Birds & Mammals. Chapter 15
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1 Birds & Mammals Chapter 15
2 What is a Bird? Vertebrate Endothermic Feathered 4 chambered heart Egg laying Fore-limbs adapted for flight Bones nearly hollow (allow for lighter weight)
3 Bird Internal Anatomy Identify the following: Trachea Heart Lung Cloaca Esophagus Crop Kidney Intestine Gall Bladder Liver Ureter Gizzard Identify the following: Trachea Lungs Anterior Air Sacs Posterior Air Sacs Syrinx
4 Feather Types Wing Coverts Flight Feathers Primary Secondary (A type of contour feather)
5 Feather Types Contour Feathers Allow for Streamlined Shape Down Feathers Allow for warmth & insulation
6 Anatomy of a Bird Feather Main Shaft or Quill Barbs branch out from shaft Off each barb are One side w/ hooked barbules The outer side w straight barbules w/out hooks Allow for smooth tight cover.
7 Bird Diversity Bird beaks: different types of birds mouths, made up of jaws covered by horny mandibles. They do not contain teeth. Duck: sieve-like, used for filtering. Gull: omnivore, has many uses. Eagle: bird of prey beak for tearing flesh. Crossbill: bill used to spread cones to get to the seed. Night hawk: nocturnal bird that catches insects by flying with its large beak open. Avocet: stirs water & mud lifting invertebrates to catch for food. Wood pecker: hard sharp beak boring holes in trees, & grabbing grubs. Parrot: hard bill, cracking seeds. Flamingo: designed for upside down filtering for aquatic crustaceans. Kiwi: reaching deep into the mud to grab worms. Spoon bill: filter water to obtain seeds and invertebrates. Pelican:beak and pouch used like a big net to scoop up prey (fish).
8 Bird Diversity Bird feet: unique structures used to move and support the body. Coot: wading walk in mud edge of swamps. Mallard: swimmer. Hawk: grasping & holding prey. Wood pecker: climbing bark of trees. Grouse: generalist, perching, walking, etc.. Ostrich: large support, running. Parrot: grasp & hold perch, seed & food items. Jacana: marsh bird walk in mud ( snow shoe type) Crow: generalist, multiple tasks.
9 Bird Diversity Adaptations for flight Hollow bones allow for light weight Skeleton modified Fused back vertebrae & pelvis Huge sternum for breast muscle attachment 4 chambered heart efficient transfer of O 2 & CO 2
10 Vertebrate Endothermic Fur or Hair 4 chambered heart Nurse young w/ Milk Mammary glands Teeth modifications Incisors, canines, premolars & molars Young born live (except for Monotremes) What is a Mammal?
11 Mammalian Diversity 3 main groups of mammals: Classified by the way their young develop: Monotremes egg layers Platypus & Echidna Marsupials Pouched mammals - opossums Placental mammals embryo & fetus develop inside the mother until
12 Egg Laying Mammals Order Monotremata: Duck-Billed Platypus & Echidna Monotreme means one opening Refers to Avian & Reptilian characteristic of the Cloaca digestive, reproductive & excretory systems all dump into the cloaca. Once eggs hatch, young are nursed w/ milk. These guys have poisonous spur on their sides
13 Pouched Mammals Order Marsupialia Kangaroos, Koala, opossums, sugar gliders Bear live young very early stage of development Grow & mature for 9 months in mother s pouch (kangaroo) New born kangaroo baby (far right) is less than 1 long!!
14 All other orders of mammals includes: Rodents, shrews, elephants, dogs, cats & whales Placental Mammals Placenta reproductive organ connects embryos w/ mother s uterus. Allows exchange of O 2, CO 2, nutrients and wastes between mother & offspring Allows for longer protected embryonic development up to two years for elephants!
15 Placental Mammals Longer gestation periods allow for better success at birth Precocial mature well developed young at birth ready to run shortly after birth wildebeest Altricial young unable to care or feed themselves at birth, undeveloped, eyes closed etc. puppy dogs Precocial young Moments after birth Altricial young
16 Teeth modified multi functional Incisors used to slice Canine used to tear Premolars & molars used to grind Carnivores have a pair of carnassialteeth used for cutting and breaking
17 The End!!
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'Rain' of dead birds on central NJ lawns explained; Federal culling program killed up to 5,000 Associated Press, January 27, 2009 Study May Give Hope That Ivory-billed Woodpeckers Still Around Science