Animal Evolution The Chordates. Chapter 26 Part 2
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1 Animal Evolution The Chordates Chapter 26 Part 2
2 26.10 Birds The Feathered Ones Birds are the only animals with feathers Descendants of flying dinosaurs in which scales became modified as feathers Long feathers are adapted for flight Downy feathers provide insulation
3 Dinosaurs and Feathers
4 Fig a, p. 446
5 Fig b, p. 446
6 Fig c, p. 446
7 Fig d, p. 446
8 Bird Adaptations Bird characteristics Eggs No teeth Produce body heat (endotherms) Lightweight skeleton, strong muscles, and efficient circulation and respiration for flight Wings with flight feathers
9 A Bird Egg
10 yolk sac embryo amnion chorion allantois hardened shell albumin ( egg white ) Fig , p. 446
11 Animation: Amniote egg
12 Adaptations for Flight
13 Fig a, p. 447
14 Fig b, p. 447
15 Fig c, p. 447
16 skull radius ulna humerus pectoral girdle internal structure of bird limb bones pelvic girdle sternum (breastbone) two main flight muscles attached to keel of sternum Fig c, p. 447
17 Animation: Avian bone and muscle structure
18 26.11 The Rise of Mammals Mammals are animals that nourish young with milk and have hair or fur; four kinds of teeth allow them to eat many kinds of food
19 Fig a, p. 448
20 Fig b, p. 448
21 incisors molars premolars canines Fig b, p. 448
22 Mammalian Evolution Monotremes (egg-laying mammals) and marsupials (pouched mammals) evolved during the Jurassic Placental mammals (mammals with a placenta that exchanges materials between the mother and embryo inside the body) evolved later
23 Distribution of Mammalian Lineages Mammals underwent adaptive radiation after dinosaurs died out Continental movements influenced distribution Some mammals show morphological convergence
24 Distribution of Mammalian Lineages
25 southern land mass Pangea A About 150 million years ago, during the Jurassic, the first monotremes and marsupials evolved and migrated through the supercontinent Pangea. B Between 130 and 85 million years ago, during the Cretaceous, placental mammals arose and began to spread. Monotremes and marsupials that lived on the southern land mass evolved in isolation from placental mammals. C Starting about 65 million ago, mammals expanded in range and diversity. Marsupials and early placental mammals displaced monotremes in South America. D About 5 million years ago, in the Pliocene, advanced placental mammals invaded South America. They drove most marsupials and the early placental species to extinction. Fig , p. 448
26 Paleocene Mammals
27 The Largest Land Mammal Giraffe rhinoceros (Indricotherium) lived in Asia during the Oligocene
28 Convergent Evolution
29 Key Concepts The Amniotes Amniotes reptiles, birds, and mammals have waterproof skin and eggs, highly efficient kidneys, and other traits that adapt them to a life that is typically lived entirely on land Reptiles and birds belong to one amniote lineage, and mammals to another
30 26.12 Modern Mammalian Diversity Egg-laying monotremes lay leathery eggs Spiny anteaters, platypus Pouched marsupials develop in a pouch Kangaroos, koala, opossum, Tasmanian devil Placental mammals include most living mammals Rodents and bats are the most diverse groups
31 Monotremes: Platypus
32 Marsupials
33 Placental Mammals: The Placenta
34 placenta uterus embryo Fig a, p. 451
35 Placental Mammals
36 26.13 From Early Primates to Hominids Primates: Mammalian subgroup including humans, apes, monkeys, and prosimians Anthropoids: Humans, apes, and monkeys Hominids: Humans and apes
37 Primate Classification
38 Primates
39 Adaptations for Walking Monkey, gorilla, and human
40 Overview of Key Trends Five trends led to uniquely human traits Enhanced daytime vision (binocular vision) Upright (bipedal) walking Better grips (power grip and precision grip) Modified jaws and teeth (omnivorous diet) Brain, behavior, and culture (transmission of learned behavior between individuals and generations)
41 Adaptations for Walking Location of the foramen magnum in four-legged and upright walkers
42 a Hole at back of skull; the backbone is habitually parallel with ground or a plant stem b Hole close to center of base of skull; the backbone is habitually perpendicular to ground Fig , p. 453
43 Better Grips Power grip (prehensile movement) and precision grip (opposable movement)
44 Origins and Early Divergences 65 mya: First primates (shrewlike) 36 mya: Tree dwelling anthropoids mya: First hominoids (early apes) 6 mya: Hominids
45 Early Primates
46 Fig a, p. 453
47 Fig (b-d), p. 453
48 26.14 Emergence of Early Humans 6-8 mya: Early hominids from Africa
49 a b c d e Sahelanthropus tchadensis 6 million years ago Australopithecus africanus million years ago Paranthropus boisei million years ago Homo habilis million years ago Homo erectus 1.9 million to 53,000 years ago Fig , p. 454
50 Australopiths The first bipedal hominids (Australopithacus) were probably human ancestors
51 Early Humans Humans are members of the genus Homo Homo habilis emerged during the late Miocene
52 Early Humans In Africa 1.8 mya, Homo erectus had a larger brain, used simple stone tools and built fires
53 Key Concepts Early Humans and Their Ancestors Changes in climate and available resources were selective forces that shaped the anatomy and behavior of early humans and their primate ancestors Behavioral and cultural flexibility helped humans disperse from Africa throughout the world
54 26.15 Emergence of Modern Humans H. erectus evolved in Africa and spread throughout the world H. neanderthalensis, H. floresiensis, and modern H. sapiens evolved from H. erectus
55 Two Models for the Origin of H. sapiens Multiregional model H. erectus in Africa and other regions evolved slowly into H. sapiens (based on fossil record) Replacement model H. sapiens arose from a single African population of H. erectus and drove all other populations to extinction (based on genetics)
56 Two Models for the Origin of H. sapiens
57 H. erectus H. sapiens Africa Asia Europe H. erectus H. sapiens Africa Asia Europe Time Fig , p. 456
58 Leaving Home Starting 120,000 years ago, long-term shifts in global climate drove humans from Africa into the Middle East, Africa, Australia and Eurasia 15,000 years ago, humans crossed a land bridge from Siberia to North America
59 Dispersal Routes of H. sapiens
60 Origins and Extinctions of Hominid Genera
61 Australopithecus anamensis Australopithecus africanus Homo rudolfensis Homo habilis Australopithecus afarensis Australopithecus garhi Homo erectus Homo floresiensis Homo sapiens Paranthropus aethiopicus Paranthropus robustus Paranthropus boisei Homo neanderthalensis present Time (millions of years ago) Fig , p. 458
62 Animation: Feather development
63 Animation: Fossils of australopiths
64 Animation: Genetic distance between human groups
65 Animation: Homo skulls
66 Animation: Mammalian dentition
67 Animation: Mammalian radiations
68 Animation: Primate evolutionary tree
69 Animation: Primate skeletons
70 Animation: Skulls of extinct primates
71 Animation: Structure of the placenta
72 ABC video: Frogs Galore
73 ABC video: Ancient Human Skull
74 ABC video: Dinosaur Discovery
75 ABC video: Cahuachi Excavation
76 Video: Interpreting and misinterpreting the past
77 Video: Bald eagles
78 Video: Elephant seals
79 Video: Frog swimming
80 Video: Gopher
81 Video: Grizzly bears
82 Video: Grizzly feeding
83 Video: Loggerhead turtle
84 Video: Bittern at nest
85 Video: Puffin in flight
86 Video: Salamander
87 Video: Sea lions
88 Video: Spotted owl in old-growth forest
89 Video: Sting rays
90 Video: Tadpoles
91 Video: Humpback whales
92 Video: Salamander gills
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