SIO 133 Marine Mammal Biology. John Hildebrand Scripps Institution of Oceanography April 13, 2018 Biogeography, Sea Otters, Polar Bears

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1 SIO 133 Marine Mammal Biology John Hildebrand Scripps Institution of Oceanography April 13, 2018 Biogeography, Sea Otters, Polar Bears

2 Marine Mammal Science Emerged as a discipline in last years Expansion of literature papers/year papers/year papers/year papers/year Marine Mammal Science, Journal of Mammalogy, Canadian Journal of Zoology, Journal of Zoology, Fisheries Bulletin, Marine Ecology Progress Series..

3 Marine Mammal Science Study of Mammal Mammals Increasing technology Remote sensing acoustic, satellite time-depth recorders crittercams Molecular ecology systematics taxonomy Physiology

4 Cosmopolitan species Killer whales (Orcinus orca) From Hoelzel 2002

5 Migratory species n Prey driven: Mysticetes Block et al n Ice driven: polar species e.g. beluga, narwhal, bowhead Month of year

6 Blue whale stocks From McDonald et al. 2006

7 Anti-tropical distribution From Hoelzel 2002

8 Species distribution n Pan-tropical species n E.g. Spinner dolphins (Stenella longirostris) From Hoelzel 2002

9 Temperature-defined distribution n Short-finned pilot whales n Long-finned pilot whales Source: Duke University, OBIS-SEAMAP

10 Circumpolar species Beluga whales (Delphinapterus leucas) From Hoelzel 2002

11 Endemic species - River dolphins From Hoelzel 2002

12 Porpoises Coastal species From Hoelzel 2002

13 Gender-variable distribution Sperm whales (Physeter macrocephalus) Source: whaletrackers.com

14 Marine Mammal Systematics Kingdom Animalia Phylum Chordata SubPhylum Vertebrata + backbone + dorsal hollow nerve chord + bone/cartilage internal skeleton

15 Class Mammalia, 4000 species Viviparous Hair Lactation via the mammary gland 4 chambered heart Diphyodont dentition- 2 sets of teeth 7 cervical vertebrae 3 inner ear ossicles Respiratory system - diaphragm Endothermy

16 Platypus & Echidna Marsupials Mammalian Orders Scaly Anteaters Armadillos, Sloths, Anteaters Dogs, Cats, Bears, Weasels, Pinnipeds, Otters Shrews Elephant Shrews Rabbits, Hares, Pikas Mice, Rats Gorillas, Monkeys, Baboons, Humans Tree Shrews Flying Lemurs Bats Aardvarks Even-Toed Ungulates (Deer, Cows, etc.) Whales, Dolphins, Porpoises Odd-Toed Mammals (Horses, Rhinos) Hyraxes Manatees& Dugongs Elephants

17 Marine Mammal Taxonomic Groupings About 126 Species across 3 Orders Order Carnivoria (38 species) Polar bears, sea otters, seals, sea lions, walruses Order Cetacea (83 species) Baleen whales, toothed whales Order Sirenia (5 species) Manatees, dugongs

18 Order Carnivoria Includes 5 Families of Marine Mammals Mustelidae Sea otter Ursidae Polar bear Phocidae Seals (true seal) Otariidae Sea lions (eared seals) Odobenidae - Walrus

19 Family Mustelidae, Subfamily Lutrinae Enhydra lutris - Sea otter - N. American - Teeth for crushing shells - Fully marine Lontra felina - Marine Otter - S. American - endangered - exclusively marine foraging

20

21 Characteristics of Otters Body mass: <5 kg in marine otter 40 kg in sea otters. Shortened limbs, Lengthened and often stout tails, Slim and elongated head, neck and body Loosely articulated axial skeleton gives serpentine appearance

22 Characteristics of Otters Depend on dense fur for insulation Requires constant grooming (5-10% time) Enlarged rear flippers for heat loss Dive to > 100 m Sea otter s large lung and blood volumes facilitate floatation and oxygen storage

23 Phylogeny of Otters Enhydra lutris Lutra (1) Old World and sea otter (2) the New World otter (3) the giant otter

24 Enhydra lutris Family Mustelidae

25 Lontra felina Family Mustelidae

26 Family Ursidae Ursus maritimus - Polar bear - Evolved from brown bear - Teeth more like seals/sea lions than bears - Eats arctic seals - Threatened w/ climate change due to diminished sea ice Photo by Ansgar Walk

27 Phylogeny of Polar Bears

28 Ursus maritimus - Polar bear range

29 Polar bear - regions Durner et al Ecological Monographs Vol 79

30 Diminishing Ice Durner et al Ecological Monographs Vol 79

31 Tagged Polar Bear Durner et al Ecological Monographs Vol 79

32 Polar Bear Resource Selection Function Durner et al Ecological Monographs Vol 79

33 Polar Bear Predicted Change Optimal Habitat to Durner et al Ecological Monographs Vol 79

34 Polar Bear body mass decreasing

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