Protozoan Diseases of Livestock in Arunachal Pradesh - An Overview

Size: px

Start display at page:

Download "Protozoan Diseases of Livestock in Arunachal Pradesh - An Overview"

Gwendoline Lamb
6 years ago
Views:

1 Veterinary Wrld, 2011, Vl.4(7): , DOI: /vetwrld REVIEW Prtzan Diseases f Livestck in Arunachal Pradesh - An Overview 1 Tilling Tay, Neeta Lngjam and Bangkeng Perme Indian Veterinary Research Institue, Izatnagar , Dist. Bareilly (UP) India. 1. Cllege f Veterinary Science, Assam Agricultural University Khanapara, Guwahati * Crrespnding authr tilling.tay@gmail.cm Published Online : Abstract The peple (Tribes) f Arunachal Pradesh have the natural tendency t remain clse cntact with animals since immrtal. The dmestic animals are kept in basement f the huse with human ccupants in the first flr f same huse. They remain in clse cntact with cattle, sheep, gat, pigs, pultry, cats and dgs thrughut the year, expsing them t many animal brn diseases f ccupatinal risk. Peple are nt aware f zntic diseases sharing between dmesticated animal and human beings except fr Rabies. S, there is regular ut break f mst cmmn prtzan zntic diseases in human Giardisis caused by Giardia spp. and amebsis caused by Entameba spp. in the state. Anther imprtant disease f clinical significance is txplasmsis. Txplasma usually causes a febrile illness and abrtins in pregnant wmen. The surce f infectin in humans may be due t clse prximity with cats and unhygienic sanitatin. Similarly high incidences f sarccystis were reprted frm many district f Arunachal Pradesh. Surce f transmissin were adjudge t be eating f smked prk and ther meat prduct alng with natural habit f eating raw vegetable as salad frm cntaminated areas culd be the prbable mde f transmissin. Keywrds: Prtza, Znses, Transmissin, Human, Animal, Occupatinal risk, alpine r Tundra climate. Belw the Upper Himalayas are the Middle Himalayas, where peple experience a temperate climate. Areas at the sub-himalayan and sea-level elevatin generally experience humid, sub- trpical climate with ht summers and mild winters. Arunachal Pradesh receives heavy rainfall f 80 t 160 inches (2,000 t 4,100 mm) annually, mst f it between May and September. The muntain slpes and hills are cvered with alpine, temperate, and subtrpical frests f dwarf rhddendrn, ak, pine, bamb, hlng (Shrea) and teak are the main ecnmically valuable species. Livestck in Arunachal Pradesh Agriculture and livestcks are the primary ccupatin in Arunachal Pradesh. The animals that frm the bulk f the livestck are cws, mithun, yak, gats, pigs, sheep and pultry. The livestck s are nt nly emplyed slely fr agricultural purpse, they als have the wrth and usage value f their wn. They are als the surces f milk, meat, drught, egg, manure, ritual scarificatin and als as a means f transprtatin in rural areas. Mithun is the mst imprtant livestck dmesticated animal amngst the tribes f arunachal Pradesh and it is als cmmnly knwn as ATM Intrductin Arunachal Pradesh means "land f the dawn lit muntains" in Sanskrit. It is als knwn as "land f the rising sun" in reference t its psitin as the easternmst state f India. It brders the states f Assam and Nagland t the suth and sutheast, and shares brders with Burma/Myanmar the east, Bhutan the nrthwest, and Tibet in the nrth. The current brder is the McMahn agreed upn by Great in and the then de fact independent Tibet in a 1914 treaty. Arunachal Pradesh with a massive % rural ppulatin is the largest state in the Nrth-East India (2001 census). Cnsequently, the ecnmy f the state is based f agriculture. Jhum cultivatin and Terrace farming are the majr patterns that the farmers emply t uplift agriculture in Arunachal Pradesh. In Jhum cultivatin, lands are prepared by cutting dwn r burning the unwanted cultivatin, while in terrace farming hilly cultivated lands are shaped int multiple terraces t prevent sil ersin and quick runff f water. Climate The climate f Arunachal Pradesh varies with elevatin. Areas that are at a very high elevatin in the Upper Himalayas clse t the Tibetan brder enjy an Veterinary Wrld, Vl.4 N.7 July

2 Prtzan Diseases f Livestck in Arunachal Pradesh - An Overview (Autmated teller machine) f tribes f Arunachal The life cycle f these parasites is cmplex. Pradesh. Mithuns are widely distributed thrughut Single cell cysts (eggs) are passed in the feces f the state and is cncentrated mainly at the altitudes cattle, are resistant t disinfectants, and can remain in meters abve sea level. Ttal mithun the envirnment (particularly mist, shady areas) fr ppulatin (1, 84, 394 ns., Livestck census, 2003) in lng perids f time and maintain their infectivity. The the state is fund t be in increasing trend as revealed cysts sprulate and these sprulated cysts are frm the cmparative f different Quinquennial years. ingested by the hst and the sprzites are released in Lwer Subansiri (31,262 ns.) district has the highest the intestine. Sprzites enter the intestinal cells, mithun ppulatin amngst 16 districts in the state, frm trphzites, which in turn divide int many whereas Upper Digang valley has lwest (1,735 ns.) merzites. These merzites penetrate additinal mithun ppulatin. Hwever, Changlang is the nly intestinal epithelial cells and frm mre mernts. district in Arunachal Pradesh where mithuns are nt Eventually, macrgametes and micrgametes are fund (17th census 2003). Pig meat (prk) is liked by frmed which cmbine t prduce the next generatin each and every cmmunity in the regin. S, pigs are f cysts. When the cysts are mature, they rupture the secnd mst imprtant livestck animals which the hst cell and are released int the lumen f the are reared in every huse hld, maintained in kitchen intestine and pass ut in the feces. waste. The replicatin f the cccidia within the hst's Yak is the mst imprtant livestck fr Brkpa (a intestinal cells and the subsequent rupture f the cells pastral cmmunity f Mmpas tribe, whse are respnsible fr the disease and the clinical signs prfessinal and livelihds is dependent n yak that develp. The severity f the disease is directly rearing and mving them fr grazing frm ne place t related t the dse f infective cysts that are anther) cmmunity f Mnpa tribe inhabiting in the ingested. The mre cysts ingested, the mre severe western part f Arunachal Pradesh i. e Tawang and the subsequent disease. With light infectins, the west kameng district (Ranjay K Singh and brkpa damage t the gut cells is minimal and because the cmmunity, 2009), the number f yaks were reprted cells in the gastrintestinal tract are replaced rapidly t be 7132 and 803 respectively (17th census 2003). the damage is quickly repaired. In the case f heavy The state experiences a negative grwth rate f infectins, abut tw weeks after the cysts are buffal, but the number f pigs and pultry farms per ingested, mst f the epithelial cells at the base f the husehld in Arunachal Pradesh is maximum amng intestinal glands are ccupied by mernts r all ther Nrth-eastern Indian states. Arunachal ametcytes. As these cells rupture, damage is severe Pradesh faces many cnstraints in develping its and there is lss f bld int the feces. Als, fluid, livestck s resurces as 76.6% f ttal gegraphically electrlytes, and bld prteins (albumin) are lst. area are cvered under frest. S, whatever grazing Mst animals infected with cccidia d nt shw signs land is there, they are being fast ccupied either fr f illness. This is due t the nrmally lw dse and cultivatin r urbanizatin. Secndly, the absence f after a curse f infectin the animal is immune t that livestck feed is psing anther barrier and finally the particular Eimeria species. Hwever, this des nt unscientific methd f livestck s rearing is making mean they are immune t all Eimeria species, the scenari f Arunachal Pradesh livestck s mre therefre, cccidisis is primarily a disease f the miserable. In additin t that with rapid grwth f yung where there is crwding, stress, and/r human ppulatins increase parasitic infestatin, lack nnimmune animals. Older animal certainly act as a f imprved animal breeds and vaccinatin awareness reservir and shed cysts int the envirnment. are restraining the develpment f livestck sectr in Stress such as shipping, weaning, dietary changes, Arunachal Pradesh. cattle shws r sales, and ther prblems can A. Prtzan parasites f intestinal tract precipitate an utbreak f cccidisis. The clinical signs manifested by cccidisis are Diarrhea (bldy Cccidisis a parasitic prtzan disease at times), Straining (tenesmus), Lss f appetite, Fever cmmnly causes by the members f the family (slight), Debility, and Death (in severe cases). Many Eimeriidae, which include the genera Eimeria and affected animals experience weight lss r decreased Isspra. Prtzan f Eimeria spp are respnsible fr weight gains withut shwing bvius signs f illness caucusing great ecnmic lss in livestck sectr. It is and these cattle accunt fr the majrity f the the genus Eimeria that is f imprtant cncern in ecnmic lsses. cattle, mithun, yak, sheep, gat and pultry. Ruminants: Mst f the ruminants (cattle, mithun, Veterinary Wrld, Vl.4 N.7 July

3 Prtzan Diseases f Livestck in Arunachal Pradesh - An Overview yak, sheep, and gat) are expsed t cccidia infectin, a characterised by enteritis, diarrhea and mrtality. The serius managemental disease in small ruminants and bird develps reduced ability t absrb nutrients, large ruminants belw 6 mnth f age and mrbidity in which results in weight lss and eventually death. higher age grups, many f the infectins are self- Subclinically, it is manifested by pr perfrmance, limiting and mild r asymptmatic. The parasitic impaired feed cnversin, pr flck unifrmity and infectin starts increasing by spring seasn as pr grwth. It als damages the immune system and envirnmental factrs becme cnducive and mre leave pultry mre vulnerable t pathgens like favurable thrugh the summer seasn. Rajkhwa, et Clstridium, Salmnella and E. cli. The disease is al., (2004) has hwever bserved highest prevalence cnsidered as ne f the mst severe health and (84.6%) during mnsn, lwest (27.3%) in pre- ecnmical prblems in pultry that causes an mnsn and 41.7% in winter in mithun calves in enrmus lss t pultry prducers wrldwide. Nagaland. Similar trends f disease prevalence were Medicatin with sulphnamides and vitamin K supplereprted in Arunachal Pradesh (Annual reprt, 2008). mentatin fund t effective against Eimeria spp. The species identified frm pled faecal samples in Pig: Amng Eight species f Eimeria, Eimeria suis disease investigatin labratry Nirjuli, revealed, and ne species f Isspra infectains in pig-let were Eimeria bvis, E. zuernii, E. bukidnnensis, E. revelled in papum pare district (D.I.Lab., 2008). auburnensis, E. ellipsdalis, E. Canadensis and E. Piglets 5-15 days ld are characteristically infected cylindrica. Out f these species Eimeria zuernii and E. with nly Isspra suis, which prduces enteritis and bvis were mst predminant. The predminance f diarrhea. These agents must be differentiated frm Eimeria bvis was earlier reprted in dmestic viruses (swine fever), bacteria (salmnellsis), and animals by Deka et al., (1995), and in mithun calves by helminth that als cause scurs in nenatal pigs. Rajkhwa, et al., (2004). Infectin is characterized by a watery r greasy Hwever, sheep and gats are the main victims diarrhea, usually yellwish t white and ful smelling. f cccidisis. E. arlengi, E.intricata, E. parva and A piglet appears weak, dehydrated, and undersized; E. ninakyakimvae. (Gupta et al., 1992; Mittra et al., weight gains are depressed, and smetimes piglets die. 1998). A cntributing factr t mrtality is that piglets Cccidia damage the hst's intestinal epithelial becme cvered with diarrheic feces and stay damp. cells, making them mre susceptible t bacterial invasin and allwing increased flw f tissue fluid B. Bld Parasites f animals int the intestinal lumen. Watery diarrhea, which Arunachal Pradesh harburs a gd numbers f may be bldy in cattle is the majr sign f infectin bld-brne parasites cmpared t ther nrth eastern and usually ccurs abut 2 weeks after ingestin f states f India except Assam. This is due t the fact that cysts. It causes severe enteritis and diarrhea. the state is rich in many tick species and biting insect Clinical cccidisis in cattle and buffal is nrmally vectrs assciated with transmissin f such parasites. seen in animals ver 4 weeks f age. Dehydratin, Mre ver the life style f livestck rearing system by weight lss, tenesmus, rectal prlapse, anaemia r trials peple f Arunachal Pradesh is mst cmmnly even death may ccur in sme cases depending upn practiced in extensive rearing system prximity t the the species invlved. frest. As a matter f fact parasitic infestatin is mre Hwever, gd stck management and avidance likely t ccur. Rutine surveillance f bld smear f stress can cnsiderably reduce the risk f clinical frm all species f animals carried ut at disease disease due t cccidisis. Adequate nutritin, gd investigatry labratry (D.I.L) Nirjuli, revealed species hygiene practices, reasnable stck density and f prtza, ricketsia and micrfilaria (nematdes). preventin f ther diseases are imprtant. Cccidistats Haemprtzan diseases caused by vectr- may be used prphylactically during the anticipated brne bld prtista cnstitute a disease entity f perid f risk r t treat clinical cases. cnsiderable ecnmic imprtance in the state. Pultry: Cccidisis is ne f the mst imprtant Theilerisis, babesisis and anaplasmsis are the mst diseases f pultry in India which accunt fr huge cmmn imprtant bld prtzan f livestcks in ecnmic lss. cccidia Species such as Eimeria Arunachal Pradesh. tenella, E. necatrix, E. maxima and E. brunette, are Anaplasmsis: Anaplasmsis is an infectius very cmmn in Arunachal Pradesh (Habung et al., disease f livestck that causes destructin f red 2008), affecting the yung stck f pultry, bld cells. The disease is caused by a rickettsial particularly under deep litter systems. The disease is rganism, belnging t the genus, Anaplasma ccur in Veterinary Wrld, Vl.4 N.7 July

4 Prtzan Diseases f Livestck in Arunachal Pradesh - An Overview tw frms, A. marginale and A. centrale. That is fund in the red bld cells f infected cattle. Anaplasma lymph ndes accmpanied by dullness, anrexia, species are transmitted either mechanically r salivatin, lacrymatin and discharge frm nstrils. bilgically by arthrpd vectrs Argas persicus, The demnstratin f Kch's blue bdies in the Dermacentr albipictus, and Ixdes ricinus. Bth the lymphcytes and mncytes f the lymph nde smear species have been recrded spradically in lwer r peripheral bld film is pathgnmnic f the subansiri district in cattle and mithun (Raja, 1997). A disease. Tetracycline has been used with great success Clinical sign includes high bdy temperature (103- in treating Theileria infected animals besides the 104 F) assciated with pyrexia with increased cmmercially available schiznt vaccine fr lacrymatin and salivatin in the affected animals. prphylactic use. Vaccinatin against this disease is The demnstratin f characteristic rganisms nt practised due t higher cst and nn-availability. in erythrcytes is used fr diagnsis. Anaplasma Transmissin invlves the tick vectr and hence marginale appear as dense, runded and deeply stained eliminatin f the vectr ppulatin becmes essential intraerythrcytic bdies, apprximately µm in fr the cntrl f theilerisis. diameter. Mst f these bdies are lcated n r near Trypansmiasis: Pathgenic trypansmes cause the margin f the erythrcyte. This feature distinguishes disease in all species f dmesticated livestck A. marginale frm A. centrale, as in the latter mst f thrughut many f the trpical and subtrpical the rganisms have a mre central lcatin in the regins f the India. Trypansma brucei, T. vivax and erythrcyte. T. cnglense ccur wherever vectr is fund. The Babesisis : Babesisis is caused by many Babesia disease utbreaks have been reprted frm warmer species that infect a wide variety f vertebrate hsts, plains f Pasighat district brdering Assam. Hwever including dmestic and wild animals, as well as man. n any incidence in hilly regins f the state has been In nature, babesias typically are transmitted bilgically reprted s far. Examinatin f the bld by light by ixdid ticks, Bphilus micrplus, but ther means, micrscpy is the mst readily applied methd fr such as biting flies and fmites that transfer bld diagnsis f trypansmiasis and, mre imprtantly, frm the infected carrier t a susceptible animal, may is a technique which can be easily applied in the field. be invlved in the mechanical transmissin f these The basic technique, i.e. examinatin f fresh r intra-erythrcytic parasites. Clinically it is manifested stained bld films, has been mdified t imprve by pyrexia (40-42 C) and haemglbinurea. The diagnstic sensitivity by cncentrating the bld disease in small ruminants has nt been reprted in the thrugh centrifugatin in a haematcrit tube, namely state. An utbreak f Babesia sp. has been reprted the haematcrit centrifuge technique (HCT) r the amng yak in the state (Biswas et al., 2004). The dark grund buffy cat technique (DG) (Paris, Murray demnstratin f characteristic pirplasmic stages in and McOdimba, 1982). The clinical signs f disease the erythrcytes frm peripheral bld film is used fr caused by these rganisms vary accrding t the diagnsis. Berenil is drug f chice used in the regin trypansme species, the virulence f the particular with great success in treating infected animals in islate and the species f hst infected. Acute disease additin t supprtive therapy. Eradicatin f the is characterized by anaemia, weight lss, abrtin and, Bphilus vectrs wuld eliminate transmissin f if nt treated, pssibly death. Animals that survive are Babesisis, ver a perid f time. ften infertile and f lw prductivity. In sme Theilerisis: Theilerisis caused by Theileria instances, infected animals shw n vert signs f annulata and transmitted thrugh the bites f disease but can succumb if stressed, fr example,by Hyalmma and Rhipicephalus has been cnsidered as wrk, pregnancy, milking r adverse envirnmental the mst imprtant bld prtista in the regin with cnditins (Lucking, 1988). Quinapyramine sulfate higher incidence in extic breeds and the crssbred and chlride salts are used in the state with great stcks f all age grups cnsistent with the general success. N vaccine is available. epidemilgy f the diseases in trpical areas (Jithendran, 1998). Cases f theilerisis are generally C. Prtzan diseases f ther rgans bserved during summer r rainy seasn when the Txplasmsis : Txplasma gndii is a wrld wide ticks have higher activity althugh spradic utbreaks zntic disease, caused by a cccidian parasite have been recrded year rund. The disease in mithun resides in the intestine f members f the cat family. has been recrded in Kurung Kumey District f The Infectin is mre prevalent in stray cats acting as Arunachal Pradesh (Raja, 2007). Clinically a bdy predatrs infected cats typicallly shed Txplasma. temperature rise up t 107 F, enlarged superficial Veterinary Wrld, Vl.4 N.7 July

5 Prtzan Diseases f Livestck in Arunachal Pradesh - An Overview cysts fr ne t tw weeks and then develp freezing at -4 C fr 2 days r -20 C fr 1 day. immunity t the rganism. Hwever, sme cats remain References carriers and will shed cysts when stressed, such as 1. Arunachal Pradesh Gvernment department f animal during kindling r while cncurrently n sterid husbandry and veterinary, Nirjuli. State reprt (2008). therapy fr ther disease cnditins. 2. Biswas, D., Barari, S.K. & Pal, R.N. (1994). Ticks and lice The infectins ccur in many warm-blded infestatins in yak. Prceedings f the first Internatinal Cngress n Yak. Jurnal f Gansu agricultural University animals including sheep, gats, pig, dg, and mice etc. (Special issue, June, 1994), pp by cnsuming fd cntaminated by Txplasma 3. Damdar singh, (1998). Annual reprt f piggery farm and cysts. Txplasmsis has been recgnised by disease ut break, Nirjuli. abrtin and nenatal mrtality in sheep and gats in 4. Deka, DK; Chudhry, S and Chakrabrty, A (1995), Parasites f dmestic animals and birds in Likhimpur (Assam). J.Vet. Arunachal Pradesh. This incidence is prbably due t Parasitl. 9(1) : clse prximity with cat and ther feline species 5. Gvernment f Arunachal Pradesh department f animal (Rugb, 2007). Feeding f uncked meat shuld be husbandry and veterinary, Nirjuli. State reprt n 17th avided as well as prper cleaning and handling f cat quinquennial livestck census 2003 vl. 1, litter bxes shuld be fllwed t alleviate the 6. Gvernment f Arunachal Pradesh department f animal husbandry and veterinary, Nirjuli. Disease investigatry transmissin f disease. labratry State reprt Sarccystsis: There are many species f Sarccysti 7. Gupta, V.K., Katch R.C., Agnihtri, R.K., Mittra, S. and affecting animal ppulatin. Generally they are tiny Sambyal D.S (1992). Cccidisis in Gaddi gats-a reprt. J. micrscpic parasite present in muscle r intestinal Hill Res., 5: Habung T, Radhe. A, Tabing. H (2008), Rearing f Vanaraja cells f infected animals, grup f sarccyst ften fr backyard pultry farming. Unpublished. referred as cysts. Sarccystis infectin is encuntered 9. Jithendran, K.P. and Sharma, A.K. (1998). A case f nrmally at the time f pst-mrtem examinatin f theilerisis in a cw: A case reprt. Indian Vet. Med. J., 22: slaughtered animals. In mst animals this parasite Luckins, A.G. (1988). Trypansma evansi in Asia. des nt cause clinical diseases. Life cycle in Parasitl. Tday, 4: definitive hsts (dgs) is initiated by eating infected 11. Paris, J., Murray, M. & McOdimba, F. (1982). A cmparative slaughterhuse wastes (ffal). Incidences were reprted evaluatin f the parasitlgical techniques currently available fr the diagnsis f African trypansmiasis in in dgs and Pigs these may be due t scavenger nature cattle. Acta Trp., 39: f pig (Damdar Singh, 1998). Althugh, few case 12. Ranjay K Singh (2009). Indigenius knwledge f yalk were revealed in ther species such as sheep and cattle breeding and management by Brkpa cmmunity in eastern in the state. Prphylactic administratin f Amprlium Himalaya, Arunachal Pradesh. Indian jurnal f traditinal knwledge. Vl 8 (4) pp r Salinmycin reduces infectin. Vaccines are nt 13. Rajkhwa, S; Bujarbarbulah, KM; Thng Kapenl and available. Hwever, infected prk culd be made safe Rajkhw, C (2004), Prevalence f eimerian species in fr cnsumptin by cking at 70 C fr 15 min r by Mithuns f Nagaland. Indian Vet. J. 81(5): ******** Veterinary Wrld, Vl.4 N.7 July

5.1. What do we need to know before we start planning a canine rabies control programme?

5.1. What do we need to know before we start planning a canine rabies control programme? 5.1. What d we need t knw befre we start planning a canine rabies cntrl prgramme? Yu need t knw abut: The epidemilgy f rabies in yur area The reservir species in yur area Hw rabies is transmitted. This