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2 (For Graduate and Postgraduate Students of All Indian Universities) Dr. P.S. Verma M.Sc., Ph.D., FESI, FAZ Reader (Retd.) Department of Zoology Meerut College, Meerut S. CHAND & COMPANY LTD. (AN ISO 9001 : 2000 COMPANY) RAM NAGAR, NEW DELHI

3 S. CHAND & COMPANY LTD. (An ISO 9001 : 2000 Company) Head Office: 7361, RAM NAGAR, NEW DELHI Phone: , , Fax: Shop at: schandgroup.com; info@schandgroup.com Branches : AHMEDABAD : 1st Floor, Heritage, Near Gujarat Vidhyapeeth, Ashram Road, Ahmedabad , Ph: , , ahmedabad@schandgroup.com BENGALURU : No. 6, Ahuja Chambers, 1st Cross, Kumara Krupa Road, Bengaluru , Ph: , , bangalore@schandgroup.com BHOPAL : 238-A, M.P. Nagar, Zone 1, Bhopal , Ph: bhopal@schandgroup.com CHANDIGARH : S.C.O , First Floor, Sector - 22-C (Near Aroma Hotel), Chandigarh , Ph: , , chandigarh@schandgroup.com CHENNAI : 152, Anna Salai, Chennai , Ph: , , chennai@schandgroup.com COIMBATORE : Plot No. 5, Rajalakshmi Nagar, Peelamedu, Coimbatore , (M) , coimbatore@schandgroup.com CUTTACK : 1st Floor, Bhartia Tower, Badambadi, Cuttack , Ph: ; , cuttack@schandgroup.com DEHRADUN : 1st Floor, 20, New Road, Near Dwarka Store, Dehradun , Ph: , , dehradun@schandgroup.com GUWAHATI : Pan Bazar, Guwahati , Ph: , guwahati@schandgroup.com HYDERABAD : Padma Plaza, H.No , Opp. Ratna College, Narayanaguda, Hyderabad , Ph: , , hyderabad@schandgroup.com JAIPUR : A-14, Janta Store Shopping Complex, University Marg, Bapu Nagar, Jaipur , Ph: , jaipur@schandgroup.com JALANDHAR : Mai Hiran Gate, Jalandhar , Ph: , , jalandhar@schandgroup.com JAMMU : 67/B, B-Block, Gandhi Nagar, Jammu , (M) KOCHI : Kachapilly Square, Mullassery Canal Road, Ernakulam, Kochi , Ph: , cochin@schandgroup.com KOLKATA : 285/J, Bipin Bihari Ganguli Street, Kolkata , Ph: , , kolkata@schandgroup.com LUCKNOW : Mahabeer Market, 25 Gwynne Road, Aminabad, Lucknow , Ph: , , lucknow@schandgroup.com MUMBAI : Blackie House, 103/5, Walchand Hirachand Marg, Opp. G.P.O., Mumbai , Ph: , , mumbai@schandgroup.com NAGPUR : Karnal Bag, Model Mill Chowk, Umrer Road, Nagpur , Ph: , nagpur@schandgroup.com PATNA : 104, Citicentre Ashok, Govind Mitra Road, Patna , Ph: , , patna@schandgroup.com PUNE : 291/1, Ganesh Gayatri Complex, 1st Floor, Somwarpeth, Near Jain Mandir, Pune , Ph: , pune@schandgroup.com RAIPUR : Kailash Residency, Plot No. 4B, Bottle House Road, Shankar Nagar, Raipur , RANCHI Ph: , raipur@schandgroup.com : Flat No. 104, Sri Draupadi Smriti Apartments, East of Jaipal Singh Stadium, Neel Ratan Street, Upper Bazar, Ranchi , Ph: , ranchi@schandgroup.com VISAKHAPATNAM: Plot No. 7, 1st Floor, Allipuram Extension, Opp. Radhakrishna Towers, Seethammadhara North Extn., Visakhapatnam , (M) , visakhapatnam@schandgroup.com 1972, Dr. P.S. Verma All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the prior permission of the Publishers. First Edition 1972 Subsequent Editions and Reprints 1973, 74, 75, 76, 77, 78, 79, 81, 83, 84, 85, 86, 87, 88, 90, 91, 92, 94, 95 (Twice), 97, 98, 99, 2000, 2001, 2003, 2004, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2008, 2009 Eleventh Revised and Enlarged Edition 2010 ISBN : Code : 03A 033 PRINTED IN INDIA By Rajendra Ravindra Printers Pvt. Ltd., 7361, Ram Nagar, New Delhi and published by S. Chand & Company Ltd., 7361, Ram Nagar, New Delhi

4 Dedicated To my respected father Late T h. C.B. Singh Ji who could not survive to see the fruits of this labour. Prem Singh (iii)

6 PREFACE TO THE ELEVENTH EDITION It is the pleasant duty of the author to thank the kind and generous readers for the warm and cordial reception accorded by them to the previous editions. The suggestions and encouraging opinions from the colleagues and students have prompted the author to bring out an early and revised New Edition. The bringing out of the present edition of this book has given the author an opportunity to revise and improve it. Alterations and additions have been made practically in all the chapters. The following new topics have been added in the respective chapters : (i) several new birds and mammals in the chapters of museum specimens of birds and mammals; (ii) new microscopic slides in the respective chapters of microscopic slides; (iii) several new embryological slides in the respective chapters of embryological slides; (iv) a new chapter of Skeleton of Scoliodon has been added afresh in this edition; (v) several new exercises have been included in the section of Experimental Physiology. By the inclusion of the above chapters the present edition will be more useful to the readers. Although maximum efforts have been made to eradicate the misprints and mistakes of the previous edition but even then the author cannot claim the removal of all the misprints due to the printers devil. The author is extremely thankful to his wife Smt. Preeti Singh for her kind co-operation during the revision of this book. The author further expresses his thanks to the generous readers who helped him by giving valuable suggestions for the improvement of the book. Suggestions for the further improvement of the book will be thankfully acknowledged and incorporated in future editions. PREETI 121, New Mohanpuri Colony Meerut, Dr. P.S. Verma (v)

7 PREFACE TO THE FIRST EDITION The book A Manual of Practical Zoology Chordates has been written to meet the needs of those studying Practical Zoology at both Undergraduate and Postgraduate levels in Indian Universities. The book is divided in seven parts. The first part includes the general directions for laboratory work. The second part deals with the dissections. In this part the procedure for many dissections along with their diagrams have been given. The third and fourth parts incorporate the methods of permanent mounting and some important mountings. The fifth part of elaborately deals with the study of museum. The study of museum includes the general characters, outline classification in tabular form, and a detailed one of various groups and classes of phylum Chordata with examples of each order or suborder, if any, together with the distinguishing characters and geographical distribution of museum specimens. In the sixth part, the study of permanent slides has been undertaken. The last, seventh part deals with the osteology of representatives of various classes, e.g., Amphibia, Reptilia, Aves and Mammalia. The important characters and geographical distribution of museum specimens and permanent slides have been given pointwise along with their suitable illustrations in order to make it easily understandable to the students. A large number of types have been selected from each group and class to fulfil the needs of students at different Universities. Text is illustrated with 522 figures. The figures have been drawn with full clarity. Special care has been taken to co-ordinate the account with the figures. It is hoped that the present book will serve the purpose of those for whom it is written. The author is thankful to Dr. A.P. Tyagi, D.A.V. College, Muzaffarnagar, Dr. D.P. Singh, R.B.S. College, Agra, Dr. R.G. Sharma, Dr. (Mrs.) R.K. Sharma, Dr. M.P. Singh, Agra College, Agra and Dr. O.P. Raghuvanshi, Janta College, Bakewar (Etawah) for valuable suggestions during the course of preparation of this book. Thanks are due to late Prof. Vimal Sharma, M.A. for preparing the illustrations and cover design. The author is also grateful to Shri T.N. Goel (S. Chand & Company Ltd., New Delhi) for expediting the publication of this book. Suggestions for the improvement of the book shall be highly appreciated from teachers and students. Department of Zoology, Meerut College, Meerut. Dr. Prem Singh Verma (vi)

8 CONTENTS CHAPTER 1 : GENERAL DIRECTIONS FOR LABORATORY WORK 1 3 Students equipments 1; Directions to the students 1; Dissections 2; Flag-labelling 2; Mountings 2; Study of Museum Specimens 3; Study of Slides 3; Practical Note Book (Practical Record) 3; Spotting 3. CHAPTER 2 : MICROSCOPES 4 11 Resolving Power of Microscope 4; Types of Microscopes 5; Simple or Dissecting Microscope 5; Operation of Simple Microscope 6; Compound Microscope 6; Parts of Compound Microscope 6; Setting the Microscope 7; Focussing of Microscope 8; Care and Precautions in Handling the Microscope 8; Binocular Microscope 8; Ultramicroscope 9; Ultraviolet Microscope 9; Fluorescence Microscope 9; Dark-field Microscope 9; Phase-contrast Microscope 9; Interference Microscope 10; Polarising Microscope 10; X-ray Microscope 10; Electron Microscope 11. CHAPTER 3 : PREPARATION OF LABORATORY REAGENTS Fixatives or Fixing Agents 12; Grades of Alcohol 14; Acid Alcohol 14; Stains (Dyes) 15; Other Reagents 17. CHAPTER 4 : DISSECTIONS Instructions for Dissections 18; Scoliodon (Dog-fish) 19; ExternaI Features 19; Scoliodon (Dog-fish) 20; General Anatomy 20; Scoliodon (Dog-fish) 21; Heart and Afferent Branchial Arteries 21; Heart 21; Afferent branchial arteries 22; Scoliodon (Dog-fish) 23; Efferent Branchial Arteries 23; Scoliodon (Dog-fish) 24; Cranial Nerves 24; Scoliodon (Dog-fish) 26; Eye Muscles and Nerves 26; Scoliodon (Dog-fish) 27; Internal Ear 27; Accessory Respiratory Organs 27; Anabas 27; Clarias 28; Heteropneustes or Saccobranchus 28; Rana tigrina (Frog) 29; External Features 29; Rana tigrina (Frog) 30; General Anatomy 30; Reproductive organs 32; Rana tigrina (Frog) 32; Venous System 32 33; Rana tigrina (Frog) 34; Arterial System 34; Rana tigrina (Frog) 35; Cranial Nerves 35; Rana tigrina (Frog) 37; Internal Ear 37; Columella Auris 38; Uromastix (Lizard) 38; External Features 38; Uromastix (Lizard) 39; Venous System 39 40; Uromastix (Lizard) 41; Arterial System 41; Columba livia (Pigeon) 43; External Features 43; Columba livia (Pigeon) 44; General Anatomy 44; Columba livia (Pigeon) 46; Flight Muscles 46; Columba livia (Pigeon) 47; Perching Muscles 47; Columba livia (Pigeon) 49; Venous System 49; Columba livia (Pigeon) 50; Arterial System 50; Columba livia (Pigeon) 52; Air-sacs 52; Columba livia (Pigeon) 53; Pecten 53; Rattus rattus (Rat) 53; External Features 53; Rattus rattus (Rat) 55; General Anatomy 55; Rattus rattus (Rat) 56; Venous System 56; Rattus rattus (Rat) 58; Arterial System 58; Rattus rattus (Rat) 60; Male Urinogenital Organs 60; Rattus rattus (Rat) 61; Female Urinogenital Organs 61; Rattus rattus (Rat) 62; Neck Nerves 62. CHAPTER 5 : PREPARATION OF PERMANENT SLIDES Methods of Preparation of Permanent Slides 64; Temporary Mounting 64; Permanent Mounting 64; Summary of Permanent Mounting 67. CHAPTER 6 : IMPORTANT MOUNTINGS Protochordates 68; Spicules of Herdmania 68; Neural gland, Nerve ganglion and Dorsal tubercle (Neural complex) of Herdmania 68; Salpa (Whole mount) 69; Doliolum (Whole mount) 69; Amphioxus (vii)

9 (Whole mount) 70; Oral hood of Amphioxus 71; Velum of Amphioxus 71; Pharyngeal wall of Amphioxus 72; Fishes 72; Placoid scales of Scoliodon 72; Cycloid scales of Labeo (Rohu) 73; Ctenoid scales of Nandus 73; Rhomboid scales of Lepidosteus 73; Ampulla of Lorenzini 74; Amphibia 74; Squamous epithelium 74; Ciliated epithelium 74; Striated (Striped) muscles 75; Unstriated (Unstriped) muscles 75; T.S. of cartilage 76; Medullated and Non-medullated nerve fibres 76; Blood of frog 77; Aves 77; Pecten of Pigeon 77; Filoplume 78; Mammals 78; Blood of Rat 78. CHAPTER 7 : STUDY OF MUSEUM SPECIMENS (MUSEOLOGY) Museology 79; Collection 79; Preservation 80; Collection and Preservation in Chordate Groups 80; Arrangement and Care of Specimens in Museum 81; Instructions to Draw Museum Specimens 81. CHAPTER 8 : PHYLUM CHORDATA General Characters 83; Outline Classification of Phylum Chordata 84; Group I. Protochordata or Acraniata 84; Subphylum 1. Hemichordata 84; Subphylum 2. Urochordata 84; Phylum - Chordata 84; Subphylum 3. Cephalochordata 85; Group II. Chordata or Craniata 85; Subphylum Vertebrata 85. CHAPTER 9 : GROUP PROTOCHORDATA General Characters 86; Group Protochordata 86; Subphylum Hemichordata 86; Subphylum Urochordata 87; Class Ascidiacea 87; Class Thaliacea 87; Subphylum I Hemichordata 87; Class I Enteropneusta 87; Class II Pterobranchia 88; Subphylum II Urochordata 88; Class I Larvacea 88; Class II Ascidiacea 89; Class III Thaliacea 89; Subphylum III Cephalochordata 90; Museum Specimens of Protochordata 90; Balanoglossus 90; Saccoglossus 91; Ptychodera 92; Cephalodiscus 93; Rhabdopleura 94; Oikopleura 95; Herdmania 96; Ciona 98; Ascidia 99; Molgula 100; Botryllus 101; Clavellina 101; Pyrosoma 103 Doliolum 104; General Organisation 104; Sexual form or Gonozooid 105; Asexual form or Oozooid 105; Salpa 106; Amphioxus 107. CHAPTER 10 : CLASS CYCLOSTOMATA General Characters 109; Class Cyclostomata 109; Museum specimens of Cyclostomata 110; Petromyzon (= Lampetra) 110; Myxine 111; Bdellostoma 112; Ammocoete Larva 113. CHAPTER 11 : SUPERCLASS PISCES General Characters 115; Outline Classification of Superclass Pisces (= Fishes) 116; Superclass Pisces 116; Subclass A. Actinopterygii 116; Class I. Chondrichthyes (= Elasmobranchii) 117; Subclass A. Selachil 118; Subclass B. Brachyodonti 118; Class II. Osteichthyes 118; Subclass A. Actinopterygii 119; Subclass B. Sarcopterygii (= Choanichthyes) 122; Museum Specimens of Fishes 123; Class: Chondrichthyes 123; (Cartilaginous fishes) 123; Scoliodon 123; Chiloscyllium 124; Stegostoma 125; Sphyrna 126; Scyllium 127; Rhinobatus 127; Trygon (Sting-ray) 129; Myliobatis (Eagle-ray) 130; Pristis (Saw-fish) 131; Raja or Raia (Skate) 132; Torpedo or Astrape (Electric-ray) 133; Chimaera (Rat-fish) 134; Class Osteichthyes 135; Bony Fishes 135; Polypterus (Bichir) 136; Acipenser (Sturgeon) 137; Polyodon (Paddle-fish) 138; Amia (Bowfin) 139; Lepidosteus (Garpike) 140; Salmo (Trout) 141; Esox (Pike) 142; Hilsa 143; Harpodon 144; Notopterus (Chitala) 145; Labeo rohita (Rohu) 146; Catla 147; Cyprinus (European carp) 148; Cirrhina mrigala (Mrigal) 149; Barbus sarana (= Puntius) 150; Arius 151; Heteropneustes (Saccobranchus) 152; Clarias (Mangur) 153; Wallago (Lachi) 154; Mystus 155; Rita 156; Anguilla (Eel) 157; Belone (Xenentodon) 158; Hemirhamphus 159; Exocoetus 160; Hippocampus (Sea-horse) 161; Fistularia (Flute-fish) 162; Syngnathus (Pipe-fish) 163; Ophiocephalus (Channa) 164; Amphipnous 165; Anabas 166; Trichiurus 167; Cybium (Scomberomorus) 168; Trichogaster 169; Pterois (Scorpion-fish) 170; Synaptura (Flat-fish) 171; Echeneis (Sucker-fish) 172; Ostracion 173; Tetroodon 174; Diodon 175; Lophius 176; Antennarius 177; Neoceratodus 178; Protopterus (African Lung-fish) 179; Lepidosiren (American Lung-fish) 180; Shark Embryo with Yolk-sac 181; Egg-capsule of Shark 182. (viii)

10 CHAPTER 12 : CLASS AMPHIBIA General Characters 183; Class Amphibia 183; Subclasses 183; Subclass B. Lissamphibia 184; Orders 184; Order II Urodela 184; Suborder 184; Order III Anura 184; Suborder 184; Museum Specimens of Amphibia 187; lchthyophis (Caecilian) 187; Uraeotyphlus 189; Cryptobranchus (Hell-bender) 189; Ambystoma (Tiger Salamander) 190; Axolotl Larva 191; Salamandra (European Fire Salamander) 192; Amphiuma (Congo Eel) 193; Triton (European Crested Newt) 193; Classification 193; Proteus (European Blind Cave Salamander) 194; Necturus (Mud Puppy) 195; Siren (Mud Eel) 196; Ascaphus 197; Alytes (Mid-wife Toad) 197; Pipa (Surinam Toad) 198; Bombinator (Fire-bellied Toad) 199; Bufo (True Toad) 199; Hyla (Tree Frog) 200; Rhacophorus (Flying Frog) 201; Rana (Indian Bull-Frog) 202. CHAPTER 13 : CLASS REPTILIA General Characters 204; Class Reptilia 205; Musuem Specimens of Reptilia 208; Chelone (= Chelonia) (Green Turtle) 208; Chrysemys (Painted Terrapin) 209; Kachuga (Roofed Terrapin) 210; Trionyx (Soft River Terrapin) 211; Testudo (Giant Turtle) 212; Sphenodon (Tuatara) 212; Hemidactylus (Common House Lizard) 214; Calotes (Garden Lizard) 215; Crotaphytus (Collared Lizard) 216; Draco (Flying Dragon) 217; Moloch 218; Phrynosoma (Horned Toad) 218; Iguana 219; Heloderma (Gila Monster) 220; Varanus (Common Indian Monitor) 221; Mabuia (Skink) 222; Chamaeleon 223; Ophisaurus (Glass Snake) 224; Rhineura (Worm Lizard) 224; Distinguishing features of Poisonous and Non-Poisonous Snakes 225; Key for Identification of Poisonous and Non-poisonous Snakes 227; Typhlops (Blind Snake) 228; Python (Ajgar) 229; Eryx (Indian Sand-Boa) 230; Natrix (Water-snake) 231; Zamenis = Ptyas (Dhaman) 231; Dendrophis (Tree-snake) 232; Lycodon (Common Wolf-snake) 233; Bungarus (Krait) 233; Naja (Indian Cobra) 234; Elaps = Micrurus (Coral Snake) 236; Viper (Russell s Viper) 236; Ancistrodon = Agkistrodon (Himalayan Pit-viper) 237; Hydrophis (Sea-snake) 238; Enhydrina 239; Crotalus (Rattle-snake) 240; Crocodylus (Mugger) 241; Alligator 242; Gavialis (Ghariyal) 243; Extinct Reptiles (Dinosaurs) : Models 244; Ichthyosaurus 244; Dimetrodon 245; Brontosaurus 245; Diplodocus 246; Tyrannosaurus 247; Iguanodon 247; Stegosaurus 248; Rhamphorhynchus 249; Pteranodon 249. CHAPTER 14 : CLASS AVES (BIRDS) General Characters 250; Class Aves 251; Subclass II Neornitties 253; Superorder I Odontognathae 253; Superorder II Palaeognathae 253; Superorder III Impennae 255; Superorder IV Neognathae (Carinatae) 255; Museum Specimens of Aves 259; Phoenicopterus (Flamingo) 259; Milvus (Kite) 260; Gyps (Vulture) 261; Pavo (Peacock) 262; Columba livia (Pigeon) 263; Eudynamys (Koel) 264; Psittacula (Parrot) 265; Bubo (Horned Owl) 266; Coracias (Nilkanth) 266; Dinopium (Woodpecker) 267; Passer (House Sparrow) 268; Corvus (Crow) 269; Archaeopteryx 270; Types of Feathers in Birds 271; Typical Quill Feathers 271; Contour Feather 271; Filoplume Feather 272; Down Feather 272; Types of Beaks in Birds 272; Types of Feet or Claws in Birds 275. CHAPTER 15 : CLASS MAMMALIA General Characters 277; Class Mammalia 278; Subclass I Theria 278; Subclass I Prototheria 279; Order 1. Monotremata 280; Subclass II Theria 280; Infraclass I Metatheria 280; Infraclass II Eutheria 280; Museum Specimens of Mammalia 287; Echidna (Tachyglossus) (Spiny Anteater) 287; Ornithorhynchus (Duck-bill Platypus) 288; Macropus (Kangaroo) 289; Erinaceus (Hedgehog) 290; Talpa (Mole) 291; Sorex (Shrew) 292; Pteropus (Flying-fox) 292; Bat 293; Loris 294; Manis 295; Hystrix (Porcupine) 296; Funambulus (Squirrel) 297; Rattus (Common Black Rat) 297; Oryctolagus (Rabbit) 298; Lepus (Hare) 299; Herpestes (Mongoose) 300; Lutra (Otter) 300; Felis domesticus (Cat) 301; Felis leo (Panthera leo) (Lion) 302; Canis familiaris (Dog) 303; Melursus ursinus (Sloth Bear) 303; Acinonyx jubatus (Cheetah) 304; Hyaena striata (Hyaena) 305; Phoca (Seal) 306; Platanista gangetica (Ganges Dolphin) 306; Macaca (Rhesus Monkey) 307; Hylobates (Gibbon) 308; Pan triglodytes (Chimpanzee) 308; Pongo (Orang-utan) 309; Gorilla (Gorilla) 310; Elephas maximus (Elephant) 310; Equus cabalus (Horse) 311; Equus zebra (Zebra) 312; Equus hemionus (Ass or Donkey) 313; Rhinoceros 313; Camelus dromedarius (Arabian Camel) 314; Sus scrofa (Wild Boar) 315; Giraffa camelopardalis (Giraffe) 316; Ovibos moschatus (Musk Ox) 317; Ovis (Sheep) 317; Moschus moschiferous (Musk Deer) 318. (ix)

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