Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater

Transcription

1 AQUATIC ORGANISMS PLATES Plate 1A. Cyanobacteria and green algae. Dimensions refer to individual cells or filaments. All organisms inhabit fresh water. Cyanobacteria (Phylum Cyanophyta): A Aphanizomenon, aggregate of filaments (3 6 µm) B Aphanizomenon, detail

2 C Gloeotrichia, portion of colony (cells 7 9 µm diameter)

3 D Gloeotrichia, detail Green algae (Phylum Chlorophyta): E Dictyosphaerium (8 14 µm)

4 F Westella (5 7 µm)

5 G Selenastrum (6 7 µm)

6 H Tetrastrum (5 9 µm)

7 I Crucigenia (5 8 µm)

8 J Ankistrodesmus (2 3 µm)

9 K Schizomeris(12 18 µm)

10 Plate 1B. Yellow-green, green, and golden-brown algae. Dimensions refer to individual cells or filaments. All organisms inhabit fresh water. Yellow-green algae (Phylum Xanthophyta): L Botrydium (1 2 µm)

11 Green algae (Phylum Chlorophyta): M Stichococcus (3 µm)

12 N Hyalotheca (12 30 µm) O Pithopora ( µm)

13 P Microthamnion (2 4 µm)

14 Q Dichotomosiphon( µm) Golden-brown algae (Phylum Chrysophyta) (diatoms):

15 R Cocconeis (10 µm) S Achnanthes (10 µm) T Cyclotella (10 µm)

16 U Coscinodiscus (120 µm)

17 V Rhizosolenia (5 15 µm) W Skeletonema (5 15 µm)

18 X Biddulphia (100 µm) Plate 2A. Types of large marine algae.

19 Green algae (Phylum Chlorophyta): A Sponge weed, Codium (30 40 cm) B Sea lettuce, Ulva (20 cm)

20 C Sargassum ( cm) Brown algae (Phylum Phaeophyta):

21 D Rockweed, Fucus (75 cm) E Giant kelp, Macrocystis (30 m)

22 F Enteromorpha (40 cm)

23 G Bull whip, Nereocystis (20 m) Plate 2B. Types of large marine algae and marine grasses: Red algae (Phylum Rhodophyta): H Corallina (4 cm)

24 I Gracilaria (50 cm)

25 J Gigartina (30 40 cm) K Plocamium (30 cm)

26 L Champia (1 6 cm) Marine grasses (Phylum Spermatophyta):

27 M Eelgrass, Vallisneria (50 cm) N Eelgrass, Zostera (45 cm)

28 Plate 3A. Higher plants. All floating, freshwater inhabitants. Phylum Spermatophyta: A Great duckweed, Spirodela (8 mm)

29 B Water hyacinth, Eichhornia (22 cm)

30 C Lesser duckweed, Lemna (5 cm) D Watermeal, Wolffia (1 1.5 mm) Phylum Pteridophyta:

31 E Water velvet, Azolla (1 cm) F Water fern, Salvinia (4 cm)

32 Plate 3B. Higher plants. All freshwater inhabitants (Phylum Spermatophyta). Submerged: G Pondweed, Potamogeton (30 60 cm)

33 H Coontail, Ceratophyllum (30 cm)

34 I Waterweed, Elodea (15 cm) J Water milfoil, Myriophyllum (30 cm)

35 K Naiad, Najas (60 cm) Emersed:

36 L Pickerelweed, Pontederia (60 cm) Plate 3C. Higher plants. All freshwater inhabitants (Phylum Spermatophyta), emersed. M Sweet flag, Acorus (30 cm)

37 N Spike rush, Eleocharis (30 cm) O Cattail, Typha (1 2 m)

38 Plate 4A. Flagellates. Pigmented flagellates, various phyla. Freshwater inhabitants. A Pteromonas (5 18 µm)

39 B Lobomonas (5 14 µm) C Haematococcus (40 45 µm)

40 D Chromulina (4 10 µm) E Cryptomonas (6 12 µm)

41 F Ochromonas (7 14 µm) G Chloramoeba (10 15 µm)

42 H Platydorina (66 70 µm, colony)

43 Plate 4B. Flagellates. Freshwater inhabitants except as noted. Pigmented (various phyla): I Pleodorina (8 10 µm) J Gonyaulax (marine) (10 µm) K Gymnodinium (marine) (10 µm)

44 Nonpigmented (Phylum Protozoa): L Astasia (40 50 µm) M Bodo (11 22 µm)

45 N Dinomonas (15 16 µm) O Oikomonas (5 20 µm) P Anisonema (14 60 µm)

46 Q Cercomonas (10 36 µm) R Tetramitus (11 30 µm) S Dendromonas (8 µm)

47 Plate 5A. Amoebas (Phylum Protozoa). A Naegleria, (a) amoeboid stage, (b) flagellated stage, (c) cyst stage (10 36 µm) B Amoeba, (a) amoeboid state, (c) cyst stage ( µm)

48 C Acanthamoeba (Hartmannella), (a) amoeboid stage, (c) cyst stage (15 25 µm) D Amoeba radiosa ( µm) E Pelomyxa ( mm)

49 F Difflugia (40 µm) G Actinophrys (25 50 µm) Plate 5B. Amoebas and nonpigmented flagellates (Phylum Protozoa). Amoebas: H Arcella (side view) ( µm)

50 I Arcella (top view) ( µm) Nonpigmented flagellates: J Peranema (40 70 µm)

51 K Mastigamoeba ( µm)

52 L Anthophysa (5 6 µm)

53 M Monas (5 16 µm) Plate 6. Ciliates (Phylum Protozoa). A Lionotus (100 µm) B Pleuronema ( µm)

54 C Paramecium ( µm) D Colpoda ( µm)

55 E Stylonychia ( µm) F Euplotes ( µm)

56 G Aspidisca (30 50 µm) H Vorticella ( µm)

57 I Tintinnidium ( µm) Plate 7. Sponges and coelenterates.

58 Sponges (Phylum Porifera): A Vase sponge, marine B Sponge spicule types

59 C Trochospongilla, 3 gemmules, freshwater D Purple sponge, Haliclona, marine Coelenterates (Phylum Cnidaria): E Hydra extended with bud, freshwater

60 F Obelia extended (a) and contracted (b) hydranth and gonothe (c), marine

61 G Jellyfish (medusoid stage), Craspedascusta, freshwater H Sea anemone, Anthopleura, marine

62 Plate 8. Rotifers (Phylum Rotifera). All freshwater inhabitants. Dimensions include spines. A Epiphanes (0.6 mm)

63 B Philodina (0.4 mm) C Euchlanis (0.25 mm)

64 D Proales (0.45 mm) E Brachionus (0.2 mm)

65 F Monostyla (0.15 mm) G Kellicottia (1 mm)

66 H Keratella (0.2 mm) I Notholca (0.2 mm)

67 J Trichocerca (0.6 mm) K Synchaeta (0.26 mm)

68 L Filinia (0.15 mm) M Polyarthra (0.175 mm)

69 Plate 9. Roundworms, flatworms, and segmented worms. (a) anterior end, (b) posterior end, (c) tubes, (d) mud surface, (e) setae, (f) anterior sucker, (g) posterior sucker. All freshwater inhabitants. Roundworms (Phylum Nematoda): A Plectus (1.0 mm)

70 B Tripyla (1.0 mm) Flatworms (Phylum Platyhelminthes):

71 C Planaria (5 13 mm) Segmented worms (Phylum Annelida, Class Oligochaeta): D Tubifex, sludgeworm (2.5 5 cm)

72 E Dero (3 7 mm) Segmented worms (Phylum Annelida, Class Polychaeta):

73 F Manayunkia, lives in tube (5 mm) Segmented worms (Phylum Annelida, Class Hirudinea): G Leech (3 6 cm)

74 H Leech (3 6 cm)

75 Plate 10. Segmented marine worms (Phylum Annelida, Class Polychaeta). A Scale worm, Halosydna (5 cm) B Syllids, Typosyllis (2 5 cm)

76 C Nereid, Nereis (4 15 cm) D Nephtyid, Nephtys (5 25 cm) E Onuphid, Diopatra, in tube covered with shells (5 25 cm)

77 F Spionid, Polydora (2 4 cm) G Capitellid, Capitella (2 4 cm)

78 H Ice cream cone worm, Pectinaria (1 3 cm) I Feather duster worm, Sabella (10 15 cm)

79 J Chaetopterid, Chaetopterus, lives in U-shaped tube (10 20 cm) K Terebellid, Pista (10 15 cm)

80 Plate 11. Crustaceans (Phylum Arthropoda) all freshwater inhabitants, except as noted. Order Cladocera: A Leptodora (9 mm)