Alejandro H. Buschmann Centro i-mar & CeBiB Universidad de Los Lagos Puerto Montt - Chile

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1 Alejandro H. Buschmann Centro i-mar & CeBiB Universidad de Los Lagos Puerto Montt - Chile Seafood Summit- New Orleans

2 Antibiotic use context Antibiotic use and their environmental consequences Conclusions and societal demands

6 Bacteria are key for maintaing the biogechemical loops working. How we can understand the rol of antibiotics?

7 Can be move into the food web? Antibiotic transport and have long distance effects? Can antibiotic potentially increase bacterial resistance? Cabello et al. In prep.

8 Salmon production Therapeutant kg (active ingredient) Kg Therapeutant/ metric ton Country (metric ton) a type used produced Norway 821,997 Antibiotics Anti-louse Chile 330,791 Antibiotics Anti-louse UK 132,528 Antibiotics Anti-louse , , Canada (includes data from Maine, 121,370 b Antibiotics Anti-louse 21,330 c USA) a Data accessed at FAO (April 2010) ( b Data accessed at (October 2009) and New Brunswick Salmon growers Association (personal communication 2009). c Government of British Columbia (October 2009) ( and New Brunswick Salmon Growers Association (personal communication). Burridge et al., Aquaculture (2010)

9 Obligated intracellular bacteria (Fryer et al. 1990, 1992) Mortality appears April August 6 to 123 weeks after smolt transfer into the sea (Cvitanich et al., 1991) This particular disease explains the nedd of a more intensive use of antibiotics

11 Fortt etal Rev. Chil. Infect.

12 Antibiotics can enter into nature food web. CAN ANTIBIOTIC APPLICATION BE TRANSPORTED?

15 Buschmann et al PlosOne

16 Species Genes Compared to GenBank No. % of identity Site of isolation Sporosarcina sp. tetk, flor, qnra, qnrs FJ >99 Aquaculture Arthrobacter sp. qnra, tetb EF >99 Aquaculture Sporosarcina sp. oqxa, aac(6 )-1bcr EU >99 Aquaculture Arthrobacter sp. qnrs, teta JF >99 Aquaculture Vibrio sp. qnrb, tetk DQ >99 Aquaculture Pseudoalteromonas sp. qnra, tetb FJ >99 Control Vibrio sp. qnrs EU >99 Control Vibrio sp. - JN >99 Control Buschmann et al. 2012

17 Antibiotics resistance can be found associated to farming even at 1 km distance CAN ANTIBIOTIC APPLICATION BE ASSOCIATED WITH HUMAN HEALTH?

18 Sha et al Env. Microbiol.

Disc diffusion susceptibility testing of 124 isolates from marine sediments at a salmon aquaculture site and 76 isolates from a site 8 km distant with no aquacultural activities ( control site)

19 Disc diffusion susceptibility testing of 124 isolates from marine sediments at a salmon aquaculture site and 76 isolates from a site 8 km distant with no aquacultural activities ( control site) revealed that 81% expressed phenotypic resistance against at least one of the tested antimicrobials: Tetracycline, Trimethoprim, Streptomycin, Amoxicillin, Oxolinic acid, Chloramphenicol, Florfenicol Erythromycin Bacterial isolates were able to transfer resistance genes Sha et al Env. Microbiol.

21 Cabello et al Env. Microbiol.

23 Mutation rate Exchange of genetic information: transduction and lysogenic conversion, Conjugation, integron trnsportation migration

24 At present the scientific information suggests that it is possible that gen flow for antibiotic resistance can take place beetwen terrestrial and aquatic animal production systems

25 Salmon aquaculture activities generates residual concentrations of antimicrobials increase the percentage of antibiotic resistant bacteria in marine sediments and also affect the fish pathogens resistance Salmon aquaculture activities increase antimicrobial resistant bacteria for several antimicrobials, including tetracycline, oxolinic acid florfenicol, sulfas, trimethoprim, streptomycin and amoxacillin Marine sediment bacteria share with fish, animal and human pathogens antimicrobial resistance genes and mobile genetic elements able to recombine and capable of horizontal gene transfer Thus, excessive use of antimicrobials in the marine environment may affect negatively animal and human health

Mechanisms and Pathways of AMR in the environment

Mechanisms and Pathways of AMR in the environment FMM/RAS/298: Strengthening capacities, policies and national action plans on prudent and responsible use of antimicrobials in fisheries Final Workshop in cooperation with AVA Singapore and INFOFISH 12-14