Preliminary investigation of antibiotic resistant and susceptible Campylobacter in retail ground beef in the United States.

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1 Preliminary investigation of antibiotic resistant and susceptible Campylobacter in retail ground beef in the United States. International Center for Food Industry Excellence Keelyn Hanlon, M.S. Graduate Student March 1, 216

2 Background Campylobacter Considered the most common cause of bacterial gastroenteritis in the United States. C. jejuni is responsible for the majority of illnesses, 9-95%. CDC estimates 5%-14% of diarrhea cases worldwide are attributed to C. coli Isolated, sporadic events rarely associated as part of outbreaks. Self-limiting illness Little data on prevalence in ground beef.

3 Background Antibiotic C. jejuni Resistance (%) C. coli Resistance (%) 36 Campylobacter isolates 168 from clinical human cases Ciprofloxacin Chicken Breast Ground Turkey Humans C. jejuni n=148 C. coli n=2 192 from retail meats Erythromycin Chicken Breast Ground Turkey Humans C. jejuni 114 C. coli 78 (Thakur et al., 21) Gentamicin Chicken Breast Ground Turkey Humans

4 Objective Determine a baseline prevalence of antibiotic resistant Campylobacter spp. in retail ground beef in the United States.

5 Methods Phase I Determine prevalence of Campylobacter Screened for presence of Campylobacter using selective media and latex agglutination. Phase II Determine antibiotic resistance patterns Followed National Antimicrobial Resistance Monitoring System (NARMS) protocol.

6 Methods Collect 96 ground beef samples from 5 cities in various regions across the United States. Enrich samples and incubate. Spread plate onto two selective mediums for Campylobacter. Confirm potential positives by agglutination. Collect 3 isolated colonies per sample. Streak to blood agar and incubate. NARMS: Inoculate micro-broth dilution Campy sensitire plates (cat: ycampy) SWIN software Determine patterns among resistant isolates.

7 Results

8 Results Overall prevalence for Campylobacter among the 96 ground beef samples collected across the 5 cities in the U.S. 88.5% (n=85) 252 isolates were collected (3 isolates per samples) A single isolate per sample was subjected to recovery methods and subjected to antimicrobial resistance testing. 64 isolates were successfully recovered

9 Results Table 1 Amount of total ground beef samples collected per city and the amount of samples positive for Campylobacter and the amount of samples that expressed resistance to one more antibiotic based on city. City Total Samples Amount of Positive Resistant Samples Samples Minneapolis, Minnesota Lubbock, Texas Phoenix, Arizona Boston, Massachusetts Tampa, Florida 1 1 8

10 Results 9% 8% 7% 6% 5% 4% 3% 2% 1% % Ciprofloxacin Erythromycin Gentamicin Tetracycline Antibiotic Percent Resistance Percent Susceptible Figure 1 Percentage of Campylobacter isolates resistant and susceptible to ciprofloxacin, erythromycin, gentamicin and tetracycline according to NARMS and CLSI clinical breakpoints.

11 Results Amount of Isolates Minneapolis, Minnesota Lubbock, Texas Phoenix, Arizona City Boston, Massachusetts Tampa, Florida Amount of Positive Samples Amount of Resistant Samples Figure 2 Amount of ground beef samples found positive for Campylobacter and amount of samples that expressed antibiotic resistance to one of more antibiotic based on city.

12 Results High prevalence for Campylobacter was present in each city of collection. Between 8 1% of samples tested positive for Campylobacter within each city. Gentamicin had the most Campylobacter isolates express resistance (n=33). 51.2% of isolates were resistant to gentamicin. 39.1% of isolates were resistant to erythromycin. Tetracycline had the most Campylobacter isolates express susceptibility (n=52). 81.3% of isolates were susceptible to tetracycline 67.2% of isolates were susceptible to ciprofloxacin.

13 Significance for Beef Industry Public health issue Gentamicin (clinical) Aminoglycoside Considered critically important to human health (WHO) Erythromycin (clinical) Macrolide Considered critically important to human health (WHO). Tylosin (common antibiotic administered in cattle feed) Macrolide Prevents liver abscesses and promotes the overall heath of the animal. Cross-resistance among species of Campylobacter

14 Acknowledgements Dr. Mindy Brashears Dr. Guy Loneragan Dr. Marie Bugarel Paden Ortega Justin Johnston and Texas Tech meat science graduate students. International Center for Food Industry Excellence Foundation at Texas Tech University

15 Thank you Questions?