REPORT OF THE SECOND MEETING OF THE OIE AD HOC GROUP ON DISEASES OF CAMELIDS Paris, 3 5 May 2010

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1 Original: English May 2010 REPORT OF THE SECOND MEETING OF THE OIE AD HOC GROUP ON DISEASES OF CAMELIDS Paris, 3 5 May Opening and purpose of the meeting The second meeting of the OIE ad hoc Group on Diseases of Camelids was held in Paris from 3 to 5 May Dr Kazuaki Miyagishima, Deputy Director General of the OIE and Head of the Scientific and Technical Department, welcomed the participants. He emphasised the strategic importance for the OIE and its Biological Standards Commission to address diseases of camelids, and mentioned that, for this second meeting, the Group would have to continue its work on important issues such as determining priority diseases, setting up a network of laboratories for diseases of camelids and enhancing, where relevant, the Manual of Diagnostic Tests and Vaccines for Terrestrial Animals (Terrestrial Manual) by including specific requirements for camelids. 2. Designation of chairperson and rapporteur The meeting was chaired by Dr Mehdi El Harrak, and Dr Bernard Faye acted as rapporteur. 3. Adoption of the Agenda and Terms of Reference The Agenda adopted, List of Participants, and Terms of Reference are presented in Appendices I, II and III of this report, respectively. 4. Updating of the list of diseases of interest for Camelids drafted during the first meeting of the ad hoc Group During the Second ISOCARD 1 Conference held in Djerba, Tunisia, in March 2009, the list proposed by the ad hoc Group during its first meeting in July 2008 had been presented by Dr El Harrak. Proposals were made by some participants of the Group to complete this list. Since the first meeting, a lot of new data had also been collected. This second meeting provided an opportunity to update the list of diseases of interest for camelids. The updated list of diseases is presented in Appendix IV. The major discussion and changes are summarised below: The diseases were still presented in a list divided into three categories: Viral diseases, Bacterial diseases and Parasitic and Fungal diseases (this last category initially included Parasitic diseases only). For each category, the diseases were listed by family of camelids (dromedary camels, bactrian camels and New World camelids) and classified into three groups for each of these families with Group I: Known to produce significant diseases, Group II: diseases for which camelids are potential pathogen carriers, and Group III: Minor diseases. 1 International Society of Camelid Research and Development Biological Standards Commission/September

2 The Group agreed that multifactorial diseases (e.g. neonatal diarrhoea, respiratory disease complex, mastitis and sudden mortality syndrome) could be included in the list. However, as these diseases were caused by different aetiological bacteria (e.g. Escherichia coli, Streptococcus sp., Staphylococcus aureus), viral (e.g. rotavirus, coronavirus) or fungal (e.g. Candida sp.) agents and as the recommendations to diagnose or control these diseases were not specific to camelids, they were finally not added to the list. The Group agreed that for these diseases, a holistic approach (ecopathology) should be adopted including risk factors and different aetiologies. For the three categories and each family of camelids, diseases were added, deleted or moved from one group to another, and information was updated when relevant. For the category Viral diseases, the Group recalled that it had removed foot and mouth disease (FMD) from dromedary camels and New World camelids as they were not susceptible while bactrian camels were susceptible to FMD. However this finding would need to be further investigated with regard to the serotypes involved and the role of camelids as potential carriers. Further research would therefore be necessary, especially on diagnostic techniques (NSP tests 2 and 3 ) and for the identification of virus receptors. The Group recommended that if tests were carried out on suspected samples, two different NSP tests be used to avoid as far as possible false positives. Influenza A infections were added to Group I of viral diseases for bactrian camels based on a scientific publication (Yamnikova et al. [1993]. A reassortant H1N1 influenza A virus caused fatal epizootics among camels in Mongolia. Virology., 197(2), ). For the category Bacterial diseases, the Group agreed that Brucellosis appeared to be one of the most important bacterial diseases of camelids (caused mainly by Brucella abortus for bactrian camels contrary to dromedary camels and New World camelids where B. melitensis is predominant). Dermatophilosis was added to Group I of bacterial diseases for dromedary camels. For the category Parasitic and Fungal diseases, gastrointestinal parasitoses were added to Group I for dromedary and bactrian camels as these diseases, caused by several different s (Trichostrongylus, Haemonchus, Taenia etc.) have a significant economic impact. For the same reason, ring worm was added to Group I of parasitic and fungal diseases for the dromedary and bactrian camels and to Group III for the New World camelids. Coccidioidomycosis (emerging fungal disease) was added to Group III for New World camelids. 5. Update on the current disease situation with regards to camelids worldwide, diseases of priority for validation of diagnostic assays and the need for research in diseases of camelids A round table was organised to provide the OIE with a list of the main diseases of camelids according to the different regions of the world. The regions described were the Middle East (with the exclusion of the Gulf countries) (Dr Bengoumi), North and West Africa (Dr El Harrak), Eastern Africa (Dr Khalafalla), the Gulf countries (Dr Wernery) and South Asia for dromedary camels (Dr Gahlot); Central Asia for bactrian camels mainly (Dr Faye); and South America for small camelids (Dr De Lamo). Viral diseases: North and West Africa, and the Middle East: camelpox, Rift Valley fever (RVF), bluetongue (BT) and peste des petits ruminants (PPR). Eastern Africa: camelpox, PPR-like, contagious ecthyma and papillomatosis. Gulf countries: camelpox, ecthyma, BT, bovine viral diarrhea (BVD) and rabies. South Asia: camelpox, rabies, infectious bovine rhinotracheitis (IBR) and PPR. Central Asia: camelpox, rabies, FMD in bactrian camels and influenza. South America: BVD, Equine Rhinopneumonitis (EHV 1 and 4), BT and rotavirus. 2 Nonstructural protein tests 3 Competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay 2 Biological Standards Commission/September 2010

3 Bacterial diseases: North and West Africa, and the Middle East: brucellosis caused by B. melitensis, caseous lymphadenitis, salmonellosis and colibacillosis. Eastern Africa: brucellosis, enterotoxemia, dermatophilosis and caseous lymphadenitis. Gulf countries: clostridiosis, enterotoxemia, brucellosis, paratuberculosis, lymphadenitis, tuberculosis (TB), salmonellosis and colibacillosis. South Asia: brucellosis, caseous lymphadenitis, tuberculosis, haemorrhagic septicaemia (pasteurellosis), enterotoxemia, salmonellosis, Q fever, paratuberculosis, leptospirosis and rickettsia diseases. Central Asia: TB, brucellosis and salmonellosis. South America: enterotoxemia, colibacillosis, brucellosis and TB. Parasitic and Fungal diseases: North and West Africa, and Middle East: trypanosomosis, mange, gastrointestinal s and tick infestations. Eastern Africa: mange, trypanosomosis, ring worm (dermatophytosis) and gastrointestinal s. Gulf countries: mange, ring worm (dermatophytosis), coccidiosis and gastrointestinal s. South Asia: mange, ticks, trypanosomosis and gastrointestinal s. Central Asia: gastrointestinal s, mange, cephalopinosis and fleas. South America: sarcocystosis, echinococosis, coccidiosis and mange. All these diseases required more research and the Group discussed research priorities (infection trials, diagnostic tests, vaccine development, drug resistance etc.) according to the importance of some of these diseases (economic impact, public health, high morbidity and/or mortality, trade constraints) at the global level. After discussion, ten diseases were retained: emerging diseases (PPR, BT, RVF), contagious ecthyma, BVD (in small camelids), brucellosis, enterotoxemia, TB (bactrian and small camelids), mange and tick infestations. Research to be carried out for these diseases was detailed in the columns recommendations for diagnosis and recommendations for prevention of the list developed for the diseases of interest for camelids (Appendix IV). 6. Consideration on the setting up of an OIE laboratory network on diseases of camelids linked with already existing networks on this topic The Group agreed on the need to set up a network of laboratories for diseases of camelids with the main objective of exchanging information and validating diagnostic tests that were currently used for the significant diseases in other species for the different species of camelids. The Group suggested that Dr El Harrak act as the coordinator of this laboratory network. Three types of laboratories would be included: OIE Reference Laboratories for the diseases of interest, associated research laboratories (e.g. Biopharma in Morocco, Central Veterinary Research Laboratory in Dubaï and Brucella Vaccine Centre in Saudi Arabia) and laboratories in camel-rearing countries that were first in line to collect data and samples in the field. The countries to be involved would be, but not limited to, Argentina, Chad, Chile, China (People s Rep. of), Djibouti, Ethiopia, India, Iran, Kazakhstan, Kenya, Mauritania, Mongolia, Pakistan, Peru, Saudi Arabia, Sudan, Syria, Tunisia, Turkmenistan, the USA and Yemen. Contacts would be made with the OIE Delegates during the General Session by Dr El Harrak. The Group would encourage twining projects between OIE Reference Laboratories and National Laboratories from camelid-rearing countries with the potential to support the other National Laboratories in their region. Biological Standards Commission/September

4 The Group suggested that the OIE encourage the representatives of camel-rearing countries (OIE Delegates) to facilitate the shipment of samples from their national laboratories to OIE Reference Laboratories for validation of diagnostic assays, surveillance programmes or when outbreaks occur. However it noted the high costs of such shipments and wondered if specific and sustainable funds (international organisations, donors etc.) could be made available to support such shipment as had been done recently for example with the shipment of avian influenza samples. 7. Review of the disease-specific chapters of the OIE Manual of Diagnostic Tests and Vaccines for Terrestrial Animals for the diseases of interest for Camelids The Group reviewed the list of the disease-specific chapters in the Terrestrial Manual to identify the chapters that address diseases of concern for camelids with the aim of verifying if the chapters would need to include specific requirements for diagnostic assays or vaccine production for camelids. Noting that brucellosis (B. abortus and B. melitensis), PPR, TB and BVD were listed as bovidae diseases, as ovidae/capridae diseases or under both, the Group proposed that these four chapters be reviewed for potential inclusion of specific requirements for camelids. The chapters selected and the names of the participants of the Group responsible for this review are detailed below. The Group would provide the results of this review by mid-june to the OIE Headquarters and the Biological Standards Commission. Dr Bengoumi: brucellosis; Dr De Lamo: BVD; Dr El Harrak: BT and West Nile fever; Dr Faye: trypanosomosis and mange; Dr Gahlot: TB and mange; Dr Khalafalla: PPR; and Dr Wernery: coccidiosis, trypanosomosis, FMD and Rift Valley fever. 8. Other matters The Group agreed that a review article on FMD in camelids be proposed for publication by OIE (e.g. in a plurithematic issue of the OIE Scientific and Technical Review). A virtual forum might be implemented in the future for the participants of this Group (Dr Wernery as leader on this project) allowing them to exchange relevant scientific information. A similar forum might be implemented for the laboratory network described above (Dr El Harrak as a leader of this project). The Group had been requested by the OIE ad hoc Group on Brucellosis to review the report of its last meeting. The Group agreed on the need to draft a chapter on Brucellosis for camelids in the Terrestrial Animal Health Code, but also noted the need to do the same for the Terrestrial Manual. The Group suggested that Dr Bengoumi, on behalf of the Group, would participate in the forthcoming meeting of the ad hoc Group on Brucellosis that would be held in July It also suggested the names of experts who could be interested in attending this meeting. The Group would make comments and prepare a common position on Brucellosis in Camelids to be presented by Dr Bengoumi to the forthcoming meeting of the ad hoc Group on brucellosis. The Group proposed having a third meeting of the Group in due time to review the results of the important research programmes mentioned in this report being carried out in the coming months. /Appendices 4 Biological Standards Commission/September 2010

5 Appendix I MEETING OF THE OIE AD HOC GROUP ON DISEASES OF CAMELIDS Paris, 3 5 May 2010 Agenda 1. Opening and purpose of the meeting; 2. Designation of rapporteur; 3. Adoption of the Agenda and Terms of Reference; 4. Updating of the List of diseases of interests for Camelids drafted during the first meeting of the ad hoc Group; 5. Update on the current disease situation with regards to camelids worldwide, diseases of priority for validation of diagnostic assays and the need for research in diseases of camelids; 6. Consideration on the setting up of an OIE laboratory network on diseases of camelids linked with already existing networks on this topic; 7. Review of the disease-specific chapters of the OIE Manual of Diagnostic Tests and Vaccines for Terrestrial Animals for the diseases of interest for Camelids; 8. Other matters; 9. Finalisation and adoption of the draft report. Biological Standards Commission/September

6 Appendix II MEETING OF THE OIE AD HOC GROUP ON DISEASES OF CAMELIDS Paris, 3 5 May 2010 List of participants MEMBERS Dr Mehdi El Harrak (Chairperson) Biopharma Chef Département Virologie Avenue Hassan II, km2 BP 4569, Rabat-Akkari MOROCCO Tel: (+212) Fax: (+212) elharrak_m@hotmail.com Dr Mohammed Bengoumi Animal Production & Health Officer FAO/RNE- Regional Office for the Near East 11 Al Eslah Al Zerai St., Dokki P. O. Box PC 12311, Cairo EGYPT Tel : (ext 2806) Direct line: Mobile : Fax: E.mail: mohammed.bengoumi@fao.org; mbengoumi@gmail.com Dr Bernard Faye CIRAD ES ta c-dir/b Campus international Baillarguet Montpellier Cedex 5 FRANCE Tel: (+33-[4]) Fax: (+33-[4]) faye@cirad.fr Dr Abdelmalik Khalafalla Head, Camel Research and Development Program Arab Center for Studies on Arid Zones and Dry Lands (ACSAD) P.O. Box 2440 Damascus SYRIA Tel: Fax: abdokhlf@yahoo.co.uk Dr Ulrich Wernery Scientific Director Central Veterinary Research Laboratory PO Box 597, Dubai UNITED ARAB EMIRATES Tel: (+971) Fax: (+971) wernery@cvrl.ae Dr Daniel de Lamo Prof. Asociado Regular Fisiología General Facultad de Ciencias Naturales UNPSJB - Sede Puerto Madryn Alte. Brown Puerto Madryn, Chubut ARGENTINA Tel: + 54 (0) Fax: +54 (0) delamodan@gmail.com; delamo@cenpat.edu.ar Dr Tarun Kumar Gahlot Head, Department of Veterinary Surgery and Radiology College of Veterinary and Animal Science S.K.Rajasthan Agricultural University Bikaner Rajasthan State INDIA Tel: / Fax: tkcamelvet@yahoo.com OIE HEADQUARTERS Dr Bernard Vallat Director General 12 rue de Prony Paris FRANCE Tel: (33 (0)1) Fax: (33 (0)1) oie@oie.int Dr Kazuaki Miyagishima Deputy Director General k.miyagishima@oie.int Dr François Diaz Officer in charge of the Secretariat for Validation, Certification and Registry of Diagnostic Assays Scientific and Technical Department f.diaz@oie.int 6 Biological Standards Commission/September 2010

7 Appendix III MEETING OF THE OIE AD HOC GROUP ON DISEASES OF CAMELIDS Paris, 3 5 May 2010 Terms of Reference Update the list of diseases of camelids proposed by the ad hoc Group during its first meeting, taking into account any recent publications and the ISOCARD (International Society of Camelid Research and Development) Conference held in Djerba, Tunisia, in March 2009; Determine the diseases of priority for validation of diagnostic assays and the need for research in this area; Review the disease-specific chapters of the OIE Manual of Diagnostic Tests and Vaccines for Terrestrial Animals for the diseases that concern Camelids in view of adding, if necessary, specific requirements for diagnostic assays and vaccine production, and propose an outline for these revisions and a timetable to draft them; Provide an update on the current disease situation with regards to camelids worldwide; Consider setting up an OIE laboratory network on diseases of camelids linked with already existing networks on this topic. Biological Standards Commission/September

8 Appendix IV INFECTIOUS DISEASES OF INTEREST FOR CAMELIDS As updated at the second meeting of the OIE ad hoc Group on Diseases of Camelids (May 2010) A) Viral diseases in camelids Group I = Known to produce significant diseases Group II = Diseases for which camelids are potential pathogen carriers Group III = Minor diseases Dromedary camels Diseases Identification of the agent Camelpox Chapter 2.9.2, TEM, virus isolation, IHC and Contagious ecthyma Papillomatosis Serological tests Group I for diagnostic An kit has been developed but still needs to be validated TEM, IHC and Virus isolation is necessary for prevention Vaccination vaccine development TEM, and IHC Autogenous Vaccination Rabies Chapter , FAT and IHC RVF Chapter , Culture, AGID, and Histopathology AHS Chapter , Virus isolation,, and VN Group II 1. Validation of an on more samples would be necessary 2. and duration of viraemia 1. Investigation of for virulent strains and serotypes 2. Investigation of duration of viraemia 3. an Vaccination with cattle dose. However the vaccination protocol needs to be investigated vaccination BT Chapter 2.1.3, Virus isolation, immunological methods and Investigation of for virulent strains and serotypes, and carrier states 1. Investigation for vaccination. 2. Application of the trade measures used for bovines 8 Biological Standards Commission/September 2010

9 BVD Chapter 2.4.8, Virus isolation,, IHC and PPR Chapter , Virus isolation, AGID and Group III 1. Validation of in milk 2. Virus isolation needed should be validated 2. for virulent strains CCHF Virus isolation** and 1. Validation of ruminant 2. Serological survey Herpesvirus Infections West Nile Fever Chapter (EHV), Chapter (IBR),, virus isolation and Immunofluorescence Chapter , and virus isolation 1. Validation of 2. for EHV 4 and BHV 1 for the two strains vaccination using horse protocol *need to work in BSL3 level lab security; **need to work in BSL4 level lab security Bactrian camels Diseases Identification of the agent Camelpox Chapter 2.9.2, TEM, virus isolation, IHC and Contagious ecthyma Serological tests Group I for diagnostic An method has been developed but still needs to be validated for prevention Vaccination. A protocol need to be investigated TEM and IHC Virus isolation vaccine development FMD Chapter , and virus isolation Influenza A infections Virus isolation, and NSP HI 1. Double check with NSP 2. More investigations needed Investigations on the for the different serotypes need to be done Vaccination. A protocol need to be investigated vaccination using horse protocol Biological Standards Commission/September

10 Rabies Chapter , FAT and IHC Vaccination with cattle dose. However the vaccination protocol need to be investigated Group II BVD Chapter 2.4.8, Virus isolation,, IHC and 1. Validation of 2. Group III BT Chapter 2.1.3, Virus isolation, immunological methods and CCHF Herpesvirus Infections Virus isolation** Chapter (EHV), Chapter (IBR),, virus isolation and Immunofluorescence Investigation of for virulent strains and serotypes, and carrier states 1. Validation of ruminant 2. Serological survey 1. Validation of 2. for EHV 1, EHV 4 and BHV 1 1. Investigation for vaccination 2. Application of the trade measures used for bovines vaccination using horse protocol New World camelids Diseases Identification of the agent Serological tests for diagnostic for prevention Group I BVD Chapter 2.4.8, Virus isolation,, IHC and BT Chapter 2.1.3, Virus isolation, immunological methods and Herpesvirus Infections Chapter (EHV), Chapter (IBR),, virus isolation and Immunofluorescence Validation of Investigation of for virulent strains and serotypes 1. Validation of necessary 2. for EHV 1 and BHV 1 vaccination using bovine protocol 1. Vaccination using sheep protocol 2. Application of the trade measures used for bovines vaccination 10 Biological Standards Commission/September 2010

11 Contagious ecthyma Camelpox Chapter 2.9.2, TEM, virus isolation, IHC and Equine encephalomye litis Group II TEM and IHC Virus isolation vaccine development Chapter and Chapter , and virus isolation Rabies Chapter , FAT and IHC West Nile fever & other Flaviviruses Chapter , and virus isolation Group III An kit has been developed but still needs to be validated Validation of available serological tests Vaccination protocol need to be investigated b) Bacterial diseases in camelids Group I = Known to produce significant diseases Group II = Diseases for which camelids are potential pathogen carriers Group III = Minor diseases Dromedary camels Diseases Identification of the agent Anthrax OIE Terrestrial Manual 2008 Chapter , Immunofluorescence,, culture and identification of Bacillus anthracis Brucellosis (B. melitensis) Clostridia infections Chapter , Staining methods, culture and Isolation and typing of bacteria and detection of toxins Serological tests Group I for diagnostic for prevention 1. Vaccination in endemic area 2. Need for vaccine field trial CF, RBT, SAT, and tests available for toxinotyping (perfringens). CF, RBT, SAT and c- need to be validated multiplex 1. Vaccination 2. Vaccination protocols need to be investigated vaccination Biological Standards Commission/September

12 Colibacillosis Chapter , Culture, immunological method and Dermatophilosis (Dermatophilus congolensis) Haemorrhagic septicaemia (Pasteurella multocida or Mannheimia hemolytica) Johne s disease Pyogenic diseases (Caseous lymphadenitis) Chapter , Culture, immunological methods and Chapter , Culture and Chapter , Culture and Isolation and typing of bacteria Salmonellosis Chapter , Culture and Leptospirosis Chapter , Q fever Chapter , Staining, isolation of the agent and Tuberculosis Chapter , Direct identification, culture and Chlamydiosis Glanders (Melioidosis) Plague (Yersiniosis) Isolation and identification of the agent Chapter , Culture and Group II MAT CF RT test Group III CF most pathogenic biovars 2. necessary Identification of the most pathogenic strains Controversial data on and aetiology which need therefore also to be investigated Validation of serological test for Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis and Staphylococcus aureus most prevalent biovars and investigation on 2. most prevalent biovars Validation of Investigation should be conducted with serological test. Need of further investigation on skin test Validation of Validation of Isolation of bacteria serological test Protocol for vaccination needs to be investigated Eradication of seropositive animals after validation of the tests Eradication of positive animals after validation of the tests Eradication of seropositive animals Eradication of infected animals 12 Biological Standards Commission/September 2010

13 Bactrian camels Diseases Identification of the agent Anthrax OIE Terrestrial Manual 2008 Chapter , Immunofluorescence,, culture and identification of Bacillus anthracis Brucellosis (B. abortus and B. melitensis) Clostridia infections Chapter , Staining methods, culture and Isolation and typing of bacteria and detection of toxins Colibacillosis Chapter , Culture and Johne s disease Plague (Yersiniosis) Pyogenic diseases (Caseous lymphadenitis) Chapter , Culture and Serological tests Group I for diagnostic for prevention 1. Vaccination in endemic area 2. Need for vaccine field trial CF, RBT, SAT, and tests available for toxinotyping (perfringens). CF, RBT, SAT and c- need to be validated for B. abortus and B. melitensis. Tests also need to be validated. multiplex most pathogenic biovars 2. necessary Validation of Isolation of bacteria serological test Isolation and typing of bacteria Salmonellosis Chapter , Culture and Tuberculosis Chapter , Direct identification, culture and RT test serological test for Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis and Staphylococcus aureus most prevalent biovars and investigation on Investigation should be conducted with serological test 2. skin test 1. Vaccination according to the species (B. abortus or B. melitensis) 2 Vaccination protocols need to be investigated vaccination Eradication of seropositive animals after validation of the tests 1. Eradication of infected animals 2 Control of vectors Eradication of positive animals after validation of the tests Biological Standards Commission/September

14 Group II Leptospirosis Chapter , Q fever Chapter , Staining, isolation of the agent and MAT CF most prevalent biovars Validation of Group III Glanders (Melioidosis) Chlamydiosis Haemorrhagic septicaemia (Pasteurella multocida or Mannheimia hemolytica) Chapter , Isolation and identification of the agent Chapter , Culture and CF Validation of Validation of Eradication of seropositive animals New World camelids Diseases Identification of the agent Anthrax OIE Terrestrial Manual 2008 Chapter , Immunofluorescence,, culture and identification of Bacillus anthracis Brucellosis (B. melitensis) Chapter , Staining methods, culture and Colibacillosis Chapter , Culture and Enterotoxaemia Isolation and typing of bacteria Leptospirosis Chapter , Salmonellosis Chapter , Culture, immunological methods and Serological tests Group I for diagnostic for prevention 1. Vaccination in endemic area 2. Need for vaccine field trial CF, RBT, SAT, and tests available for toxins identification MAT CF, RBT, SAT and c- need to be validated most pathogenic biovars 2. necessary multiplex Identification of the most prevalent biovars and investigation on Identification of the most prevalent biovars 1. Vaccination 2. Vaccination protocols need to be investigated Protocol for vaccination needs to be investigated with available toxoid bacteria 14 Biological Standards Commission/September 2010

15 Tuberculosis Chapter , Direct identification, culture and RT test Tuberculin testing does not work. Serological tests should be developed Eradication of positive animals after validation of the tests Group II Johne s disease Pyogenic diseases (internal abscesses) Chapter , Culture and Isolation and typing of bacteria Q fever Chapter , Staining, isolation of the agent and CF Validation of serological test for Corynebacterium and Staphylococcus Validation of Eradication of seropositive animals after validation of the tests Group III Actinobacillos sis Pasteurellosis (Haemorrhagic septicaemia) Isolation and identification of the agent Chapter , Culture and Validation of c) Parasitic and Fungal diseases in camelids Group I = Known to produce significant diseases Group III = Minor diseases Dromedary camels Diseases Cephalopina infestation Coccidiosis Gastro intestinal parasitosis Hydatidosis Echinococcosis Identification of the agent Serological tests for diagnostic Group I Direct agent identification Identification of the Direct agent identification: Eimeria, Isospora and Cryptosporidium in young camels Direct agent identification: Trichostrongylosis, Haemonchus, Taenia, etc Chapter 2.1.4, Direct agent identification, Coproantigen tests and 2. would be useful Identification of the can be used with anti-camel conjugates for prevention Research for new treatment Research for new treatment and development of treatment protocol and drugs resistance 1. Treatment of the dogs 2. vaccine Biological Standards Commission/September

16 Mange (Sarcoptes scabiei) Ring Worm (Dermatophyt osis) Tick infestations Chapter 2.9.8, Direct agent identification Identification of the for differential diagnosis from other skin diseases (Psoroptes, Ring Worm, etc.) 1. Quarantine and efficient drug for treatment 2. vaccine Direct agent identification Agent identification Vaccines available (initially for bovines) but protocol for the vaccination need to be validated Direct agent identification Identification of the Trypanosomosis Chapter 2.4.8, Myasis other than Cephalopina CATT and Indirect (Neither is commercially available) Group III 1. Indirect can be used with anti-camel conjugates 2. Direct agent identification Identification of the Neosporosis Direct agent identification Serological assay by. Development of would be useful Toxoplasmosis Chapter , Isolation, tissue sections,, Oocyst detection SAT treatment protocols and vaccine 1. Systematic control for trade 2. Treatment of positive animal 3. Need of investigation on the resistance to drugs Avermectines vaccine Bactrian camels Diseases Cephalopina infestation Coccidiosis Gastro intestinal parasitosis Identification of the agent Serological tests Group I for diagnostic Direct agent identification Identification of the Direct agent identification: Eimeria, Isospora and Cryptosporidium in young camels Direct agent identification: Trichostrongylosis, Haemonchus, Taenia, etc 2. would be useful Identification of the for prevention Research for new treatment Research for new treatment and development of treatment protocol and drugs resistance 16 Biological Standards Commission/September 2010

17 Hydatidosis Echinococcosis Mange (Sarcoptes scabiei) Ring Worm (Dermatophyto sis) Ticks infestation Chapter 2.1.4, Direct agent identification, Coproantigen tests and Chapter 2.9.8, Direct agent identification can be used with anti-camel conjugates Identification of the for differential diagnosis from other skin diseases (Psoroptes, Ring Worm, etc.) 1. Treatment of the dogs 2. vaccine 1. Quarantine and efficient drug for treatment 2. Development of vaccine Direct agent identification Agent identification Vaccines available (initially for bovines) but protocol for the vaccination need to be validated Direct agent identification Identification of the Trypanosomosis Chapter 2.4.8, Myasis other than Cephalopina CATT and Indirect (Neither is commercially available) Group III 1. Indirect can be used with anti-camel conjugates 2. Direct agent identification Identification of the Neosporosis Serological assay by. would be useful Toxoplasmosis Chapter , Isolation, tissue sections,, Oocyst detection New World camelids SAT treatment protocols and vaccine 1. Systematic control for trade 2. Treatment of positive animal 3. Need of investigation on the resistance to drugs Avermectines Diseases Identification of the agent Serological tests for diagnostic for prevention Group I Coccidiosis Hydatidosis Echinococcosis Direct agent identification: Eimeria, Isospora and Cryptosporidium in young animals Chapter 2.1.4, Direct agent identification, Coproantigen tests and 2. would be useful can be used with specific conjugates Research for new treatment and development of Treatment of the dogs. Development of vaccine Biological Standards Commission/September

18 Mange (Sarcoptes scabiei) Neosporosis Chapter 2.9.8, Direct agent identification IF Identification of the for differential diagnosis from other skin diseases (psoroptes, Ring Worm, etc.) Sarcocystosis Agent identification An needs to be validated Trematodosis Indirect agent identification only for Fasciola hepatica Coccidioidom ycosis Ring Worm (Dermatophyto sis) Direct agent identification (post mortem) Group III CF and AGID Identification of the large and small trematodes in post mortem Quarantine and good drug for treatment vaccine Evaluation of available vaccine vaccine Treatments. Protocol needs to be validated Treatments available Direct agent identification Agent identification Vaccines available (initially for bovines) but protocol for the vaccination need to be validated List of Abbreviations: Ab-: AHS: BHV: BT: BVD: CATT: CCHF: : CF: CIRAD: CVRL: EHV: FAT FMD: HI: IBR/IPR: IHC: MAT: NSP : OIE: OIE Terrestrial Manual: : PPR: RBT: RVF: SAT: TEM: VNT: Antibody enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay African horse sickness Bovine herpesvirus Bluetongue Bovine viral diarrhoea Card-agglutination trypanosoma test Crimean Congo haemorrhagic fever Competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay Complement fixation Centre de Coopération Internationale pour la Recherche Agronomique en Développement Central Veterinary Research Laboratory (Dubai, UAE) Equine herpesvirus Fluorescent antibody test Foot and mouth disease Heamaglutination inhibition Infectious bovine rhinotrachitis/infectious pustular vulvovaginitis Immunohistochemistry Microscopic agglutination test Nonstructural protein enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay World Organisation for Animal Health OIE Manual of Diagnostic Tests and Vaccines for Terrestrial Animals Polymerase chain reaction Peste des petits ruminants Rose-Bengal test Rift Valley fever Sero-agglutination test Transmission electron microscopy Virus neutralisation test 18 Biological Standards Commission/September 2010