TRANSMISSION. at a frequency of 0.1 Hz with rectangular pulses of 0.2 ms duration and of strength greater than that
|
|
- Patricia Powers
- 6 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 Br. J. Phrmc. (1979), 67, EFFECTS OF THE VENOM OF THE GREEN ngusticeps ON SKELETAL MUSCLE AND TRANSMISSION J.C. BARRETT1 & A.L. HARVEY Deprtment of Physiology nd Phrmcology, University of Strthclyde, George Street, Glsgow, GI IXW MAMBA, Dendrospis NEUROMUSCULAR 1 The venom of the green mmb, Dendrospis ngusticeps, ws tested for effects on neuromusculr trnsmission nd skeletl muscle contrctility in isolted phrenic nerve-hemidiphrgm preprtions of the rt nd mouse, chick biventer cervicis muscle preprtions nd in neurl cultures of embryonic chick skeletl muscle. 2 The venom (1 to 4 pg/ml) ugmented the responses to indirect but not direct stimultion. As the venom did not hve nticholinesterse ctivity nd did not increse receptor sensitivity, it is likely tht the venom enhnced relese of cetylcholine. 3 Higher concentrtions of venom (4 to 8 jg/ml) inhibited cetylcholine receptor sensitivity. 4 Prolonged exposure to the higher concentrtions of venom produced filure of muscle contrctility. Signs of muscle degenertion were seen in skeletl muscle cultures. Introduction Investigtion of venoms -from elpid nd hydrophid snkes hs led to the discovery of severl polypeptides tht hve specific phrmcologicl ctions nd re useful tools for study of neuromusculr processes. The toxins include - nd,b-bungrotoxin from the Tiwn krit Bungrus multicinctus, cobrtoxins from vrious species of Nj, nd erbutoxins from the sesnke Lticud semifscit (for reviews, see Lee, 1972; Tu, 1977). Among the elpid fmily, cobr nd krit venoms hve been studied extensively but reltively little ttention hs been given to the phrmcologicl properties of venoms from the Africn mmbs. Previously, neurotoxins hve been found in the venoms of the western green mmb, Dendrospis viridis (Bnks, Miledi & Shipolini, 1974) nd of the blck mmb, Dendrospis polylepis (Strydom, 1972). In the present study the ctions of venom from the green mmb, Dendrospis ngusticeps, were exmined on skeletl muscle nd neuromusculr trnsmission. Some of these results were presented to the 3rd Symposium of the Interntionl Society on Toxinology Europen Section, London, September, Methods Rt phrenic nerve-hemidiphrgm preprtion The rt phrenic nerve-hemidiphrgm preprtion (Bilbring, 1946) ws mounted in Krebs-Henseleit solu- 1 Present ddress: Tropicl Products Institute, Gry's Inn Rd., London /79/ SO 1. tion of the following composition (mm); NCl 118.4, KCI 4.7, MgSO4.7H2 1.2, CC12 2.5, NHCO3 25, nd glucose 11.1; t 37 C nd bubbled with 2 contining 5% CO2. The phrenic nerve ws stimulted t frequency of.1 Hz with rectngulr pulses of.2 ms durtion nd of strength greter thn tht required to elicit mximl twitches of the hemidiphrgm. For direct muscle stimultion, neuromusculr trnsmission ws bolished by the irreversible cholinoceptor blocking gent, erbutoxin b (5 jg/ml) (Tmiy & Ari, 1966). The hemidiphrgm ws then stimulted directly through hook electrode inserted into the rib tissue, with rectngulr pulses of 2 ms durtion t frequency of.1 Hz nd suprmximl strength. Pired preprtions were set up from ech rt, one hemidiphrgm for direct nd the other for indirect stimultion. Chick biventer cervicis nerve-muscle preprtion The chick biventer cervicis nerve-muscle preprtion (Ginsborg & Wrriner, 196) ws mounted nd stimulted under identicl conditions to those described for the rt hemidiphrgm. Indirect stimultion ws vi the motor nerve in the tendon while for direct stimultion of preprtions irreversibly blocked with erbutoxin b (1 gg/ml), the stimulting electrode ws moved into contct with the belly of the muscle. Periodiclly, in the bsence of nerve stimultion, responses were obtined to cetylcholine or crbchol. Mcmilln Journls Ltd 1979
2 2 J.C. BARRETT & A.L. HARVEY Anticholinesterse ssy The nticholinesterse ctivity of the venom ws ssessed by mesurement of the cholinesterse ctivity of intct chick biventer cervicis muscles in the presence of the venom, by the colorimetric method of Ellmn, Courtney, Andres & Fetherstone (1961). Two biventer cervicis muscles from 2 dy old chicks were used for ech ssy. The rection flsk contined 5.8 ml of.1 M phosphte buffer (ph 8.) nd ws mintined t 32 C. The rection ws begun by ddition of.2 ml cetylthiocholine iodide (.75 M, freshly mde up). At 15 min intervls for 1 h,.2 ml ws removed nd dded to cuvette contining 2.9 ml.1 M phosphte buffer (ph 8.) nd.1 ml 5,5-dithiobis-2-nitrobenzoic cid (.1 M). A blnk determintion ws performed on flsk contining tissue nd venom (8 jg/ml) but no substrte. Cholinesterse ctivity of the venom itself ws ssessed in four flsks contining ll the regents but no tissue. The bsorbnce chnge t 412 nm, per min, in four control preprtions ws compred to tht in the presence of the venom t two concentrtions (2 nd 8 jig/ml; four preprtions ech). All flsks were incubted for 3 min before ddition of cetylthiocholine. Isolted tissue electrophysiology Mouse phrenic nerve-hemidiphrgm preprtions were pinned to the bse of 1 ml bth. The bth ws perfused t rte of 2.5 to 5 ml/min with Krebs- Henseleit solution previously erted with 2 contining 5% CO2. The muscle ws mintined t temperture of 28 to 3 C. Endpltes were locted by inspection under 4 x mgnifiction using stndrd binoculr microscope fitted with Leitz UM 2/.33 long-working-distnce objective. Intrcellulr recordings of membrne potentil nd endplte potentils (e.p.ps) were mde with conventionl glss microelectrodes filled with 2 M potssium cette (8 to 1 megohm resistnce). Potentils were mplified with WPI 71 electrometer (bnd width to 3 khz), monitored on one oscilloscope nd lso recorded on 35 mm film from slve oscilloscope. Neuromusculr trnsmission ws depressed by equilibrtion with physiologicl slt solution to which (+ )-tubocurrine (3 to 5 gm) ws dded. To determine the ction of the venom on the e.p.p., the nerve ws stimulted t frequency of.5 Hz with rectngulr pulses of.2 ms durtion nd suprmximl voltge. Effects of the venom were investigted by perfusion of the preprtion with Krebs-Henseleit solution to which venom (2 to 2 jg/ml) hd previously been dded. This voided disturbnce of the bth, so tht potentils could be mesured from the sme cell before nd during exposure to the venom. Cell cultures of embryonic chick skeletl muscle Suspensions of myoblsts were obtined from the leg muscles of 1 to 11 dy chick embryos by the method of Konigsberg, McElvin, Tootle & Hermn (196). Two ml of medium contining 5 x 11 cells/ml ws dded to 35 mm plstic Petri dish tht hd previously been coted with collgen. The growth medium ws Egle's Minimum Essentil Medium (M.E.M.; Egle, 1959) contining 5% of 5% v/> whole embryo extrct nd 15% horse serum. In order to prevent overgrowth of replicting fibroblst cells, the medium ws replced on the second dy of culture, fter the beginning of myoblst fusion, by one contining 1 pm cytosine rbinoside, DNA synthesis inhibitor. Therefter, the medium ws replced on every third dy with fresh medium. Cultures were incubted t 37 C in wter-sturted tmosphere of 5% CO2 in ir. Myotube formtion occurred t 2 to 3 dys, nd cultures were 7 to 1 dys old when used (Hrvey & Dryden, 1974). Cultures were mounted on n inverted phse-contrst microscope nd mintined t 37 C on heted stge. Membrne potentils were recorded with n intrcellulr glss microelectrode filled with 3 M potssium chloride (electrode resistnce 1 to 2 megohms) nd mounted obliquely on Leitz micromnipultor. Potentil differences between the penetrting microelectrode nd chlorided silver wire bth electrode were monitored vi d.c.-premplifier on n oscilloscope nd on pen recorder. Responses were obtined to iontophoretic ppliction of cetylcholine. Microelectrodes for iontophoresis were filled with.5 M cetylcholine chloride nd connected to stimultor through one chnnel of WPI 75 electrometer. The verge resistnce of the cetylcholine electrode ws 1 megohms. Cre ws tken to select electrodes tht did not lek drug spontneously in the bsence of bcking current. The dose of cetylcholine is expressed s nnocoulombs (nc) of chrge pssed through the electrode. Responses, verged from t lest 1 cells, were clculted s depolriztion s percentge of the resting potentil. All recordings were mde in Egle's M.E.M. which ws mintined t ph 7.4 by bubbling with CO2. When control mesurements of membrne potentil nd dose-response curves to cetylcholine hd been obtined, the culture medium ws replced with fresh medium contining the crude venom t different concentrtions. In some experiments, mesurements were mde immeditely following exposure of the culture to venom; in other experiments the culture ws returned to the incubtor before membrne potentils nd dose-response curves were recorded. In those experiments where cultures were incubted with venom overnight, the venom-contining medium ws sterilized by membrne filtrtion.
3 GREEN MAMBA VENOM 21 +o 1 L) I-.rv.m 25 F 2 F 15 1! C7 ^ O o Figure Time (min) Effect of Dendrospis ngusticeps venom on the rt phrenic nerve-hemidiphrgm preprtion. () Indirectly stimulted preprtions; (b) directly stimulted preprtions. (U) Venom 1 jg/ml; (V) 2 jig/ml; () 4 pg/ml; (A) 8 pg/mi. Drugs Dendrospis ngusticeps venom ws obtined from Sigm Chemicl Co. (Lot No. 12C-73). Other drugs used were: cetylcholine chloride, cetylthiocholine iodide, crbchol chloride, cytosine rbinoside nd (+)-tubocurrine chloride (ll from Sigm Chemicl Co.). Tissue culture medi were purchsed from Flow Lbortories, nd erbutoxin b ws generously supplied by Professor N. Tmiy, Tohoku University, Jpn. Results Rt phrenic nerve-hemidiphrgm At concentrtions of 1 to 4 jg/ml of venom there ws n immedite increse in the height of responses to indirect stimultion (Figure 1). With 1 jg/ml the twitch height incresed to lmost 25% of control, stbilizing t this ugmented level fter bout 6 min. With 2 nd 4 gg/ml the responses to indirect stimultion decresed fter the initil ugmenttion. At higher concentrtion of venom (8 jg/ml) there ws short-lived increse in the height of indirectly elicited contrctions tht ws followed by progressive muscle prlysis (Figure 1). In contrst, there ws never ny increse in twitch height in preprtions tht were stimulted directly. Concentrtions of venom between 1 to 8 gg/ml cused slow, progressive decrese in muscle contrctions (Figure 1). The development of blockde ws fster t the higher venom concentrtions, lthough it ws slower thn tht observed in indirectly stimulted preprtions exposed to 4 or 8 gg/ml venom. The decline in twitch height could not be reversed by wshing. A second ddition of venom to indirectly stimulted preprtions during the ugmenttion produced by 1 jg/ml venom did not cuse further increse in twitch height, but rther hstened the onset of block. Chick biventer cervicis nerve-muscle preprtion Qulittively similr results were obtined on the chick biventer cervicis nerve-muscle preprtion. The venom (1 to 4 gg/ml) mrkedly ugmented the responses of indirectly but not directly stimulted preprtions. At higher concentrtions of venom (4 to 16 gig/ml) the ugmenttion ws followed by slowly developing, irreversible blockde of the twitch response. A similr blockde ws observed on directly stimulted preprtions but with much longer time course. In some preprtions trnsient contrcture occurred on ddition of venom. During the development of the ugmenttion of responses to indirect stimultion, there ws no mrked increse in the responses to cetylcholine nd crbchol (see Figure 2 for typicl experiment with cetylcholine contrctures nd 2 gg/ml venom). When tested t the time of mximum ugmenttion of indirectly elicited contrctions, responses to both cetylcholine nd crbchol were depressed (Figure 3). Cholinesterse ctivity Venom (8 gg/ml) hd no bility to hydrolyse cetylthiocholine within 6 min incubtion t 32 C, indicting tht the venom itself did not hve significnt cholinesterse ctivity. With intct chick biventer cervicis muscles, control cholinesterse ctivity per muscle ws.66 (±.4) x 1-3 bsorbnce units/min (men + s.e. men of 4 determintions), while in the presence of 2 nd 8
4 22 J.C. BARRETT & A.L. HARVEY A t K! LI..J 5min Figure 2 Effect of Dendrospis ngusticeps venom (2 pg/ml) on responses of the chick biventer cervicis nervemuscle preprtion to indirect stimultion (.1 Hz) nd cetylcholine (2 mm). Acetylcholine ws dded t the dots nd wshed out fter 3 s. Venom ws dded t the rrow, nd gin fter ech cetylcholine wshout L-ll I T AC T AC TA C TA C Control 1pg/ml 2pg/ml 4(g/ml Figure 3 Effects of Dendrospis ngusticeps venom on responses of the chick biventer cervicis preprtion to indirect stimultion (T), cetylcholine (A, 2mM) nd crbchol (C, 2 gm). Responses to cetylcholine nd crbchol were determined t pek twitch ugmenttion. Ech column represents the men of t lest 6 preprtions; verticl lines show s.e. men. gig/ml venom the ctivity per muscle ws.55 ( ±.5) x 1-3 nd.8 (±.6) x 1-3 bsorbnce units/min, respectively. Effect on endplte potentils Mouse phrenic nerve-hemidiphrgm preprtions were prtilly prlysed by perfusion with physiologicl sline contining (+)-tubocurrine (3 to 5 gm). After the preprtion stopped contrcting in response to indirect stimultion, subthreshold endplte potentils could be recorded. Subsequent exposure to venom (t 2 nd 1 ig/ml) cused such drmtic increse in the mplitude of the endplte potentils tht the preprtions begn to twitch in response to stimultion, mking intrcellulr recording impossible. Typicl records of endplte potentils before nd 5 min fter ppliction of 2 tg/ml venom re shown in Figure 4. The time course of the endplte potentils did not chnge pprecibly in the presence of the venom nd there ws no chnge in muscle resting membrne potentil throughout the experiment. Effect on neurl muscle cultures Postjunctionl blocking ctivity of the venom ws ssessed on neurl cultures of chick embryonic skeletl muscle. Effects on resting membrne potentil nd cell morphology were lso tested. At concentrtions of 5 to 4 tg/ml the venom depressed responses to iontophoretic ppliction of cetylcholine (Figure 5). Lower concentrtions (.1 to 2 tg/ml) hd no effect, even fter overnight incubtion. Three hours incubtion of cultures with 5 or 1 pg/ml of venom did not significntly depress the verge resting membrne potentil, but 25 to 5%/ reduction ws found following 2 h in 2 or 4 )tg/ml. The depolriztion ws generl ccompnied by signs of cellulr dmge, such s extensive vcuole formtion, extrusion of cytoplsm nd peeling of myotubes from the surfce of the culture dish (Figure 6). It
5 GREEN MAMBA VENOM 23 2mV[ t;.ib 2ms ; Figure 4 Typicl endplte potentils (e.p.p.) recorded in mouse phrenic nerve-hemidiphrgm preprtion prlysed by (+ )tubocurrine (5 pm). () Control e.p.p.; (b) e.p.p. fter 5 min exposure to 2 pg/ml Dendrospis ngusticeps venom. should be noted tht reduction or bolition of cetylcholine responses ws found with concentrtions of the venom tht cused neither depolriztion nor obvious cellulr dmge, lthough it is not known if fibre input resistnce ws ltered by venom. Additionlly, in cultures in which lrge res hd been destroyed, cells could be found with membrne potentils more negtive thn -2 mv but the cetylcholine responses of these cells were lmost completely blocked. Discussion The venom of Dendrospis ngusticeps hd three concentrtion-dependent ctions on skeletl muscle: t low concentrtions it ugmented the contrctions of indirectly stimulted preprtions; t higher concentrtions it inhibited responses to cetylcholine; nd t still higher concentrtions it cused filure of muscle contrctility. Perhps the most interesting effect of the venom ws the mrked ugmenttion of twitch responses of indirectly stimulted rt phrenic nerve-hemidiphrgm nd chick biventer cervicis preprtions. In n erlier report tht concentrted on the crdiovsculr ctions of green mmb venom, Osmn, Ismil & El Asmr (1973) described similr effect on the rt hemidiphrgm. These uthors suggested tht the ugmenttion might be due to supersensitiztion of the cholinoceptors, lthough no evidence ws presented to support such hypothesis. Since the venom did not ugment the contrctions of directly stimulted preprtions, the site of ction would pper to be t the neuromusculr junction rther thn on the muscle fibres themselves. It ws, thus, possible tht the venom hd nticholinesterse ctivity, incresed postsynptic receptor sensitivity or incresed cetylcholine relese. In the chick biventer cervicis nerve-muscle preprtion responses to cetylcholine nd crbchol were unffected, or depressed, t times when responses to indirect stimultion were incresed three fold. This supports the erlier conclusion tht there is no increse in muscle contrctility nd lso mkes it unlikely tht there hs been supersensitiztion of cholinoceptors, s suggested by Osmn et l. (1973). Tht there ws little difference in the effect of the venom on responses to crbchol nd exogenous cetylcholine suggests tht the venom does not ct s n nticholinesterse. This conclusion ws confirmed by the cholinesterse ssy, where biochemicl tests indicted tht the venom t concentrtions up to 8 pg/ml hs no significnt nticholinesterse ctivity. By process of elimintion, it my be concluded tht the ugmenttion of twitch height produced by venom is result of presynptic ction to increse trnsmitter relese. More direct evidence in fvour of this conclusion ws obtined from electrophysiologicl experiments on the mouse phrenic nerve-hemidiphrgm preprtion where the venom incresed the mplitude of the endplte potentil without the concomitnt prolongtion tht would be ssocited with n nticholinesterse effect. At concentrtions of venom higher thn those cusing ugmenttion, there ws slow irreversible blockde of the twitch responses. Although similr effect ws observed on directly stimulted preprtions, it ws fster in indirectly stimulted preprtions, suggesting tht the ntgonism is lrgely t the neuromusculr junction. Since responses of the chick biventer cervicis preprtion to cetylcholine, crbchol nd indirect stimultion were depressed simultneously, the ntgonism would pper to be postjunctionl rther thn by filure of trnsmitter relese. The presence of neurotoxins tht cuse nondepolrizing blockde by binding to postjunctionl cholinoceptors is common feture mong elpid snke venoms (see Lee, 1972); such toxins hve lredy been reported in Dendrospis viridis venom (Bnks et l., 1974) nd in Dendrospis polylepis venom (Strydom, 1972). Electrophysiologicl studies on neurl cultures of chick embryo skeletl muscle llowed investigtion of effects of the venom on the postjunctionl cholinoceptors in the bsence of interference due to effects of the venom on the presynptic nerve terminl. Receptors on cultured muscle hve previously been shown to be similr phrmcologiclly to receptors on more conventionl skeletl muscle preprtions (for review, see Hrvey & Dryden, 1977). At concentrtions which hd no effect on the verge resting
6 24 J.C. BARRETT & A.L. HARVEY E -i._ C CL E o 1 [ t 1 I t t l I t I nC ACh loonc ACh -i r CL _- Co o 3 o c 2 N 1.5 Q Acetylcholine (nc) 1 Figure 5 () Effects of Dendrospis ngusticeps venom on responses of cultured chick embryonic muscle fibres to iontophoretic ppliction of cetylcholine. Left pnel: typicl control dose-response curve; right pnel: dose-response curve in myotube fter 8 min exposure to 2 jg/ml venom. (b) Men dose-response curves to cetylcholine before nd fter venom: (@) control responses; () responses fter 8 min exposure to 5 pg/ml venom; (V) responses fter 8 min exposure to 2 ig/ml venom. Ech point represents the men of t lest 1 determintions; verticl lines show s.e. men. membrne potentil, the venom mrkedly depressed the depolriztion elicited by iontophoreticlly pplied cetylcholine, suggesting tht one or more components in the venom hve postjunctionl receptor blocking ctions. At higher concentrtions the venom hd cytotoxic effect on the muscle fibres in tissue culture which resulted in cell destruction. This direct ction of the venom on skeletl muscle my be the cuse of the slow decrese in twitch height of directly stimulted rt hemidiphrgm nd chick biventer cervicis preprtions tht ws observed t higher concentrtions of venom. Thus, the venom of Dendrospis ngusticeps hs severl ctions on skeletl muscle nd on neuromusculr trnsmission, including n unusul fcilittory effect. Further studies on isolted venom components re in progress in order to elucidte more precisely the mechnisms of ction of the venom. Previous studies on purifiction of polypeptides from green mmb venom filed to isolte single component tht pproched the ctivity of crude venom when injected into mice (Viljoen & Botes, 1973; 1974), but it is hoped tht more extensive phrmcologicl testing will be successful. We thnk the Science Reserch Council for Studentship (to J.C.B.).
7 GREEN MAMBA VENOM 25 Figure 6 Cytotoxic ction of Dendrospis ngusticeps venom on cultured chick embryonic muscle fibres. Upper pnel: phse-contrst photomicrogrph of culture before ddition of venom. Lower pnel: photomicrogrph of the sme culture fter 6 min exposure to 2 1ig/ml venom. Br indictes 5 gm. References BANKS, B.E.C., MILEDI, R. & SHIPOLINI, R.A. (1974). The primry sequences nd neuromusculr effects of three neurotoxic polypeptides from the venom of Dendrospis viridis. Eur. J. Biochem., 45, BUJLBRING, E. (1946). Observtions on the isolted phrenic nerve-diphrgm preprtion of the rt. Br. J. Phrmc. Chemother. 1, O~ EAGLE, H. (1959). Amino cid metbolism in mmmlin cell cultures. Science, N.Y 13, ELLMAN, G.L., COURTNEY, K.D., ANDRES, V. & FEATHER- STONE, R.M. (1961). A new nd rpid colorimetric determintion of cholinesterse ctivity. Biochem. Phrmc., 7, GINSBORG, B.L. & WARRINER, J. (196). The isolted chick biventer cervicis nerve-muscle preprtion. Br. J. Phrmc. Chemother., 15, HARVEy, A.L. & DRYDEN, W.F. (1974). Depolriztion, desensitiztion nd the effects of tubocurrine nd neostigmine in cultured skeletl muscle Eur. J. Phrnc., 27, HARvEY, A.L. & DRYDEN, W.F. (1977). Electrophysiologicl nd phrmcologicl properties of skeletl muscle in culture. J. Phrm. Sci., 66, KONIGSBERG, I.R., McELVAIN, N., TOOTLE, M. & HERR- MANN, H. (196). The dissocibility of deoxyribonucleic cid synthesis from the development of multinuclerity of muscle cells in culture. J. biophys. biochem. Cytol., 8, LEE, C.Y. (1972). Chemistry nd phrmcology of polypeptide toxins in snke venoms. A. Rev. Phrmc., 12, OSMAN, O.H., ISMAIL, M. & EL-AsMAR, M.F. (1973). Phrmcologicl studies of snke (Dendrospis ngusticeps) venom. Toxicon, 11, STRYDOM, D.J. (1972). Snke venom toxins: the mino cid sequences of two toxins from Dendrospis polylepis polylepis (blck mmb) venom. J. biol. Chem., 247, TAMIYA, N. & ARAI, H. (1966). Studies on se snke venoms: crystlliztion of erbutoxins nd b from Lticud semifscit venom, Biochem. J., 99, Tu, A.T. (1977). Venoms: Chemistry nd Moleculr Biology. New York: John Wiley. VILJOEN, C.C. & BoTEs, D.P. (1973). Snke venom toxins. The purifiction nd mino cid sequence of toxin Fvll from Dendrospis ngusticeps venom. J. biol. Chem., 248, VILJOEN, C.C. & BoTEs, D.P. (1974). Snke venom toxins. The purifiction nd mino cid sequence of toxin TA2 from Dendrospis ngusticeps venom. J. biol. Chem., 249, (Received November 3, Revised Februry 19, 1979.)
THE EFFECTS OF NEOMYCIN UPON TRANSMITTER RELEASE AND ACTION 2
THE JOURNAL OF PHARMAOLOGY AND EXPERIMENTAL THERAPEUTIS opyright 1977 by The Willims & Wilkins o. Vol. 2, No. 3 Printed in U.S.A. THE EFFETS OF NEOMYIN UPON TRANSMITTER RELEASE AND ATION 2 J. M. WRIGHT3
More informationJ. Wat. Treat. Biol. Vol.37 No.2
Direct Observtion biilm's surfce bcteril prt pcked n clerly seen B), ct section s spheres rods (Fig., frequently 10μm size. smooth boundries clumps where ded s process. A polymer drk-light res All structure
More informationCHARACTERISTICS ASSOCIATED WITH OUT CROSSING IN A SHORT DURATION IMPROVED RICE (Oryza sativa L) VARIETY AT307
CHARACTERISTICS ASSOCIATED WITH OUT CROSSING IN A SHORT DURATION IMPROVED RICE (Oryz stiv L) VARIETY AT307 Kumr APA 1, Dhnyke Nilnthi 1 *, Phthinyke BD 2 nd Sennyke SGJN 1 1 Deprtment of Agriculturl Biology,
More informationLuteolysis and pregnancy outcomes after change in dose delivery of prostaglandin F2α in a 5-day timed artificial insemination program in dairy cows
Knss Agriculturl Experiment ttion Reserch Reports Volume Issue 2 Diry Reserch (94-24) Article 9 24 Luteolysis nd pregnncy outcomes fter chnge in dose delivery of prostglndin F2α in -dy timed rtificil insemintion
More informationResearch Article Neuroprotective Effects of Meloxicam and Selegiline in Scopolamine-Induced Cognitive Impairment and Oxidative Stress
Hindwi Publishing Corportion Interntionl Journl of Alzheimer s Disese Volume 212, Article ID 97413, 8 pges doi:1.1155/212/97413 Reserch Article Neuroprotective Effects of Meloxicm nd in Scopolmine-Induced
More informationIncreasing survival of wild macaw chicks using foster parents
Gbriel Vigo Truco,b,c nd Donld J. Brightsmithbb,c Deprtment of Wildlife nd Fisheries, Texs A&M University,b Schubot Exotic Bird Helth Center, Texs A&M University, c Tmbopt Mcw Project, Mdre de Dios, Perú
More informationDevelopment of an Assay for Besylate in Amlodipine Besylate by IC and a Second Assay to Simultaneously Determine Amlodipine and Besylate by HPLC
Development of n Assy for in Amlodipine y IC nd Second Assy to Simultneously Determine Amlodipine nd y HPLC Brin De Bor nd Jeffrey Rohrer, Thermo Fisher Scientific, Sunnyvle, CA, USA Overview Purpose:
More informationMacrolides belong to the family of macrocyclic antibiotics.
1046 JUHEL-GAUGAIN ET AL.: JOURNAL OF AOAC INTERNATIONAL VOL. 82, NO. 5, 1999 DRUGS, COSMETICS, FORENSIC SCIENCES Multiresidue Chromtogrphic Method for the Determintion of Mcrolide Residues in Muscle by
More informationToxicity interaction of fipronil and imidacloprid against Coptotermes formasanus
Louisin Stte University LSU Digitl Commons LSU Mster's Theses Grdute School 2010 Toxicity interction of fipronil nd imidcloprid ginst Coptotermes formsnus Pn Luo Louisin Stte University nd Agriculturl
More informationPLASMA CORTISOL LEVEL AND MAIN METABOLISM EVOLUTION IN PREGNANT EWE
PLASMA CORTISOL LEVEL AND MAIN METABOLISM EVOLUTION IN PREGNANT EWE N. Dojnă, Iulin Codrenu, Costin Budică Fculty of veterinry medicine Buchrest, Romni, dojn2001@yhoo.com. Abstrct The purpose of this reserch
More informationHigh Frequency of Antimicrobial Resistance in Human Fecal Flora
ANTIMICROBIAL AGENTS AND CHEMOTHERAPY, Dec. 1988, p. 181-186 66-484188112181-6$2./ Copyright 1988, Americn Society for Microbiology Vol. 32, No. 12 High Frequency of Antimicrobil Resistnce in Humn Fecl
More informationEfficacy of Clarithromycin for Treatment of Experimental
ANTIMICROBLAL AGENTS AND CHEMOTHERAPY, June 1993, p. 1329-1333 0066-4804/93/061329-05$02.00/0 Copyright X) 1993, Americn Society for Microbiology Vol. 37, No. 6 Efficcy of for Tretment of Experimentl Lyme
More informationComparative Study on Production Efficiency of Two Strains of Brown and White Egg Laying Hens in Kuwait
Interntionl Journl of Poultry Science 12 (7): 383-389, 2013 ISSN 1682-8356 Asin Network for Scientific Informtion, 2013 Comprtive Study on Production Efficiency of Two Strins of Brown nd White Egg Lying
More informationX-RAY Contents lists available at
ISSN 1115-7976 X-RAY Contents lists vilble t Journl of Assocition of Rdiogrphers of Nigeri Journl homepge: www.jrn-xry.org Vol. 26 X-ry Equipments nd Accessories s possible Vectors of Nosocomil Bcteri
More informationEfficacy of noviflumuron gel bait for control of the German cockroach, Blattella germanica (Dictyoptera: Blattellidae) laboratory studies
Pest Mngement Science Pest Mng Sci 62:434 439 (2006) Efficcy of noviflumuron gel it for control of the Germn cockroch, Blttell germnic (Dictyopter: Blttellide) lortory studies Chnglu Wng nd Gry W Bennett
More informationfact sheet Stage 1: Puppy breeding & raising Puppy Breeding
fct sheet Stge 1: Puppy breeding & rising It tkes two yers nd costs more thn $35,000 to trnsform plyful puppy into responsible Guide Dog. Not ll pups re suitble for guiding people who re vision impired.
More informationHaematological and Biochemical Changes in Japanese Quails Coturnix coturnix Japonica and Chickens Due to Ascaridia galli Infection
Interntionl Journl of Poultry Science 7 (7): 704-70, 2008 ISSN 682-8356 Asin Network for Scientific Informtion, 2008 Hemtologicl nd Biochemicl Chnges in Jpnese Quils Coturnix coturnix Jponic nd Chickens
More informationASPECTS OF THE BREEDING BIOLOGY OF THE GENTOO PENGUIN PYGOSCELIS PAPUA AT VOLUNTEER BEACH, FALKLAND ISLANDS, 2001/02
ASPECTS OF THE BREEDING BIOLOGY OF THE GENTOO PENGUIN PYGOSCELIS PAPUA AT VOLUNTEER BEACH, FALKLAND ISLANDS, 2001/02 HELEN M. OTLEY, 1 ANDREA P. CLAUSEN, 1 DARREN J. CHRISTIE 1 & KLEMENS PÜTZ 2 1 Flklnds
More informationEVALUATION OF S FOR FLY (DIPTERA: MUSCIDAE) CONTROL AS A FEED-THROUGH COMPOUND FOR POULTRY, CATTLE, AND SWINE'
EVALUATION OF S-31183 FOR FLY (DIPTERA: MUSCIDAE) CONTROL AS A FEED-THROUGH COMPOUND FOR POULTRY, CATTLE, AND SWINE' R. W. Miller Livestock Insects Lbortory, LPS! ARS, USDA Beltsville, MD 275 (Accepted
More informationInfluence of 2-hydroxy-4-(Methylthio)butanoic Acid on Early Egg and Chick Weights of Broiler Breeders
Interntionl Journl of Poultry Science 2 (6): 430-437, 2003 Asin Network for Scientific Informtion 2003 Influence of 2-hydroxy-4-(Methylthio)utnoic Acid on Erly Egg nd Chick Weights of Broiler Breeders
More informationet.al.2002;sartori et.al.2001 Finisher Gonzales et.al.(2000) adlibitum Dry matter
5 6 Suget et.l. Sleh et.l,6 Leeson Zuir Gonzles et.l.(000) Tumov et.l.00;srtori et.l.00 Finisher Brto 6 Dgs& Bustri, Bene et.l. 00 Hood C : P 6 6 C : P 5 6 6 dliitum 6 5 6 Dry mtter 5 Orgnic mtter A.O.A.C
More informationInsecticide Resistance of the Green Rice Leafhopper, Nephotettix cincticeps, to the Systemic Insecticides Used for Seedling-Box Application
ScienceAsi 31 (25): 151-158 Insecticide Resistnce of the Green Rice Lefhopper, Nephotettix cincticeps, to the Systemic Insecticides Used for Seedling-Box Appliction Jirpong Jirin,* Nouki Kojim nd Toru
More informationSynergistic effect of rhein in combination with ampicillin or oxacillin against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus
608 Synergistic effect of rhein in combintion with mpicillin or oxcillin ginst methicillin-resistnt Stphylococcus ureus DAE-KI JOUNG 1, HEE JOUNG 1, DA-WUN YANG 1, DONG-YEUL KWON 2, JANG-GI CHOI 2, SEO
More informationHPLC method development and validation for simultaneous estimation of Olmesartan Medoxomil, Hydrochlorothiazide and Amlodipine Besylate tablets
Avilble online t www.scholrsreserchlibrry.com Scholrs Reserch Librry Der Phrmci Lettre, 2015, 7 (5):182-196 (http://scholrsreserchlibrry.com/rchive.html) ISSN 0975-5071 USA CODEN: DPLEB4 HPLC method development
More informationShell Thickness of Turkey Eggs Affects Cardiac Physiology and Embryo Survival 1
Interntionl Journl of Poultry Science 5 (8): 796-80, 2006 ISSN 682-856 Asin Network for Scientific Informtion, 2006 Shell Thickness of Turkey Eggs Affects Crdic Physiology nd Emryo Survivl 2 2 4 2 V.L.
More informationComparative Study on Some Productive Traits of Muscovy and Sudani Ducks in Egypt
Interntionl Journl of Poultry Science 11 (4): 264-268, 2012 ISSN 1682-8356 Asin Network for Scientific Informtion, 2012 Comprtive Study on Some Productive Trits of Muscovy nd Sudni Ducks in Egypt Lil D.
More informationPostantibiotic Sub-MIC Effects of Vancomycin, Roxithromycin, Sparfloxacin, and Amikacin
ANTIMICROBIAL AGENTS AND CHEMOTHERAPY, Sept. 1992, p. 1852-1858 0066-4804/92/091852-07$02.00/0 Copyright X) 1992, Americn Society for Microiology Vol. 36, No. 9 Postntiiotic Su-MIC Effects of Vncomycin,
More informationCHARACTERISTICS ASSOCIATED WITH OUT CROSSING IN A SHORT DURATION IMPROVED RICE (Oryza sativa L) VARIETY AT307
CHARACTERISTICS ASSOCIATED WITH OUT CROSSING IN A SHORT DURATION IMPROVED RICE (Oryz stiv L) VARIETY AT37 Kumr APA 1, Dhnyke Nilnthi 1 *, Phthinyke BD 2 n Sennyke SGJN 1 1 Deprtment of Agriculturl Biology,
More informationResearch Article Interspecific Variation in Temperature Effects on Embryonic Metabolism and Development in Turtles
Interntionl Scholrly Reserch Network ISRN Zoology Volume 212, Article ID 846136, 13 pges doi:1.542/212/846136 Reserch Article Interspecific Vrition in Temperture Effects on Emryonic Metolism nd Development
More informationA comparison of the effects of midazolam, propofol and dexmedetomidine on the antioxidant system: A randomized trial
EXPERIMENTAL AND THERAPEUTIC MEDICINE 9: 2293-2298, 2015 A comprison of the effects of midzolm, propofol nd dexmedetomidine on the ntioxidnt system: A rndomized tril CHAO HAN 1*, WEILIANG DING 2*, WENJIE
More informationDifferences in peripartal plasma parameters related to calcium homeostasis of dairy sheep and goats in comparison with cows
Zurich Open Repository nd Archive University of Zurich Min Lirry Strickhofstrsse 39 CH-8057 Zurich www.zor.uzh.ch Yer: 2014 Differences in periprtl plsm prmeters relted to clcium homeostsis of diry sheep
More information3 MENSURATION TASK cm. 8 cm 12 cm. x cm. 30 m. 20 m. 24 m. 40 m
1 3 MENSURTIN TSK 3.1 Give nswers to one deciml plce if necessry. Find the re of ech shpe elow. ll lengths re in cm. 1. 12 2. 4 10 3. 8 10 8 14 9 4. The re of the prllelogrm is equl to the re of the trpezium.
More informationSedation in the PICU is vital for patient comfort and to
Long-Term Dexmedetomidine Use nd Sfety Profile Among Criticlly Ill Children nd Neontes* Lest D. Whlen, MD; Jne L. Di Gennro, MD; Gretchen A. Irby, PhrmD; Ofer Yny, MD; Jerry J. Zimmermn, MD, PhD, FCCM
More informationEffects of certain anthelmintics on the survival and reproduction of Euoniticellus intermedius (Reiche) (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae)
Effects of certin nthelmintics on the survivl nd reproduction of Euoniticellus intermedius (Reiche) (Coleopter: Scrbeide) By Crmen Tin Jcobs Submitted in prtil fulfilment of the requirements for the degree
More informationMeasurement 1: Surface Area and Volume
Mesurement 1: Surfce Are nd Volume Student Book - Series M-1 Mthletics Instnt Workooks Copyright Mesurement 1: Surfce re nd volume Student Book - Series M Contents Topics Topic 1 - The re of prts of circle
More informationRobert H. Six 1*, William R. Everett 2, Melanie R. Myers 1 and Sean P. Mahabir 1
Six et l. Prsites & Vectors (2016) 9:93 DOI 10.1186/s13071-016-1374-z RESEARCH Comprtive speed of kill of srolner (Simpric ) nd spinosd plus milbemycin oxime (Trifexis ) ginst induced infesttions of Ctenocephlides
More informationEnlargement 2. Scale and Enlargement
Scle nd Enlrgement Enlrgement 2 Here is picture of Andy. He is 7 5 cm tll in the picture. In rel life, Andy is ctully twenty times the size he ppers to e in the picture. We sy tht this picture hs scle
More informationThe Anatomy of Sea Turtles
Close this window to return to the previous pge or go to www.ivis.org The Antomy of Se Turtles Jenette Wyneken, Ph.D. Illustrted y Dwn Witherington Close this window to return to the previous pge or go
More informationComparisons of antifeedancy and spatial repellency of three natural product repellents agains horn flies
United Sttes Deprtment of Agriculture From the SelectedWorks of Dvid B Tylor 14 Comprisons of ntifeedncy nd sptil repellency of three nturl product repellents gins horn flies Junwei J. Zhu, USDA-ARS Agroecosystem
More informationTECHNICAL SUMMARY October 2013
TECHNICAL SUMMARY October 2013 GeneSTAR MVPs Moleculr Vlue Predictions for beef feed efficiency, 1 mrbling 2 nd tenderness Key Points GeneSTAR is DNA-mrker test for importnt production trits in ll breeds
More informationSo much more than friendship
So much more thn friendship How to include Assistnce Dogs Austrli in your Will, nd build brighter future filled with love, friendship nd greter freedom for people with disbilities. By leving gift in your
More informationThe physiology of hibernation in common map turtles ž / Graptemys geographica
Ž. Comprtive Biochemistry nd Physiology Prt A 130 001 331340 The physiology of hierntion in common mp turtles ž / Grptemys geogrphic Scott A. Reese, Crlos E. Crocker,,c, Mry E. Crwile, Donld C. Jckson
More informationEffects of Fusaric Acid in Broiler Chicks and Turkey Poults
Interntionl Journl of Poultry Science 4 (6): 356-359, 2005 ISSN 682-8356 Asin Network for Scientific Informtion, 2005 Effects of Fusric Acid in Broiler nd Turkey Poults S.O. Oguno, D.R. Ledoux, J.N. Broomhed,
More informationOriginal Article. E Oz 1, *H Cetin 1, J E Cilek 2, O Deveci 3, A Yanikoglu 1
Irnin J Pul Helth, Vol. 39, No.3, 2010, Irnin pp. 102-108 J Pul Helth, Vol. 39, No.3, 2010, pp. 102-108 Originl Article Effects of Two Temperture Storge Regimes on the Efficcy of 3 Commercil Gel Bits ginst
More informationEffect of Rearing Program, Body Conformation and Protein Level of Breeder Feed on Broiler Breeder Hen Reproductive Performance
Interntionl Journl of Poultry Science (): 670-679, 0 ISSN 68-856 Asin Network for Scientific Informtion, 0 Effect of Rering Progrm, Body Conformtion nd Protein Level of Breeder Feed on Broiler Breeder
More informationThe effects of preen oils and soiling on the UV visible reflectance of carotenoid-pigmented feathers
ehv Ecol Sociobiol DOI 1.17/s265-11-1153-y ORIGINL PPER The effects of preen oils nd soiling on the UV visible reflectnce of crotenoid-pigmented fethers Lorenzo Pérez-Rodríguez & Frncois Mougeot & Gry
More informationEvaluation of the Hologic Gen-Probe PANTHER, APTIMA Combo 2 Assay in a Tertiary Care Teaching Hospital
AJCP / Originl Article Evlution of the Hologic Gen-Probe PANTHER, APTIMA Combo 2 Assy in Tertiry Cre Teching Hospitl Annie Cheng, MT, nd Jmes E. Kirby, MD From the Deprtment of Pthology, Beth Isrel Deconess
More informationMycobacterium paratuberculosis Cultured from Milk and
JOURNAL OF CLINICAL MICROBIOLOGY, Jn. 1992, p. 6-171 95-1137/92/16-6$2./ Copyright C 1992, Americn Society for Microbiology Vol. 3, No. 1 Mycobcterium prtuberculosis Cultured from Milk nd Suprmmmry Lymph
More informationImmunostimulation Assays in Bovine Brucellosis
INFECTION AND IMMUNITY, Nov. 1978, p. 486-491 0019-9567/78/0022-0486$02.00/0 Copyright i 1978 Americn Society for Microbiology Vol. 22, No. 2 Printed in U.S.A. Brucell Antigen Preprtions for In Vitro Lymphocyte
More informationDragon genetics, pt. II: Monohybrid crosses
Lesson 6.4 Drgon genetics, pt. II: Monohybrid crosses Nme Dte Period Key Terms Monohybrid cross Dominnt trit Recessive trit Engge BCKGROUND: long time go, in world fr, fr wy, gret rce of beings lived on
More informationEFFECTS OF SODIUM AND MAGNESIUM SULFATE IN DRINKING WATER ON MALLARD DUCKLINGS
EFFETS OF SODIUM AND MAGNESIUM SULFATE IN DRINKING WATER ON MALLARD DUKLINGS Authors: S. A. Mitchm, nd G. Wobeser Source: Journl of Wildlife Diseses, 24(1) : 3044 Published By: Wildlife Disese Assocition
More informationFeasibility of Miscanthus as alternative bedding for dairy cows
Veterinrni Medicin,, 1 (3): 11 13 Originl Pper doi: 1.171/9-VETMED Fesibility of Miscnthus s lterntive bedding for diry cows S. Vn Weyenberg, T. Ulens, K. De Reu, I. Zwertvegher, P. Demeyer, L. Pluym Institute
More informationIndications for penetrating keratoplasty in the Philippines
VOL. 30 NO. 4 PHILIPPINE JOURNAL OF Ophthlmology OCTOBER ORIGINAL ARTICLE - DECEMBER 2005 M. Doming B. Pdill, MD Mrie Antonette T. Eltnl-Pscul, MD Snt Luci Interntionl Eye Bnk of Mnil Sentro Oftlmologico
More informationA Model for Promoting Poultry Industry Development in Togo: Part 1. Management Practices and Incubation Conditions
Interntionl Journl of Poultry Science 13 (3): 176-184, 2014 ISSN 1682-8356 Asin Network for Scientific Informtion, 2014 A Model for Promoting Poultry Industry Development in Togo: Prt 1. Mngement Prctices
More informationMaterials and method Animals and blood samples
Originl Reserch 1 / 12 Veterinri OA México Publicción Digitl de l Fcultd de Medicin Veterinri y Zootecni o http://www.revists.unm.mx/index.php/veterinri-mexico Effect of prostglndin F2α dministrtion during
More informationIntroduction: Definition of Palatability
Mesurement of pltility of common ingredients used in feed mixes for lms nd ewes A. Mereu,, G. Molle, V. Giovnetti, M. Acciro, M. Decndi, A. Cnns Diprtimento di Scienze Zootecniche, Università di Sssri,
More informationGeothermal Rates Survey Results
Getherml Rtes Survey Results Questin 1 - Getherml rtes shuld be de-cupled frm Intermuntin Gs Rtes nd bsed n cst f service. Respndent Rting Summry Bise Centre n the Grve/Pt Rice Strngly 607 Grve/Mry Trichs
More informationContinuous Subcutaneous Infusion of Morphine vs. Hydromorphone: A Controlled Trial
Vol. 18 No. 1 July 1999 Journl of Pin nd Symptom Mngement 9 Originl Article Continuous Subcutneous Infusion of Morphine vs. Hydromorphone: A Controlled Tril Mry G. Miller, MB, MRCP (Irelnd), Noel McCrthy,
More informationINCUBATION BEHAVIOR AND BODY MASS OF FEMALE GREATER SNOW GEESE
The Condor 97:993-1001 0 The Cooper Ornithologicl Society 1995 INCUBATION BEHAVIOR AND BODY MASS OF FEMALE GREATER SNOW GEESE AUSTIN REED Cndin Wildlife Service, 1141 Route de I Eglise, Ste-Foy, Quebec,
More informationTowards a better understanding of the respective effects of milk yield and body condition dynamics on reproduction in Holstein dairy cows
Animl (2012), 6:3, pp 476 487 & The Animl Consortium 2011 doi:10.1017/s175173111100173x niml Towrds etter understnding of the respective effects of milk yield nd ody condition dynmics on reproduction in
More informationSELECTED LIFE HISTORY ASPECTS AND HABITAT USE BY MERRIAM'S WILD TURKEYS IN OREGON
SELECTED LIFE HISTORY ASPECTS AND HABITAT USE BY MERRIAM'S WILD TURKEYS IN OREGON by Robert Scott Lutz A THESIS submitted to Oregon Stte University in prtil fulfillment of the requirements for the degree
More informationReal Life Problems involving Area
Rel Life Prolems involving Are Prolems occur often in everydy life. Exmple :- A edroom wll is to e wllppered. (300 cm) The wll hs een mesured nd is 6 metres y etres, s shown. The rolls of wllpper to e
More informationThe effects of i.v. fentanyl administration on the minimum alveolar concentration of isoflurane in horses
British Journl of Anesthesi 97 (2): 232 7 (2006) doi:10.1093/bj/el116 Advnce Access publiction My 23, 2006 The effects of i.v. fentnyl dministrtion on the minimum lveolr concentrtion of isoflurne in horses
More informationThe. Feeding Value of
The. Feeding Vlue of,e9cv Pcific Northwest Grown Soybens for Mrket Turkeys Specil Re December 1977 Agriculturl Experiment Sttion Oregon Stte University, AUTHORS: P. L. Prdis, J. A. Hrper, H. S. Nkue nd
More informationThe Japanese Quail: A Review
Interntionl Journl of Poultry Science 7 (9): 95-9, 008 ISSN 68-856 Asin Network for Scientific Informtion, 008 The Jpnese Quil: A Review Nsrollh Vli Deprtment of Animl Sciences, Fculty of Agriculture,
More informationThe Use of Dried Tomato Pulp in Diets of Laying Hens
Interntionl Journl of Poultry Science 5 (7): 68-622, 2006 ISSN 682-8356 Asin Network for Scientific Informtion, 2006 The Use of Dried Tomto Pulp in Diets of Lying Hens 2 Mssoud Jfri, Rsoul Pirmohmmdi nd
More informationExperimental examination of behavioural interactions between free-ranging wild and domestic canids
Behv Ecol Sociobiol (2009) 64:279 287 DOI 10.1007/s00265-009-0845-z ORIGINAL PAPER Experimentl exmintion of behviourl interctions between free-rnging wild nd domestic cnids Abi Tmim Vnk & Mri Thker & Mtthew
More informationWHITE PAPER Transmission
WHITE PAPER Trnsmission Components of trnsmission roller chin Generl design of the instlltion Drive ccurcy Lubriction Product implementtion - sfety Mintennce Chin length djustment Sedis rnges COMPONENTS
More informationSeasonal differences in endocrine and ovarian patterns of Bos taurus indicus (Nelore) heifers estrous cycles
Sesonl differences in endocrine nd ovrin ptterns of Bos turus indicus (Nelore) heifers estrous cycles Diferençs szonis no pdrão endócrino e ovrino do ciclo estrl de novilhs Bos turus indicus (Nelore) Anivldo
More informationEffects of litter quality and climate change along an elevation gradient on litter mass loss in an alpine meadow ecosystem on the Tibetan plateau
Plnt Ecol (21) 29:257 268 DOI 1.17/s11258-9-9714- Effects of litter qulity nd climte chnge long n elevtion grdient on litter mss loss in n lpine medow ecosystem on the Tietn plteu Gungping Xu Yigng Hu
More informationIsolation of Legionella longbeachae Serogroup 1 from Potting Mixes
APPLIED AND ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY, Jn. 1990, p. 49-53 0099-2240/90/010049-05$02.00/0 Copyright C) 1990, Americn Society for Microbiology Vol. 56, No. 1 Isoltion of Legionell longbeche Serogroup 1
More informationEffect of Rumensin on Health and Reproduction of Lactating Dairy Cows
Scientific Updte From Elnco Animl Helth Effect of Rumensin on Helth nd Reproduction of Lctting Diry Cows NADA 095-735 Dvid G. McClry, DVM, MS; Howrd B. Green, MS; Gerld D. Mechor, DVM; nd John I. D. Wilkinson,
More informationMetabolizable Energy Requirements for Broiler Breeder in Different Environmental Temperatures
Interntionl Journl of Poultry Science 11 (7): 453-461, 2012 ISSN 1682-8356 Asin Network for Scientific Informtion, 2012 Metolizle Energy Requirements for Broiler Breeder in Different Environmentl Tempertures
More informationResearch Archive. DOI: Document Version: This is the Published Version. Copyright and Reuse: 2014 The Author(s).
10.1073/pns.1303053111 10.1073/pns.1303053111 10.1073/pns.1303053111 Reserch Archive Cittion for published version: M. K. Rust, et l, Susceptibility of Ct Fles (Siphonpter: Pulicide) to Fipronil nd Imidcloprid
More informationHow do cuckoos find their hosts? The role of habitat imprinting
ANIMAL BEHAVIOUR, 1998, 56, 1425 1433 Article No. r980931 How do cuckoos find their hosts? The role of hbitt imprinting YVONNE TEUSCHL, BARBARA TABORSKY & MICHAEL TABORSKY Konrd Lorenz-Institut für Vergleichende
More informationImpact of Layer Breeder Flock Age and Strain on Mechanical and Ultrastructural Properties of Eggshell in Chicken
Interntionl Journl of Poultry Science 9 (): 139-147, 010 ISSN 168-8356 Asin Network for Scientific Informtion, 010 Impct of Lyer Breeder Flock Age nd Strin on Mechnicl nd Ultrstructurl Properties of Eggshell
More informationResearch with Finnsheep
I j, I Agriculture Cnd Reserch Brnch Direction generte de l recherche Technicl Bulletin 1991-2E Reserch with Finnsheep in Cnd * ' - * Cnd Digitized by the Internet Archive in 2011 with funding from Agriculture
More informationAppropriateness of antimicrobial therapy: a multicentre prevalence survey in the Netherlands,
Surveillnce nd outbrek reports Appropriteness of ntimicrobil therpy: multicentre prevlence survey in the Netherlnds, 28 29 I Willemsen 1, T vn der Kooij 2, B vn Benthem 2, J Wille 3, J Kluytmns (jnkluytmns@gmil.com)
More informationBIOLOGICAL CONTROL OF HAEMONCHUS CONTORTUS BY FUNGAL ANTAGONISTS IN SMALL RUMINANTS
Khttk et l.: Biologicl control of Hemonchus contortus by fungl ntgonists in smll ruminnts - 5825 - BIOLOGICAL CONTROL OF HAEMONCHUS CONTORTUS BY FUNGAL ANTAGONISTS IN SMALL RUMINANTS KHATTAK, B. 1* SAFI,
More informationGROWTH PERFORMANCE, CARCASS TRAITS AND ECONOMIC VALUES OF PEKIN, MUSCOVY, AND MULARD DUCKS
Slov Vet Res 2018; 55 (Suppl 20): 357 65 DOI 10.26873/SVR-663-2018 Originl Reserch Article GROWTH PERFORMANCE, CARCASS TRAITS AND ECONOMIC VALUES OF PEKIN, MUSCOVY, AND MULARD DUCKS Frdos A.M. Hssn, Elshim
More informationEFFECT OF DEXAMETHASONE ON THE CHANGES OF SEMEN QUALITY INDUCED BY ENDOTOXIN IN STALLION
Bull Vet Inst Pulwy 5, 581-589, 8 FFCT OF DXAMTHASON ON TH CHANGS OF SMN QUALITY INDUCD BY NDOTOXIN IN STALLION JANUSZ DANK Deprtment of Animl Reproduction nd Animl Helth Protection, University of Technology
More informationReinitiation of Ovulatory Cycles in Incubating Female Turkeys by an Inhibitor of Serotonin Synthesis, P-Chlorophenylalanine
BIOLOGY OF REPRODCTION 28, 221-228 (1983) Reinitition of Ovultory Cycles in Incubting Femle Turkeys by n Inhibitor of Serotonin Synthesis, P-Chlorophenyllnine M. E. EL HALAWANI,2 J. L. SILSBY, S. C. FEHRER
More informationSimultaneous Quantitative Analysis of Olmesartan Medoxomil and Amlodipine Besylate in Plasma by High-performance Liquid Chromatography Technique
Phrmceuticl Anlysis Simultneous Quntittive Anlysis of Olmesrtn Medoxomil nd Amlodipine Besylte in Plsm by High-performnce Liquid Chromtogrphy Technique Shh SK, Asnni AJ 1, Kwde DP 1, Dngre SC 2, Aror SK
More informationBVD = Bovine Viral Diarrhea
George Perry, South Dkot Stte University 11/2/17 Influence of Modified Live Vccines on Reproductive Performnce in Beef Cttle George A. Perry, Russell F. Dly, nd Christopher C. Chse Deprtment of Animl Science
More informationKnobs & Handles Spherical Knobs
Knos & Hndles Sphericl Knos Mde of kelite, lck or red Mde of kelite, lck or red with insert Mde of kelite, lck or red Mde of thermoplstic, to fit with hmmer-stroke P/N lck red 12 M 4 1001 16 M 4 1002 1087
More informationDistribution and dissemination of antimicrobial-resistant Salmonella in broiler farms with or without enrofloxacin use
Shng et l. BMC Veterinry Reserch (2018) 14:257 https://doi.org/10.1186/s12917-018-1590-1 RESEARCH ARTICLE Open Access Distribution nd dissemintion of ntimicrobil-resistnt Slmonell in broiler frms with
More informationImmune Responses and Efficacy After Administration of a Commercial Brucella abortus Strain RB51 Vaccine to Cattle*
Immune Responses nd Efficcy After Administrtion of Commercil Brucell bortus Strin RB51 Vccine to Cttle* Steven C. Olsen, DVM, PhD United Sttes Deprtment of Agriculture Bcteril Diseses of Livestock Reserch
More informationRomain Béraud, Louis Huneault, Dave Bernier, Francis Beaudry, Ann Letellier, Jérôme R.E. del Castillo. Abstract. Résumé
Article Comprison of the selection of ntimicroil resistnce in fecl Escherichi coli during enrofloxcin dministrtion with locl drug delivery system or with intrmusculr injections in swine model Romin Bérud,
More informationEffects of Management of Domestic Dogs and Recreation on Carnivores in Protected Areas in Northern California
Contriuted Pper Effects of Mngement of Domestic Dogs nd Recretion on Crnivores in Protected Ares in Northern Cliforni SARAH E. REED AND ADINA M. MERENLENDER Deprtment of Environmentl Science, Policy &
More informationCurrent Canine Guidelines for the. Prevention, Diagnosis, and Management of Heartworm (Dirofilaria immitis) Infection in Dogs
Current Cnine Guidelines for the Prevention, Dignosis, nd Mngement of Hertworm (Dirofilri immitis) Infection in Dogs Thnk You to Our Generous Sponsors: Printed with n Eduction Grnt from IDEXX Lbortories.
More informationPharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic modelling of NSAIDs in a model of reversible inflammation in the cat
British Journl of Phrmcology (25) 146, 642 653 & 25 Nture Pulishing Group All rights reserved 7 1188/5 $3. www.nture.com/jp Phrmcokinetic/phrmcodynmic modelling of NSAIDs in model of reversile inflmmtion
More informationVerticillium wilt in a cotton variety test at the Judd Hill Cooperative Research Station in 2017
Arknss 2017 Cotton Vriety Test Verticillium wilt in cotton vriety test t the Judd Hill Coopertive Reserch Sttion in 2017 F. Bourlnd W. Brnett C. Kennedy L. Mrtin A. Rouse nd B. Robertson ARKANSAS AGRICULTURAL
More informationAn Integrated Population Pharmacokinetic Meta-Analysis of Propofol in Morbidly Obese and Nonobese Adults, Adolescents, and Children
Originl Article Cittion: CPT: Phrmcometrics & Systems Phrmcology (13), e73; doi:1.138/psp.13.7 13 ASCPT All rights reserved 163-836/1 www.nture.com/psp An Integrted Popultion Phrmcokinetic Met-Anlysis
More informationIMPACT OF OIL-SANDS BASED WETLANDS ON THE GROWTH OF MALLARD (ANAS PLATYRHYNCHOS) DUCKLINGS
Environmentl Toxicology nd Chemistry, Vol. 2, No. 2, pp. 7 3, 200 200 SETAC Printed in the USA 0730-728/0 $12.00.00 IMPACT OF OIL-SANDS BASED WETLANDS ON THE GROWTH OF MALLARD (ANAS PLATYRHYNCHOS) DUCKLINGS
More informationEffects of mercury exposure on the reproductive success of tree swallows (Tachycineta bicolor)
Ecotoxicology (2008) 17:133 141 DOI 10.1007/s10646-007-0163-z Effects of mercury exposure on the reproductive success of tree swllows (Tchycinet bicolor) Rebeck L. Brsso Æ Dniel A. Cristol Accepted: 20
More informationARTICLE IN PRESS. Ecological Indicators xxx (2011) xxx xxx. Contents lists available at ScienceDirect. Ecological Indicators
ECOIND-918; No. of Pges 1 Ecologicl Indictors xxx (211) xxx xxx Contents lists ville t ScienceDirect Ecologicl Indictors jo ur nl homep ge: www.elsevier.com/locte/ecolind Opertionl performnce indictors
More informationMERCURY EXPOSURE AFFECTS THE REPRODUCTIVE SUCCESS OF A FREE-LIVING TERRESTRIAL SONGBIRD, THE CAROLINA WREN (THRYOTHORUS LUDOVICIANUS)
The Auk 128(4):759 769, 2011 The Americn Ornithologists Union, 2011. Printed in USA. MERCURY EXPOSURE AFFECTS THE REPRODUCTIVE SUCCESS OF A FREE-LIVING TERRESTRIAL SONGBIRD, THE CAROLINA WREN (THRYOTHORUS
More informationOriginal Article. Introduction
Irnin Journl of Phrmceuticl Reserch (2018), 17 (4): 1182-1190 Received: Mrch 2016 Accepted: Decemer 2016 Originl Article Determintion of Enrofloxcin nd Ciprofloxcin Residues in Five Different Kinds of
More informationDaily and seasonal rhythms in the respiratory sensitivity of red-eared sliders (Trachemys scripta elegans)
3339 The Journl of Experimentl iology 212, 3339-3348 Pulished y The Compny of iologists 29 doi:1.1242/je.27698 Dily nd sesonl rhythms in the respirtory sensitivity of red-ered sliders (Trchemys script
More informationGenetic divergence of early song discrimination between two young songbird species
In the formt provided y the uthors nd unedited. Genetic divergence of erly song discrimintion etween two young songird species Dvid Whetcroft* nd Ann Qvrnström SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION VOLUME: 1 ARTICLE
More information