevent disease due to excess copper in the diet n 3if protoco to prevent feeding of rations that may resut in rumen digestion issues n 3if protoco to prevent urinary stones from deveoping in feedot ambs & rams canadian verified sheep program anima care chapter H9

128 7. Raising Heathy Market Lambs Market ambs must be we-grown, cean-feeced and free of residues from veterinary drugs and pesticides. A variety of diseases may prevent the production of market ambs, some of which are deat with previousy (grain overoad, boat, urinary stones, coccidiosis, pneumonia). Other diseases, issues are covered beow. ReD FAG: Increased eve of disease that reduces growth, increases days to market and / or reduces carcass quaity. Indicate cass of market ambs produced (n a that appy). n up to 64 bs n b n b n b n > 110 b From Your Records ast 12 Months Your Fock Your Goa 19. Cass of amb unadjusted average daiy gain (kg/b) = 20. Cass of amb unadjusted average daiy gain (kg/b) = 21. Cass of amb unadjusted average daiy gain (kg/b) = 22. Cass of amb unadjusted average daiy gain (kg/b) = Nutritiona Management Baanced ration incuding mineras, sat, energy & protein Free-choice fresh paatabe water with adequate watering space Bunk management to assure feed is fresh (unspoied) Assure a animas consume needed ration on a daiy basis Prevention of Dog Tapeworm Infection Do not aow any farm dogs to scavenge sheep carcasses Cook or freeze sheep carcasses prior to feeding to dogs Deworming farm dogs (working, pet & guardian) with a drug prescribed by the fock vet that wi ki tapeworms (Taenia ovis, Taenia hydatigenia) Prevention of Important amb Diseases See above boxes for: Pneumonia Coccidiosis Urinary stones Grain overoad Pupy kidney (enterotoxaemia) & tetanus Prevention of Drug & Pesticide Residues Don t use any drug without a pubished meat withdrawa for ambs intended for saughter uness with a written & signed veterinary prescription by your fock veterinarian Maintain good records with accurate ID of treated animas to prevent accidenta shipping Maintain written protocos & train a personne working with the sheep to foow them n 3if protoco to manage the nutrition of the market ambs n 3if protoco to prevent tapeworm cysts in the iver or musce of amb carcasses n 3if protoco to prevent diseases important specificay in your market ambs n 3if protoco to assure that ambs shipped to saughter contain no drugs or pesticides canadian verified sheep program anima care chapter H10

129 7. Raising Heathy Market Lambs Prevention of Carcass Damage A injectabe treatments & vaccinations to be given in the neck Record a broken needes Use sterie needes & syringes Don t vaccinate if sheep are wet Muzze a dogs herding the sheep prior to shipping Never catch or restrain by grabbing the woo To reduce risk of feca contamination of the carcass: keep bedding cean, contro diarrhea diseases, shear or crutch woo from perineum in order to reduce feca dags on the woo n 3if protoco to assure no damage to the carcass occur prior to saughter 8. Raising Heathy Repacements Repacement ewe ambs and ram ambs shoud grow we to mature at an optima age for successfu breeding. It is important that they are not over- or under conditioned. A variety of diseases may prevent the growth of repacement ambs, some of which are deat with previousy (grain overoad, boat, urinary stones, coccidiosis, pneumonia). Other diseases, issues are covered beow. ReD FAG: Increased eve of disease that reduces growth, increases days to breeding and / or reduced breeding success. If you do not raise repacement ambs for breeding, ignore this section. 1. Indicate proportion of ewe-ambs born & raised in your fock that you a) retain for breeding % b) se for breeding % 2. Indicate proportion of ram-ambs born & raised in your fock that you a) retain for breeding % b) se for breeding % From Your Records ast 12 Months Your Fock Your Goa 23. Ewe Lambs avg. age to breeding weight (70% of mature) (mo.) = 24. Ram Lambs avg. age to breeding weight (70% of mature) (mo.) = 25. Avg. age of ewe ambs at first ambing (months) = 26. Number of ewe ambs exposed to ram = 27. Number of ewe ambs ambing = 28. Number of ambs born aive and dead to ewe ambs = 29. Proportion of ewe ambs ambing (fertiity) = (27/26) = 30. Lambs born per ewe-amb breeding (fertiity & proificacy) = (28/26) = 31. Lambs born per ewe-amb ambing (proificacy) = (28/27) = canadian verified sheep program anima care chapter H11

130 8. Raising Heathy Repacements Nutritiona Management Feed repacement ewe-ambs on a different ration than market ambs after 4 months of age (to prevent overconditioning) Baanced ration incuding mineras, sat, energy & protein Free-choice fresh paatabe water with adequate watering space Bunk management to assure feed is fresh (unspoied) Assure a animas consume needed ration daiy Prevention of Important amb Diseases See above boxes for: Pneumonia Coccidiosis Urinary stones Grain overoad Costridia Vaccination Assure that a repacements are vaccinated twice at 12 & 16 weeks of age Assure that a repacements are vaccinated again at one year of age or one month prior to ambing, whichever comes first Seection of Repacements Use record of production of ewes & genetic seection programs to seect the best repacements based on dam & sire records (e.g. GenOvis) Maintain good records with accurate anima ID Prevention of Adut Diseases Some infectious diseases that affect adut productivity, are acquired as ambs: Maedi visna Johne s disease Caseous ymphadenitis See contro programs for these diseases beow n 3if protoco to manage the nutrition of the repacements to optimize age of puberty & decrease issues with overconditioning femaes n 3if protoco to prevent diseases important specificay in your repacement ambs n 3if protoco to prevent costridia diseases in your repacements & in ambs born to those femae repacements n 3if protoco to assure that ambs seected as repacements refect your breeding goas & improve future fock productivity n 3if protoco to reduce the risk that a repacement wi acquire an infectious disease from the adut fock canadian verified sheep program anima care chapter H12

131 9. Protecting the Fock on Pasture Pasture grazing reduces the reiance on stored feeds and decreases cost of production. But there are many heath issues associated with grazing: interna parasites, foot disease, predators. ReD FAG: Increased eve of disease that reduces growth, death on pasture associated with gastrointestina nematode parasites. Losses to predators. If you do not pasture your fock at any time in the year, ignore this section. 1. Estimated number of grazing days for adut fock (days). 2. Estimated number of grazing days for amb fock (nursing or weaned) (days). 3. Annua osses due to predators: a) Number of aduts: b) Number of ambs: ameness Inspect feet of ame sheep to determine cause of ameness: footrot, foot scad, foot abscess Fence sheep out of wet, marshy areas incuding wet & dirty yards to prevent foot scad If footrot, work with fock veterinarian to deveop a treatment & contro program using footbaths or systemic antibiotics & pasture management Predator Contro When predation osses occur, accurate identification of the probem predator is crucia for successfu prevention program. Seek professiona hep if you cannot ID the probem predator. Utiize contro measures that may invove one or more of the foowing: guardian animas, fencing, yard at night, targeted remova Contro of Gastrointestina Parasitism Deveop a sustainabe integrated parasite contro program with your fock veterinarian Components incude: evasive grazing & reducing pasture contamination, monitoring for evidence of parasitism, treat animas correcty ony when they need it with an appropriate anthemintic, treat ony those animas that need it, investigate treatment faiure, prevent introduction of animas infected with resistant parasites n 3if protoco to contro & prevent ameness in the fock n 3if protoco to reduce osses due to predators n 3if protoco to contro gastrointestina parasitism in a sustainabe & integrated manner canadian verified sheep program anima care chapter H13

132 9. Protecting the Fock on Pasture Contro externa Parasites & Fy Strike Externa parasites are not present in a focks. Few pesticides are approved for sheep. Deveop a fock heath pan with your veterinarian to contro biting & sucking ice, chorioptic mange & keds Green-botte fies (Luciia seracata) are attracted to the odour of decaying organic materia to ay their eggs (e.g. deadstock, dirty woo, wounds). Reduce the attractants, keep wounds cean, crutch the woo if not shorn, & be aert for animas on pasture acting depressed or irritated Reducing Risk of Disease from Pasture Pants Know if toxic pants are growing in your pasture identify & either remove the pants, reduce overgrazing of affected pasture, or avoid grazing if necessary If pants associated with frothy boat are in the pasture, first feed dry hay before turnout & monitor for signs of boat. Turn out after dew off grass & eave on pasture. n 3if protoco to reduce risk from externa parasites & fy strike n 3if protoco to reduce risk from harmfu pasture pants 10. Improving the Longevity of the Adut Fock The breeding fock shoud remain productive through reducing the effects of chronic diseases and by seecting the correct animas to cu. Fock turnover shoud be monitored, not just for turnover rate but aso reason. ReD FAG: Greater than 5% of adut fock dying annuay. Greater than 15% of the fock being cued for invountary reasons. Greater than 10% of the fock dying or needing to be cued due to a disease causing chronic wasting. If you ony have a feedot operation, ignore this section. From Your Records ast 12 Months Your Fock Your Goa 32. Average number of breeding ewes = 33. Average number of breeding rams = 34. Average tota number of adut sheep (32+33) = 35. Number of aduts died = 36. Proportion of adut fock that dies annuay (35/34) = 37. Number of aduts cued for any reason = 38. Number of aduts cued for invountary reasons = 39. Proportion of adut fock that is cued annuay (37/34) = 40. Turnover of fock annuay ((35+37)/34) = 41. Proportion of adut fock ost for invountary reasons ((35+38)/34) = canadian verified sheep program anima care chapter H14

133 10. Improving the Longevity of the Adut Fock Investigate Adut Sheep Death & Disease When unexpected iness or death occurs in the adut fock, have a postmortem performed by the fock veterinarian As advised, perform additiona diagnostic testing (e.g. seroogy, feca PCR, cuture) to detect specific disease pathogens Purchase Ony ow-risk Repacements Repacement breeding stock may appear heathy but may be carrying infectious pathogens at risk to fock Ony purchase repacements from a vendor who decares the fock s heath status, preferaby using a fock heath program & specific disease testing Isoate a purchases & test for specific diseases or carryout prophyactic treatments as advised by vet Recognize Denta Disease Cu sheep with denta disease to saughter before weight oss is severe (BCS 2) Recognize when adut sheep ose incisors that wi impede their abiity to graze (broken mouth) Recognize when sheep ose a moar or premoar which wi prevent proper cud chewing eradicate Maedi Visna (MV) Recognize the signs of MV (hard udder, respiratory disease) & test suspect animas (seroogy or postmortem) If MV is diagnosed, enro in an MV status program if avaiabe If not avaiabe, perform testing of the adut fock & cu a seropositive animas Contro Johne s Disease If an anima with wasting is diagnosed with Johne s disease, consut with fock veterinarian to design a contro program Cu suspect sheep & market their ambs direct to saughter Compost a manure & don t spread on pastures or hay fieds Keep amb rearing environment cean n 3if protoco to monitor important diseases that cause death & wasting in your sheep fock n 3if protoco to prevent diseases from being introduced to the fock from new introductions n 3if protoco to recognize denta disease & cu affected animas to saughter before weight oss becomes severe n 3if protoco to eradicate maedi visna virus infection n 3if protoco to contro Johne s disease canadian verified sheep program anima care chapter H15

134 10. Improving the Longevity of the Adut Fock Contro Caseous ymphadenitis (C) Monitor sheep for abscesses & cuture those suspected of being CL If CL diagnosed in the fock, impement a vaccination program based on advice from your fock veterinarian Isoate affected sheep & treat abscess. Cu animas with repeated abscesses or weight oss Instruct the shearer on biosecurity precautions to prevent introduction & spread of CL Detect and eradicate Scrapie Have the brains of a adut sheep with wasting or neuroogica disease, tested for scrapie (CFIA) Enro in the Canadian Vountary Scrapie Program to ensure scrapie isn t present in your fock If scrapie risk in your fock is unknown, an option is to use ony 171RR rams in your breeding program n 3if protoco to ower the incidence of abscesses due to CL n 3if protoco to monitor your fock for scrapie 11. Removing Sheep from the Fock Humaney A sheep shoud be cued to saughter when sti in good heath, (e.g. can be transported without stress and are not a risk to humans if consumed); those not suitabe shoud be euthanized on-farm using a humane method. ReD FAG: Animas sod to saughter that are condemned as unsuitabe for consumption. Animas suffer during transportation or saes. Animas are aowed to die a sow death on-farm. Decisions for Cuing Assure that sheep destined for cuing are in good heath & do not fa into the category of compromised or faen Use ony icensed ivestock transporters Minimize the distance to transport for adut animas intended for saughter Assure no drug or pesticide residues present on the date of transportation Consut your fock veterinarian if unsure if the anima is suitabe for saughter n 3if protoco to assure that animas to be cued are in good heath & suitabe for saughter canadian verified sheep program anima care chapter H16

135 11. Removing Sheep from the Fock Humaney euthanasia Protocos If an anima is determined to not be suitabe for saughter, or for treatment then euthanasia must be carried out prompty using a humane method Animas not to be euthanized must be treated with an effective protoco Deveop protocos for euthanasia foowing the requirements of the Code of Practice; consut the fock veterinarian where necessary If captive bot is to be used, a secondary method must be used to ensure death once the anima is insensibe Equipment used must be in good working order and aways avaiabe n 3if protoco to assure euthanasia is carried out prompty when needed, & to assure no anima dies a painfu and sow death 12. Protecting the Fock Using Biosecurity Practices Biosecurity encompasses those practices that prevent the introduction of diseases to the fock, prevent their spread around the fock, and prevent the reease from the fock. ReD FAG: Disease outbreaks new to your fock, or moving from group to group within the fock, or spread from your fock to other ivestock operations. Deveop a Biosecurity Pan Draw a diagram of your farm & identify a Controed Access Zones (CAZ) & Restricted Access Zones (RAZ) on your farm(s) Deveop protocos for movement of peope & equipment between zones, incuding changes of protective wear, ceaning & disinfection, signage & barriers (e.g. ocked doors) Deveop protocos for movement of animas within & between the zones, incuding isoation faciities & direction of anima movement Train a persons working on the farm to foow these protocos Isoate Sick and Diseased Animas Identify an area of the premise that can house animas with disease, restrict access & prevent spread of disease Faciity shoud aow an individua sheep to be in visua contact with other sheep; aow proper treatment of the sheep Faciity shoud aow for proper ceaning & disinfection once the anima(s) eave n 3if protoco to deveop a biosecurity pan n 3if protoco to have a faciity that aows for proper isoation of sick sheep canadian verified sheep program anima care chapter H17

136 12. Protecting the Fock Using Biosecurity Practices Isoate New or Returning Sheep Identify an area that can accommodate sheep for a period of time before introducing to the fock; this area shoud fufi the same requirements as for an isoation faciity for sick animas Whie in isoation, these sheep can be monitored / tested for disease or treated prophyacticay to prevent introduction of disease pathogens Have a Pan to Manage Deadstock Deadstock shoud be prompty removed from anima management areas Deadstock shoud be removed from the farm or propery composted or otherwise disposed in such a manner to prevent scavenging & contamination of ivestock rearing areas & feed & bedding storage areas Have a Pan to Manage Manure Manure shoud be propery composted (minimum of 90 days) before being spread on fieds Manure storage shoud be adequate for at east 90 days Runoff from manure pies shoud be prevented from contaminating ivestock rearing areas and feed & bedding storage areas n 3if protoco to prevent new & returning introductions from introducing disease pathogens n 3if protoco to reduce risk from deadstock n 3if protoco to reduce risk from manure 13. Producing Quaity Mik from Heathy Udders (Dairy Sheep) Dairy ewes are producing mik intended for human consumption. It is very important that the mik be of high quaity (e.g. ow bacteria counts, ow somatic ce counts, free of aduterants such as water, drugs, pesticides, other chemicas, and be of free of obnoxious odours and taste). ReD FAG: High proportion of ewes treated for cinica mastitis; high eve of ewes cued due to mastitis; high fock somatic ce counts and / or bacteria counts; oads rejected because of poor mik quaity. From Your Records ast 12 Months Your Fock Your Goa 42. Number of dairy ewes miked = 43. Number of cases of cinica mastitis treated = 44. Proportion of ewes treated for cinica mastitis = (43/42) = 45. Number of ewes dying due to mastitis = 46. Proportion of ewes dying of mastitis = (45/42) = 47. Number of ewes cued due to mastitis = 48. Proportion of ewes cued due to mastitis = (47/42) = 49. Average somatic ce count in fock = 50. Number of shipments with eevated bacteria counts (> 50,000 cfu/m) = 51. Number of shipments rejected due to unacceptabe mik quaity = canadian verified sheep program anima care chapter H18

137 13. Producing Quaity Mik from Heathy Udders (Dairy Sheep) Monitor ewes for Mastitis Examine mik using a strip cup every miking Use a Caifornia Mastitis Test (CMT) or Somatic Ce Counts (SCC) to screen gands for subcinica mastitis Cuture suspect gands for mastitis using aseptic technique Use Good Miking Procedures Using ony miking equipment in good working order; check for evidence of wear and tear & repace as appropriate Set-up miking equipment using specifications for dairy sheep Mik ony cean & dry, propery prepped udders & teats; use singe-service towe to cean; propery stimuate for mik et-down Wear cean goves to mik to prevent bacteria transmission Do not over-mik Post-miking teat dip propery appied using approved products Keep ewes standing in a dry environment for at east 30 minutes post-miking Treat Mastitis Propery A medications administered to a miking dairy sheep must be by veterinary prescription ony Administer intramammary products propery; cean & disinfect the teat end; do not spit mastitis tubes Identify a treated ewes & mik separatey unti withdrawa period is ended; communicate treatment information to a workers Administer dry-period mastitis treatment under the guidance of the fock veterinarian If antibiotic residues are suspected, test the mik using an approved test for inhibitors eradicate Mastitis Pathogens Institute a maedi visna eradication program; 7 to 12% mik oss if ewe is infected Identify a ewes carrying Staphyococcus aureus infections in the udder; mik ast; cu if fai to cure from dry-period treatment Do not aow ambs with orf to nurse ewes Cu ewes with incurabe mastitis; bind teats or gands n 3if protoco to routiney monitor for evidence of mastitis n 3if protoco to mik ewes propery using equipment in proper working order n 3if protoco to propery treat & contro mastitis n 3if protoco to eradicate mastitis pathogens canadian verified sheep program anima care chapter H19

138 13. Producing Quaity Mik from Heathy Udders (Dairy Sheep) Investigate Mik Quaity Probems If bacteria counts are high (> 50,000 cfu), review a ceaning procedures, equipment repair, udder heath practices, mik cooing practices If somatic ce counts are high (> 500,000 ces/ml/mik), investigate subcinica mastitis using CMT or individua SCC + mik cuture; work with your fock veterinarian to interpret resuts If inhibitors are found, investigate with your fock veterinarian a drug use, withdrawa recommendations & record-keeping n 3if protoco to manage mik quaity issues canadian verified sheep program anima care chapter H20

139 Section I Sef-Assessment Checkists

140 Section I Sef-Assessment Checkist Records Review Detai Required (for audit) Record Required (for audit) Producer Comments 1. Written protoco for extreme weather provided for both extreme cod and heat. Protoco Form 2. Inspection of faciities, equipment incuding water and feeders. 3. Fock Heath Pan provided. 4. Proof of dog training for dogs invoved in the moving of sheep. (certificates, proof of training, receipts OR working demonstration canadian verified sheep program anima care chapter I1

141 Sef-Assessment Checkists Environmenta Conditions Contingency Pans Detai Required Record Required Producer Comments (for audit) (for audit) 1. For sheep reared on pasture, producers have identified means of providing water during extreme weather. The water source is reasonabe proximity to sheep. (1.2.1) 2. Appropriate sheter and aternative faciities are avaiabe in the event of extreme weather (1.2.1, 1.3.1) 3. Shearing records refect time of year appropriate to regiona seasona temperatures (1.3.4) Description or Record of Shearing Protocos 4. Lambing period records/pan refects oca cimatic conditions and avaiabe sheter (1.3.3) canadian verified sheep program anima care chapter I2

142 Sef-Assessment Checkists Faciities Housing and handing for a sheep Detai Required (for audit) Record Required (for audit) Producer Comments 1. Barriers, pen dividers and other housing and handing are maintained and cean. Free from hazards (sharp edges) (2.1.1) 2. A appicabe equipment incuding water bows, troughs, ventiating fans, heating and ighting units, miking machines, fire extinguishers and aarm systems are ceaned and inspected reguary. Written inspection protoco provided (2.1.2) Protoco Form highighting inspection routines 3. Feeding equipment is at a suitabe and safe height and design for sheep (2.1.3) 4. Adequate cean and dry bedding is provided in a buidings used for rearing sheep (2.1.4) 5. Proper equipment that is in good repair is avaiabe for: (2.1.5) Safe handing Treatment Restraint Segregation Loading and unoading 6. Handing area have surfaces that provide good traction (2.1.6) 7. Does the housing area compare to number of housed animas aign with standard? (2.1.10) 8. Is a permanent sick pen present, that sti aows visibiity of other sheep? (2.1.11) 9. Do housed sheep have access to a dry aying area? (2.1.13) canadian verified sheep program anima care chapter I3

143 Sef-Assessment Checkists Faciities (continued) Housing and handing for a sheep Detai Required (for audit) Record Required (for audit) Producer Comments 10. Does ammonia eve exceed 25ppm (2.2.2) 11. Sheep have visua contact with other sheep? (2.3.1) 12. Is sufficient ighting provided to aow inspection of sheep and housing areas? (2.4.2) 13. Is artificia ighting provided to animas not exposed to sunight. If animas are under controed ighting regimes was breeding season ight pan provided? (2.4.1) 14. Is waste storage area positioned to avoid run off into: (2.5.5) Sheep Housing areas Feed storage Water suppy 15. Is miking machinery inspected reguary and functioning propery according to manufacturer recommendations Provide manufacturer recommendations Vacuum eves Pusation rates and ratios 16. Pens, ramps, handing and hoding faciities for miking machines is inspected reguary and suitabe and safe for sheep canadian verified sheep program anima care chapter I4

144 Sef-Assessment Checkists Feed and Water Detai Required Record Required Producer Comments (for audit) (for audit) 1. Is the fock Body Condition Score appropriate in reation to stage of production? (3.1.5) Nutritiona sections of Fock Heath Pan 2. Sat and minera is presented in a way that is adequate and accessibe to a sheep (3.1.2) 3. Is an adequate amount of forage avaiabe? (3.1.3) 4. Is aternative feed stored and avaiabe for sheep that are winter grazing? (3.1.7) 5. Does feca consistency resembe that of an energy baanced diet? Is there evidence of boat within the fock? (3.1.8) 6. Expanation of process for new born ambs that are taken from dam, that promotes proper heath and nutrition (3.3.1) Fock Heath Pan Coostrum within six hours 7. Artificiay reared ambs are managed appropriatey in heath, nutrition and water (3.3.3) Fock Heath Pan 8. Adequate cean, water is provided and accessibe (3.3.4, 3.4.1) 9. Water source is suitabe for sheep and prevents ambs from drowning. Inspected daiy for proper function (3.4.2, 3.4.8) 10. Management pan outines use of snow as a water source, fieds and paddock have sufficient snow and water avaiabe (3.4.3, 3.4.4, 3.4.5, 3.4.6) canadian verified sheep program anima care chapter I5

145 Sef-Assessment Checkists Heath Management Detai Required (for audit) Record Required (for audit) Producer Comments 1. Reportabe disease protocos (fact sheets) signed and easiy accessed (4.2.6) 2. Producer is knowedgeabe in body condition scoring 3. Vaid veterinary cient patient reationship Provided of provided, deveoped within ast tweve veterinarian months (4.3.1) etterhead with Fock Heath Pan 4. Fock Heath Pan Provided and meets Fock Heath requirements (4.3.2) Pan Fock heath pan is vaidated by VCPR 5. Euthanasia Decision Tree accessibe by a empoyees (4.4.2, 4.4.3) 6. Fock appears to be sound, animas presenting Lameness have been treated (4.4.6) canadian verified sheep program anima care chapter I6

146 Sef-Assessment Checkists Husbandry Practices Detai Required Record Required Producer Comments (for audit) (for audit) 1. Dogs used in sheep production appear to be under good contro by hander (5.1.9, ) 2. Marking materias are non toxic and suitabe for sheep (5.2.1) 3. Proper restraint is avaiabe and appropriate for the size of sheep (5.2.3) 4. Goves and disinfectant are present and used during permanent identification (5.2.4) 5. Identification equipment is in good work order and sharp (5.2.5) 6. Identification tag is a suitabe size and position, appication spot is heathy and propery heaed (5.2.6) 7. Where branding is present it has been carried out by a veterinarian or experienced stock person (5.2.7) 8. A animas appear to be shorn annuay (5.4.1) 9. Foot trimming equipment is in cean good working order (5.5.4) Shearing Protoco Form 10. A pan has been provided for castration (5.6.1) Protoco Form 11. Muesing has not been performed (5.8.1) 12. Breeding pans refects supervision and sheter avaiabe during ambing (5.10.3) Fock Heath Pan canadian verified sheep program anima care chapter I7

147 Sef-Assessment Checkists Husbandry Practices continued Detai Required (for audit) Record Required (for audit) Producer Comments 13. Emergency Lambing Kit is present and contains: Soap Disinfectant Obstetrica ubricant Sterie syringes 10m and 1m Hypodermic needes of sized suitabe for ewe and the amb Lambing cords, ambing snare Cean towes Sterie pai for warm water Vet prescribed treatments Vet emergency contact information 14. Lambing protoco provided Fock Heath Pan 15. Signs of ambing difficuty appendices accessibe for a empoyees 16. A tai docking pan has been provided Protoco Form Transportation 1. Fitness for transportation decision tree is accessibe for a empoyees (6.1.1) 2. Producer is knowedgeabe in the decision making process to transport (6.1.1) 3. Waters are present where animas are housed before shipping (6.3.2) 4. Loading and unoading areas are safe, minimize stress, and appropriate for the movement of sheep (6.4.1) 5. Trucks and traiers appear to be in good repair, suitabe for sheep and cean (6.4.3) 6. Ramps are appropriate and at a acceptabe ange for the safe oading and unoading of sheep canadian verified sheep program anima care chapter I8

148 Sef-Assessment Checkists Euthanasia Detai Required Record Required Producer Comments (for audit) (for audit) 1. Euthanasia Decision Tree is posted and visibe for a empoyees 2. Emergency Contingency Pan contains action pan for euthanasia 3. A stock peope are knowedgeabe of euthanasia decision making and method Protoco Form 4. Euthanasia method chart is accessibe by a empoyees 5. Equipment to humaney euthanize animas is present and in good working order (7.2.3, 7.2.6) 6. Producers is knowedgeabe in the proper disposa of carcasses (7.3.4) canadian verified sheep program anima care chapter I9

149 Biosecurity Chapter Canadian Verified Sheep Program

150 Tabe of Contents CHAPTER 3 BIOSECURITY Section J Biosecurity J1 A.1 Anima Heath Management Practices J1 A1.1 Prepare and Use a Fock Heath Pan J1 A1.2 Sourcing Sheep J1 A1.3 Manage Sheep that Leave and Return to Home Farm J1 A1.4 Isoate Sick Sheep, Fock Additions and Returning Sheep J3 A1.5 Manage Contact with Neighbouring/Other Livestock J3 A1.6 Pan Sheep Movement Through Production Unit J4 A1.7 Impement Sheep Heath Protocos for Specific Situations J5 A1.8 Limit Access by Pests, Dogs, Cats, Predators and Widife J6 A1.9 Impement Heath Standards for Guardian and Working Animas J6 A2 Record Keeping J7 A2.1 Maintain and Review Farm Records J7 A2.2 Record Education and Activities J8 A2.3 Deveop a Response Pan for Disease Outbreaks J8 A3 Farm, Faciities, and Equipment J9 A3.1 Create Diagram of Farm Layout, Identify Risk J9 A3.2 Cean and Disinfect Faciities, Equipment and Vehices J11 A3.3 Reduce Risk in Barns/Pens J11 A3.4 Reduce Risk from Equipment J13 A3.5 Reduce Risks from Vehices J14 A3.6 Manage Manure J15 A3.7 Manage, Feed, Water and Bedding J15 A3.8 Appying Shearing Protocos J16 A3.9 Manage Needes and Sharps J17 A3.10 Manage Deadstock J18 A4 Peope J19 A4.1 Risk Assessments for Peope Entering the Farm J19 A4.2 Deveop and Enforce Risk Management Practices for a Peope Visiting the Farm, Using the Risk Assessment Outcomes J21 A4.3 Know What Peope are on your Premises J21 A4.4 Train Farm Workers and Communicate with Them about Biosecurity; Inform a Visitors and Service Providers J22 A4.5 Recognize Zoonotic Risks J23 canadian verified sheep program

151 Section J Biosecurity

152 Wecome Wecome to the Canadian Verified Sheep Program (CVSP) Biosecurity chapter. This Biosecurity chapter is chaired by the Canadian Sheep Federation. The Program is being impemented to improve the transmission of infectious disease and improve the overa heath of the nationa fock in Canada. Why is a biosecurity Program necessary? Biosecurity is important in avoiding production imiting diseases or foreign anima diseases (FADs). In addition to having a positive impact on the prevention of FADs, biosecurity is intended to be proactive in heping to reduce the risks of endemic diseases. These are diseases that commony occur at some eve on farms in Canada, and if they can be reduced, fock productivity and the financia we-being of the industry can be enhanced. Biosecurity practices are aso intended to minimize the risk of disease transmission when deveoping diseases are discovered. What is the Program based on? The CVSP Biosecurity chapter is based on the Biosecurity Standard deveoped by the Canadian Food Inspection Agency. The Standard provides the framework and scope for biosecurity panning in the sheep sector in Canada, by estabishing a minimum set of biosecurity standards that can be used by sheep producers in a producing regions. It is intended to assist sheep producers in deveoping biosecurity pans for their specific farm operations, to serve as a guide for continuous improvement, and to encourage a higher eve of care. How does the Program work? Biosecurity appies and is incorporated in various areas of sheep production. Good Production Practices (GPP) in both the Food Safe Farm Practices chapter and Anima Care chapter appy to biosecurity on-farm. Compiance with the biosecurity chapter requires appropriate record keeping, and maintaining an appropriate eve of biosecurity protocos on farm. Are there benefits to the Program? The benefits of impementing on-farm biosecurity practices are significant. They incude: More secure financia heath for farm workers and for farm service industries such as feed suppiers, processors and veterinarians; Protection of human heath; More secure market access, both oca and nationa; Reduced use of veterinary drugs, thereby reducing medica costs and decreasing the risk of antibiotic resistance; Improved anima heath and wefare; and More secure financia heath for producers. A producers participating in this chapter shoud have a copy of the NFACC Code of Practice avaiabe and the Nationa Sheep Producer Biosecurity Panning Guide, a part of the Nationa Sheep Biosecurity Standard (deveoped by the Canadian Food Inspection Agency) avaiabe on canadian verified sheep program biosecurity chapter

153 How do I Impement the Program materia? The Canadian Verified Sheep Biosecurity Practices Manua The CVSP Biosecurity chapter provides you with a the information to compy with the Program. Given this manua you wi need to: Participate in the training provided onine, or in person through your provincia deivery agency; Adapt the materia to the unique needs of your farm; Foow Good Production Practices and record-keeping system on your farm; Ensure a workers, and famiy members are propery trained on the Program; and Propery document mistakes when they happen to minimize future occurrences. Biosecurity directy affects a areas of sheep production, incuding anima care and food safety. Many Must Do practices and record-keeping practices required in Chapter 1 Food Safe Farm Practices (FSFP) and Chapter 2: Anima Care (AC), are necessary for compiance of the Biosecurity chapter. The Fock Heath Pan contains important sections for Biosecurity. SECTION A FARM DIAGRAM AND MUST DO PRACTICES Section A of the Canadian Verified Sheep Biosecurity chapter identifies a the requirements and Must Do practices required. As a requirement of the Program, a farm diagram identifying risk areas around your farm must be deveoped. Section A contains the requirements of the farm diagram. Section A contains a the Must Do required for compiance of the Biosecurity chapter and the GPP ocation. As a part of the on-farm audit, you are required to provide a farm diagram of your operation that outines the various risk areas within your management system. The fock heath pan contains sections and protocos pertaining to biosecurity and wi be reviewed during the on-farm audit. canadian verified sheep program biosecurity chapter

154 A1. Anima Heath Management Practices A1.1 Prepare and Use a Fock Heath Pan Producers shoud have a Fock Heath Pan that defines the heath goas and management practices for their focks. A fock heath pan, deveoped with your fock veterinarian wi be a key reference for the diseases of concern for each fock A program that describes the fock heath regimens and practices is used for day-to-day fock management. It is the basis for monitoring fock heath and is a key source when considering fock performance. A biosecurity pan is integra to, and supportive of, the fock heath pan. (See Chapter 2: Anima Care, Section 4.3.2) A1.2 Sourcing Sheep Buiding a fock, repacing cued or ost sheep, and adding stock to improve the genetics of a fock may require purchasing sheep to be integrated into an existing fock. A written protoco for purchasing sheep and ambs, that takes into consideration diseases specific to the farm, wi provide some guidance when evauating these purchases. Different production categories wi need different protocos. Having a ist of questions to ask that are specific and reevant to the sourcing route wi aso hep determine risk. Biosecurity Safety Concerns: Risks Purchased sheep may have a disease(s) that wi negativey impact their production and/or growth. Purchased sheep may have or may be carrying a disease and transmit it directy or indirecty to your fock. Purchased sheep may have been vaccinated or treated in a manner that is incompatibe with your fock, and either the acquired sheep or your fock become infected. See Appendix 1.1: Risk Management Practices on the CFIA Sheep Biosecurity Standard website for more information on managing risk within your farm Additions are imited and when necessary, animas are sourced from suppiers with focks of an unknown heath status. As few sources as possibe are used. New stock is isoated upon arriva. (See Chapter 1: FSFP, Section 3.1.4, Recommended Practices) A1.3 Manage Sheep that Leave and Return to Home Farm A norma part of the industry for many producers is attendance at fairs and shows, or oaning rams for breeding purposes. Show performance may be reated to success at seing breeding stock. However, this puts your sheep in environments in which biosecurity may not be canadian verified sheep program BiosecUriTY chapter J1

155 consistent with, or as rigorous as your practices. An off-farm ocation is much ike a part of your farm, and your biosecurity practices ideay need to be repicated during the event. Loaning or borrowing rams for breeding purposes is a usefu way to baance production and progress genetics in a fock. Moving and shifting a ram from one farm to another sheep operation is generay in your contro, and therefore can be managed carefuy from a biosecurity point of view. Biosecurity Safety Concerns: Risks Sheep and/or other stock attending the event may have, or may be carrying a disease, and may transmit it directy or indirecty to your sheep. Sheep and/or other stock attending the event may be transported in contaminated vehices and may introduce pathogens onto the faciity. Event organizers, judges, peope attending the event, etc. may transmit pathogens on their hands, cothing and/or footwear and come into cose contact with your sheep. Faciities and equipment at the event may not have been ceaned from previous uses and/or may not be ceaned and disinfected during the event. The vehice used to transport your sheep to and/or from the show/fair may not have been ceaned and disinfected before oading your sheep. The vehice used to transport your sheep may be carrying other sheep and ivestock that infect your sheep. The vehice used to transport your sheep may not be ceaned and disinfected before arriving at your farm and may deposit contaminated materia on your oading dock and/or other areas of the farm. Returning sheep may be infected with a disease from contact at the event and transmit it to your fock. The fock to which the ram is oaned may have or may be carrying a disease and transmits it directy or indirecty to the rams. The ewes in the fock to which the ram is oaned may have a sexuay-transmitted disease and pass it directy to the ram. The fock from which the ram is borrowed may have or may be carrying a disease and the ram transmits it directy or indirecty to the receiving fock. The borrowed ram may have a sexuay-transmitted disease and may pass it directy to the bred ewes. The returning ram may be infected with a disease from contact at the borrowing farm and transmits it to the home fock. The returning ram may be contaminated with infective materia and deposits it in the production area(s) of the home farm If sheep are moved off the farm, they have biosecurity practices consistent with their home-farm practices, and upon their return, they are treated as newy-sourced animas. (See Section 3.1.3: Risk Management Practices for sheep eaving and returning to the home farm incuded on the CFIA website Nationa Sheep Producer Biosecurity Panning Guide) canadian verified sheep program BiosecUriTY chapter J2

156 A1.4 Isoate Sick Sheep, Fock Additions and Returning Sheep Direct contact between animas, via aerosos for some diseases and via excretions can be avoided more easiy when newy-arrived, returning and sick sheep are isoated from the rest of the fock. Isoating sick sheep or sheep of unknown disease status is very effective in reducing the risk of disease transmission An isoation area shoud be avaiabe as we as a dedicated pen or encosure that is separated from movement pathways, and other pens and encosures and ideay has a separate airspace. Access to the pen is aso convenient for workers and veterinarians. Sheep that are isoated in this manner can be observed and treated individuay. Separate records can be kept, and when the isoated sheep are confirmed to be recovered from the disease they were suffering, or tested free of disease of concern, or when vaccination and/or treatment has taken effect, the isoated sheep are (re)integrated with the fock. It is important to note that there are imits to the effectiveness of isoation for sheep, and that isoation protocos need to be disease-specific. Some diseases of sheep wi not dispay visibe cinica signs during imited isoation and are not reiaby diagnosed by testing. Biosecurity Safety Concerns: Risks Animas that have been brought to the farm, or brought back from a show or fair, may transmit a disease to the home fock. Diseased animas may transmit the disease they are suffering to their fock-mates. Pathogens may be transmitted to the main fock on the hands, cothing and/or footwear of farm workers, and others who are required to enter the isoation area(s). Visitors may enter the isoation area(s) on purpose or by accident and subsequenty transmit pathogens to the rest of the fock. Excretions and secretions from diseased sheep and from sheep of unknown disease status in the isoation area may be spread to the main fock area(s) by equipment and toos or by guardian animas, dogs, cats and pests. Deay in the remova of deadstock in the isoation area may provide the opportunity for them to be scavenged by guardian animas, dogs, cats and/or predators that may then transmit pathogens to the main fock Sheep showing signs of disease are moved into an isoation area away from the heathy fock unti the disease has been resoved. Animas brought onto the farm are hed in isoation unti disease status has been determined or is resoved. (See Chapter 2: Anima Care, Section 4.3.2) (See Section 3.1.4: Risk Management Practices for sick sheep, fock additions and returning sheep incuded on the CFIA website Nationa Sheep Producer Biosecurity Panning Guide) A1.5 Manage Contact with Neighbouring/Other Livestock Fenced areas can be designed and put to use to avoid direct contact between pastured sheep and other animas on the farm, and between your fock and animas on adjacent farms. canadian verified sheep program BiosecUriTY chapter J3

157 However, most fencing systems wi not eiminate contact with a widife. Pasture management on the farm: knowing what diseases are common risks among the ivestock on a farm (e.g. diseases that can be spread among different ivestock e.g. catte and sheep), and using both separated pasture areas and scheduing pasturing of sheep and other ivestock in the areas, can minimize contact and risk. Use of guardian animas to defend the fock from widife that may be present can aso hep reduce disease transfer risks. Biosecurity Safety Concerns: Risks You co-pasture your sheep and catte. When you turn out a group of sheep onto the pasture after a breeding cyce, they coud encounter a cow that you have not noticed is suffering from bovine vira diarrhoea (BVD), and one or more of the sheep coud become infected. Sheep and other ivestock on your farm are housed in different areas of the same barn faciity. Due to the ayout of the barn, the pathways used by a species ead through some of the sheep pen areas, and pathogens may be transmitted to the sheep from manure deposited in the pathways. Your farm has singe fence ines around a of your pastures, and sheep are sometimes nose-to-nose with sheep or other ivestock in the adjacent farm's pasture. Unbeknown to you, the sheep on the adjacent farm may have an infectious disease, to which your sheep are not immune, and it can be transmitted via direct or aeroso means to members of your fock. Other ivestock with a disease to which sheep are aso susceptibe can represent the same potentia risk Sheep in the home fock are housed, moved and pastured in such a manner that the risk of contact with neighbouring ivestock or other ivestock on the farm is addressed. (See Section 3.1.5: Risk Management Practices for neighbouring/other ivestock incuded on the CFIA website Nationa Sheep Producer Biosecurity Panning Guide) A1.6 Pan Sheep Movement Through Production Unit Sheep are moved reguary in the production unit. Dairy operations move miking ewes through the miking unit daiy from their pens and back; movement to and from working pens; and to and from the pasture are ess frequent but are simiary panned and managed. Movement to and from the isoation and ambing pens happens on a ess frequent basis, but is important since it invoves the movement of potentiay diseased sheep and more susceptibe ambs. Using the farm maps/diagrams, decisions can be made about where sheep are potentiay at risk when moving and where they represent risk to others; routes can be panned and practices can be put in pace to reduce the risks identified. The map or farm diagram wi identify where pathways between areas of the farm are used for sheep movement; the diagram of the barn and the main production area wi hep you identify where pathways run past areas of identified risks. Biosecurity Safety Concerns: Risks Diseased animas may transmit disease directy to sheep that are passing cosey by their pens by direct contact or by aeroso means. canadian verified sheep program BiosecUriTY chapter J4

158 Susceptibe sheep may be exposed to pathogens from feces or other excretions deposited in pathways by diseased or more resistant fock-mate Sheep are moved through and within the production unit by pathways that imit their exposure to diseased or potentiay infectious animas and materias. Consideration shoud be given to heath status, age and production stage. (See Section 3.1.6: Risk Management Practices for sheep movement through the production unit incuded on the CFIA website Nationa Sheep Producer Biosecurity Panning Guide) A1.7 Impement Sheep Heath Protocos for Specific Situations Some of your reguar fock management activities may expose them to risks of disease transmission. These activities incude ambing, abortion management, miking, disease testing, vaccination and parasite contro. By their nature, some require grouping of sheep in cose quarters; some expose individua sheep to specific disease risk; some invove two or more sheep at different stages of deveopment and therefore of different eves of susceptibiity; and some produce by-products that themseves present disease risks. Biosecurity Safety Concerns: Risks Pathogens present in pregnant ewes may be passed to their offspring or to other ewes or ambs during ambing, or may contaminate the ambing site. Lambs may not be checked soon enough after ambing and managed eary enough for neonata conditions and the ambs' disease susceptibiity is thereby increased. Pathogens present in pregnant ewes may be reeased into the farm environment during abortion and may be transmitted to other animas in the fock directy or via pests, dogs, cats, widife or working animas. Mastitis severity and spread of contagious mastitis pathogens, or exposure to environmenta pathogens, may be increased by acking or incorrect udder preparation, and care before and after miking. Disease testing may be incompete, eaving some diseased sheep unidentified and untreated and they may then shed disease into the fock. Vaccination may not be undertaken for a disease of concern on your farm, and avoidabe sickness and production osses may be experienced. Treatment for interna and externa parasites may not be undertaken on your farm, and avoidabe conditions and production osses may resut Protocos to imit risks of disease transmission are in pace for specific production activities, and farm workers understand and empoy them. (See Section 3.1.7: Risk Management Practices for sheep heath protocos for specific situations incuded on the CFIA website Nationa Sheep Producer Biosecurity Panning Guide) canadian verified sheep program BiosecUriTY chapter J5

159 A1.8 Limit Access by Pests, Dogs, Cats, Predators and Widife Pests, dogs, cats and predators may carry diseases or parasites that can directy infect sheep (e.g. parasitism such as toxopasmosis from cats and some dog tapeworms). They aso have the opportunity to encounter infected materia and to transport it to and possiby deposit it on your sheep. Infected materia may be feces and other secretions, deadstock, pacentas and aborted fetuses, and in some cases materia picked up from ive sheep or other animas, incuding bood and tissue. The infected materia may be deposited directy on your sheep, but is more ikey to be distributed in their environment in feed and water, in bedding and on surfaces within their pens, sheds, etc. In the case of aggressive contact by predators, direct infection with rabies and other specific pathogens is possibe. Biosecurity Safety Concerns: Risks Sheep may be infected by externa parasites and/or the intermediate stage of dog tapeworms (e.g. Cysticercus ovis). Infected materia may be transmitted physicay to the sheep environment on feed, bedding and in waterers either directy or through the pet's/pest's/predator's digestive system. Cats with access to the fock may infect sheep with toxopasmosis A pest contro program is in pace and its required procedures are foowed. Dogs and cats are vaccinated, spayed and treated for diseases of concern. Their access to sheep housing areas and to manure, pacentas, deadstock and other potentia sources of contaminated materia is controed (e.g. reduce risk of infection with toxopasma or dog tapeworms). A predator contro pan is in pace. (See Section 3.1.8: Risk Management Practices for access by pests, dogs, cats, predators and widife incuded on the CFIA website Nationa Sheep Producer Biosecurity Panning Guide) A1.9 Impement Heath Standards for Guardian and Working Animas A guardian and working animas shoud be vaccinated against rabies and any other diseases of concern. De-worming with a product that is effective against tapeworms is aso an important practice to maintain their heath and to protect other animas on the farm. Biosecurity Safety Concerns: Risks Guardian animas may encounter widife that is infected with rabies and become infected themseves, and may transmit it to your sheep. Guardian animas may be attracted to a dead sheep or amb, or to pacentas, or abortion materias, and transmit pathogens to your fock. Cameids (amas, apacas) share some diseases with sheep, and may infect them during cose contact or by being housed in common faciities. canadian verified sheep program BiosecUriTY chapter Guardian dogs may ingest tapeworm arvae or other arvae when scavenging deadstock, and these might enabe the deveopment and transmission of tapeworms or arvae of different types to your sheep. J6

160 Risk Management Practices Guardian animas shoud be vaccinated for rabies, and guardian dogs shoud be treated effectivey for tapeworm. If guardian animas are fed from deadstock, the deadstock shoud be frozen for a minimum of 14 days or cooked before feeding, to destroy and thereby avoid the transmission of any pathogens, especiay C. ovis Guardian and working animas are vaccinated, dewormed (e.g. tapeworms) and treated for diseases of concern. (See Chapter 2: Anima Care, Section 4.6.4) A2. Record Keeping A2.1 Maintain and Review Farm Records Farm records shoud incude: Visitor og; Production records; Feed records and bedding records; Drug records; Anima identification; Movement records; Monitoring/surveiance of disease occurrences and interventions notes describing observations of cinica signs and the progress of the disease from eariest stages to resoution; Vaccination and drugs; Veterinary care; and Disease-specific programs and contro. Biosecurity Safety Concerns: Risks Heath status records may not be avaiabe for review with potentia purchasers; saes are missed or unnecessary risks are encountered by purchasers in the stock they buy from you. Accurate drug treatment records may not be avaiabe and may ead to improper drug withdrawa times, and increase the risk of seing animas with drug residues. Performance records may not be avaiabe to aow you and/or your fock veterinarian to assess ongoing heath of individuas and the fock, and to determine the efficacy/ effectiveness of your vaccination, treatment and heath programs. Disease status may not be recorded, and required biosecurity practices might not be impemented by farm workers or others on the farm. Records of zoonotic disease in the fock may not be avaiabe to farm workers; they might not take appropriate precautions and contract the disease. canadian verified sheep program BiosecUriTY chapter J7

161 Sourcing, vaccination, treatment, disease and movement information on an individua anima may not be avaiabe in sufficient detai, or in a useabe form to assist you and/or your fock veterinarian in heath assessment and diagnosis when needed. Heath issues may not be recorded and not reviewed, and may resut in missed or incorrect response and/or treatment by farm workers and/or your veterinarian; disease spreads further into your fock. Records of visits and movement of peope on the farm may be needed to trace the progress of a disease outbreak and are not avaiabe Farm records for production, operations anima heath and biosecurity are integrated together. Records incude goas, anaysis of the records to determine current fock status and strategies to reach goas, and are reviewed reguary. Records of heath events and diagnostic test resuts are used both to initiate interventions and initiate a change to the fock heath pan, and are important when seing animas to other producers. A2.2 Record Education and Activities Farm workers need to be fuy capabe to carry out their assigned responsibiities in your sheep operation. They aso need to be abe to identify unusua behaviour and signs of diseases of concern in your animas. Farm workers shoud aso know and be abe to carry out a of your biosecurity practices, especiay those reating to zoonotic diseases. Biosecurity Safety Concerns: Risks Workers may not recognize abnorma or disease signs so isoation and/or treatment might not be initiated, eading to the spread of disease and/or deterioration of the anima's condition. Workers may not recognize signs of zoonotic disease or might not understand the importance of guarding against such infection, and may contract the disease themseves. A worker may be harmed by a disease or contaminant, resuting in pain and suffering for the empoyee and oss of his/her work on your farm. If records cannot be provided to confirm that a worker has been trained in the proper practices to avoid a disease contracted on your farm, costs, possiby incuding penaties, might accrue to you as the empoyer (pease check the provincia abour aws that appy to your area) Records of education and training of farm workers are important both for interna farm purposes and to ensure that information potentiay required for abour standards is avaiabe. A2.3 Deveop a Response Pan for Disease Outbreaks canadian verified sheep program BiosecUriTY chapter It is important aso that you have a response pan in case a disease outbreak does occur on your farm, on a farm or faciity that you have interacted with, or on a farm that is adjacent or in your region. Its purpose is to identify and detai practices that respond specificay J8

162 to the subject disease, to increase your defenses from acquiring the disease on your farm if the outbreak is esewhere in your region, and to ensure that it is contained if it occurs on your farm. It wi incude trigger points information, observations and actions taken that wi indicate that a response at some eve is required. The response pan wi entai improvements to your day-to-day biosecurity practices, such as: more frequent and extensive ceaning/disinfection; more frequent changes of cothing and footwear; and more restrictive visitor poicies and access contros. However, some additiona activities may be required, possiby incuding movement restrictions, disease-specific vaccination, and pre-emptive cuing. A ist of reportabe diseases is avaiabe on the CFIA website. heep-on-farm/eng/ / ?chap=0 Biosecurity Safety Concerns: Risks A significant change in heath status (a disease outbreak) may occur on your farm and because appropriate responses are not known, it might spread throughout your fock and causes widespread suffering and oss. A disease outbreak may occur on your farm and because appropriate responses are not known, it might spread to neighbouring farms and farms and faciities esewhere in the industry, causing suffering and oss. A highy-contagious non-reportabe disease outbreak may occur on a neighbouring farm or in a farm or faciity esewhere in the industry and because appropriate responses are not known, it might spread to your farm via farm workers, service providers and/or visitors, causing widespread suffering and oss. A reportabe disease or FAD outbreak might occur on a neighbouring farm or in a farm or faciity esewhere in the industry and because required responses are not known or cannot be executed, it might spread to your farm via farm workers, service providers and/or visitors, causing widespread suffering and oss. A recovery pan is not in pace, and return-to-business protocos foowing a disease outbreak may not be carried out in reasonabe time, eading to increased financia osses A response pan is needed to guide farm activity in rapidy-deveoping and arge-scae changes in heath status. Enhanced biosecurity wi be required and a recovery pan needs to be prepared (See Section 3.2.3: Risk Management Practices for deveoping a response pan for disease outbreaks incuded on the CFIA website Nationa Sheep Producer Biosecurity Panning Guide) A3. Farm, Faciities and Equipment A3.1 Create Diagram of Farm Layout, Identify Risk canadian verified sheep program BiosecUriTY chapter The physica ayout of the farm wi have considerabe impact on your abiity to house and move sheep in a way that minimizes disease transmission risk. The ayout determines where, J9

163 and how cosey you house animas of different disease status and different disease susceptibiity, and how cosey animas of these characteristics pass by one another when they are being moved. The concerns being direct (nose-to-nose) transmission, aeroso transmission and contamination with potentiay-infective organic matter. There is aso a concern for transmission of risk materias from high-risk areas via toos and equipment and peope to the pens and encosure areas. The ease of access by service providers and visitors to sheep hed in pens and other encosed areas aso represents an increased risk. Areas that shoud be highighted on the farm diagram as important areas of biosecurity risk incude: Access points; Gates and barriers; Visitor parking area(s); The barn, other sheters and housing areas; Pastures; Receiving and storage areas; and Shipping area(s); the oading chute, manure and deadstock management areas. Addressing these risks requires a risk anaysis of the ocations and pathways, and the animas, peope and equipment that use them. A diagram that depicts the ayout of the farm, incuding buidings, pens (genera and specia-use), pastures and pathways, that aows simuations of housing and movement of sheep of different ages, disease susceptibiity and disease status wi hep you carry out the anaysis. Biosecurity Safety Concerns: Risks Susceptibe ambs may be housed adjacent to sheep that have had contact with diseased animas, resuting in the ambs' contracting a disease to which they are not immune. Sheep may be housed in a pen that is down-wind from the isoation area; acquired sheep might be being treated for a disease that can be transmitted via an aeroso pume (e.g. Q Fever). Reguar movement of dairy sheep to the miking room may take them past an isoation area used for sick animas; they are potentiay exposed to diseased sheep and to any potentiay-contaminated manure and bedding that is eft in the area or spied in the pathway. Manure-handing equipment may move directy past the ambing pens due to their ocation, and the same equipment might be used in the isoation area(s). Visitors may be abe to wak directy to the ambing pen(s) via the oading chute without encountering a barrier nor a notice of their entry into a high-risk area(s) A farm diagram is used to assist in the risk assessment, based on the diseases of concern (See Section 3.3.1: Risk Management Practices for creating a diagram of the farm ayout and identifing risk areas incuded on the CFIA website Nationa Sheep Producer Biosecurity Panning Guide) canadian verified sheep program BiosecUriTY chapter J10

164 A3.2 Cean and Disinfect Faciities, Equipment and Vehices Ceaning and disinfection is a routine set of activities in certain areas of the farm for most producers the miking parour, the barn entry, and probaby the isoation area for sick sheep. Equipment and toos are ceaned and disinfected before and after use in most cases, especiay when contamination with excretions and body fuids are invoved. On some farms, vehices have been ceaned and some disinfected when they are schedued to deiver sheep. Ceaning and disinfection of footwear and hands is aso a practice when farm workers and service providers are entering and eaving high-risk areas on many sheep farms, athough different standards are appied to certain personne. Most disinfection products wi specify concentrations of product to be used, exposure times, and effectiveness on specific surfaces and wi require drying of the surface before it is put back into service. Biosecurity Safety Concerns: Risks Heathy animas may be exposed to potentiay infectious body fuids, manure and possiby tissue from other sheep and animas that may have come in contact with toos and equipment used by farm workers and service providers on the farm. These contaminants may have come from high-risk areas of your farm, or might have been transported to your farm from another ocation. Heathy animas may be exposed to potentiay infectious body fuids, manure and possiby tissue from other sheep and animas that have come in contact with surfaces, incuding waterers and feeders, on your farm. Heathy animas may be exposed to potentiay infectious body fuids and manure from other sheep and animas that have been transported in vehices moving your sheep to and from the farm. Farm workers, service providers and visitors may move potentiay infectious materia from area to area around your farm, and may bring such materia to your farm, depositing it on your sheep or other ivestock and/or in areas they move through. Surfaces in your faciities may be constructed from materias that are rough and porous; potentiay infectious materias can harbour in the porous materias, may not be effectivey eiminated, and may be transmitted to your heathy sheep Ceaning and disinfection methods that are effective in reducing the risk of disease transmission are in pace and are used for faciities, equipment and vehices on the farm. (See Section 3.3.2: Risk Management Practices for ceaning and disinfecting faciities, equipment and vehices incuded on the CFIA website Nationa Sheep Producer Biosecurity Panning Guide) A3.3 Reduce Risk in Barns/Pens The identification of zones and specific risk areas on the farm wi bring attention to certain faciities and services on the farm. Many aspects of farm faciities buiding styes and materias, ocation of entryways, ocation of pens and the miking room ayout, for exampe canadian verified sheep program BiosecUriTY chapter J11

165 cannot easiy be changed to improve biosecurity risks, uness new construction or renovation for other reasons is panned. However, consideration for the maintenance and use of existing faciities wi be an important part of your overa program. Some production processes can aso be adopted that wi enabe reductions in biosecurity risk, determined by your diseases of concern and your existing faciity designs. Biosecurity Safety Concerns: Risks Construction materias used to encose the pathway from the miking ewe area(s) to the miking room and the was in the miking room may be rough and porous, and imit the effectiveness of daiy ceaning and disinfection; they therefore may harbour infectious materias that are frequenty exposed to the miking sheep. The oading area may be adjacent to pathways or pens that are used by ong-term and/or more susceptibe members of the fock; newy-arrived animas may transmit pathogens to the sheep using these areas before they are moved to isoation or esewhere on the farm. The barn ayout and feed storage ocation may require that feed is distributed to a pens and production areas from one barn access point; movement of feed distribution equipment therefore crosses a production areas and potentiay cross-contaminates the pathways. Risk Management Practices: Faciity Design Where ayout changes cannot be made, other biosecurity principes can be used to reduce risks that remain inherent in your faciity: sequence of movement of animas with certain attributes, more frequent ceaning and disinfection of certain areas (e.g. ambing pens), and use of aternate pens, buidings or faciities for certain practices (e.g. isoation area for new introductions). For the onger term, when remodeing and/or new construction is considered, you can refer to the CFIA Nationa Sheep Producer Biosecurity Panning Guide when designing the new faciity, and incude biosecurity soutions in the ocation of areas of differing risk and in the pathways between them: Designs that provide ess opportunity for potentiay-contaminated materia to remain in pathways and faciities wi represent ess risk to your sheep. Materias that are ess porous/open, and materias that are painted/coated to create a smooth and resiient surface, wi both resist buid-up of organic materia that can contain pathogens, and be more easiy and successfuy ceaned and disinfected. Management Practices: In meat operations, a modified a-in/a-out scheduing process can be adopted if faciities permit housing of severa groups with common disease risk profies. This wi aow group handing for convenience and efficiency, and reduces concern for comminging among animas from different sources or of different disease susceptibiity. canadian verified sheep program BiosecUriTY chapter J12

166 Simiary, sheep of different susceptibiity can be sequenced for handing and for common production activities, such as shearing youngest and most susceptibe to oder/ess susceptibe; sick sheep ast Faciity design and management practices reduce specific risks. A3.4 Reduce Risk from Equipment In some sheep operations, where size permits and where risk anaysis indicates that use of equipment in mutipe areas of the farm or for mutipe purposes is not advisabe, equipment that is dedicated to a purpose or restricted to work performed in one area can be a soution. For instance, using the same equipment, such as a oader bucket or a barrow, for moving feed and managing manure can introduce a significant risk of feed contamination from the manure. Not ceaning and disinfecting between uses is a major risk. Equipment that is used on many farms and brought to your operation by service providers aso represents a risk of disease transmission. Shearing equipment, hoof trimmers and handing equipment are exampes of equipment that coud be provided at the farm, and used ony with your sheep, thereby avoiding the risk of disease transmission from other sheep operations. Biosecurity Safety Concerns: Risks Contaminants, such as manure or deadstock residue on buckets or other oading equipment, may be transmitted to feed when the equipment is used for that purpose. Nicks from norma shearing activity may become infected by pathogens on shearing equipment brought to your farm by your shearer. Pathogens on hoof trimming equipment may be transmitted to your fock by the hoof trimmer in his norma activity. Risk Management Practices 1. Based on your anaysis of the risks presented, you shoud purchase and use a dedicated set of equipment for use in each of the foowing areas: Isoation areas for sick sheep; Isoation areas for new additions; and Lambing pens. 2. Based on your anaysis of the risks presented, you shoud purchase and use a dedicated set of equipment to perform each of the foowing tasks: Manure handing; Deadstock management; Feed management; and Bedding management. 3. Your biosecurity pan shoud incude the use and maintenance of this dedicated equipment in practices designated for these areas and activities. canadian verified sheep program BiosecUriTY chapter J13

167 4. If dedicated equipment for specific risk areas or for individua activities/tasks is not feasibe in your operation, you shoud ensure that a equipment and toos are ceaned and disinfected after each use and stored in a cean area Equipment can be dedicated for one purpose or dedicated for use in one risk area; equipment can be suppied by the farm for use by contracted service providers. A3.5 Reduce Risks from Vehices Vehices arriving from off the farm to deiver feed or other goods, to pick-up or deiver sod/acquired animas, to pick-up or deiver manure, and to pick-up deadstock, a represent differing eves of risk to your fock. These vehices and their drivers/passengers need to move to different areas of your farm to compete their tasks, and may not be adequatey prepared for their visit with regard to the potentia contaminants they might be carrying, either on the outside of the vehice, in the oad area, in the cab, as we as on any equipment and toos they might bring aong. Whie having requirements for ceaniness for a of these vehices and a cear set of routes for each to foow, given their purpose, wi be an important part of your farm's biosecurity pan. Enforcing those requirements is sometimes difficut, due to sequence of deivery, time of year, economics and so on. An aternative is to undertake as many of these tasks with your own dedicated vehice, particuary those with inherenty higher risks. Biosecurity Safety Concerns: Risks The undercarriage of a truck from off your farm may harbour contaminated materia from a visit at a previous farm or other faciity, and may deposit it in an area of your farm across which sheep are moved when returning from pasture. The interior oad area of the vehice might not have been sufficienty ceaned and disinfected after its ast use, and contaminated materia may be deivered aong with the feed that is off-oaded. A driver who is not famiiar with the zone boundaries and the biosecurity practices on your farm may drive to the oading chute and wak through the barn to the miking parour ooking for direction and may deposit contaminated materia aong the way. Risk Management Practices 1. Continue to enforce the core practices for ceaning and disinfection of a vehices entering your farm, as determined by the risks they represent, and the routes they foow whie on your farm. 2. Repace off-farm vehices by farm-controed vehices for high-risk activities such as movement of animas and transport of manure Vehice use patterns determine the reative risk of vehices; ceaning and disinfection is the principe biosecurity too for reducing vehice-reated disease risk. Using farm-based vehices can improve producers' contro over vehice use patterns. canadian verified sheep program BiosecUriTY chapter J14

168 A3.6 Manage Manure Remova of manure from the production area is an ongoing and norma part of sheep farming. However, if a disease is present in the fock, manure is aso a very effective medium for the surviva of pathogens and their transmission to other members of the fock. Equipment that is used to move manure has been discussed in earier strategies it shoud not be used for other purposes, particuary the movement and handing of feed or bedding, and needs to be ceaned and disinfected reguary. Biosecurity Safety Concerns: Risks Manure that is harbouring pathogens may remain in the production area and comes in contact with heathy sheep, thereby risking disease transmission. Manure from potentiay-infected sheep, (e.g. in the isoation area or the isoation area for sick sheep), may be spied during movement in a pathway used by highy susceptibe sheep in your fock, or finds its way into their pen(s). A bucket on a skid-steer used to move manure may not be (propery) ceaned and disinfected before being used to transport feed from storage to the feeders; potentiay disease-carrying materia might then be distributed into many of the feeders and be ingested by severa fock members. Runoff from the manure storage area coud fow across a pathway used by sheep returning to the barn from pastures Manure is removed reguary and moved in a manner that imits exposure to the sheep. Toos and equipment used for manure handing are not used for feed or bedding and they are ceaned and disinfected between uses. Storage is secure and separated from the production area(s). Distribution is controed. A3.7 Manage Feed, Water and Bedding Sufficient feed of good quaity is secured and made avaiabe to the fock; standards for feed incude freedom from toxins, especiay copper, which is a significant concern for sheep heath. Fresh water is provided to the fock sufficient to their needs. Bedding is produced on the farm and/or purchased from off-farm sources. It is stored for use on the farm, faciities for which are determined by oca weather conditions and avaiabe space. Biosecurity Safety Concerns: Risks Purchased or grown feeds may not contain sufficient food vaue for optimum heath in your fock. Feed may contain naturay-occurring toxins and/or is degraded by toxins that form in storage. Feed may ose quaity and food vaue through spoiing due to wet or contaminated storage, and nutritiona vaue received by your sheep is ost. canadian verified sheep program BiosecUriTY chapter J15

169 Feed may be contaminated by faeces deposited by rodents, widife, pests, dogs and cats that are abe to enter its storage faciity. Feed bunks and other feeders may become soied by manure and other contaminants that are then ingested by heathy sheep. Cean water may not be avaiabe in sufficient quantity to satisfy the needs of the fock. Water bows, troughs and/or other waterers may become soied by manure or other contaminants that are then ingested by heathy sheep Feed, water and bedding serve to support sheep heath and therefore the fock's resistance to disease. Adequate and quaity suppies are required, and storage is secure from contamination. (See Section 3.3.7: Risk Management Practices for feed, water and bedding incuded on the CFIA website Nationa Sheep Producer Biosecurity Panning Guide) A3.8 Appying Shearing Protocos Shearing is usuay provided by a speciaist who visits your farm on a reguar cyce and/or when caed. Generay, the shearer brings speciaized equipment that is designed to safey and efficienty shear sheep of a ages and conditions on your farm, and works continuousy unti a of the sheep have been sheared. Some farms have or use a segregated working area in which the shearer can operate; sheep are then brought to the working area for shearing. As with on-farm shearing, consideration for the order of shearing, and maintaining the ceaniness of the equipment, shoud any potentia disease concerns surface, are ongoing concerns. Nicks and some cuts are norma by-products of shearing, and these minor injuries are fertie sites for deveopment of abscesses and are potentia entry points for disease. Biosecurity Safety Concerns: Risks The shearer's equipment may not have been ceaned/disinfected between uses/focks and it might transmit pathogens from another fock to your sheep via their nicks and cuts. The shearer may have attended severa shearing jobs before arriving at your farm and his/her coveras and boots may be soied from the previous visits with potentiay infectious materias. Risk Management Practices 1. Sheep shoud be sheared in order from youngest to odest, most susceptibe to east, and heathiest to east we. 2. Shearing equipment shoud be ceaned and disinfected between each use, and ideay aso between groups of your sheep that are of different disease status and susceptibiity. 3. The shearer shoud change into cean outerwear, wash and disinfect his/her hands, and cean and disinfect his/her footwear before entering your shearing area. Ideay the shearers shoud repeat these activities between groups of your sheep that are of different disease status and susceptibiity. canadian verified sheep program BiosecUriTY chapter J16

170 4. Cuts and nicks shoud be treated immediatey, so that abscesses are minimized Order of shearing is important to reduce the risk of disease transmission within the fock; equipment shoud be ceaned and disinfected between groups when heath status is different, and contract shearers shoud wear cean outerwear and ceaned/disinfected footwear when they enter the premises. A3.9 Manage Needes and Sharps Vaccination and treatment with injectabes are generay done by producers on their own focks. Whie reuse of needes is a high-risk activity, costs and convenience/efficiency ead some producers to reuse needes unti they are worn. Disinfection of needes between uses is aso not frequenty practiced, party due to the inconvenience of doing so and party due to the incorrect beief that pathogens and bacteria are a destroyed in injectabe products. Three sections of the Food Safe Farm Practices chapter reate directy to needes and sharps, and they are inserted beow for your reference. Section "Needes shoud be removed from bottes before storage to hep prevent contamination of the anima heath product". Section "Check and repace needes before they are dued or bent. Do not straighten bent needes as they are more ikey to break". Section "Dispose of a used needes in a puncture resistant sharps container". Reuse of sharps (e.g. scape bades) and needes is a high-risk activity because their surfaces become contaminated with bood and other bodiy fuids during use in the case of needes, on both the inside and the outside. It is practicay impossibe to successfuy cean and disinfect a neede. The risk of reuse is higher if the neede contains bood, has been used to treat a diseased anima, or has sat for any ength of time between uses. The risk is ower if needes are used to administer a drug subcutaneousy to a series of heathy animas at one time using one product. Biosecurity Safety Concerns: Risks Needes used for vaccination of a or part of your fock may be reused; it is ater discovered that one of your fock is suffering with a disease and may have infected the sheep that were vaccinated after her. Reusabe injection units used for treatment might be stored in an open area; bacteria that have setted on the unit coud contaminate one of the sheep in treatment and an infection coud resut. Reuse of a singe-dose injection unit (and neede) coud cause the contamination of medication when it is repeatedy reoaded; the contaminated medications can cause abscesses, and maedi visna or caseous ymphadenitis propagation. As sheep are usuay considered a meat product, a improper injections, sites or techniques may affect meat quaity and vaue. canadian verified sheep program BiosecUriTY chapter J17

171 Risk Management Practices 1. Ideay, needes are not reused. 2. A new neede shoud be used to withdraw medications from their bottes. 3. When reusing needes, producers shoud change needes frequenty, before they are dued or bent. 4. When needes are reused, their use shoud be imited to a group of sheep that are of identica or of simiar disease risk. 5. A neede shoud not be eft in the botte when finished with a drug. 6. Muti-dose syringes shoud be disassembed, ceaned and disinfected, and stored in a cean, sterie pace. 7. Sharps shoud be ceaned and disinfected after each use and stored in a cean, sterie pace Needes and sharps shoud not be reused; if they are reused, a risk assessment is conducted to evauate the risk. Reusabe needes are avaiabe for use in muti dose injection syringes. Proper injection practices are foowed and sharps are disposed of appropriatey. (See Section 3.3.9: Risk assessment for mutipe use of needes incuded on the CFIA website Nationa Sheep Producer Biosecurity Panning Guide) A3.10 Manage Deadstock Deadstock management incudes addressing risks for removing deadstock from the production area, movement on the farm, storage on farm, and eventua disposition. Deadstock are moved from the production area as soon as they are noticed, and are taken directy to a secure hoding area. Movement to this hoding area avoids contact with any sheep in the area surrounding the route. Disposa options are dictated by oca reguations, where they exist, and disposa, if on-farm, shoud ensure that contact between disposed deadstock and the rest of the fock is avoided, either directy, or via pests, widife, guardian animas and/or dogs and cats. Biosecurity Safety Concerns: Risks Deadstock may not be discovered in a timey manner and might therefore be accessibe by their fock-mates and by scavengers (e.g. widife, dogs, cats, etc.) thus exposing some members of the fock directy or indirecty to a disease. Disposa may not be secure from scavengers (e.g. widife, dogs, cats, etc.) and other fock members are potentiay indirecty exposed to a disease. canadian verified sheep program BiosecUriTY chapter J18

172 Risk Management Practices 1. Offa and other tissue shoud be treated in the same manner as deadstock. 2. Deadstock shoud be removed immediatey from the production area and from contact with the fock, and with guardian animas (e.g. widife, other predators, scavengers, dogs and cats). 3. Equipment used for remova shoud be dedicated for the purpose, and/or ceaned and disinfected between uses. 4. Disposa methods shoud adhere to oca/provincia reguations. 5. Movement from the pens and other production areas shoud take the most direct path to the disposa area, and avoid pens and areas in which highy susceptibe sheep are kept. 6. The deadstock hoding area shoud be away from the production area and be secured from access by farm animas and predators. 7. If deadstock are to be disposed on-farm, contact with guardian animas, dogs and cats is minimized. 8. If deadstock are to be picked up by a disposa service, they are deposited in a secure hoding unit or area away from the active production area. 9. Movement off-site, if contempated, requires care in accessing the hoding area, respecting farm zoning practices, and avoidance of contamination of farm areas upon exit Deadstock are removed immediatey from ivestock rearing areas and moved in a manner that imits cross-contamination with the fock. Pacentas, aborted materia and other tissue are managed as deadstock. The deadstock hoding area is ocated away from the production area and is secured against dogs, cats and scavengers. Disposa respects oca reguations and is done in a manner that imits disease exposure to the fock. (See Chapter 1: FSFP, Section and Chapter 2: Anima Care, Section 7.3.4) A4. Peope A4.1 Risk Assessments for Peope Entering the Farm Famiy and farm workers are most frequenty and intensivey present on the farm. It is imperative that they ceary know their roes and how to ensure that they do not pay a roe in transmitting disease on the farm. They aso need to be aware of potentia zoonotic risks when working with animas and their products. For these reasons, famiy and farm workers woud be considered to operate within the highest risk eve, based on the risk assessment approach recommended here. Because of their highy persona and professiona invovement in the farm operations, famiy members and farm workers can aso serve as sources of information about farm operations and farm biosecurity practices for service providers and other visitors. canadian verified sheep program BiosecUriTY chapter J19

173 Service providers and visitors aso pay an important roe on your farm. Being abe to manage their activities propery and determining what eve of biosecurity practices need to be used during their time on your farm can be done objectivey, based on a risk assessment mode. Essentiay, what service-provider personne and visitors might bring with them when they arrive and what they are here to do, determine the risk they represent to your fock: Have they visited other farms before arriving at yours? Did they interact with sheep or other simiary susceptibe species when there? Where do they need to go on your farm? and What is the extent of their interaction with your sheep whie on your farm? For more information on managing and assessing risk of peope entering your farm, pease see the chart beow. Biosecurity Safety Concerns: Risks Famiy members may not be famiiar with the expression of zoonotic diseases in sheep and coud become infected with these zoonoses. Farm workers may not be famiiar with the required biosecurity practices in some areas of the farm, and are needed to undertake some work in one of those areas. Farm workers may not have a cear and ogica way to expain your biosecurity requirements to service providers and visitors. canadian verified sheep program BiosecUriTY chapter J20

174 Peope may be unaware of or may not understand the risk they represent to the heath of your fock and might not beieve that foowing your biosecurity practices is necessary. Peope may enter the Controed Access Zone (CAZ) or the Restricted Access Zone within a CAZ (RAZ) either accidentay or on purpose and may not foow your required practices. Risk Management Practices 1. Famiy members shoud be intensivey trained in a of the biosecurity practices throughout the farm operations, incuding their extension to off-farm activities. 2. Farm workers shoud be intensivey trained in a of the biosecurity practices throughout the farm operations. 3. A risk assessment shoud be performed on a types of service providers and visitors, and a record of the risk eves shoud be entered in a permanent record; a summary of the practices required to be foowed by each shoud be incuded. 4. The risk assessment summary shoud be reviewed with your farm workers and they shoud be encouraged to reate it to service providers and visitors with whom they interact on your farm. 5. The risk assessment structure shoud be used to demonstrate to service providers and visitors the reasons for using your biosecurity protocos during pre-visit preparations and upon their arriva A peope entering a farm are subject to a risk assessment. A4.2 Deveop and Enforce Risk Management Practices for a Peope Visiting the Farm, Using the Risk Assessment Outcomes Any person panning to enter your farm, especiay someone who works in agricuture, may have been exposed to an anima disease, and may inadvertenty carry pathogens on their bodies and/or cothing. In addition, the diseases peope encounter in other countries or in other regions of Canada may not be prevaent in your region, and therefore your sheep wi not have deveoped resistance naturay, and you may not be famiiar with how to treat for them. Their visits may be of important financia and operationa benefit to your farm, and so a way to have them safey carry out their visits needs to be avaiabe. Biosecurity Safety Concerns: Risks Visitors and service providers may harbour pathogens on their body or on their cothing and/or footwear. Visitors and service providers may transport pathogens on their toos and equipment (ce phones, computers, notebooks, etc.). Risk Management Practices 1. A fu discussion of your biosecurity practices shoud be undertaken during panning for their visit and a intended visitors shoud understand and agree to your requirements. canadian verified sheep program BiosecUriTY chapter J21

175 2. If you frequenty have visitors to your farm, you shoud keep current about disease prevaence in your region, in other areas of Canada, and in other countries. 3. For peope who are identified to be of high risk, those who have been on a farm recenty and who have contacted other animas that are or may be diseased, one or more of the foowing practices can be used: Wait a minimum period of time before visiting your farm; CFIA currenty recommends a period of 5 days for foreign visitors; Shower, cean and disinfect cothing and toos/equipment they need to bring to your farm before their arriva; and Accompany your visitor at a times during their visit, and hep them to carry out your required biosecurity practices Peope working on, providing service to or visiting the farm are guided by risk management practices based on the risk assessment. A4.3 Know What Peope are on your Premises Severa service providers and visitors might be on your farm on any given day. Whie the number may not be overwheming, producers and farm workers are busy and may not aways be avaiabe to greet them when they arrive and direct them throughout their time on the farm. It is important that a visits are known in advance so that proper biosecurity panning can be done, and unpanned visitors need to participate in a risk assessment and not be permitted to enter the farm before doing so. Biosecurity Safety Concerns: Risks Visitors might arrive at the farm and not be aware of your biosecurity requirements; they may proceed onto the property, into the production area and through the barn ooking for someone with whom they woud ike to meet, and may not foow any of your required biosecurity practices. Their risk of transmitting pathogens to your farm or fock woud not be known. Service provider personne might arrive at your farm without advance notice to perform a service and coud proceed to their intended work area without proper ceaning and disinfection having been done. Peope who are on your farm for one purpose might move into another contro zone without your knowedge and without foowing required biosecurity practices. Risk Management Practices 1. A farm visits shoud be panned in advance and be sanctioned; a risk assessment shoud be competed, and you and the service provider or visitor shoud both understand and agree to the schedue and biosecurity requirements for the visit. 2. Visitors shoud report themseves to the producer or a farm empoyee upon arriva. A sign with contact information shoud be posted at the farm entrance to inform and remind visitors to do so. canadian verified sheep program BiosecUriTY chapter J22

176 3. A farm visitors shoud be met when they arrive, outside the CAZ, and shoud record their visit in your visitors' og; they shoud be instructed about the ayout of your farm, where they are permitted to go, and what practices need to be appied in that ocation(s) 4. The producer and/or the appointed in-charge worker shoud be made aware of the arriva of a service providers and visitors Producers know who is on the farm, where they are, and what their purpose is. A4.4 Train Farm Workers and Communicate with Them about Biosecurity; Inform a Visitors and Service Providers Your famiy members and farm workers shoud know what is required of them in a circumstances when they are on the farm. They shoud understand both what to do and why it needs to be done, in order to fuy commit to your practices. They shoud aso be confident in expaining your biosecurity requirements to service providers and other visitors on the farm when necessary. Focused training in a of the requirements of your biosecurity pan wi be needed when a new biosecurity pan is put in pace, and when changes are made to its practices and methods. You need to be sure that they know what to do and can expain it to others. Biosecurity Safety Concerns: Risks Famiy members or farm workers may not be certain of the practices that are needed upon entry into or exiting the CAZ and RAZ, and what is required in areas of specific risk, and by their actions may cause the infection of a highy susceptibe anima or contaminate an area within the production area. Famiy members and farm workers may not be abe to expain your biosecurity practices to service providers and visitors on the farm, who proceed onto the farm without proper compiance with your practices. Risk Management Practices 1. Reguary schedued training sessions shoud be carried out with a famiy members and farm workers, both in one-on-one and groups sessions and ensure there is an understanding of what is required. 2. Training sessions shoud be schedued and carried out whenever a practice is changed or a new practice is added to your biosecurity pan. 3. Famiy members and farm workers shoud be monitored during their activities and work on the farm; you shoud praise and reward good performance; and address and correct any areas of incompete knowedge and abiity A farm workers and famiy members are trained in the farm's biosecurity practices. The farm biosecurity protoco is communicated to visitors and service providers and they compy with it. canadian verified sheep program BiosecUriTY chapter J23

177 A4.5 Recognize Zoonotic Risks Zoonotic diseases are those which can infect humans. Severa diseases of sheep are zoonotic and producers, your famiy members, service providers and other visitors need to know that they exist and understand the risks they represent. These are in three categories: abortion agents; enteric disease; and orf. Biosecurity Safety Concerns: Risks Your sheep may be infected with a zoonotic disease, and famiy members and farm workers coud come in contact with pathogens from direct contact with your sheep. Their exposure coud come from heping with ambing and managing abortions, and/or from inhaing aeroso forms of the pathogens (e.g. dust, dried manure, vapour). Service providers and visitors coud be exposed to zoonotic pathogens directy by handing sheep in the course of their panned activities on your farm and aso from aeroso sources. Risk Management Practices 1. Advise a famiy members and farm workers when a zoonotic disease has been diagnosed in the fock. 2. Advanced biosecurity practices and added ceaning and disinfection shoud be in pace whenever a suspected or confirmed case of a zoonotic disease is present on your farm. 3. In particuar, additiona hand washing and sanitizing shoud be practised throughout your farm, and pregnant and potentiay-pregnant peope shoud be excuded from the active farm area. 4. You shoud participate in disease surveiance and management programs to reduce the ikeihood of occurrence of zoonotic diseases on your farm, and to reduce their impact if they are present Famiy members, farm workers, visitors and service providers understand zoonotic diseases and take fu precautions to protect themseves. For more information on risk management practices, pease visit the CFIA Nationa Sheep Producer Biosecurity Panning Guide at: heep-on-farm/eng/ / ?chap=0 canadian verified sheep program BiosecUriTY chapter J24

178 Gossary Anima Heath Product Auditor Bioogica Hazard Biosecurity Certificate of Verification Chemica Hazard Chronic Disease Ceaning Compendium of Veterinary Products Corrective Action Critica Contro Point (CCP) Cu Sheep A substance that is i) intended for use in the prevention or treatment of disease in ivestock, or ii) a substance other than feed, that is intended to affect the structure or function of the body of the ivestock. These may incude, but are not imited to, antibiotics, parasiticides, vaccines, hormones, medicated mik repacers, probiotics, naturopathic products, growth promotants, etc. A quaified person who is responsibe for assessing the compiance of an operation with the requirements of a nationa on-farm food safety program. Viruses, bacteria, and the toxins produced by some bacteria. Transmissibe spongiform encephaopathy (TSE) agents and parasites that can cause disease in humans. Exampes are E.coi, Samonea spp. and Sarcosporidian parasite. Practices designed to protect the heath of ivestock by preventing the transmission of harmfu agents such as viruses, bacteria (toxins) or parasites. A signed affidavit provided by a feed suppier verifying the ingredients of a particuar feed or bedding product. A Certificate of Verification may be provided attesting that a feed has been produced without any anima by-products safe for consumption by ruminants. Chemicas incuding heavy metas, pesticides, parasiticides, insecticides, fungicides, fertiizers, mechanica ubricants and fues, and anima heath products that can cause harm to humans through the consumption of contaminated meat or mik. A disease that persists over an extended period. If a chronic condition is not successfuy treated, performance wi be negativey affected and the condition of the anima may deteriorate. To remove residues, either through the use of water and/or detergents (i.e. washing equipment used to hande manure) or by wiping, brushing or bowing away visibe residues (i.e. feed residues on feed handing equipment). A ist of anima heath products approved for use in Canada, which are acceptabe for use as per abe direction or veterinary prescription. The compendium can be accessed at under Links. Any action taken in an attempt to correct a probem, mistake or deviation from a Must Do good production practice. Any point or procedure where contro can be appied and a food safety hazard can be prevented, eiminated, or reduced to an acceptabe eve. For exampe, an on-farm CPP woud be to propery restrain your sheep prior to giving an injection to prevent the chance of a neede breaking off inside the anima. A sheep that is removed from the fock for any reason (e.g. disease, advancing age, oss of productivity or mik producing abiity). CANADIAN SHEEP AND LAMB FOOD SAFE FARM PRACTICES PROGRAM GI

179 Dead Stock Dead Stock Disposa Drug Identification Number (DIN#) Drug Residue Extra-abe Use Euthanize Fushing Good Production Practices (GPPs) Hazard Anaysis Critica Contro Point (HACCP) Intramuscuar Injection Intravenous Injection Intra-mammary Medicated Feed A carcass, or any part thereof, that has died from any cause other than saughter. Animas that die from any cause other than saughter must be disposed of in accordance with provincia egisation. Contact your oca Ministry of Agricuture for any egisation on dead stock disposa in your area. An eight digit number assigned by Heath Canada to a drug product prior to being marketed in Canada, which uniquey identifies a drugs sod in a dosage form. The DIN is ocated on the abe of prescription and over-the-counter anima heath products that have been evauated and authorized for sae in Canada. A drug eve that can be detected in meat, organs or mik at specified times after the drug is administered. Refers to the use or intended use of a drug approved by Heath Canada in an anima in a manner not in accordance with the abe or package insert. It aso incudes the use of a unapproved drugs, incuding unapproved buk active pharmaceutica ingredients (APIs) and compounded drugs. Aso referred to as off-abe use. To destroy an anima that is unabe to recover from an aiment or is unfit for human consumption, in a humane manner. Invoves taking a known non-medicated ingredient and moving a quantity through feed handing equipment to fush out any medicated feed that remains. The fushed materia or fush is often incuded in the next ration which woud contain the same medication for the same species or can be propery disposed of ike any other medicated feed. Genera steps, measures or procedures that contro the operationa conditions within a production unit, aowing for environmenta conditions that are favourabe to the production of safe food. These incude, but are not imited to: faciities, handing, storage and equipment, inputs, personne training, sanitation, maintenance of equipment and faciities, feeding, anima handing and management, anima pest contro, water management, anima heath, biosecurity, drugs and medications, reca of ivestock or products, record keeping, or transportation. (Genera practices commony described by a HACCP-based program). HACCP (pronounced haa-sip ) is a systematic approach used to assure food safety. The approach was originay deveoped by Pisbury during the USA s aeronautica space missions in the 1960s, and is now an internationay recognized system for addressing food safety. An injection given into the musce of the body. An injection given into a vein. An anima heath product administered directy into the mammary gand through the teat opening. A mixed feed that contains any anima heath products. CANADIAN SHEEP AND LAMB FOOD SAFE FARM PRACTICES PROGRAM G2

180 Must Do Production Practices Over-the-Counter (OTC) Medications Physica Hazard Potabe Prescription Prescription Drugs Processed Feed Recommended Good Production Practice Reportabe Diseases Sanitize Sequencing Sharps Container Somatic Ce Count (SCC) Good production practices identified by the Canadian Sheep and Lamb Food Safe Farm Practices Program as being critica to food safety, identified in bod text. These practices must be foowed at a times by producers in order to compy with this program. Anima heath products that can be purchased without a Veterinary prescription from veterinarians or any store seing ivestock suppies. Producers assume the responsibiity of foowing abe directions and withdrawa times. OTC medications are not avaiabe in a provinces. Foreign objects that may be found in meat and mik products, such as a broken neede, and can cause possibe injury to anyone consuming the product. Suitabe for human consumption, according to Heath Canada s Guideines for Canadian Drinking Water Quaity. Written or verba instructions from a icensed veterinarian, given to a specific cient with whom the veterinarian has a proper veterinarian/cient/patient reationship. The prescription state the specific instructions for use and storage of the anima heath product. Drugs restricted in their sae and use by, or on the order of, a icensed veterinarian. They require a proper diagnosis of the case and fu and recent knowedge of the heath of the particuar anima(s). They are not avaiabe on demand and cannot be sod over-the-counter by non-professiona staff. They must be adequatey abeed with specific instructions for use. A feed that has been either physicay, chemicay, thermay or bacteriay (or any combination of the above) atered prior to feeding it to the anima. Production practices that can hep to further decrease the risk of a food safety hazard, but are not required in order to compy with the Canadian Sheep and Lamb Food Safe Farm Practices Program. Diseases prescribed as Reportabe by the federa Minister of Agricuture, as reguated by the Heath of Animas Act. Federa authorities must be notified if a disease cassified as reportabe is suspected. See Appendix I for additiona detai. Procedures used during post-washing and pre-miking to ensure miking equipment is free of pathogens and other materias that may contaminate the mik. This is a predetermined schedue of mixing and feeding that may start with the higher eves of medications first and ending with ow eves, fushing, then foowed by nonmedicated feed. Feed records must be detaied enough to denote the ast batch/ration and where in the sequence the medicated feed was processed and fed. A watertight, puncture resistant container for disposing of used needes. Empty Javex bottes or other heavy pastic containers are often used. Count of the mixture of dead epitheia ces (covering of the interna surfaces of the body) and eukocytes (white bood ces) that are transferred from the udder into the mik. CANADIAN SHEEP AND LAMB FOOD SAFE FARM PRACTICES PROGRAM G3

181 Subcutaneous (SQ) Injection Tag (on hides/feeces) Therapeutic Treatment Veterinarian/Cient/Patient Reationship Veterinary Prescription Feeds Withdrawa Period Zoonosis The injection of an anima heath product just under the skin of an anima. Dirt and manure on the feece and hide of an anima. The treatment of an anima, usuay with a drug, as a means of providing reief or cure from a disease or debiitating condition. A reationship that exists when: i) the veterinarian has (VCPR) assumed the responsibiity for making medica judgments regarding the heath of the animas and the need for medica treatment, and the cient (owner/caretaker) has agreed to foow the instructions of the veterinarian; ii) there is sufficient knowedge of the anima(s) by the veterinarian to initiate at east a genera or preiminary diagnosis of the medica condition of the anima(s) by virtue of an examination of the anima(s) and/or by medicay appropriate and timey visits to the premises where the anima(s) are kept; and, iii) the practising veterinarian is readiy avaiabe for foow-up in case of adverse reactions or faiure of the regimen of therapy. Medicated feeds manufactured according to a written prescription suppied by a icensed veterinarian. The number of days required after the ast treatment with a drug or vaccine before the anima may be saughtered or miked to ensure chemica residues are in compiance with appicabe standards. Diseases that can be transferred from animas to humans such as ringworm and some contagious abortion causing organisms. Some Reportabe diseases are aso in this category. CANADIAN SHEEP AND LAMB FOOD SAFE FARM PRACTICES PROGRAM G4

182 Appendix I: Diseases The information provided here is intended to identify diseases that potentiay affect food, human safety and contagious diseases that have simiar signs. It is not intended to be a sheep disease reference manua. Pease contact your fock veterinarian for specific disease information and up-to-date advice. 1. Reportabe Diseases Affecting Sheep The foowing diseases are defined as Reportabe by the Canadian Food Inspection Agency. The Federa Heath of Animas Act and Reguations reguates contro of these diseases. Reportabe diseases have been divided into two ists: those that have been reported since 2008 (recent or occurring) and those that have never or not recenty occurred in Canada. Being famiiar with the signs and methods of introduction to the fock wi hep to contro or eradicate these diseases. Producers, through their fock veterinarians, MUST report the suspected existence of these diseases to the nearest Canadian Food Inspection Agency (CFIA) district office. CFIA wi determine the appropriate foow-up for the situation. The information provided in this appendix is a guideine for information purposes and current ony at the time of printing. For further information, ca your oca CFIA district office or visit their website at The foowing tabe is based on information obtained or refined from these postings. More information can be found from the Word Organization for Anima Heath ( Provincia governments may require the identification of additiona diseases for monitoring purposes. Contact your provincia veterinarian for a ist. canadian verified sheep program appendices K1

183 1. Reportabe Diseases Affecting Sheep (Z) = zoonotic disease DISEASES REPORTED IN CANADA (Since 2008) CAUSE SIGNS COMMENTS ANAPLASMOSIS Caused by a rickettsia bacteria found in red bood ces. Anapasma marginae. Transmitted by ticks, biting insects, bood contaminated equipment from infected catte. ANTHRAX (Z) Caused by the bacteria Bacius anthracis. Spores are found in contaminated soi rarey from contaminated woo and hides. Spores are inhaed; enters through GI tract or wounds. RABIES (Z) Caused by a virus (rhadbdovirus). There are many strains depending on widife reservoir (e.g. bat rabies, fox rabies, skunk rabies, raccoon rabies). Sheep rarey show signs. Primariy a disease of adut catte. Depression, high fever, anemia and death. Sudden death, with back tarry bood around body orifices. Usuay on pasture. Humans can deveop wound infections or if inhaed, severe pneumonia. Very serious. Dumb rabies: hind end paraysis, drooing, coma. Furious rabies: aggressive behaviour, hind end paraysis. It is best to consider any sheep exhibiting neuroogica signs as potentiay having rabies. 100% fata in humans once cinica signs occur so must receive prophyactic treatment immediatey post-exposure. Bood test and destroy affected animas. In 2009 and 2010 disease reports restricted to Manitoba and BC. Risk is highest from imported infected catte from USA. Deep buria or incineration of intact carcass. Do not open carcass! Vaccination with a ive spore vaccine where outbreaks have occurred. Most outbreaks reported in prairie provinces. Don't approach a suspect anima but ca veterinarian, particuary if known widife contact (e.g. fox attack). If human contact with suspected rabid anima, immediatey contact your physician. Vaccines approved for use in sheep are avaiabe, if history of rabies in area or if substantive human contact (e.g. petting farm). SCRAPIE Abnorma prion protein PrP SC +genetic susceptibiity are required before the disease is expressed. The PrP SC is shed at ambing by the infected ewe, ony if the amb is geneticay susceptibe. PrP SC is very persistent in the environment. Lambs most susceptibe to infection and ater expression of disease. Adut onset disease (3+ yrs) but usuay infected as ambs when exposed to contaminated ambing grounds. Chronic wasting most common sign (see Tabe 2). Other signs are apprehension; teeth grinding; ataxic; stumbing; high stepping gait; maniacay itchy may cause biatera woo oss from trunk. Aways progresses to being unabe to rise, coma over severa months, and aways death. Rams cannot transmit the disease to other sheep ony pregnant ewes that subsequenty infect the amb. Diagnosis is made on brain tissues submitted to the CFIA. Focks affected undergo supervised saughter and testing by CFIA with federa compensation for destroyed animas. Quarantine and eradication are heped with good fock records. The Vountary Scrapie Certification program, based on surveiance and inventories, and optionay on genetic testing, can verify the fock is not infected. Disease occurs sporadicay in most provinces. canadian verified sheep program appendices K2

184 DISEASES REPORTED IN CANADA (Since 2008) - continued CAUSE SIGNS COMMENTS TUBERCULOSIS (Z) Caused by the bacteria Mycobacterium bovis Tumour-ike masses or firm abscesses caed tuberces in ungs and ymph nodes; may be invovement of other sites incuding the intestines. Shed in mik or other excretions. Raw mik is a significant risk to humans consuming it. No cases since 2008 (Manitoba bovine). Found by testing suspect esions on ive animas, at saughter and post-mortem or by using ive anima tubercuin skin test. Focks affected undergo supervised saughter and testing by CFIA. Federa compensation for destroyed animas. DISEASES NOT REPORTED IN CANADA BLUETONGUE Caused by the Buetongue virus. Transmitted by specific species of biting midges, usuay in the fa before a frost. Reservoir species incude domestic catte and wid deer. Concern that with "goba warming" the disease wi spread north as it has in Europe since BRUCELLOSIS (Z) Brucea abortus and Brucea meitensis are reportabe but not Brucea ovis. B. ovis causes epididymitis in rams and rarey abortion. It is not zoonotic. FOOT AND MOUTH DISEASE Caused by the Foot and Mouth virus. There are many strains but a cause disease in coven-hooved animas. Highy contagious. Fever, reddening of ora and nasa cavities, sweing of ips, tongue and gums, erosions. Lameness, sweing of coronary band. Case fataity rate of 10 to 50%. When first introduced to a naïve popuation, can be very economicay devastating. B. abortus was eradicated from Canada in the 1980's except for bison in northern Aberta. B. meitensis is foreign to Canada. Both cause abortion and sti-birth. Both are shed in the mik, making raw mik consumption of risk to humans. Sheep rarey have marked signs simiar to catte: saivation, fever, anorexia, ameness; and painfu bisters on ips, tongue, gums, skin/hoof junction and teats. High fevers and decreased mik production usuay precede the bisters. Often the disease is very mid in sheep with ony a few sma esions and ameness. Disease in sheep has not been reported since 1988; however, risk for infection of sheep is very high in the western provinces. A serotypes are foreign to Canada except occasiona sero-conversion in catte in the Okanagan Vaey. The midge is ony found in southern BC, and the prairie provinces. Ony serotype 8 is reportabe (foreign to North America). Bruceosis is found on post mortem examination of aborted or nonviabe ambs or by bood testing oder animas. Has not been reported in sheep in decades in Canada. Focks affected undergo supervised saughter and testing by CFIA. Federa compensation for destroyed animas. Not reported in Canada since eary 1950's (Saskatchewan). Detection and immediate eradication. Quarantine and destroy animas under CFIA supervision. If traveing to infected countries, do not visit farms and stay away from Canadian farms for 5 days upon return. Wash and disinfect a persona effects, particuary footwear. Impement a biosecurity pan for your farm. Visit the CFIA website for a compete pan. canadian verified sheep program appendices K3

185 DISEASES NOT REPORTED IN CANADA - continued8) CAUSE SIGNS COMMENTS PESTE DES PETITS RUMINANTS Caused by a virus (morbiivirus). RIFT VALLEY FEVER (Z) Caused by a virus (phebovirus). RINDERPEST Caused by a virus (morbiivirus). SHEEP AND GOAT POX Caused by a virus (capripoxvirus). Fever, nasa discharge, coughing, abortion, dehydration, emaciation, death. Fever, anorexia, weakness, nasa discharge, abortion. Aso known as "Catte Pague". Sheep and goats ony midy affected. High fever for 6-9 days. Infammation and sweing of the mouth, nasa cavity, vagina/vuva. Mid to severe fever and depression. There may be a few to many nodues on the skin, which may extend to the digestive and respiratory tract. Never reported in North America. Found in Africa, Arabian peninsua, Midde East and India. Never reported in Canada. Ony found in Africa. Can aso infect humans. Never reported in Canada. Usuay found in eastern Africa, India, Pakistan and Sri Lanka. A highy contagious and devastating disease. Never reported in Canada. Endemic in Africa, Midde East and Asia. 2. Other Contagious/Zoonotic Diseases Remember to hande products from animas (e.g. feces, aborted materia, (stiborn ambs and afterbirth), dead animas) with care, using goves and disposa by burning, buria or proper composting which prevents scavenging by animas incuding vermin, that may carry an agent that is risky to humans (marked "Z" for zoonotic disease). ABORTION DISEASES THAT ARE ALSO ZOONOTIC CAUSE SIGNS COMMENTS CHLAMYDIOSIS (Z) aso caed ENZOOTIC ABORTION A bacteria agent: Chamydophia abortus. Used to be termed Chamydia psittaci sheep abortion strain. Affects sheep and goats. Most ewes show no cinica signs before aborting. May see abortion (starting 3 weeks before ambing), stibirth, weak ambs and sometimes eary embryonic oss. Severe infammation of the pacenta (afterbirth). Can cause abortions in women, so care shoud be taken. Ewes resistant (immune) after aborting but may shed. No immunity before aborting. Resuts inconsistent after injecting ong-acting tetracycine. Vaccination prior to breeding wi reduce abortions but not eiminate infection. Lambs infected at birth wi abort when they become pregnant. canadian verified sheep program appendices K4

186 ABORTION DISEASES THAT ARE ALSO ZOONOTIC - continued CAUSE SIGNS COMMENTS TOXOPLASMOSIS (Z) A protozoan parasite of cats. Toxopasma gondii. Source is from infected cat feces and, ess commony from ingested, infected mice or pacenta. CAMPYLOBACTERIOSIS (Z) aso caed VIBRIOSIS Most abortions are caused by these two species: Campyobacter fetus subsp. fetus and Campyobacter jejuni. Q FEVER (Z) Caused by the bacteria Coxiea burnetii; can infect any anima incuding birds and insects. The sma ce variant of the bacteria can survive for months or onger in the environment. Affects sheep and goats. Eary embryonic deaths causing open ewes, abortion, mummified fetuses, stiborn and weak ambs. Buttons (cotyedons) of pacenta (afterbirth) may have pinpoint white spots. Cats show no signs. Kittens catch infected mice pass eggs (oocysts) for ~ 14 days, then deveop immunity. Late abortions, stiborns or weak ambs. Pacenta (afterbirth) sighty thickened. Carrier ewes shed bacteria in feces. Affects sheep and goats. Late-term abortions, stibirth, weak ambs. Pacenta is thickened and discharge is abnorma. Organism can be shed in norma births as we as abortions (i.e. pacenta, birthing fuids, urine, feces and mik). Infected sheep can deveop immunity at any time. Ony abort if initia infection occurs when pregnant. As kittens are primary source of contamination, either remove cats, spay cats, or provide itter box. There are some prophyactic medication options consut fock veterinarian. Infected cat feces can cause congenita infection in human newborns. Scavenging birds may spread from other farms. Campyobacter are often resistant to tetracycine, so it s important to have sensitivity performed on isoates. Vaccination before breeding. Highy contagious to humans in aeroso state (birthing fuids, dried manure). Aso can infect through raw mik products. Can cause very severe disease in humans: pneumonia, high fevers, headaches shoud immediatey seek medica attention for proper diagnosis and treatment. LISTERIOSIS (Z) Listeria monocytogenes. Widespread in environment (e.g. soi, manure, poory ensied feed). Shed in feces and mik of risk to humans. Abortion, rotten fetus. Ewe sick with metritis. More commony presents as neuroogica disease: "circing" disease attacks nerves of the face and head. Most often fata in sheep. Most outbreaks associated with poor quaity siage feeding. ph shoud be < 5 to inhibit growth and shoud be free of soi and manure contamination. Feed on cean cement or eevated. Discard waste. Pasteurize mik for human consumption. canadian verified sheep program appendices K5

187 CONTAGIOUS CHRONIC WASTING DISEASES Chronic wasting (CW) diseases of adut sheep invove a sma proportion of the fock at any given time and are independent of nutritiona status or stage of production. The most common cause of CW is denta disease (oss of incisors and/or moars). Parasitism can aso cause CW but is more of a probem in young stock than aduts. Scrapie most commony presents as CW rather than neuroogica disease. There are severa contagious diseases that are important causes of CW at the fock eve. CAUSE SIGNS COMMENTS MAEDI VISNA aso known as OVINE PROGRESSIVE PNEUMONIA (OPP) Caused by a sow (retro) virus caed maedi visna virus. Maedi = respiratory disease. Visna = wasting with neuroogica disease. Sheep are infected for ife. Adut sheep (> 3 yrs). Causes a uniformy hard udder with normaappearing but decreased mik suppy. Lambs starve or grow poory. May aso see chronic respiratory disease that aways ends in CW and death. No treatment and infected sheep shed virus to infect others. Can be easiy eradicated by seroogica testing and cuing of positive animas. Are some provincia "status" programs. Purchase repacements from negative focks. CASEOUS LYMPHADENITIS (Z) Caused by the bacteria Corynebacterium pseudotubercuosis. Midy zoonotic. CONTAGIOUS OVINE FOOTROT Caused by the bacteria Dicheobacter nodosus. There are many strains mid to very serious. The bacteria cannot survive off the sheep's foot for more than one week. Usuay with Fusobacterium necrophorum. JOHNE'S DISEASE (Z) Caused by the bacteria Mycobacterium paratubercuosis. There are severa strains: sheep strains don't tend to infect catte; catte strains can infect goats but not often sheep but some strains are intermediate so consider catte and goats a risk to sheep. Affects sheep, goats, amas and apacas. Externa and interna abscesses of the ymph nodes and organs, particuary ungs. Interna abscesses cause sudden death and CW. Major cause of carcass condemnations/ trim at saughter. Initia infection with F. necrophorum causes "foot scad", infected area between toes and skin/hoof junction. Presence of D. nodosus wi eat at soe causing under-running. Sheep are very ame, feet sme and may become fystruck. May graze on knees. Lose weight. Chronic disease causes deformed feet. Untreated footrot is a wefare issue. Adut sheep > two years of age. Chronic weight oss in face of reasonabe appetite. Diarrhea not a common feature may see terminay. Lambs most susceptibe to infection. Mounting evidence that this bacteria is inked to Crohn's disease in humans. Bacteria shed in feces and mik, not aways kied by home pasteurization. Abscess materia is extremey contagious and persistent in wood, manure, straw, soi and water. Bood test and vaccine avaiabe. No cure. Shoud cu chronicay affected sheep. Use proper biosecurity precautions when shearing or purchasing animas. Contro is through foot-bathing (10% zinc suphate + aundry soap). Must soak for a minimum of 20 minutes to aow penetration. Hod on dry ground for two hrs before turning onto pasture with no sheep for one week. Repeat in five days. Cu non-responders. Systemic antibiotics shoud be used ony on the advice of the fock veterinarian. Bacteria can ony spread sheep-to-sheep under moist and warm (> 10 o C) conditions. Bacteria can survive > one year in environment. Contro: prevent infection in young stock (feca-ora transmission; coostrum from heathy animas); don't purchase from unknown heath status focks. Thin sheep shoud have an appropriate post mortem to diagnose disease. Seroogy and feca cuture may miss infected animas. canadian verified sheep program appendices K6

188 MISCELLANEOUS DISEASES WITH ZOONOTIC / PUBLIC HEALTH RISK CAUSE SIGNS COMMENTS CONTAGIOUS ECTHYMA (Z) Caused by a parapoxvirus. Aso caed sore mouth, orf or scabby mouth. Aso affects goats, deer and perhaps amas and apacas. Scabby raised esions around muzze, teats, inside the ora cavity and occasionay feet, prepuce. When on teats, important cause of gangrenous mastitis in nursing ewes. Immunity is not passed through the coostrum. Aways wear goves when treating as virus is zoonotic. Topica antiseptic ointments may hep. Virus can ive in dry scabs for years. Sheep can become carriers (po esions, skin tags). No vaccine icensed in Canada. INTERMEDIATE STAGE PARASITES OF DOGS AND WILD CANIDS (Z) There are severa parasites of dogs that use sheep and other ruminants as an intermediate host. Some are a pubic heath risk and some are a food quaity risk but share a common mode of transmission. CAUSE SIGNS COMMENTS Cysticercus hydatigenia Cysticercus ovis Echinococcus granuosus (Z) Sarcosporidia spp Dogs/wid canids become infected when aowed to scavenge sheep carcasses. Cyce is competed when canids contaminate sheep feed with feces. LEPTOSPIROSIS (Z) Leptospira pomona is the strain most commony associated with anima and human disease. The first three are the intermediate stage of a dog or wid canid (coyotes, foxes, woves) tapeworm. Sarcosporidia are simiar to toxopasma (coccidiaike). In sheep, C. hydatigenia causes cysts in the iver; C. ovis causes cysts in skeeta musce; Echinococcus causes arge badders in abdomina/ peura cavity; Sarcosporida causes microscopic esions in musce. Disease in sheep is rare, but may present as abortion, fever, anaemia. Widife, swine and catte can aso be infected. Economic impact is partia or tota carcass condemnation. For fu prevention, consut Canadian Sheep Federation pamphets on C. ovis contro. C. ovis is on an epidemic rise in Canada. Humans can be infected with Echinococcus eggs from dog tapeworms, and deveop arge cysts internay fied with hundreds of tapeworm arvae if burst, can die. Very dangerous! Prompt remova of dead sheep is critica to prevent. Spread by urine and urine in water. Risk to abattoir workers. If diagnosed by fock veterinarian, vaccination of fock can be instituted. CRYPTOSPORIDIOSIS (Z) Caused by the protozoa parasite Cryptosporidium parvum. Very common in young ivestock species incuding kids and caves. Lambs three days to six weeks of age most at risk, but most common at one to three weeks of age. Severe watery diarrhea, weight oss. Supportive treatment with ora eectroyte therapy ony, but tends to be sef-imiting when used with proper nursing care. Highy contagious to peope handing affected animas. Risk to humans is high from environmenta contamination incuding water sources (e.g. wes, ponds) of oocysts (eggs) from diarrheic ambs. Aggressive ceaning and hygiene is required to contro. canadian verified sheep program appendices K7

189 INTERMEDIATE STAGE PARASITES OF DOGS AND WILD CANIDS (Z) CAUSE SIGNS COMMENTS GIARDIASIS (Z) Giardia duodenais. Protozoa parasite found in intestines of infected peope (with or without symptoms), wid and domestic animas, incuding pets and ivestock. E. COLI 0157:H7 (Z) E. coi 0157:H7 is not a pathogen of ruminants but causes very serious disease in humans. SALMONELLOSIS (Z) There are many species of Samonea which cause disease in ivestock and humans. One of the most pathogenic is S. Typhimurium. Recognized as one of the most common causes of waterborne iness in humans. Found in every region of the word. Can cause diarrhea, abdomina cramps, nausea in humans. Often no disease seen in infected animas. Catte, sheep and goats commony shed bacteria in manure. Can cause severe boody diarrhea in humans (chidren, edery and immune compromised aduts) and occasionay irreversibe kidney faiure and death. Risk to humans from contamination of: water sources with manure; meat from dirty hides at saughter; raw mik; secondary food contamination from raw meat. Samonea can cause abortion, severe boody diarrhea in ambs and septicaemia in young stock. Bacteria are shed in the feces, mik and can contaminate carcasses at saughter. Aso known as "beaver fever" when parasite shed into water reservoirs. Important preventive measures incude washing hands thoroughy after toiet visits or handing manure; carefuy disposing sewage/manure so as not to contaminate surface water or groundwater; and, avoid consuming impropery treated drinking water. Bacteria are destroyed by cooking food and chorination of water sources. Important preventive measures incude washing hands before handing/ preparing food; carefuy disposing of sewage/manure so as not to contaminate surface water or groundwater; avoid consuming impropery treated drinking water; and, food preparation care to thoroughy cook meat and prevent contamination of fresh foods. Antimicrobias shoud not be used indiscriminatey to treat animas, as samonea rapidy deveops antimicrobia resistance. Human iness can be mid (ike food-poisoning) to ifethreatening. Use the same precautions as with E. coi 0157:H7. Edited: Apri, Dr. P. Menzies, DVM - Ontario Veterinary Coege, University of Gueph. For more information on these diseases, pease contact your fock veterinarian. Sources from Previous Version of Manua: 1. A Practica Guide to Profitabe Sheep Production by Dr. Meg Smart, DVM; 1996 Aspen His Enterprise 2. Western Canadian Fock Heath Program, Aberta Sheep and Woo Commission, EPIX Emergency Preparedness Information Exchange, Foreign Anima Diseases website, Schoo of Communication, Simon Fraser University, Vancouver, BC. 4. Office Internationa des Epizooties (OIE) - Word organization for anima heath website, on Diseases. 5. Expert advice of veterinarians across Canada. canadian verified sheep program appendices K8

190 Appendix II: Canadian Water Quaity Guideines for Livestock ITEM MAXIMUM RECOMMENDED LIMIT (mg/l) Major Ions Cacium 1,000.0 Nitrate and nitrite Nitrite aone 10.0 Suphate 1,000.0 Tota Dissoved Soids (TDS) 3,000.0 Heavy Metas and Trace Ions Auminum 5.0 Arsenic 0.5* Beryium 0.1** Boron 5.0 Cadmium 0.02 Chromium 1.0 Cobat 1.0 Copper 0.3 Fuoride 2.0*** Iron no guideine Lead 0.1 Manganese no guideine Mercury Moybdenum 0.5 Nicke 1.0 Seenium 0.05 Uranium 0.2 Vanadium 0.1 Zinc 50.0 Source: Task Force on Water Quaity Guideines, 1987 * 5.0 if not added to feed ** Tentative guideine *** 1.0 if fuoride present in feed canadian verified sheep program appendices K9

191 Appendix III: Livestock Biosecurity (Adapted from the Canadian Anima Heath Coaition Livestock Biosecurity buetin) A Foreign Anima Disease (FAD) in your fock can have a devastating effect on the heath and wefare of your ivestock, and the economic viabiity of your business. The same is true for every fock in Canada. We have ony to ook at the recent experience in the UK to see that an outbreak in Canada woud permanenty ater your business and Canada s ivestock industry, and cost biions. You can reduce the chance of an outbreak or the impact, if it occurs by having your own biosecurity program. WHAT IS IT? WHY DO IT? A management program to prevent the spread of disease To reduce in your fock and the nationa fock: The risk of introducing disease; The spread of disease; and, The cost of disease. HOW TO DO IT? WHERE TO GET HELP? WHEN TO DO IT? WHO HAS TO DO IT? As part of the management program for your operation; consider your inputs, the products you produce, the assets you manage (i.e. the ivestock, feed, equipment and buidings), and the costs and risks you are prepared to bear. From your veterinarian, commodity group, provincia veterinary service, the CFIA and the Canadian Anima Heath Coaition. Now. Impement a contro program for your operation right away and keep it current. You. You are responsibe for anima heath on your operation that is a critica contro point in preventing or controing the spread of disease to the nationa fock. Your program wi assist those responding to a major outbreak. Do your part Prevent foreign anima diseases from entering Canada Impement a biosecurity program. Contact Canadian Anima Heath Coaition promoting a coaborative approach to anima heath This buetin supported by the Western CARD Counci CANADIAN SHEEP AND LAMB FOOD SAFE FARM PRACTICES PROGRAM canadian verified sheep program appendices K10

192 PROGRAM canadian verified sheep program appendices K11

193 Canadian Food Inspection Agency Anima Heath and Production Farm Biosecurity A Common Sense Guide What is farm biosecurity? Biosecurity refers to protecting the heath of ivestock by preventing the transmission of disease. Any disease that coud jeopardize the heath of these animas represents a threat to the economic viabiity of the farm and the wefare of the herd. Taking common sense precautions to prevent disease from coming on to your farm is the best investment you can make. Infectious diseases are caused by a arge number of agents. These range in size from things that we can see, ike bot eggs on the egs of a horse, to submicroscopic partices, ike viruses. We cannot see most infectious agents, so we cannot te if an artice is contaminated by ooking at it. However, we must assume that any artice that is dirty is contaminated. Infectious diseases can be spread a number of ways. Some are spread by direct contact between animas, others can be spread by indirect contact, such as by a contaminated water bow. Sti others are spread by the wind, through insect bites, on human s contaminated cothing, in feed or water, or through contact with widife, incuding vermin. Just as there are many types of infectious agents, some are easier to destroy than others. Many wi survive we in dirty, damp, dark and coo conditions. Most are eiminated in cean, dry, warm environments. There are a number of methods for destroying disease-causing agents. These incude steam ceaning, fumigation and chemica disinfectants. Many disinfectants are in common use, each having been formuated for a specific purpose. Some products wi ki bacteria, but not viruses, and most wi not ki spores. Soi and organic matter rapidy inactivate most disinfectants, so it is important to first thoroughy cean the objects with warm water and detergent. Then appy the appropriate disinfectant. Footbaths are important, but ony work propery if boots are washed before using the footbath, and by keeping the disinfectant propery repenished. Your veterinarian or provincia extension agent can advise you as to which disinfectant is most suitabe for your appication. What can be done to minimize the risk of introducing disease? Bringing new animas onto the farm poses the risk of spreading disease between the introduced and the resident farm animas. Buying a new bu, ram or boar are common practices that can potentiay compromise the biosecurity of your farm. 1. Consider vaccinating your herd against the common diseases in your area. Your veterinarian can advise you as to the best choice of vaccines to use. Arrange to have new animas propery vaccinated to match your herd program. 2. Quarantine new arrivas for at east two weeks. This can be done by confining the anima to a separate pen that does not aow nose-to-nose contact with other animas or the sharing of feed and water suppies. 3. Buyer beware! Purchase from herds with a known cean heath status. 4. Livestock feed obtained off-farm shoud be from known, reputabe sources. CANADIAN SHEEP AND LAMB FOOD SAFE FARM PRACTICES PROGRAM canadian verified sheep program appendices K12

194 PROGRAM canadian verified sheep program appendices K13

195 Wear disposabe pastic seeves and goves whenever there is direct contact with body fuids, tissues or excrement. These situations woud incude assisted births, inseminations, post-mortems or butchering. Before eaving the farm, soied equipment and footwear must be ceaned and disinfected. Wash hands with detergent. Remove dirty coveras before entering the vehice. Neighbours When neighbours arrive on your farm to hep, it is sometimes a deicate matter to bring up concerns about biosecurity. Ensuring that you have a few extra pairs of cean coveras on hand, and providing convenient access to a boot-washing tub wi encourage your neighbour to respect your protoco. Offense can usuay be avoided if you expain that you want to protect the heath of your neighbour s herd as we. A Practica Choice of Outerwear Coveras: consider purchasing nyon coveras for use in wet, dirty conditions. Athough not competey waterproof, they are ess permeabe than cotton and are ess apt to soak through. They are aso windproof, ight and stand up we in the washing machine. They can be damaged in the dryer but they do air dry quicky. Coats and Jackets: it is very difficut to frequenty wash parkas and insuated jackets. A good choice for outerwear is the so-caed three-in-one jacket. These consist of an outer detachabe she made of nyon, and an inner iner of nyon and poypropyene. These stand up we to frequent washing. Widife and Vermin Widife and vermin are often very mobie and present an opportunity to spread diseases such as rabies and eptospirosis to farm animas. It is wise to take precautions to eiminate contact with these animas. Make the farmyard environment unattractive to skunks and other vermin by ceaning up od buidings, debris, and spied grain. The mere presence of a cat or a dog wi act as a deterrent to many vermin. To summarize, you are in the best position to safeguard your herd and your pocketbook from these and other infections by foowing basic principes of disease contro and prevention: maintain a cosed herd/fock; purchase from known heathy sources; isoate purchases; restrict visitors; practice good biosecurity. Insist on cean footwear, cothing, and equipment; identify a animas; and, keep accurate records. Together we can work to safeguard the heath of Canada s ivestock and poutry sectors. For further information on deveoping your biosecurity pan, contact your own veterinarian, your nearest CFIA veterinarian, or your provincia extension speciaist. CANADIAN SHEEP AND LAMB FOOD SAFE FARM PRACTICES PROGRAM canadian verified sheep program appendices K14

196 PROGRAM canadian verified sheep program appendices K15

197 b) Federa Government: Agricuture and Agri-food Canada (AAFC): Canadian Food Inspection Agency: Feeds Act and Reguations: Canadian Food Inspection Agency Act: Meat Inspection Act and Reguations: On-Farm Food Safety Recognition: Heath of Animas Act and Reguations: Food and Drugs Act and Reguations: c) Provincia Governments: You shoud contact your provincia Ministry of Agricuture for additiona and up-to-date information on provincia reguations appicabe in your area. Many provinces have provincia reguations governing: disposa of dead stock; nutrient (manure) management; pesticide purchase and/or use; waste water management (dairy); dairy production; etc. British Coumbia: Saskatchewan: Aberta: Manitoba: Ontario; Quebec: New Brunswick: Nova Scotia: Prince Edward Isand: Newfoundand: d) Other: American Sheep Industry Association: Meat and Woo New Zeaand: Sheep Meat Counci of Austraia: Canadian On Farm Food Safety Working Group: Nationa Farm Anima Care Counci: Compendium of Veterinary Products: Avaiabe onine at under Links OIE/Word Heath Organization: Compendium of Medicating Ingredients Brochure (MIB): HOW TO READ A DRUG LABEL (Provided by the Ontario Ministry of Agricuture): CANADIAN SHEEP AND LAMB FOOD SAFE FARM PRACTICES PROGRAM canadian verified sheep program appendices K16

198 PROGRAM canadian verified sheep program appendices K17

199 Appendix VI: Provincia Reguations for Dairy Sheep A copy of the Nationa Dairy Reguation and Code can be found at (Engish) or (French) British Coumbia Dairy sheep fa under the same egisation as other dairy species with dairy farms being inspected in accordance to the Dairy Industry Act, which is in conjunction with the Food Safety and Quaity Act. ( Aberta In Aberta, the Dairy Industry Act covers a dairy animas incuding sheep. The Food Safety Division provides inspection services to a dairy farms in the province. ( Saskatchewan No information is avaiabe at this time. Manitoba The Manitoba Dairy Act and the Manitoba Diary Reguation cover a dairy animas incuding sheep. Dairy Sheep producers are inspected annuay. ( and Ontario Dairy sheep producers in Ontario are not covered under the same egisation as dairy catte producers. However, there are sections of the Heath Protection and Promotion Act that incudes dairy products from sheep. Producers are not inspected. Diary producers are encouraged to contact their oca OMAF representative for more information ( Quebec Dairy sheep producers in Quebec fa under the same egisation as dairy catte producers and do receive routine inspections. The egisation can be found at under iste des pubications. New Brunswick Dairy sheep producers are not reguated nor are they inspected in New Brunswick. Prince Edward Isand Dairy sheep producers are inspected prior to be icensed to produce mik. The guideines for the inspection are the same as those for dairy catte producers. Dairy sheep producers are egisated under the Dairy Industry Acts. ( CANADIAN SHEEP AND LAMB FOOD SAFE FARM PRACTICES PROGRAM canadian verified sheep program appendices K18

200 PROGRAM canadian verified sheep program appendices K19

201 References 1. Canadian Sheep Federation (n.d.) The Virtua Too Box - Housing. Avaiabe at: Accessed: March 10, Dwyer C. (2008) Farming systems for sheep production and their effects on wefare. In: The Wefare of Sheep. Vo. 6. (Phiips C., ed.). Dordrecht NE: Springer. 3. Goez J.L. (1998) Heat Stress. Pipestone Veterinary Cinic. Avaiabe at: Accessed: September 30, Schoenian S. (2010) Heat Stress in Sheep and Goats. University of Maryand. Avaiabe at: Accessed: May 15, Chesters L. (2010) Sheep Wefare Avoiding Losses Due to Hypothermia in Farmnote. Western Austraian Agricuture Authority. Avaiabe at: Accessed: October 15, Waghorn G.C., Davis G.B. & Harcombe M.J. (1995) Specification of pen rai spacing and trough heights to prevent escape and enabe good access to feed by sheep during sea shipments from New Zeaand. New Zeaand Veterinary Journa 43: Cockram M.S. & Hughes B.O. (2011) Heath and disease. In: Anima Wefare. (Appeby M., Hughes B. Mench J. & Osson A., eds.). Waingford UK: CABI. 8. Robertson A. (2010) Ventiation for Livestock and Poutry Faciities. Toronto ON: Ontario Ministry of Agricuture, Food and Rura Affairs (OMAFRA). 9. Phiips C.J.C., Pines M.K., Latter M., Muer T., Petherick J.C., Norman S.T. & Gaughan J.B. (2012) Physioogica and behaviora responses of sheep to gaseous ammonia. Journa of Anima Science 90: WorkSafe BC (2011) Tabe of Exposure Limits for Chemica and Bioogica Substances in Guideines Part 5. Avaiabe at: www2.worksafebc.com/pdfs/reguation/exposure_imits.pdf Accessed: Apri 12, Schoenian S. (2011) Sheep behaviour. In: Sheep 201: A Beginner s Guide to Raising Sheep. Avaiabe at: Accessed: November 18, Boissy A. & Dumont B. (2002) Interactions between socia and feeding motivations on the grazing behaviour of herbivores: sheep more easiy spit into subgroups with famiiar peers. Appied Anima Behaviour Science 79: Kendrick K.M., Da Costa A.P., Leigh A.E., Hinton M.R. & Peirce J.W. (2001) Sheep don t forget a face. Nature 414: Tate A.J., Fischer H., Leigh A.E. & Kendrick K.M. (2006) Behavioura and neurophysioogica evidence for face identity and face emotion processing in animas. Phiosophica Transactions of the Roya Society B-Bioogica Sciences 361: Stoba A., Lynch G.N., Hinch J.J., Adams D.B., Munro R.K. & Davies H.I. (1990) Socia organisation of merino sheep of different ages, sex and famiy structure. Appied Anima Behaviour Science 27: Federation of Anima Science Societies (FASS) (2010) Guide for the Care and Use of Agricutura Animas in Research and Teaching, Third Edition. Champaign IL: FASS. Avaiabe at: Accessed: June 16, Parrott R.F. (1990) Physioogica responses to isoation in sheep. In: Socia Stress in Domestic Animas (Zayan R. & Dantzer R., eds.). Dordrecht NE: Kuwer Academic Pubishers. 18. Badwin B.A & Start I.B. (1981) Sensory reinforcement and iumination preference in sheep and caves. Proceedings of the Roya Society of London Series B Bioogica Sciences 211: Schoenian S. (2011) Housing for sheep. In: Sheep 201: A Beginner s Guide to Raising Sheep. Avaiabe at: Accessed: Apri 9, CODE OF PRACTICE FOR THE CARE AND HANDLING OF SHEEP K20

202 References (continued) 20. Russe, A. (1984) Body condition scoring of sheep. In Practice 6: Phythian C.J., Hughes D., Michaopouou E., Cripps P.J. & Duncan J.S. (2012) Reiabiity of body condition scoring of sheep for cross-farm assessments. Sma Ruminant Research 104: Ministry of Agricuture and Forestry (n.d.) Body Condition Score Key Messages. Weington NZ: Ministry of Agricuture and Forestry. Avaiabe at: Accessed: March 4, Ontario Sheep Marketing Agency (n.d.) Chapter 7: Digestion and nutrition. In: Sheep Production Manua. Gueph ON: Ontario Sheep Marketing Agency. Avaiabe at: Accessed: June 16, Van Soest P.J. (1994) Nutritiona Ecoogy of the Ruminant. Itahaca US: Corne Pubishing Associates. 25. Aberta Lamb Producers and Aberta Goat Producers Association (2009) Sheep and Goat Management in Aberta: Nutrition. Avaiabe at: Accessed: November 13, Ontario Sheep Marketing Agency (n.d.) Chapter 8: Fock heath. In: Sheep Production Manua. Gueph ON: Ontario Sheep Marketing Agency. Avaiabe at: Accessed: September 8, Rushen J. & de Passié A.M. (2010) The importance of good stockmanship and its benefits. In: Improving Anima Wefare: A Practica Approach (Grandin T., ed.). Waingford UK: CABI. 28. Lovatt F. (2004) Farm anima practice: deveoping fock heath pans. In Practice 26: Aberta Lamb Producers and Aberta Goat Producers Association (2009) Sheep and Goat Management in Aberta: Heath Management. Avaiabe at: modues/sgma/sgma_heath_modue_ch1-3.pdf Accessed: May 22, Austraian Woo Innovation (2011) Managing Breech Fystrike. Avaiabe at: Accessed: May 23, Wenger I. (2005) A Guide to Parasites in Sheep. Aberta Sheep and Woo Commission. Avaiabe at: Accessed: May 14, Kaer J., Wassink G.J. & Green L.E. (2009) The inter- and intra-reiabiity of a ocomotion scoring scae for sheep. The Veterinary Journa 180: Sheep Code of Practice Scientists Committee (2013) Code of Practice for the Care and Handing of Sheep: Review of Scientific Research on Priority Issues. Lacombe AB: Nationa Farm Anima Care Counci. Avaiabe at: Grandin T. (2002) Behavioura Principes of Livestock Handing. American Registry of Professiona Anima Scientists. Avaiabe at: Accessed: September 10, Shuaw W.P. (2005) Sheep Care Guide. American Sheep Industry Association. Avaiabe at: Accessed: May 14, Dwyer C. (2008) Sheep senses, socia cognition and capacity for consciousness. In: The Wefare of Sheep Vo. 6. (Phiips C., ed.). Dordrecht NE: Springer. 37. Davis H., Norris C. & Tayor A. (1998) Whether ewe know me or not: the discrimination of individua humans by sheep. Behavioura Processes 43: Peirce J.W, Leigh A.E, da Costa A.P.C & Kendrick K.M. (2001) Human face recognition in sheep: ack of configurationa coding and right hemisphere advantage. Behavioura Processes 55: CODE OF PRACTICE FOR THE CARE AND HANDLING OF SHEEP K21

203 References (continued) 39. Canadian Food Inspection Agency (CFIA) (2012) Canadian Sheep Identification Program. Avaiabe at: 479/ Accessed: May Davies H. (2011) Sheep Tagging and EID. Avaiabe at: Accessed: May 14, Grant C. (2004) Behavioura responses of ambs to common painfu husbandry procedures. Appied Anima Behaviour Science 87: Dwyer C. (2008) The management of sheep. In: The Wefare of Sheep Vo 6. (Phiips C., ed.). Dordrecht NE: Springer. 43. Ontario Sheep Marketing Agency (n.d.) Chapter 9: Shearing and foot trimming. In: Sheep Production Manua. Gueph ON: Ontario Sheep Marketing Agency. Avaiabe at: Accessed: May 14, Michigan Commission of Agricuture and Rura Deveopment (2012) Generay Accepted Agricutura Practices for the Care of Farm Animas. Avaiabe at: Aberta Lamb Producers (2007) Aberta Sheep: Shearing your Sheep. Avaiabe at: Accessed: May 10, Schoenian S. (2011) Sheep hoof heath and management. University of Maryand Extension Sma Ruminant Program. Powerpoint presentation. Avaiabe at: Accessed: May 13, Schoenian S. (2012) The Wefare of Docking and Castrating Lambs. University of Maryand Extension. Avaiabe at: Accessed: Apri 14, Bassett A. (2010) Technica Paper No. 10: Castration of Sheep. Anima Wefare Approved. Avaiabe at: Accessed: Apri 14, Farm Anima Wefare Counci (FAWC) (2008) FAWC Report on the Impications of Castration and Tai Docking for the Wefare of Lambs. Avaiabe at: Accessed: Apri 14, Canadian Veterinary Medica Association (2012) Position Statement: Castration of Catte, Sheep, and Goats. Avaiabe at: Accessed: September 26, Tierney L.A. & Haford D.M. (1985) Mating behavior, serum testosterone and semen characteristics in vasectomized and short scrotum rams. Theriogenoogy 23: , 52. Ontario Sheep Marketing Agency (n.d.) Chapter 6: Reproduction and Lambing. In: Sheep Production Manua. Gueph ON: Ontario Sheep Marketing Agency. Avaiabe at: Accessed: Apri 15, Canadian Veterinary Medica Association (2007) Position Statement: Pain Contro in Animas. Avaiabe at: Accessed: September 26, Federation of Anima Science Societies (FASS) (2010) Sheep and goats. In: Guide for the Care and Use of Agricutura Animas in Research and Teaching. 3rd ed. Champaign IL: FASS. Avaiabe at: Accessed: May 13, CODE OF PRACTICE FOR THE CARE AND HANDLING OF SHEEP K22

204 References (continued) 55. Canadian Sheep Federation (n.d.) The Virtua Too Box - Breeding. Avaiabe at: Accessed: May 13, Ontario Sheep Marketing Agency (n.d) Resource Library, Reproduction and Breeding-Breeding and Genetics. Gueph ON: Ontario Sheep Marketing Agency. Avaiabe at: Accessed: May 27, Ontario Sheep Marketing Agency (n.d.) Resource Library, Reproduction and Breeding - Maintaining a productive fock cuing. Gueph ON: Ontario Sheep Marketing Agency. Avaiabe at: Accessed: May 27, Engstrom D. (2010) Factsheet Buiding Better Lambs 4: Managing Rams for Superior Performance. Avaiabe at: Accessed: May 26, Greinger S.P. (2006) Livestock Update: Ewe Management Tips: Mid and Late Gestation.Virginia Cooperative Extension. Avaiabe at: aps-381.htm Accessed: May 21, Meor D. (1990) Meeting coostrum needs of newborn ambs. In Practice 12: Eaes F.A. (1982) Detection and treatment of hypothermia in newborn ambs. In Practice 4: Sevi A., Casamassima D., Puina G. & Pazzona A. (2007) Factors of wefare reduction in dairy sheep and goats. Itaian Journa of Anima Science 8 (supp. 1): Department for Environment, Food and Rura Affairs (DEFRA) (2000) Code of Recommendations for the Wefare of Livestock: Sheep. London UK: Defra Pubications. 64. Canadian Food Inspection Agency (CFIA) (2008) Livestock Transport Requirements in Canada. Avaiabe at: Accessed: September 27, Canadian Food Inspection Agency (CFIA) (2008) Transportation of Animas Program - Compromised Animas Poicy. Avaiabe at: Accessed: June 17, Scientific Committee on Anima Heath and Anima Wefare (2002) The Wefare of Animas during Transport (detais for horses, pigs, sheep and catte). European Commission. Avaiabe at: Accessed: September 27, Ontario Ministry of Food, Agricuture, and Rura Affairs (OMAFRA) (2008) Euthanasia Action Pan for Sheep and Goats. Avaiabe at: Accessed: September 29, American Veterinary Medica Association (AVMA) (2007) AVMA Guideines on Euthanasia (formery Report of the AVMA Pane on Euthanasia). Schaumburg IL: American Veterinary Medica Association. Avaiabe at Accessed: September 29, Turner P.V. & Doonan G. (2010) Deveoping on-farm euthanasia pans. Canadian Veterinary Journa 51: Grandin T. (2010) Improving Anima Wefare: A Practica Approach. Waingford UK: CABI. 71. Canadian Veterinary Medica Association (2011) Canadian Veterinary Medica Association Position Statement: Euthanasia. Avaiabe at: Accessed: September 30, CODE OF PRACTICE FOR THE CARE AND HANDLING OF SHEEP K23

205 Appendix 7 Livestock Safety Index Chart The Livestock Temperature Humidity Index* (THI Tabe 1) was introduced by American anima scientists to aert producers of potentia heat stress periods for ivestock. The THI combines the effects of temperature and humidity into one vaue. The Livestock Safety Index (LSI) contains three stress categories (temperature given in Cesius [ C]): Livestock Aert - LSI : when the index reaches this range, heat stress wi first appear. Precautionary measures shoud be taken to reduce heat stress conditions in confinement housing or ivestock traiers. Livestock Danger - LSI of 26-28: an index in this category is dangerous for confined animas. Livestock Emergency - LSI of 29 or higher: These conditions are most ikey to occur when air temperature exceeds 32 C (90 F). No coud cover and itte air movement are additiona hazards found in such heat stress weather. Livestock shoud not be worked or shipped when the index reaches this eve. Tabe 1: Livestock Temperature Humidity Index* (THI) at specific temperatures and reative humidity eves. * The Livestock THI was adapted from the human Humidex Chart, which can be found at: CODE OF PRACTICE FOR THE CARE AND HANDLING OF SHEEP K24

206 Appendix 8 Body Condition Scoring Iustration of a sheep with a BCS score of 2. 1 CROSS SECTION OF THE LOIN AREA BODY CONDITION SCORING OF SHEEP Throughout the production cyce, sheep producers must know whether or not their sheep are in condition (too thin, too fat, or just right) for the stage of production: breeding, ate pregnancy, actation. Weight at a given stage of production is the good indicator, but as there is a wide variation in mature size between individuas and breeds, it is extremey difficut to use weight to determine proper condition. Body condition scoring describes the condition of a sheep, is convenient and is much more accurate than a simpe eye appraisa. A body condition score estimates condition of muscing and fat deveopment. Scoring is based on feeing the eve of muscing and fat deposition over and around the vertebrae in the oin region (Figures 1-3). In addition to the centra spina coumn, oin vertebrae have a vertica bone protrusion (spinous process) and a short horizonta protrusion on each side (transverse process). Both of these protrusions are fet and used to assess an individua body condition score. FIGURE 1 FIGURE 2 FIGURE 3 Fee for the spine in the centre Fee for the tips of the Fee for funess of musce of the sheep s back, behind its transverse processes. and fat cover. ast rib and in front of it s hip bone. 1 The source of the materias is The use of these materias by the Nationa Farm Anima Care Counci (NFACC) is done without any affiiation with or endorsement by the Government of Aberta. Reiance upon NFACC s use of these materias is at the risk of the end user. CODE OF PRACTICE FOR THE CARE AND HANDLING OF SHEEP K25

207 Appendix 8 Body Condition Scoring (continued) BODY CONDITION SCORES FOR SHEEP Overview of a the body condition scores for Sheep BCS 1 WHOLE BODY Emaciated Boney processes can be easiy fet SPINE Dorsa spinous processes are sharp and prominent Easiy fet through skin LOIN No fat cover Loin musces very shaow TRANSVERSE PROCESSES Transverse processes sharp Easy to pass fingers underneath them BCS 2 WHOLE BODY Thin More difficut to fee between each process SPINE Dorsa spinous processes sti prominent, but not as sharp LOIN Loin eye musce fuer Virtuay no fat cover TRANSVERSE PROCESSES Transverse processes rounder on edges Sight pressure needed to push underneath them BCS 3 WHOLE BODY Average SPINE Spinous processes smoother and ess prominent Some pressure required to fee between them LOIN Loin musce fu, some fat cover TRANSVERSE PROCESSES Transverse processes smooth Firm pressure needed to push fingers under edge CODE OF PRACTICE FOR THE CARE AND HANDLING OF SHEEP K26

208 Appendix 8 Body Condition Scoring (continued) BCS 4 WHOLE BODY Fat Fat accumuations over tai head SPINE Considerabe pressure needed to fee dorsa spinous LOIN Loin eye musce fu with discernibe fat cover TRANSVERSE PROCESSES Transverse processes can t be fet BCS 5 WHOLE BODY Obese Fat pad over tai head SPINE Dorsa spinous processes can t be fet Depression often present where they woud normay be fet LOIN Loin eye musce very fu Thick covering of fat TRANSVERSE PROCESSES Transverse processes can t be fet NOTE: There can be extreme differences between breeds when body condition scoring sheep. Some materna breeds ay down a ot of interna fat, not detectabe externay. Whereas, the more muscuar, meat termina breeds can appear to have better condition over the oin area than the ess muscuar breeds. CODE OF PRACTICE FOR THE CARE AND HANDLING OF SHEEP K27

209 Appendix 9 Accessing Veterinary Services Provincia Veterinary Organizations These veterinary organizations may be abe to hep you ocate veterinarians in your area if you are having finding a fock veterinarian. Some of the websites have search engines where you can search yoursef, for others, you wi have to ca and ask. Coege of Veterinarians of British Coumbia Suite 107, 828 Harbourside Drive North Vancouver, BC V7P 3R9 E-mai: reception@cvbc.ca Teephone: To free in BC: Fax: Aberta Veterinary Medica Association (ABVMA) #950 Weber Centre, 5555 Cagary Trai NW Edmonton, Aberta T6H 5P9 E-mai: avma@avma.ab.ca Teephone: or to free Fax: Saskatchewan Veterinary Medica Association (SVMA) Research Drive Saskatoon SK S7N 3R3 E-mai: svma@svma.sk.ca Teephone: Fax: Manitoba Veterinary Medica Association (MVMA) 6014 Robin Bvd. Winnipeg, Manitoba R3R 0H4 Genera E-mai: adowd@mvma.ca Teephone: Fax: Coege of Veterinarians of Ontario (CVO) 2106 Gordon Street Gueph, ON N1L 1G6 E-mai: inquiries@cvo.org Teephone: To free in Ontario Fax: Ordre des medecins veterinaires du Quebec (OMVQ) 800, avenue Ste-Anne, bureau 200 Saint-Hyachinthe, QC J2S 5G7 E-mai: omvq@omvq.qc.ca Te: To Free: Fax: New Brunswick Veterinary Medica Association (NBVMA) c/o Dr. George Whitte 1700 Manawagonish Rd. Saint John, NB E2M 3Y5 Teephone: Nova Scotia Veterinary Medica Association (NSVMA) 15 Cobequid Road Lower Sackvie, Nova Scotia B4C 2M9 E-mai: info@nsvma.ca Teephone: Fax: Licensing Body Newfoundand & Labrador Coege of Veterinarians Box 718 Carbonear, NL A1Y 1C2 E-mai: andrewpeacock@gov.n.ca Teephone: Téécopieur: Prince Edward Isand Veterinary Medica Association The Farm Centre Buiding 420 University Avenue Charottetown, PE C1A 7Z5 Teephone: , (voicemai) Fax: CODE OF PRACTICE FOR THE CARE AND HANDLING OF SHEEP K28

210 Appendix 10 Individua Examination and First Aid Examination of the Individua When heath probems are identified and deat with quicky, they affect fewer animas, decrease osses and reduce suffering. Examination of individua animas is an important adjunct to fock examination. Every stockperson shoud be capabe of examining a sheep to identify important physica abnormaities. In many cases, methodica examination of one or more affected sheep can ead to a tentative diagnosis, or at the very east a short ist of differentia diagnoses, permitting first aid and deveopment of a pan for further diagnostics, treatment and prevention, in consutation with the fock veterinarian. It is important to be ordery and consistent when conducting a physica examination. First, observe the anima from afar, noting attitude and awareness of its surroundings, feed and water consumption, gait and posture, and any discharges around head and rear, especiay excessive feca staining of the woo suggesting diarrhea. Count the breaths taken per minute whie the anima is undisturbed. Sheep that are disturbed or kept under high ambient temperatures wi have higher respiratory rates than norma. When moving the anima, note its gait and if this sudden activity induces a cough and whether urination and defecation occurs normay. Catch and restrain the sheep ony to the degree required to conduct the hands-on part of the examination. Begin by taking the recta temperature, preferaby using a digita thermometer; recta temperatures up to 40ºC are considered in the norma range. Whie you are waiting, record body condition over the oin and use a hand pressed in the eft fank to assess rumen fi and contractions. Assess skin and feece for abnormaities and infestations; woo break indicates stress or disease in the preceding weeks. Examination: Examine the head: - check for botte jaw, enarged ymph nodes aong the jawine, orf esions and nasa discharge due to respiratory infections - assess the teeth for wear and other abnormaities - assess the coour of the ora mucous membranes and the conjunctiva (anemia check) and ook for deviations of the eye, sunken eyes due to dehydration, or infammation due to pink eye. Assess the character of the breathing use a stethoscope if you have one, or just watch and isten Record a heart rate, pacing a stethoscope (if you have one) on the area of the chest under the eft ebow Press and reease your fists in the fanks to assess the gut, checking for abnormay soshy, dry or gassy contents Papate the udder or scrotum for asymmetry, heat, sweing, or scarring Check the vuva or prepuce for sweing and unusua discharges and odors Check the feet and egs for footrot (trim if necessary to compete your assessment) and other ocomotor abnormaities When in doubt, compare findings to unaffected sheep in the same group. Norma ranges for physica examination findings in sheep Finding Respiration Heart rate Recta temperature Rumen contractions Norma Range breaths/minute beats/minute C (average 39.5 C) 1-2 contractions/minute CODE OF PRACTICE FOR THE CARE AND HANDLING OF SHEEP K29

211 Appendix 10 Individua Examination and First Aid (continued) Handing Disease Outbreaks Examine affected individuas Retain and chi recent dead animas for post mortem Retain the fetus and a portion of pacenta from abortions Coate numbers affected, assess risk factors and ca your veterinarian with the information Isoate affected animas if there is any chance an infectious agent is invoved biosecurity principes appy Consider removing feed if possiby feed-reated Consider moving sheep esewhere if toxin coud be invoved Arrange a veterinary visit Use mass-medication or vaccination ony after veterinary consutation Fock Medica Emergencies and First Aid Some conditions are true emergencies and are best deat with immediatey, usuay before a veterinarian can attend. Other conditions are straightforward to treat and do not require a veterinarian to attend (e.g. entropion, pink eye, minor wounds). You shoud have on hand certain medications and equipment for emergency treatment and you shoud be famiiar with the correct methods of administration of these treatments. These standard operating procedures shoud form part of your fock heath pan, which shoud be deveoped by you and your veterinarian in the context of a vaid veterinary-cient-patient reationship. The foowing are exampes of medica emergencies for which stockpersons shoud be prepared (knowedge and suppies): fy-strike; rumen overoad; hypocacemia (mik fever); ketosis (pregnancy toxemia); poioencephaomaacia; boat; water bey (urinary cacui); recta proapse; vagina proapse; uterine proapse; and stabiizing fractures. There are a few things to remember when administering medications: aways read the abe on any medications; don t mix medications; confirm ive weight if possibe and dose appropriatey; think about withdrawa times before treating and record a treatments. Tak to your veterinarian if extra-abe drug use is required. Injecting wet or muddy sheep can be associated with post-injection infections. Needes can be muti-use in some cases (e.g. vaccinating), but repace frequenty; aways use a cean neede to drawing up drugs or vaccines. Take care with medica waste. CODE OF PRACTICE FOR THE CARE AND HANDLING OF SHEEP K30

212 Appendix 11 Understanding Sheep Behaviour Fact Sheet Introduction to Sheep Handing and Behaviour Understanding sheep behaviour is the key when handing sheep. Specific Behaviour Traits Sheep are created with specific behaviour traits. Knowing what these traits are can make handing them much easier. Sheep are socia animas, so try and prevent secusion. Sheep by nature are foowers; et them foow and don t drive them as you woud catte. Sheep are docie animas by nature. Sheep have good memories; these memories need to be positive ones as much as possibe. Sheep react to their surroundings, this incudes the working environment and faciities; the foowing suggestions wi hep make the experience positive: Sheep ike routine, so be patient when introducing something new. Sheep reactions are predictabe, so use them. Sheep react negativey to oud noises and yeing. Sheep wi bunch up in corners to protect themseves. When moving, gathering or sorting sheep, the more efficient the operation the better; woo grabbing and rough handing wi cause bruising. Sheep tend to move in the opposite direction of the hander. Sheep have a fight zone, determine what this is for your fock. Sheep move best when not afraid, so work sowy and camy. Sheep do not ike to move into the darkness; pace a chute facing a we it area. Sheep move better on a fat surface or uphi. Sheep wi move towards other sheep. Sheep wi move to a partiay fu pen. Sheep wi move better through ong, narrow pens and chutes rather than square pens and wide chute systems. Sheep resist moving from one type of surface to another. Sheep have no depth perception, so shadows, dark surfaces and water are an issue. Sheep fear new visua objects. Sight and Hearing Sheep and other farm animas have a we deveoped sense of hearing. They capture a wider frequency of sound than is audibe to our ears. Thus it is important whie feeding and caring for the animas that you tak to them in a cam, reassuring voice. When they sense that you mean no harm, they wi turn to their usua business of eating, drinking and feeding their young. Humans have binocuar vision, focusing both eyes simutaneousy to achieve good depth perception and carity for objects directy in front of them. However humans periphera vision is very imited. Sheep see the word through a different set of eyes than ours. Sheep have their eyes set on the side of the head. They have a narrow fied of binocuar vision in front of their head and wide periphera fieds of monocuar vision. The area in the back of the sheep s head is a bind spot when their head is raised. If a sheep is approached from the rear, a hander can remain undetected visuay and have a better chance at catching the anima. With its head down in a grazing position the sheep can see in a directions; a good defensive adaptation whereby the sheep can see predators from a sides whie grazing. CODE OF PRACTICE FOR THE CARE AND HANDLING OF SHEEP K31

213 Appendix 11 Understanding Sheep Behaviour (continued) Sheep Behaviour Moving Sheep Sheep can be ed by shaking a bucket of grain, driven from the rear by a mover, or both with a dog or person to hep. When driving sheep use a distracting noise first to aert them. A pastic trash bag, ratte( pastic botte fied with stones), sticks knocked together or a bark from the dog wi get the sheep on their feet and moving away from the noise. Pressure deveops from being too cose to the fock of sheep. Use a minimum of noise and pressure so the sheep trave sowy and take a steady course. Sheep have a psychoogica distance or fight zone within which they try to distance themseves from the hander. A safe distance to foow behind the fock is three body engths ( about feet) behind the rear of the group. Sheep at a run are out of contro, except over ong distance. If they are reay frightened they wi run away in a panic. When this happens ony a swift dog can overtake the eader and turn the sheep around. Guide the sheep to the pen by moving them at a brisk wak aong physica barriers such as a fence ine, aneway, the sides of a buiding etc. Sheep move best on eve ground or uphi. Most of their weight is over their rear egs making it awkward to move quicky down hi, especiay if the ewes are pregnant. Make sure a the gates are open to the gathering pen. As the sheep approach, ease the pressure on them so they can find their way through the restricted opening. Hoding pens shoud be rectanguar so sheep fow down to one end, rather than square which may start a circuar fow around the edges and back out of the pen. Hoding pens and catch pens shoud have open sides so the sheep do not fee trapped. They shoud be abe to see other sheep. Decoys can be used in this manner to ure sheep into pens or chutes. Crowd the sheep cose in a smaer pen so that the shepherd can hande them easiy without them running out of reach. If a sma pen is not avaiabe, crowd the sheep into the corner of a arge pen, using a portabe hinged pane to cose in the rear of the group. Secure the ends of the hinged pane to the sides of the pen to confine the animas. The crowding area shoud have corners with no ess than a 90 degree ange to keep the sheep in the corners from being crushed or smothered. A workabe group wi be up to five sheep deep, and four sheep across (or within arm s ength on either side.) Deeper pens of sheep are more difficut to step through, front to back. The sheep shoud be gathered up tighty, with standing room ony and a few feet to spare in the rear for you to work an individua. Sheep are too cose together when some are piing on top of each other or the weak ones have dropped down out of sight. Let the sheep quiet down for five to ten minutes before working them again. When you enter the pen, don t cimb over rais, use a gate and enter in a non-threatening manner. When moving sheep up a oading ramp or down a narrow chute stay approximatey 10 feet back from the ast sheep to avoid having animas in the rear turn around and run past you. Keeping this distance away from the group gives you time to react to the fow of sheep whie sti creating some pressure to move the sheep forward. If sheep become wedged together in a narrow spot, move around the bunch to the front and use noise or visua distraction such as a broom or crook to force the sheep to step backwards. Avoid stepping through the center of the fock because there is no easy escape for you when they free themseves. Do not move sheep in the heat of the day as they wi be sow to gather and suffer from heat exhaustion. List of Further Reading: Canadian Agri-Food Research Counci, Recommended Code of Practice for the Care and Handing of Sheep Canadian Food Inspection Agency, Livestock Transport Requirements in Canada Contacts: Agricuture Knowedge Centre 1 - (866) aginfo@gov.sk.ca Saskatchewan Ministry of Agricuture Livestock Branch - Regina Rm Abert Avenue (306) Regina, SK S4S 0B1 Livestock Branch - Saskatoon 3830 Thatcher Avenue (306) Saskatoon, SK S7K 2H6 Saskatchewan Sheep Deveopment Board (306) C Hanseman Court sheepdb@saskte.net Saskatoon, SK S7L 6A8 Discaimer: The information in this fact sheet are based on genera averages and differences may occur among breeds and individua animas. The SSDB makes no warranties expressed or impied about the information. It is the users responsibiity to evauate the accuracy and competeness of any content. CODE OF PRACTICE FOR THE CARE AND HANDLING OF SHEEP K32

214 Appendix 12 Tai Docking Photos showing tai being docked at the dista end of the cauda fod Photo credit to: Dr. Mary C. Smith, Corne University CODE OF PRACTICE FOR THE CARE AND HANDLING OF SHEEP K33

215 Appendix 13 Lambing and Neonata Care G a: Assisting Ewes at Lambing Queen s Printer for Ontario,1998. Reproduced with permission. G b: Care of Newborn Lamb Queen s Printer for Ontario,1998. Reproduced with permission. G c: Treating Hypothermia (Chiing) and Hypogycemia (Starvation) in Very Young Lambs Queen s Printer for Ontario,2013. Reproduced with permission. ORDER NO JANUARY 1998 AGDEX 431/23 ASSISTING THE EWE AT LAMBING John Martin, Heath Management, OMAFRA This factsheet is one of a set of three, Assisting the Ewe at Lambing, Care of the Newborn Lamb, and Treating Hypothermia (Chiing) and Hypogycemia (Starvation) in Very Young Lambs, concerning amb surviva. They shoud be read together. The ewe s gestation period is from 144 to 151 days, with an average of 147 days. The date that the first ambing is to be expected can be cacuated from the date of the first exposure of the ewes to a fertie ram. Before ambing starts, a kit of ambing aids shoud be prepared. The essentias of this kit are: soap disinfectant obstetrica ubricant sterie syringes - 10m and 1m hypodermic needes of sizes suitabe for the ewe and the amb antibiotics and vitamin E/seenium injections ambing cords and amb snare nave disinfectant - iodine based intra-uterine obets cean towes or coths cean pai for warm water. Coostrum and mik repacer shoud aso be avaiabe. The coostrum can be from ewe or cow, frozen in 500m units. If ambing is to be inside a buiding, sufficient individua pens are needed to aow each ewe in the group 2-3 days individua housing with her amb/s. Signs of impending ambing About 10 days before the ewe wi amb, the teats begin to fee firm and fu of coostrum. Between then and ambing the ips of the vuva sacken and become sighty swoen. In the ast hours before ambing, many ewes wi separate from the fock. At this point they shoud be moved into a ambing pen. At birth, the norma presentation of a amb is spine upwards, forefeet with the head between them pointing toward the cervix. The cervix, itsef, is sti seaed by a mucous pug. CODE OF PRACTICE FOR THE CARE AND HANDLING OF SHEEP K34

216 Appendix 13 Lambing and Neonata Care (continued) The amb is surrounded by two fuid-fied sacs, the aantois and the chorion. These first and second waterbags have acted as cushion to prevent injury to the deveoping foetus. They form part of the pacenta. The pacenta is attached to the wa of the ewe s uterus by about eighty sma buttons, the cotyedons. It is through these and the pacenta that the deveoping amb has received nutrients from the ewe s bood suppy. The pacenta with the cotyedons wi be expeed as the afterbirth. Physioogy of Parturition (ambing) The mechanism by which any mamma gives birth is stimuated by changes to the dams hormone baance and the buk of the uterine contents, (the foetus and the pacenta fuids). These stimui cause the uterus to contract, pushing the foetus into the diating cervix and expe it. Lambing In a norma ambing, there are three distinct stages: 1. Diation of the cervix As the uterine contractions start, a thick creamy white mucous, the remains of the cervica sea, is passed from the vuva. This is often missed. Continued contractions of the uterus push the first waterbag into the cervix, stimuating its diation. Eventuay the cervix wi be about the same diameter as the neck of the uterus. At this time the ewe is uneasy, getting up and down, switching her tai and beating frequenty. There may be some straining. This stage can take 3-4 hours. 2. Expusion of the amb As the uterine contractions become stronger and more frequent, the amb and waterbags are pushed into the diated cervix. The first waterbag bursts, reeasing a watery fuid through the vuva. As the ewe continues to strain, the second waterbag is pushed through the vuva and ruptures, to reease a thicker fuid. The rupturing of these bags has estabished a smooth, we-ubricated passage through the vagina. The hooves and nose of the amb can often be seen in the second waterbag before it bursts. The ewe continues to strain, graduay expeing the amb, forefeet first, foowed by the head. The ewe may need considerabe effort to pass the head and shouders of the amb through her pevis. Once this happened, fina deivery is rapid. The birth of a singe amb shoud take an hour or ess from the rupture of the first waterbag. A ewe, ambing for the first time, or with a mutipe birth coud take onger. 3. Expusion of the afterbirth The pacenta serves no further function once the amb has been born, and is passed 2 to 3 hours after deivery has finished. Nothing wi be passed unti after the first amb has been born. In mutipe births, there wi be separate afterbirths for each amb. Signs of abnorma deiveries Most ewes wi amb unaided and about 95% of ambs are born in the norma presentation, forefeet first. A norma deivery usuay takes 5 hours from the start of cervica diation to the deivery of the amb, 4 hours for the diation of the cervix and 1 hour for the actua deivery. The first 4 hours often go unnoticed. If the ewe: 1. continues to strain, but there is no sign of the waterbags, or 2. continues to strain an hour after the rupture of the waterbags but there is no sign of a amb, or 3. if the amb appears to be wedged in the birth cana, or CODE OF PRACTICE FOR THE CARE AND HANDLING OF SHEEP K35

217 Appendix 13 Lambing and Neonata Care (continued) 4. if there is an abnorma presentation, a eg back, head back etc., assistance may be needed. Any deay in assistance coud mean the difference between a ive and dead amb. Making the interna examination Ceaniness is important to prevent infection of the uterus. Wash the area round the ewe s vuva with soap and a mid disinfectant to remove any manure and other debris. Scrub hands and arms with soap and a mid disinfectant, and ubricated with soap or an obstetrica cream. The hand is carefuy sid into the vagina to fee the amb and assess the situation. Obviousy a person with a sma hand is best suited for this task. In many cases the amb wi be presented normay, you wi fee two foreegs with the head between them, in others there wi be a mapresentation hindegs instead of fore egs, or one or both hindegs back, or a breech presentation, ony the tai and rump fet. Norma presentation One eg back Ebow ock Both foreegs back Head back Four egs - one head Twins - front and back Breech presentation Hind Legs Ony CODE OF PRACTICE FOR THE CARE AND HANDLING OF SHEEP K36

218 Appendix 13 Lambing and Neonata Care (continued) Resoutions Norma Presentation - pace the noose of a ambing cord over each eg above the fetock joint and appy a firm steady pu synchronized with the ewe s straining. Lubricate the vagina around the amb with obstetrica jey to smooth the passage of the amb. This is especiay important if the waterbags have been ruptured for some time and the vagina has ost this natura ubrication. Abnorma presentations must be corrected before attempting to pu the amb. Do not attempt to convert a hind eg presentation to the norma deivery. Pu the amb out hind egs first, straight back unti the amb s hind egs and pevis are out of the vuva, then change the pu to downwards towards the ground behind the ewe. Puing down before the amb s pevis is out wi wedge the amb in the pevic cana of the ewe. Other mapresentations are possibe. Remember that mutipe births are common. Two ambs may be presented with egs intertwined. Aways ensure that the egs and head are part of the same amb before attempting to pu it. Occasionay, deformed ambs wi be produced with enarged heads, stiff joints or skeeta deformities. To successfuy amb a ewe in these situations may require hep from an experienced shepherd or veterinarian. As ewes often have mutipe births, the same sequence of the rupture of the waterbag and expusion of the amb wi be repeated for the deivery of each amb. After an assisted ambing aways check the ewe internay that there is not another amb to be deivered. Aftercare In a cases, whether the deivery was natura or assisted, check that the amb is breathing, its nostris are cear of mucous and are not covered by any uterine membrane. At this time the amb s nave shoud be disinfected to prevent infection. The ewe usuay starts to ick the amb, this is a natura process and shoud be aowed to continue. Some ewes wi eat the afterbirth, but this shoud be prevented as it can ead to digestive disturbance. A heathy amb strugges to its feet soon after birth and starts to nurse its dam. Lambs, weak from a protracted deivery shoud be heped to nurse, or given up to 250m of coostrum by stomach tube. This first nursing is critica as the coostrum contains antibodies to give the amb immediate protection against infectious agents common to the fock. A ambs shoud nurse or be tube fed coostrum within 6-8 hours of birth. In the first 24 hours of ife, each amb shoud receive about one itre of coostrum. After 36 hours the amb is unabe to absorb any more antibody from the coostrum. After any assisted deivery the ewe shoud be given an antibiotic injection and have an antibiotic obet put into the uterus. This factsheet was originay written by John Martin is a Veterinary Scientist, Sheep, Goat and Swine, Agricuture and Rura Division, OMAFRA, Fergus. CODE OF PRACTICE FOR THE CARE AND HANDLING OF SHEEP K37

219 Appendix 13 Lambing and Neonata Care (continued) Appendix Gb: Care of Newborn Lamb CARE OF THE NEWBORN LAMB J. Martin This factsheet is one of a set of three, Assisting the Ewe at Lambing, Care of the Newborn Lamb, and Treating Hypothermia (Chiing) and Hypogycemia (Starvation) in Very Young Lambs, concerning amb surviva. They shoud be read together. The profitabiity of a sheep enterprise depends on the LAMBING FACILITIES number of ambs sod either for meat or as breeding Each ewe shoud have a ambing pen in which the stock. The number raised to market is a refection of bonding between ewe and amb can be monitored, the the compete management of the fock throughout the amb is easiy caught for any procedures (tai docking year. One of the critica points in this management cyce etc.), and is seen to be nursing. Depending on the system is ambing. used, the ewe can be put into this pen when ambing GESTATION CARE is observed to be imminent, or after the amb has been The ewe is required to deiver strong heathy ambs dropped. The pen shoud be about 1.5m square with and to have sufficient mik to raise those ambs. a corner divided off to give the amb a safe area from Her abiity to do this is a refection of the gestation the ewe. Once the amb is vigorous and a treatments management. After breeding a ewe shoud body score competed, it and the ewe can be et out into a arger 2.5. Throughout much of the gestation period a diet of pen with other ewe/amb sets. After each ewe, the soied good hay shoud suffice. In the ast six weeks, grain can bedding is removed and fresh bedding put down. On be fed in addition to hay to aow for the growing ambs, average, expect each ewe to spend three days in this pen. the deveopment of the udder, and the fat reserves of LAMBING PREPARATIONS the ewe for actation. The amount of suppementary To be prepared for ambing you wi need two kits. One feed depends on the size and body condition of the to assist the ewe at ambing (see Assisting the Ewe at ewes and the quaity of forage being fed. At ambing Lambing, OMAFRA Factsheet No ) and the the body score shoud be between 3 and 3.5. Care must other to process each amb as it is born. be taken not to feed too much grain eary in gestation, graduay increasing the amount aows for amb LAMB PROCESSING KIT deveopment. A eveing out or fa in ate pregnancy This kit (see Figure 1) shoud contain: grain intake can resut in pregnancy toxaemia and death suitabe syringe and needes of the amb(s) in utero. Conversey, too itte grain iodine soution for dipping naves wi give an undersized, weak amb with a poor chance Vitamin E/seenium injection of surviva. Aso, the ewe wi have insufficient udder ear tags and appicators and/or tattooing piers deveopment for a good actation. tai docking rings or cutter Not ess than four weeks before the due date of the first LAMBING ewe, a the ewes shoud receive a booster vaccination The average gestation period for a ewe is 147 days, but against the costridia group of diseases, (a first amb some wi aways be eary. Have the kit of ambing aids ewes shoud have competed the primary vaccination ready in advance. course before breeding) and an injection of Vitamin E/ seenium. If they are not to be sheared, they shoud at The amb shoud start breathing at birth. It may need east be crutched to remove excess woo from the udder hep; check that there is no pacenta covering the area. nostris or mouth. A gente rub over the chest with a CODE OF PRACTICE FOR THE CARE AND HANDLING OF SHEEP K38

220 Appendix 13 Lambing and Neonata Care (continued) towe or straw wisk, ticking the inside of the nostris with a piece of straw or bowing into the nostris (do not aow your ips to come in contact with the wet amb whie doing this) wi often stimuate breathing. There is aso a commercia device 1 for this task. Figure 1. Lamb Processing Kit TINT YOUR LAMBS In the first few days of a ambs ife there are severa procedures that shoud be carried out. Once you are certain that the amb has had adequate coostrum, TINT them. T = Tais I = Inject N = Naves T = Testices Tais The tais need to be docked before the amb is seven days od. (Code of Practice for Sheep). The tai can be removed with: eectric or gas heated docker rubber ring crush and cut device rubber ring pus crushing device. The docked tai shoud cover the anus of the ram or the vuva of the ewe. A good guide is to remove it at the joint in the tai bones just beyond the web on the underside of the tai. Injection In Ontario, newborn ambs can be born seenium deficient. As a routine, they shoud be injected with the appropriate dose of a Vitamin E/seenium preparation. Read the abe on the botte for the route of injection, either subcutaneous or intramuscuar. Aways inject into the neck area, never into the musces of the hind quarters. Naves The nave of the new born amb needs to be disinfected as soon after birth as possibe. The untreated nave is an exceent route for infectious agents to enter the amb causing interna abscessation or joint i. An iodine soution is the most common disinfectant used. It is either sprayed onto the nave or the nave is dipped in a sma container of the soution. If dipping the naves, repace the disinfectant soution in the container after every tenth amb. Castration If the market ambs are to kept beyond three months of age, they need to be castrated. Again, whether rubber rings, crushing or cut and pu is used, this shoud be done before seven days of age. (Code of Practice for Sheep). Whether tattoos, ear tags, or ear notching is used, the amb must be identified before it eaves the ambing pen. FOSTERING For any one of a variety of reasons, a amb may need to be fostered onto another ewe. If possibe fostering shoud be considered as an option before botte feeding for the orphan. Fostering shoud be as soon after birth as possibe. If the amb has not dried off, so much the better. If fostering from a set of tripets, choose the strongest amb. Keep the ewe and the fostered amb in a ambing pen unti you are certain that the adoption has succeeded. To persuade the ewe to accept the amb, one of severa techniques can be used. Rub the amb in the pacenta of the ewe s own amb; if you are repacing a dead amb, put its skin onto the adoptee; if the ewe sti refuses, she can be put into a head gate to prevent her pushing the amb away when it attempts to sucke. After a few days in the headgate, the ewe wi usuay accept the amb. John Martin is a Veterinary Scientist, Sheep, Goat and Swine, Agricuture and Rura Division, OMAFRA, Fergus. 1 Constant Deivery Anima Resuscitator, McCuoch Medica. CODE OF PRACTICE FOR THE CARE AND HANDLING OF SHEEP K39

221 Appendix 13 Lambing and Neonata Care (continued) TREATING HYPOTHERMIA (CHILLING) AND HYPOGLYCEMIA (STARVATION) IN VERY YOUNG LAMBS Items to Have on Hand BEFORE Lambing Begins: 3 Digita recta thermometer to measure subnorma body temperatures (as ow as 20 C). 3 Frozen coostrum in sma batches ( ml or 5-8 oz). 3 Lamb stomach tube and feeding syringe (60mL) or squeeze botte (250 ml). 3 Warming box with heater and thermostat. 3 Aftercare unit: draft free pens that are warm, dry and webedded. 3 Botte of sterie 50% dextrose (500 ml botte). 3 Kette for boiing water. 3 Sterie 60 ml syringe with 20 gauge (pink) 1 inch needes. Recognizing and Treating Hypothermia The best way to recognize hypothermia is by taking the amb s recta temperature and observing its behaviour. The norma temperature of a amb is C. The recta temperature of any du, weak amb that seems unabe or unwiing to sucke, shoud be checked. The SOONER action is taken, the better the amb s chances of surviva. The basis of treatment of the hypothermic amb is to warm it up and provide a source of energy to start heat production again. Symbo definitions: ess than or equa to > greater than < ess than Mid Hypothermia Any Age Can the amb sucke and swaow? If 37 C; > 5 Hrs Od and Sucke Refex Temperature between C Continued ACTIONS Lamb is weak, depressed, appears empty but can stand. ACTIONS Move amb into sheter and dry off if wet. Feed coostrum by stomach tube (within the first hour of birth is best). Feed 50 ml/kg of bodyweight sowy over 5-10 minutes. Additionay feed 200 ml/kg bodyweight spread over three more feedings within the first 24 hours. Keep amb with dam provided she is in a shetered area. ENSURE amb is nursing. Lamb is recovered once recta temperature returns to norma; amb and ewe can return to fock. Sma ambs < 1.5 kg (3 bs) at birth, may not have sufficient fat reserves to initiate heat production, even with coostrum. In addition to coostrum, feed these sma ambs an extra 50 ml/kg of a 20% dextrose soution by stomach tube 1 hour after the coostrum feeding. For sma ambs (under 2 kg), woo puovers worn for 2 to 4 days, heps to maintain body temperature. These very sma ambs may do better in the orphan amb pen. Moderate to Severe Hypothermia Temperature 37 C How od is the amb? Lambs over 5 hours od shoud be considered hypogycemic (starved) as we as hypothermic. Do not warm before administering coostrum or gucose. Lambs with a sucke refex can be tube fed. Lambs without a sucke refex wi need to be revived using intraperitonea dextrose and then warmed prior to being tube fed. If 37 C; < 5 Hrs Od and Sucke Refex (Abe to Swaow) Lamb is weak, empty, depressed and may be unabe to stand. ACTIONS Remove amb from ewe and dry off if wet. Pace in warming box unti recta temperature is >37 C. Administer warm coostrum by stomach tube. Feed 50 ml/kg bodyweight. Additionay feed 200 ml/kg body weight spread over three more feedings within the first 24 hours. Move to hospita pen with heat source and feed unti strong and maintaining norma temperature of 39 C. Once strong, return to dam but make sure amb is nursing (identify using ivestock paint or marker). If 37 C; > 5 Hrs Od and Sucke Refex (Abe to Swaow) Assume that amb has no fat stores and is hypogycemic (starved). You must provide an energy source before warming. Lamb is tucked up, empty appearing and depressed. ACTIONS Remove amb from dam and dry off if wet. Administer warm coostrum by stomach tube. Feed 50 ml/kg bodyweight prior to warming! If you warm the amb first, it wi convuse and die. Pace in warming box unti recta temperature is > 37 C. Again administer warm coostrum by stomach tube. Feed 50 ml/kg bodyweight. Additionay feed 200 ml/kg bodyweight spread over three more feedings within the first 24 hours. (continued) Move to hospita pen with heat source (e.g. box in warm environment) and feed unti strong and maintaining norma temperature (39 C). Once strong, return to dam but make sure amb is nursing (identify using ivestock paint or marker). If 37 C; > 5 Hrs Od and No Sucke Refex (Not Abe to Swaow) Do not attempt to stomach tube as this wi resut in the mik / coostrum being deposited in the ungs, which wi ki the amb. Lamb is often unabe to stand. ACTIONS Reverse the hypogycemia first before warming or amb wi convuse and die! The amb must first be injected with a sterie soution of warm 20% dextrose at a dose rate of 10 ml/kg body weight into the abdomina cavity (intraperitonea). See techniques used to revive hypothermic and hypogycaemic ambs beow. Pace in warming box unti recta temperature is > 37 C. Once revived and with a sucke refex, administer warm coostrum by stomach tube. Feed 50 ml/kg bodyweight. Additionay feed 200 ml/kg bodyweight spread over three more feedings within the first 24 hours. Move to hospita pen with heat source (e.g. box in warm environment) and feed unti strong and maintaining norma temperature (39 C) Once strong, return to dam but make sure amb is nursing (identify using ivestock paint or marker) As in a conditions, prevention is the best cure for hypothermia. Good nutrition during gestation, good ambing environment, an awareness of weather conditions, observation of the ewe and amb at ambing, and assisting where necessary, wi go a ong way to preventing amb osses from hypothermia. CODE OF PRACTICE FOR THE CARE AND HANDLING OF SHEEP K40

222 Appendix 13 Lambing and Neonata Care (continued) Techniques Used to Revive Hypothermic and Hypogycemic Lambs Using a Stomach Tube to Administer Warm Coostrum Sit with the amb restrained on your ap. Measure the tube. The tube is passed into the side of the mouth in the space between the front and side teeth. Using gente pressure, the tube is sid into the esophagus and down to the stomach. The tube wi move easiy. ANY resistance or COUGHING indicates that the tube has entered the windpipe and it shoud be removed immediatey. The accidenta passing of coostrum into the ungs wi resut in aspiration pneumonia and the death of the amb. The esophagus is behind/beside the windpipe on the amb s eft. By pacing your fingers on each side of the amb s throat, you shoud be abe to fee two tubes whie siding the stomach tube in; you wi fee the windpipe and the tube passing down the esophagus. Sowy administer the warm coostrum either using a 60 ml feeding syringe or a 250 ml squeeze botte. Coostrum shoud be administered over five minutes. Crimp the end of the tube over prior to removing to prevent aspiration. Sourcing and Warming Coostrum to Feed to Hypothermic Lambs Coostrum from a amb s dam is best, other options isted in order of preference: 1. Individua heathy ewe coostrum from the same fock. 2. Pooed ewe coostrum from the same fock. 3. Pooed ewe coostrum from another fock (same disease status or better). 4. Pooed cow coostrum (use 30% more; feed every five hours in the first 24 hour period). 5. Any combination of the above. 6. Commercia coostrum repacement product. Johne s Disease can be spread from infected cows and ewes through their coostrum. Use cows from a Johne s tested herd ony. Occasionay ambs may deveop severe anaemia from cow coostrum. Aways identify source of coostrum so probem coostrum can be discarded. Thaw frozen coostrum in a water bath at 35 C. Never microwave coostrum; it wi destroy the proteins, destroying the antibodies in the coostrum. Administering Dextrose Soution Using an Intraperitonea (IP) Injection With a sterie 60 ml syringe, draw up 20 ml of sterie 50% dextrose using a sterie neede. Boi cean water and draw up 30 ml of this water into the same syringe. This wi provide 50 ml of warm (38 40 C) 20% dextrose soution. The dose is 10 ml per kg bodyweight; 50 ml is sufficient for a 5 kg amb. The amb is suspended verticay by the foreimbs. The injection site is 2.5 cm (1 in.) beow and to the side of the nave. Use a 20 gauge (pink) 1 inch neede. The neede is inserted at a 45 degree ange to the body wa (the neede is pointed in the direction of the amb s pevis). Ask your veterinarian to show you how to do it. The interna organs wi be pushed away by the neede and not damaged. Both the conscious and comatose amb can be injected in this manner. Warming a Hypothermic Lamb If temperature 37 C Sowy warm the amb to restore body temperature (unti it rises to 37 C). There are severa acceptabe methods to warm a amb but some are more effective at increasing temperature. Warming a Hypothermic Lamb Continued 1. A warming box which aows circuation of warm air around the amb (see diagram beow). 2. A water bath warms most quicky but requires hoding the amb to prevent drowning, and immediate drying (towes and hair dryer) to prevent chiing again. This requires the most abour. 3. Heating pad and radiant heat. Both wi warm the amb but there is a risk of burning if used impropery. 4. Heat amp aone is not recommended as it ony warms one side. Do not warm before administering an energy source (i.p. dextrose or warm coostrum. Check recta temperature every 30 minutes to avoid over heating. A warm air heater is the preferred method. A warming box can be constructed from cement board and wire mesh. Preferred heat source is a fan heater with thermostat, ideay a ceramic heater (must monitor temperature). A piece of pexigass in the id aows for amb s condition to be monitored. If temperature 37 C to 39 C 1. A heat amp can be used to warm the amb aong with warm coostrum. 2. Keep separate from the dam unti strong. 3. Suitabe containers are disposabe cardboard boxes, washabe tubs or sma pens made with square straw baes. 4. Make sure that can disinfect area if a disease outbreak occurs (e.g. scours) 5. Return to the dam once amb is strong enough to nurse unaided. 6. Identify the amb with ivestock marker and keep in a sma area so can observe easiy. Watch for signs of rejection. 7. Lamb may need to be reared artificiay if fais to thrive on the ewe. This chart is a summary of the factsheet Hypothermia in Newborn Lambs. Two other factsheets are avaiabe concerning amb surviva, Assisting the Ewe at Lambing and Care of the Newborn Lamb. Tak to your Veterinarian before ambing season begins. Discuss and review any techniques that you may need to revive chied ambs. CODE OF PRACTICE FOR THE CARE AND HANDLING OF SHEEP K41

223 Appendix 13 Lambing and Neonata Care (continued) Caring for the Hypothermic Lamb Lamb suggish, not nursing, fees cod Take temperature o C Less than 37 o C Any age Can swaow Can Swaow + 5 hours od Cannot Swaow Less than 5 hours od Can Swaow Feed coostrum by stomach tube Gucose by intra peritonea injection Feed coostrum by stomach tube Warming Box Aftercare Unit Return to Ewe CODE OF PRACTICE FOR THE CARE AND HANDLING OF SHEEP K42

224 Appendix 14 Guideines for Deaing with Compromised Sheep Updated 06/13 SHOULD THIS ANIMAL BE LOADED? Guideines for Transporting Sheep Load Heathy Animas Do Not Load Do Not Transport Do Not Transport to a Sae or to a Coection Yard Deay Transport, Provide Prompt Treatment and Reassess Exhaustion Lambing Dehydration Weakness/unstabe Acute mastitis Ketosis Listeriosis (Listeria) Fever: > F (39.6 C) Animas that have given birth within 48 hours Euthanize Non-ambuatory (see box beow) Lameness (Casses 3, 4,5) or Cripped A fractures exampes incude: - jaw, spine, pevis, imb Significant injury (e.g. predation) Shock/Dying Arthritis in mutipe joints Gangrenous Mastitis Extremey thin/emaciation Pneumonia (unresponsive e.g fever, cyanosis, weakness, difficuty breathing) Proapsed uterus (uness prompt treatment given) Nervous disorders must be reported to CFIA Water bey (urinary cacui) Hernia (*see reverse) Any condition where an anima can not be transported without suffering. Non-ambuatory animas: Unabe to stand without assistance, or unabe to move without being dragged or carried (downers). Do not oad or transport. Lame animas: Animas must not be oaded if at risk of going down in transit. Animas that can t bear weight on a four egs are in pain and are at risk of going down during transit. These animas are often euthanized at saes and pants. Do not transport any sheep where transport may cause suffering when being moved or transported such as significant foot rot, or excessivey ong feet or showing signs of pain such as arched back, very sow moving, unwiing to stand for more that short periods, or standing on its front carpus (knees) Heaviy Lactating Animas: Animas in heavy actation requiring miking every 12 hours, or they wi become unfit for transport. Transport with Specia Provisions Direct to Loca Saughter Seek advice from your veterinarian and advise inspector at the destination pant. Abscess Bind Frost bite Lameness (Casses 1, 2) Left/right dispaced abomasum (without weakness, toxicity) Penis injuries Pneumonia (without fever, weakness or dehydration) Boat (no pain or weakness) Hardware with ocaized signs Intestina accidents Recent minor injury Urethra bockage (acute) Smoke inhaation Recent proapsed vagina or rectum without necrosis or infection Animas with mutipe conditions may not be fit to transport. Specia Provisions The foowing three specia provisions must be met when transporting a compromised anima: A compromised anima must be transported ocay and directy to the nearest suitabe pace where it can receive care and attention, or be humaney saughtered or euthanized. A compromised anima must be the ast anima oaded and the first anima unoaded. A compromised anima must be segregated from a other animas, or it may be penned with one famiiar companion anima. Note: To prevent undue suffering, other specia provisions, such as additiona bedding, may be required, depending on the condition of the compromised anima. Aways ask a veterinarian if you are unsure about the appropriate specia provisions, when moving a compromised anima. CODE OF PRACTICE FOR THE CARE AND HANDLING OF SHEEP K43

225 Appendix 14 Guideines for Deaing with Compromised Sheep (continued) Guideines for Deaing with Compromised Sheep Federa Transportation Reguations (2012) Heath of Animas Reguations DO Segregate animas of different species, or substantiay different weights and ages, or if incompatibe by nature. Provide proper ventiation, drainage and absorption of urine. Have sufficient headroom for animas to stand in a natura position. Spread sand in the vehice or have vehice fitted with safe foothods, in addition to appropriate bedding. Ensure that animas unoaded for feed, water and rest remain at east five hours and onger if five hours is not enough, for a animas to receive food and water. Ensure that animas segregated in trucks receive extra protection from cod and wind chi; suppy ampe bedding. Euthanize animas prompty when you identify conditions outined in the Shoud this Anima be Loaded? chart. DO NOT Transport a sick or injured anima where undue suffering may resut. Transport when the anima is iabe to give birth during the journey, uness under the advice of a veterinarian for medica care. Continue to transport an anima that is injured, becomes i, or is otherwise unfit to trave beyond the nearest pace it can be treated. Use eectric prods or goads on sheep Load or unoad animas in a way that woud cause injury or undue suffering. Crowd animas to such an extent as to cause injury or undue suffering. Transport ivestock in traiers uness they are suited for safe handing of that species or cass of ivestock. Lameness Casses These categories can be used to determine the status of an anima s mobiity, from norma to non-ambuatory. Transport as soon as possibe Cass 1 Visiby ame but can keep up with the group: no evidence of pain. Cass 2 Unabe to keep up; some difficuty cimbing ramps. Load in rear compartment. CFIA Livestock Do not Load or Transport* Cass 3 Emergency Requires assistance to rise, Transport Line but can wak freey Cass 4 (Ontario ony) Requires assistance to rise; reuctant to wak; hated movement. Cass 5 Unabe to rise or remain standing. * Any anima, incuding Lameness Casses 3, 4, or 5 may ony be transported for veterinary treatment, on the advice of a veterinarian. Hernias: Do not transport an anima that has a hernia that meets one or more of the foowing criteria: impedes movement (incudes conditions in which the hind egs of the anima touches the hernia when the anima is waking) is painfu on papation touches the ground when the anima is standing in its natura position, and/or incudes an open skin wound, uceration, or obvious infection. Source: Transporting Livestock by Truck (CFIA) ** this document adapted from Guideines for Deaing with Compromised Catte, Sheep and Goats version CODE OF PRACTICE FOR THE CARE AND HANDLING OF SHEEP K44

226 Appendix 15 Livestock Transport Consignment Form CODE OF PRACTICE FOR THE CARE AND HANDLING OF SHEEP K45

227 Appendix 16 Signs of Pain in Sheep Sign Guarding Abnorma appearance Atered behaviour Vocaization Mutiation Inappetence Expanation The anima aters its posture to avoid moving or causing contact to a body part (e.g. not aowing ambs to nurse when mastitis occurs). Obvious changed posture and a changed profie of the body (e.g. arched back) are a observabe signs. Duness. Behaviour may be depressed; animas may remain immobie, or be reuctant to stand or move even when disturbed. They may aso exhibit restessness (e.g. ying down and getting up, shifting weight, circing, or pacing) or disturbed seeping patterns. They may grunt, grind their teeth, cur their ips, repeated yawning, kneeing, atered gait, stomp, kick at their bey, or reuctance to breed (rams). Exhibit rapid and shaow breathing. Animas in pain may aso show atered socia interactions with others in their group. (e.g. isoated from fock). Do not tend to vocaize when in pain. Animas may bite, shake or rub a painfu area, woo chewing, scratching or rubbing. Animas in pain frequenty stop eating and drinking, or markedy reduce their intake, rumination may stop. * Adapted from Recognition and Aeviation of Pain in Laboratory Animas. Nationa Research Counci (US) Committee on Recognition and Aeviation of Pain in Laboratory Animas Washington (DC): Nationa Academies Press (US) ( Nationa Academy of Sciences. Avaiabe at: CODE OF PRACTICE FOR THE CARE AND HANDLING OF SHEEP K46

228 Appendix 17 Exampe of Decision Tree for Euthanasia Anima is identified as Sick, Injured or Unthrifty Moribund or unfit for saughter Treat and record No medication given or withdrawa time met; fit for transport Unfit for transport Immediate euthanasia Poor response to treatment; unikey to recover Positive response to treatment; condition improves Send for saughter No medication given or withdrawa time met Medication given, withdrawa time not met Immediate euthanasia Assess if further treatment is required On-farm saughter or immediate euthanasia Immediate euthanasia Exampes of criteria for euthanizing sheep Weak, unabe to stand Unabe to eat or drink Severe injury ( e.g. from predator attack) Broken eg with exposed bone Exposed interna organs Moderate to severe ameness Recta or vagina proapse (persistent or damaged) Severe body weight oss (20% or greater) Refer to sections 7.0 Euthanasia, 4.4 Sick, Injured or Cu Animas and Fitness for Transport. Adapted from: Turner, P.V., Doonan, G., Deveoping on-farm euthanasia pans. Can Vet J September; 51(9): Avaiabe at: Accessed September 27, CODE OF PRACTICE FOR THE CARE AND HANDLING OF SHEEP K47

229 Appendix 18 Euthanasia Appendix L a: Antomica Landmarks Location of the brain within the sku of a mature sheep and the correct pacement and direction of shot or captive bot penetration for poed and horned sheep. Not Between the Eyes! but sighty behind the po or on the top of the head Proper site in horned sheep is behind the po as shown In horned sheep and rams the top of the head may not be the idea ocation because of the thickness of the sku in this region. Instead, an aternate position and orientation for penetrating captive bot or gunshot in horned animas is on a ine from the po and aimed downward toward the back of the throat. An aternative position for pacement of the penetrating captive bot or firearm in horned animas is the front of the sku directing the bot or buet toward the spina cord. J.K. Shearer and A. Ramirez, Iowa State University, Coege of Veterinary Medicine. Reprinted with permission. See: Further reading resources for Euthanasia: Shearer,J. K Procedures for Humane Euthanasia Brochure. Coege of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University. Avaiabe at: Ontario Sheep Marketing Agency production manua; Chapter 8 Fock Heath and Deadstock. Avaiabe at: The Humane Saughter Association out of the UK has some free and downoadabe information as we as pubications for order on their website Downoadabe documents: Captive bot stunning of ivestock - CODE OF PRACTICE FOR THE CARE AND HANDLING OF SHEEP K48