Environmental impacts of Veterinary Medicines - State of knowledge, options for improvement
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1 Environmental impacts of Veterinary Medicines - State of knowledge, options for improvement Thomas Backhaus University of Gothenburg thomas.backhaus@gu.se
2 Scope of the problem 6051 tons active ingredients used in tons of antibiotics, 194 tons of antiparasitics 2000 incompletely assessed or untested Veterinary Drugs on the European market Margalida, A., et al. "One Health approach to use of veterinary pharmaceuticals." Science (2014):
3 Entry routes into the environment Veterinary medicinal product Manufactoring process Livestock treatment Companion animals, treatment Aquaculture treatment Storage and spreading of manure / slurry Wastewater treatment Soil Surface water Groundwater
4 Scope of the problem Veterinary drugs a routinely found in surface waters, ground water, sediments and the terrestrial environment Concentrations between µg/l and ng/l
5 Scope of the problem Veterinary drugs are tailored towards being as biologically active as possible Some are made to be as toxic as possible (e.g. antibiotics, antiparasitics, fungicides)
6 Juan Lacruz 2013 (CC BY-SA 3.0)
7 2005 Calo Bescós (CC BY-SA 3.0) Vultures eradicated by Diclofenac Most abundant large raptor in the world in the 1980s Near extinct in 1990 due to lethal Diclofenac poisoning Diclofenac use banned in India, Meloxicam as a suitable alternative
8 2005 Calo Bescós (CC BY-SA 3.0) Vultures eradicated by Diclofenac Spain authorized marketing of diclofenac for use in cattle, pigs, and horses in Spain holds >95% of the European population of vultures EMA/CVMP (2014) confirmed risk for European vultures
9 Environmental Impacts of Teflubenzuron Sealice infestation is a common problem in salmon aquaculture Treatment with antiparasitics such as Teflubenzuron Acyl urea drug Inhibits chitin biosynthesis Barrymore
10 Environmental Impacts of Teflubenzuron Barrymorre 2010 Katie Sindle (CC BY-SA 3.0) Sea Louse (target species) Some other guy (non-target species)
11 Aquaculture 2008 Bart Braun
12 Environmental Impacts of Teflubenzuron (CC BY-NC-ND 3.0) Samuelsen, Ole B., et al. "Mortality and deformities in European lobster (Homarus gammarus) juveniles exposed to the antiparasitic drug teflubenzuron." Aquatic Toxicology 149 (2014): 8-15.
13 Environmental Impacts of Teflubenzuron (CC BY-NC-ND 3.0) Samuelsen, Ole B., et al. "Mortality and deformities in European lobster (Homarus gammarus) juveniles exposed to the anti-parasitic drug teflubenzuron." Aquatic Toxicology 149 (2014): 8-15.
14 Tiered approach for Env. Risk Assessment EMEA 2000 EMEA
15 Tiered approach for Env. Risk Assessment Exempted? EMEA Exposure > Action limit? Treatment of aquatic or terrestrial animals? Concentration introduced into the environment > safe level?
16 Environmental hazard (PNEC determination)
17 Test Organisms vs. ignored organisms 2014 Rankin1958 (CC BY 3.0) 2010 Neon (CC BY-SA 3.0) 2011 Hajime Watanabe, PLoS Genetics (CC BY 2.5) 2013 Juan Lacruz (CC BY-SA 3.0) 2008 Bart Braun
18 Ignored Organisms: toxicity not usually determined 2010 JJ Harrison (CC BY-SA 3.0) 2004 Fields & Fitzgerald 2013 Juan Lacruz (CC BY-SA 3.0) 2008 Bart Braun
19 Toxicity of Chlortetracycline to natural lake bacteria Brosché, Backhaus, (2010): Toxicity of five protein synthesis inhibiting antibiotics and their mixture to limnic bacterial communities, Aquatic Toxicology, 99(4),
20 Medetomidine Sedative for mammals α2-receptor agonist, octapamine receptor agonist Inhibits settling of barnacles on shiphulls Currently evaluated as a biocide Dahlström et al. (2005) Evidence for different pharmacological targets for imidazoline compounds inhibiting settlement of the barnacle Balanus improvisus. Journal of Experimental Zoology. Part A Comparative Experimental Biology: 303:551 Lennquist: Responses to fish exposed to medetomidine, Marine Env. Research, 2010
21 Medetomidine Inhibits settling of barnacles on shiphulls Currently evaluated as a biocide Also disturbs pigmentation of flatfish Classified as a potential candidate for substitution
22 Insufficient regulatory assessment for environmental hazards and risks Old veterinary drugs exempted Insufficient documentation and availability of data Incomplete suite of test organisms
23 Insufficient regulatory assessment for environmental hazards and risks No consideration of PBT properties (but activities ongoing) No consideration of combination effects Insufficient consideration of metabolites
24 2009 Loudon dodd (CC BY-SA 3.0) Steps forwards All veterinary drugs undergo the same assessment Data compiled, quality-checked and publically disseminated on a European level Substitution principle
25 Environmental impacts of Veterinary Medicines - State of knowledge, options for improvement Thomas Backhaus University of Gothenburg thomas.backhaus@gu.se
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